Fight against Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus - what is it, types, symptoms and treatment in adults of staph infection. Diseases caused by staphylococci

Staphylococcus aureus(lat. Staphylococcus) is a motionless spherical bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcal family (Staphylococcaceae).

Staphylococcus belongs to the group of positive, immobile, anaerobic, conditionally pathogenic microorganisms for the human body. The type of metabolism is oxidative and enzymatic. Spores and capsules do not form. Staphylococcus cell diameter is 0.6-1.2 microns, depending on the strain (species). The most common colors are purple, gold, yellow, white. Some staphylococci are able to synthesize characteristic pigments.

Most types of staphylococcus bacteria are stained in purple and are distributed in bunches similar to grapes, in connection with which they got their name, which in translation from ancient Greek means "σταφυλή" (grapes) and "κόκκος" (grain).

Staphylococci in a certain amount are almost always found on the surface of the human body (in the nasopharynx and oropharynx, on the skin), but when this infection gets inside, it weakens the body, and some types of staphylococcus can even cause the development of various diseases, and almost all organs and systems, especially if the immune system is weakened. The fact is that staphylococcus, getting inside, produces a large amount of endo- and exotoxins (poisons), which poison the cells of the body, disrupting their normal functioning. The most common pathologies that cause staphylococci are pneumonia, toxic shock, sepsis, purulent lesions skin, disorders in the work of the nervous, digestive and other systems, general poisoning of the body. It is not uncommon to join staph infection, as secondary disease as a complication with others.

The conditional pathogenicity of this type of infection suggests that staphylococci act negatively on human or animal health only under certain conditions.

There are a fairly large number of staphylococcus species - 50 (as of 2016). The most common are Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic, saprophytic and epidermal staphylococci. Each of the strains of these bacteria has its own severity and pathogenicity. They are resistant to many antibacterial drugs, as well as various harsh climatic conditions, but are sensitive to aqueous solutions silver salts and its electrolytic solutions.
Staphylococcal infection is widespread in soil and air. Exactly by air most often, infection (infection) of a person occurs. It is also worth noting that this species infection can affect not only people, but also animals.

It has been noticed that children are most susceptible to staphylococcus infection, which is associated with an immature immune system and non-observance of personal hygiene rules, as well as elderly people.

Causes of staphylococcus aureus

The cause of the development of almost all staphylococcal diseases is a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as the use of contaminated food. The level of harm also depends on the strain of bacteria as well as the functioning of the immune system. The stronger the immune system, the less harm staphylococci can cause to human health. Thus, we can conclude that in most cases, a combination of 2 factors is necessary for staphylococcus disease - infection inside and violation normal functioning immune system.

How is staphylococcus transmitted? Consider the most popular ways of contracting a staphylococcal infection.

How can staphylococcus enter the body?

Airborne route. During the season of respiratory diseases, frequent stay in places large cluster people also increases the risk of infection, not only staphylococcal, but also many other types of infection, incl. viral, fungal. Sneezing, coughing - similar symptoms serve as a kind of beacons from which healthy people, if possible, need to stay away.

Air-dust path. Household and street dust contains a large number of various microscopic particles - plant pollen, desquamated skin particles, the hair of various animals, dust mites, particles of various materials (fabric, paper), and all this is usually seasoned various infections- fungi. Staphylococcus, and other types of infection are very often found in dust, and when we breathe such air, it is not in the best way affects our health.

Contact-household way. Usually, infection occurs when sharing personal hygiene items, bed linen, especially if one of the family members is sick. The risk of infection increases with injury skin, mucous membrane.

Fecal-oral (alimentary) route. Infection occurs when eating food with dirty hands, i.e. - in case of non-compliance. It is also worth noting here that infection by the alimentary route is also common cause diseases such as -, and other complex ones.

medical path. Infection with staphylococcus occurs through contact with insufficiently clean medical instruments, both during surgical interventions and in some types of diagnostics, which imply a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes. This is usually due to the treatment of instruments with an agent to which staphylococcus has developed resistance.

How can staph seriously harm a person's health, or what weakens the immune system?

The presence of chronic diseases. Most illnesses are indicative of a weakened immune system. If a pathological processes already occurring in the body, it is more difficult for it to defend itself against other diseases. Therefore, any disease increases the risk of joining it. secondary infection, and staphylococcal one of them.

The most common diseases and pathological conditions in which staphylococcus often attacks the patient are: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, diseases and other systems, as well as other chronic diseases.

In addition, the risk of infection with staphylococcus increases:

• Bad habits: smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, use drugs;
• , lack of healthy sleep;
• Sedentary lifestyle;
• Use ;
• (deficiency of vitamins);
• Abuse of some medicines – vasoconstrictors(violate the integrity of the nasal mucosa), antibiotics;
• Violations of the integrity of the skin, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and mouth.
• Insufficient ventilation of rooms in which a person often stays (work, home);
• Work at enterprises with high air pollution, especially without protective equipment (masks).

Staphylococcus symptoms

The clinical picture (symptoms) of staphylococcus can be very diverse, depending on the affected organ, the strain of bacteria, the age of the person, the functionality (health) of the potential patient's immunity.

Common symptoms of staphylococcus can be:

• Elevated and high body temperature (often local) - up to,;
• (rush of blood to the site of inflammatory processes);
• General malaise, soreness;
• puffiness;
• Pyoderma (develops when staphylococcus gets under the skin), folliculitis, carbunculosis,;
• Decreased appetite, abdominal pain,;
• - , and ;
• Diseases respiratory tract: , and ;
• Purulent discharge from the nasopharynx and oropharynx of a yellow-green color;
• Violation of the sense of smell;
• Difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, sneezing;
• Changing the timbre of the voice;
• Toxic shock syndrome;
• drop in blood pressure;
• "Scalded Baby Syndrome";
• Violations of the functioning of some organs and tissues, which have become the focus of infection;

Complications of staphylococcus:

• lung abscess;
• Pleural empyema;
• loss of voice;
• Fever;
• convulsions;

Scientists have identified most types of staphylococcus in 11 groups:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus)- S. aureus, S. Simiae.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic human body. Once inside, they can cause inflammation and damage to almost all human organs and tissues, as well as form a golden pigment. Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to produce the enzyme coagulase, which is why it is sometimes called coagulase-positive staphylococcus aureus.

2. Ear staphylococci(Staphylococcus auricularis)- S. auricularis.

3. Staphylococcus carnosus- S. carnosus, S. condimenti, S. massiliensis, S. piscifermentans, S. simulans.

4. Epidermal staphylococci (Staphylococcus epidermidis)- S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. saccharolyticus.

Epidermal staphylococcus is most often found on the skin and mucous membranes of a person. It is a common cause of diseases such as -, endocarditis, sepsis, purulent lesions of skin wounds and urinary tract. With the normal functioning of the immune system, the body does not allow epidermal staphylococci to multiply inside the body and infect it.

5. Hemolytic staphylococci(Staphylococcus haemolyticus)- S. devriesei, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis.

Hemolytic staphylococcus is most often the cause of diseases such as endocarditis, sepsis, inflammatory processes with suppuration on the skin, and urethritis.

6. Staphylococcus hyicus-intermedius- S. agnetis, S. chromogenes, S. felis, S. delphini, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lutrae, S. microti, S. muscae, S. pseudintermedius, S. rostri, S. schleiferi.

7. Staphylococcus lugdunensis— S. lugdunensis.

8. Saprophytic staphylococci (Staphylococcus saprophyticus)– S. arlettae, S. cohnii, S. equorum, S. gallinarum, S. kloosii, S. leei, S. nepalensis, S. saprophyticus, S. succinus, S. xylosus.

Saprophytic staphylococcus is often the cause of urinary tract diseases such as cystitis and urethritis. This is due to the fact that saprophytic staphylococcus aureus is located mainly on the skin of the genitals, as well as the mucous membranes of the urinary tract.

9 Staphylococcus sciuri– S. fleurettii, S. lentus, S. sciuri, S. stepanovicii, S. vitulinus.

10 Staphylococcus simulans– S. simulans.

11. Staphylococcus warneri– S. pasteuri, S. warneri.

Degrees of staphylococcus

To determine the exact treatment regimen, doctors divided the course of staphylococcal disease into 4 conditional degrees. This is due to the fact that different kinds infections, as well as their pathological activity in different times and at various conditions differ. In addition, this approach to diagnosis distinguishes between a staphylococcal infection, to which group it belongs - completely pathogenic influence on the body, conditionally pathogenic and saprophytes, which practically do not cause any harm to a person.

Degrees of staphylococcus

Staphylococcus 1 degree. Localization of infection for sampling for diagnosis - nasopharynx and oropharynx, skin, genitourinary system. Clinical manifestations absent or minimal. With a healthy immune system, drug therapy not required.

Staphylococcus 2 degree. Clinical manifestations (symptoms) are minimal or absent. If there are complaints, a thorough diagnosis is carried out for the presence of other types of infection. If it is established that another type of bacteria is also present in the body, antibiotic therapy is privately prescribed.

Staphylococcus 3 degree. The patient has complaints. In most cases, antibiotic therapy is necessary, except in a situation in which the attending physician considers that the use of antibiotics is unreasonable. Treatment of grade 3 staphylococcus is usually aimed primarily at strengthening the immune system. If within 2 months, recovery by the forces of the body does not occur, an individual treatment regimen for the infection is developed, incl. with the use of antibacterial agents.

Staphylococcus 4 degree. Therapy is aimed at strengthening immunity, eliminating,. Before using antibiotic therapy, a thorough diagnosis is carried out for the reaction of a particular type of staphylococcus to the drug.

Diagnosis of staphylococcus

Testing for staphylococcus aureus is done from swabs, usually taken from the surface of the skin, mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, or urinary tract.

Additional methods of examination can be:

How to treat staphylococcus aureus? Treatment of staphylococcus usually consists of 2 points - strengthening the immune system and antibiotic therapy. In the presence of other diseases, their treatment is also carried out.

It is very important to use antibiotics on the basis of diagnosis, since it is necessary to determine the type of staphylococcus by clinical picture almost impossible, and the use of antibiotics a wide range actions can cause a large number side effects.

However, the following most popular antibiotics are used to treat staphylococcus aureus.

Antibiotics for staphylococcus aureus

Important! Before using antibiotics, be sure to consult your doctor.

"Amoxicillin". It has the property of suppressing infection, stops its reproduction and negative effects on the body. Blocks the production of peptidoglycan.

"Baneocin". Ointment for the treatment of staphylococcus with skin lesions. It is based on a combination of two antibiotics - bacitracin and neomycin.

"Vancomycin". Contributes to the death of bacteria, due to the blocking of the component that is part of its cell membrane. It is applied intravenously.

"Claritomycin", "Clindamycin" and « » . They block the production of their proteins by bacteria, without which they die.

"Cloxacillin". It blocks the multiplication of staphylococcus by blocking their membranes present at the stage of their cell division. Usually prescribed at a dose of 500 mg / 6 hours.

"Mupirocin" – antibacterial ointment with staphylococcal skin lesions. Used for external use. The basis of the ointment are three antibiotics - baktroban, bonderm and supirotsin.

"Oxacillin". Blocks the division of bacterial cells, thereby destroying them. Method of application - oral, intravenous and intramuscular.

- In hot weather, avoid eating confectionery, meat, dairy and other products that are not stored in proper conditions;

- In case of injury to the skin, be sure to treat the wound with antiseptic agents, then cover it with a band-aid;

- Try not to visit beauty salons, tattoo parlors, solariums or dental clinics of a dubious nature, where they may not adhere to sanitary standards for the processing of medical instruments.

Which doctor should I contact with a staphylococcal infection?

Staphylococcus is a dangerous bacteriological disease that is difficult to treat. It affects both children and adults. When a pathogen is detected, it is necessary to start treatment as soon as possible, since the infection can progress, affecting the internal organs.

Antibiotic treatment

cure Staphylococcus aureus through the application antibacterial medicines You can, if you turn to a specialist in a timely manner. Before you start taking medications, it is important to accurately determine the diagnosis, pass a series of tests. Based on all the tests carried out, the specialist will be able to prescribe the appropriate drugs.

The doctor prescribes antibiotics if the expected benefit against the pathogen outweighs the harm from the drugs. Particular care must be taken by pregnant and lactating mothers. Antibacterial therapy required if the infection has entered the bloodstream and spread throughout the body. To eliminate local manifestations, it is enough local treatment. Skin manifestations of Staphylococcus aureus are successfully treated with ointments containing antibiotics.

Some patients do not want to take such strong drugs, so they are interested in whether staphylococcus can be cured with traditional medicine or other medicines. Doctors may prescribe maintenance therapy aimed at strengthening the immune system and improving the body's response. This will allow you to independently develop antibodies to fight the infection. The downside is that it will take a long time.

In turn, many experts oppose the use of antibiotics during the treatment of staphylococcus aureus, arguing as follows:

1. be completely cured of this disease impossible. Once in the body, the bacterium settles forever, so it makes sense to strengthen the immune response so that there are no inflammatory processes in the future.
2. Antibiotics are only effective temporarily. The causative agent is quite persistent, so how long the effect of the drugs will last is unknown.
3. Such antimicrobials violate the intestinal microflora, kill the natural bacteria of the body, which adversely affects health.

The best drugs to fight the disease

How to treat Staphylococcus aureus? This can be done in several ways, but before you start taking the drugs, you must make sure that the diagnosis is correct. It will not work to eliminate the bacterium without antibiotics, so it is important to immediately figure out which remedy will be optimal.

The most efficient and safe antibiotics that can quickly overcome the infection are quite strong medicines, so they should be taken only in accordance with medical prescription, observing the dosage and frequency of receptions. Self-treatment in this case It is strictly forbidden, since an incorrectly selected remedy can cause a number of side effects. The treatment of children deserves special attention. Before prescribing, the pediatrician must verify the diagnosis and prescribe a series of tests.

So, how to treat patients? Here is a list of the most popular drugs:

• Lysates;
• Anatoxin;
• Vaccine;
• Immunoglobulin from staphylococcus aureus;
• Baneocin;
• Mupirocin;
• Fusidin.

Bacterial lysates

AT this group includes drugs that have a complex composition. They contain a multibacterial culture and a number of active ingredients aimed at enhancing the effect of the remedy. Particles of bacteria, when penetrating deep into the body, are unable to immediately provoke infectious inflammation, however, they can be calculated from the antibody response. During the period of remission of the disease, it is possible to maintain normal condition health through the intake of lysates.

Popular remedy for staphylococcus aureus

The drugs of this group are not addictive, safe for the patient, and have no side effects. They can be taken as needed, and not just courses. Lysates are different high cost. The most popular medicines in this group are: imudon, bronchomunal, respibron, IRS-19.

Anatoxin from Staphylococcus bacteria

This drug is only suitable for the treatment of staphylococcus aureus in adults. It is contraindicated in children due to its aggressive nature. Toxoid is made by creating a poison for bacteria. AT laboratory conditions staphylococci are grown, their toxin is purified, made safe for humans. The resulting medicine is poured into 1 ml ampoules, packaged in 10 pieces. This amount of substance is enough for a full course. After treatment, the patient receives a strong immune response from the disease.

The process of introducing a purified toxin is carried out in a hospital. The duration of treatment is 10 days. Inject the substance alternately into the shoulder blades. The entire period, the medical staff monitors the general health of the patient. It is important to observe the patient for the first half hour after the introduction of toxoid. Since the remedy is strong enough, side effects in the form of allergic reactions may occur. During the course of taking the drug, the patient may have elevated temperature, hives on the skin.

KIP

A complex immunoglobulin preparation is prescribed for patients with a confirmed diagnosis. The remedy is made by drying donated blood and collection of protein components and antibodies from it. Medicines of this group completely cure from acute form golden staphylococcus. TIP contains three types of antibodies: IgA, IgM, IgG, which makes it a leader among immunoglobulin drugs. The drug is packaged in ampoules of 5 ml.

Instrumentation packaging

This tool effectively eliminates staphylococcus bacteria and their metabolic products (toxins), and the active components of the substance also fight against others. intestinal infections and conditionally pathogenic microflora prevent the spread and growth of bacteria. During treatment, the body produces enough macrophages (antibodies) that increase the immune response and destroy the disease.

Thus, the CIP is universal drug complex action. It does not give side effects and is suitable for patients of all ages. It is taken orally.

Vaccine

Antiphagin is created by creating on the basis of toxoid safe drug. It is made from ready-made antigens that are resistant to temperature changes, able to fight all types of staphylococcus aureus. This vaccine is available in the same packaging as the toxoid. It can be used no earlier than from the age of six months, an exception is permissible only with the recommendation of a doctor and if the child's body weight exceeds 2.5 kg.

Staphylococcal antiphagin provides an immune response and the production of specific antibodies, as a result, their presence in the blood will ensure the body's resistance to bacteria. It is recommended to go through the process of revaccination annually, as the immune response weakens over time. This vaccination is not included in the list of mandatory, but it is recommended to strengthen immunity and prevent the development of this unpleasant disease. It is suitable even for a newborn.

Immunoglobulin from staphylococcus aureus

A protein powder made from a donor's blood. Unlike CIP, it has only one type of antibody - IgA. The drug provides the patient with the necessary immune response, but does not give a long-term effect. The drug is useful for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus in the throat. It locally affects the lesions, actively fights infection.

In the course of treatment with immunoglobulin, own antibodies are not produced, so it should be taken in combination with other drugs. In a severe form of the disease, this medication is administered intravenously to create conditions for the body to resist bacteria. It is indispensable in the development of sepsis, pneumonia and other complications. The drug is approved for patients over 12 years of age.

Mupirocin

An antibiotic that is part of some ointments: Supirocin, Bondeom, etc. advantage this drug is a wide spectrum of action against various bacteria. The tool is suitable for local treatment, because it stops the development of infection, kills pathogenic microbes. Ointments based on mupirocin are suitable for combating Staphylococcus aureus in the sinuses, pharynx. The medication can be used from the age of 6, due to the absence of side effects. AT rare cases may cause allergies. Only the attending physician can prescribe the appropriate drug.

Mupirocin is an effective remedy

Baneocin

A special ointment, which includes antibiotics: bacitracin and neomycin. The medication is designed for external use, therefore it is indicated for the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. Active ingredients allow to successfully fight the disease, while the bacteria do not develop resistance to antibiotics.

During treatment, not only the pathogen is eliminated, but also the symptoms. The ointment allows you to increase the regeneration of the skin. Already a week later, ulcers, boils and abscesses heal, the drug relieves inflammation. Its disadvantages are a number of side effects: a decrease in visual acuity and hearing, a load on the kidneys, a decrease in the reaction of nerve endings.

The medication is dispensed without a prescription.

It is prescribed only if the area affected by the infection does not exceed 1% of the body surface. Apply medicine not recommended for women during pregnancy and lactation (infants may develop a rash).

Fusidin

Sodium fusidate is an antibiotic that successfully fights almost all strains of staphylococcus aureus. It is suitable for external use as part of ointments and creams, and also helps to eliminate the disease in the nasopharynx (available in the form of a spray). Fusidin ointments are suitable for treating children. They are safe and have no contraindications. The course of treatment is 14 days.

Fusidin is an effective antibiotic

Hormonal treatment

The danger of preparations containing hormones lies in the inability to eliminate the cause of inflammation - a pathogenic bacterium. Goucocorticoids (drugs derived from corticosteroid hormones) can prevent the development of any inflammation. The disadvantage of this treatment is that these remedies eliminate only the signs of the disease, but not the cause. Ointments based on hormones: prednisone, triamcinolone, etc. interrupt natural reaction organism to infection, which stops the multiplication of leukocytes, and with it a number of unpleasant symptoms(abscesses, fever, pain).

Hormone therapy is possible only in combination with other drugs that can eliminate staphylococcus aureus. AT pure form such drugs only relieve symptoms, not allowing antibodies to develop, which leaves the body defenseless against the disease. It is permissible to use ointments containing glucocorticoids in combination with antibiotics. Take internal hormones if available bacterial infection strictly prohibited.

herbal medicine

There is always a safe alternative to conservative medicine. So, folk remedies can successfully and safely overcome bacteria. There are a number of plants that have bactericidal properties that will help get rid of staph.

Aloe

Aloe extract is indispensable for creating ointments, gels, injections, syrups. The biological components of the plant provide immunity strengthening, facilitate the general condition. Aloe (popularly called "agave") relieves inflammation, normalizes temperature, and soothes. It is taken in a small piece on an empty stomach, if the disease is localized inside, and should also be used as a rub for skin manifestations ailment.

Aloe will help to cope with the disease

The plant is indispensable in the creation of a drug to combat Staphylococcus aureus in infants. Babies are more difficult to tolerate antibiotics, and hormone treatment is unacceptable for a growing body. To make it easier for children to endure antimicrobials, aloe is added to the composition of medicines.

Contraindications to the use of agave: pregnancy, menstruation, the presence of diseases of the reproductive system in women, ulcers, pancreatitis. To safely use the plant for medicinal purposes, you need to consult a doctor. Also, the extract may already be part of the prescribed medication, so you do not need to make a tincture from fresh leaves.

Decoction of St. John's wort

If staphylococcus has settled in the intestines, this tea will help to fight it: a spoonful of St. John's wort and two tablespoons of chamomile pour 400 g of boiling water and leave for 2 hours. Strain the resulting broth and drink a glass before meals.

Chlorophyllipt

The drug is made on the basis of eucalyptus. The solution can be in alcohol or oil based. The first is often used to eliminate infection in the gastrointestinal tract. A concentrated preparation is used in the treatment of affected areas of the skin. Eucalyptus has an analgesic effect, helps tissues recover quickly. Chlorophyllipt is often used to eliminate ulcers, boils resulting from the multiplication of staphylococcus bacteria. In rare cases, the drug can be administered intravenously (elimination of sepsis, peritonitis).

If it is necessary to eliminate Staphylococcus aureus in the nose, it is better to use an oil solution. It is important to ensure that the patient is not allergic to this medicine. Chlorophyllipt is prescribed for adults and children over 2 years of age.

Staphylococcus, especially the "golden" strain, is difficult to treat, so it is important to see a doctor in time. After confirming the diagnosis, complex treatment will be prescribed in accordance with the age of the patient and the characteristics of his health.

Staphylococcus (Staphylococcus) is a bacterium that has the correct spherical shape and belongs to the group of gram-positive non-motile cocci. Most often, under a microscope, you can see the accumulation of such bacteria, which, according to appearance reminiscent of a bunch of grapes.

Due to the high resistance of the microbe to antibacterial drugs, diseases of staphylococcal etiology occupy leading place among all purulent-inflammatory pathology. It is important for everyone to know about staphylococcus: what is this disease in adults, its symptoms and treatment to prevent irreversible consequences for good health.

Staphylococcus: what is it?

Staphylococcus aureus is a non-motile, spherical bacterium belonging to the Staphylococcus family (Staphylococcaceae). This is an extensive group of bacteria, numbering 27 species, 14 of which are found on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. However, only 3 species are capable of causing disease., therefore, belong to the conditionally pathogenic microflora. At favorable conditions it actively multiplies, causing various purulent processes in the human body.

Taking into account the fact that staphylococcal infections are extremely resistant to antibiotic therapy used against them, staphylococcus aureus is among the purulent-inflammatory diseases, the symptoms of which may indicate inflammatory process in any body, takes first place.

Staphylococcus tolerates heat well and also drying. These bacteria die at a temperature of 70 - 80ºС within 20 - 30 minutes, and at a temperature of 150ºС - almost instantly.

The most common toxic staphylococcal disease is food poisoning. Almost 50% of all secrete enterotoxin - a poison that causes severe diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

Staphylococci reproduce well in many food products, especially love butter creams, vegetable and meat salads, canned food. In the process of reproduction, a toxin accumulates in food, and it is with the toxin, and not with the microbe itself, that the symptoms of the disease in a careless eater are associated.

Kinds

All types of this microorganism are classified as conditionally pathogenic microflora. It means that healthy person they do not threaten, but under adverse conditions can cause disease.

There are three types of staphylococcus, which are the most common and harmful to the human body:

• Saprophytic staphylococcus aureus most often affects women, causing them to have inflammatory diseases Bladder() and kidneys. bacteria saprophytic staphylococcus aureus localized in the layers of the skin of the genitals and mucous membranes urethra. Of all the types of staphylococcus, it causes the least lesions;
• Epidermal staphylococcus aureus. Most dangerous in premature, debilitated children and in patients with immunodeficiencies, oncological diseases. The habitat of this pest is the mucous membrane and skin.
• Staphylococcus aureus. This is the most dangerous view a microbe that is especially common in the environment. Organisms of all age categories are susceptible to infection.

Each type of staphylococcus has many strains (varieties) that differ from each other in the degree of aggressiveness and pathogenicity.

Causes of a staph infection

The cause of the development of almost all staphylococcal diseases is a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, as well as the use of contaminated food. The level of harm also depends on the strain of bacteria as well as the functioning of the immune system. The stronger the immune system, the less harm staphylococci can cause to human health.

Both a sick person and an infection carrier (asymptomatic) can act as a source of the spread of this infection, and according to certain data, about 40% of people who are completely healthy are such carriers. They can act as carriers of any strain of staphylococcus.

Thus, we can conclude that in most cases, a combination of 2 factors is necessary for staphylococcus disease:

• infection inside;
• disruption of the normal functioning of the immune system.

Especially important factors in the development of infections are:

• decreased immunity,
• the use of strong medications, immunosuppressants,
• chronic pathologies,
• stress, environmental impact.

Staphylococcal infections are especially severe in children. early age and in the elderly.

Diseases caused by staphylococci

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of infecting most tissues of the human body. In total, there are more than a hundred diseases caused by a staphylococcal infection. Staphylococcal infection is characterized by the presence of many different mechanisms, routes and factors of transmission.

Staphylococcus in adults can cause such diseases:

• Lesions of the skin and mucous membranes - boils, purulent wounds.
• Food poisoning.
• Inflammation of the lungs of a bacterial nature.
• Endocarditis.
• Osteomyelitis.
• Meningitis.
• Blood poisoning.

Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous in this regard, which can penetrate anywhere in the body and cause a generalized infection.

Who is at risk for infection

• Pregnant women who can be immunized with toxoid at 32-36 weeks.
• Elderly people are also predisposed to infection, especially those with diseases such as rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, eczema, and oncological diseases.
• Any people, both adults and children, whose immunity is reduced.
• Medical workers, catering workers, by virtue of their profession.

The infection enters the active phase of reproduction at the moments:

• hypothermia of the body;
• when flowing and ;
• in case of failures of the endocrine system;
• at inflammatory diseases internal organs and systems.

How is staphylococcus transmitted to humans?

All diseases that a bacterium causes can occur as a result of the fact that the infection enters the body due to a violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, because it is a permanent inhabitant of the human microflora. In addition, infection can occur exogenously, that is, with food or as a result of close contact.

The main ways of transmission of the pathogen:

• Airborne. The mechanism of transmission is based on the inhalation of air, which contains microorganisms. This mechanism of transmission becomes possible in the case of isolation of bacteria in environment together with the exhaled air (in case of a disease of the respiratory apparatus: bronchitis or pneumonia).
• Medical instruments. In the absence of asepsis rules, you can become infected in the same district clinic during a routine examination by a therapist.
• Contact household: by direct contact with a sick person or contaminated household items.
• Food - infection is possible by eating contaminated foods.
• fecal-oral. Directly related to non-compliance with hygiene standards. Staphylococcus aureus is present in the feces and vomit of an infected person. Transmitted through dirty hands, with poorly washed vegetables, berries and fruits, poorly washed dishes.

Once in the body, staphylococcus begins to multiply rapidly and produce toxins that adversely affect health, leading to certain pathologies.

Infection with staphylococcus aureus is ensured if the state of the immune system is weakened, and the person has been in contact with the carrier of this microbe.

Staphylococcus symptoms

The clinical picture (symptoms) of staphylococcus can be very diverse, depending on the affected organ, the strain of bacteria, the age of the person, the functionality (health) of the potential patient's immunity.

Combine all staphylococcal infections such signs:

• Fever, local (at the site of infection) or general fever.
• The presence of purulent processes.
• Intoxication - general deterioration, loss of appetite, drowsiness, joint pain.

The following symptoms are also characteristic:

• Ulcers on the skin different sizes: boils, pyoderma, abscesses and more.
• Cough and with purulent yellowish-green discharge.
• Mucus in the stool, upset stool, nausea.
• Pain at the site of infection. For example, with staphylococcal osteomyelitis, bones begin to hurt, endocarditis may be accompanied by heart pain.

Staphylococcus can affect almost all systems, tissues and organs, giving a clinic of staphylococcal local or general diseases. The skin, subcutaneous tissue, nervous system, kidneys, liver, lungs, urinary system, bone and arise general infection organism (sepsis).

Important! After the disease, immunity to these microorganisms is unstable. You can get these infections several times in your life. special measures there are no immunizations against this type of bacteria.

Complications

If a person knows what staphylococcus is, he also knows how dangerous active phase this pathogenic microorganism.

• Exacerbation of existing chronic diseases respiratory system, digestive tract, sugar , .
• Ingestion of other pathogenic microbes (streptococci, pneumococci, etc.) into the body.
• The development of septicemia (blood poisoning).

Staphylococcal infection leads not only to a number of serious diseases, but can also be complicated life threatening states. Pathogenic staphylococcus, getting into the bloodstream, is able to penetrate the heart, the brain, and in some cases spread to many organs, causing sepsis.

Diagnostics

If there is a suspicion of staphylococcus - what is it, the attending physician will explain and diagnose. The diagnosis is made after a cultural study of pathogen samples taken from the foci of infection (any areas of suppuration, blisters, dried crusts, etc.).

Diagnostic methods depend on which department is affected by the infection.

• When we are talking caused by staphylococcal infection, it is enough to collect sputum after coughing.
• If the genitourinary system is infected, you will have to collect a urine sample.
• At superficial lesion- scrapings from the skin and a fence from the mucous membranes.

For diagnostics appoint:

• biochemical blood test;
• examination of feces and urine;
• saliva smear;
• smear from the skin.

During the analysis, it is also important to determine how sensitive the bacterium is to the effects of antibiotics, due to which it will be possible to determine the most effective drug for subsequent treatment.

Treatment of staphylococcus in adults

Local forms of staphylococcal infection are treated at home. Hospitalization is indicated in cases of generalization of the process, endocarditis, or if necessary surgical treatment purulent-necrotic skin lesions - boils or carbuncles.

The modern approach to the treatment of staphylococcal infections provides for the following areas of treatment:

• The use of modern antimicrobial drugs and antibiotics;
• Surgical methods of treatment;
• Immunomodulation methods;
• Normalization of the hormonal status and the metabolic process of the body with the help of food additives (chitosan, cordyceps), mineral preparations, vitamins.

Antibiotics

Bacterioscopic culture determines the presence of pathogenic flora and its appearance. Only after that antibiotics are prescribed in tablets and injections that can kill the harmful flora.

It is impossible to say unequivocally which antibiotic kills staphylococcus aureus, because each strain of the bacterium is sensitive to a particular drug. The most commonly used drugs include the following groups of antibiotics:

• penicillin;
• whole phasporin;
• macrolides;
• lincosamides.

Treatment for a staphylococcal infection requires strict observance the frequency of administration, the time of use of the drug and its dosage. It is important to take the prescribed antibiotic not until the first symptoms disappear, but not less than 5 days. If it is necessary to extend the course, the doctor will inform about it. In addition, you can not stop treatment, therapy must be continuous.

Surgical methods

The goal of surgery for staphylococcal infection is to open the abscess and ensure a good outflow of purulent-inflammatory exudate. Opened abscesses are washed with antibiotic solutions and drained. Proteases are widely used - enzymes that are able to cleave peptide bonds in proteins and decay products, thereby accelerating the cleansing of purulent wounds.

Bacteriophages in staphylococcal infections

To combat staphylococcus, bacteriophages can be used - viruses with a selective ability to defeat staphylococcus. For external treatment, ointments containing antibacterial components with antiseptic and restorative properties.

Immunomodulators

To stimulate the immune system in children and adults, the use of herbal preparations is indicated - echinacea (Immunal), ginseng (Ginseng tincture, preparations in the form of tablets and capsules) and Schisandra chinensis.

The use of vitamin and mineral preparations

One of the reasons for the decrease in immunity and the frequent recurrence of infections (including Staphylococcus aureus infection) is the lack of vitamins and minerals in the body. Therefore, vitamin and mineral preparations are successfully used in the treatment and prevention of these infections.

The use of these drugs is most justified in the presence of other signs of vitamin deficiency or during the off-season.

Before use vitamin preparations or nutritional supplements, we recommend that you consult with your doctor and discuss the appropriateness of such treatment, as well as the risks and consequences associated with it.

How to treat folk remedies

Before using any folk remedies for staphylococcus aureus, we recommend that you consult with your doctor.

1. Apricot. In inflammatory processes on the skin due to staphylococcal infection, apricot pulp has proven itself well, which must be applied to the foci of inflammation. For treatment internal infection you need to eat mashed apricots 2 times a day - in the morning and in the evening, on an empty stomach.
2. Skin staph infections are also well treated with garlic. 50 g of garlic is crushed and pounded and mixed with 150 ml of water. After filtering in the resulting infusion, a bandage is moistened and applied to sore spots on the skin. It is recommended to carry out the procedure twice a day for 10 days.
3. Dry hypericum. Brew 2 tsp with a glass of boiling water. herbs, cover with a cloth and let it brew for 30 minutes. Take on an empty stomach before breakfast and dinner.
4. Recommended for use and chamomile decoction. 2 tsp chamomile boil in a glass of water for about five minutes. Then the broth is filtered and cooled. It is used as a rinse, rinse and wipe.
5. A good treatment for staphylococcus is black currant. Blackcurrant contains the largest number vitamin C, which strengthens the immune system and promotes speedy recovery. Also, blackcurrant will be effective in the treatment of streptococcus.

It is strictly forbidden to use any thermal treatments at home to accelerate the maturation of abscesses. Hot baths, baths and saunas will only worsen the patient's condition and lead to further spread of the infection.

Prevention

Understanding how difficult it is to treat staphylococcus, most doctors pay attention to the prevention of infection. It is simply impossible to completely get rid of different types of this microorganism. Therefore, the key task is not to eliminate the bacteria, but to prevent the development of an infectious process.

It is important to carry out regular prevention of the disease, without waiting for the onset of infection. As a preventive measure, the following methods are used:

• hygiene;
• prevention of beriberi;
• treatment of wounds and cuts with antibacterial agents;
• injury prevention;
• sweating prevention;
• careful processing of vegetables and fruits before eating,
• exclusion from the diet of products with compromised packaging integrity.

Staphylococcal infections are extremely dangerous for human health, because they can cause serious complications. It is necessary to treat infections of this type under the supervision of a specialist.

It is impossible to completely get rid of the presence of staphylococci in the body. They are part conditionally pathogenic microflora person. Small amounts do no harm.

Staphylococci are a group of gram-positive bacteria that have a spherical or spherical shape.

Staphylococci are facultative anaerobes. These microorganisms are widely distributed throughout the world. Conditionally pathogenic forms of staphylococci are part of normal microflora human skin, and also colonize the mucous membranes of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, etc.

Staphylococci aureus are pathogenic cocci. However, about 30-35% of the world's population are permanent healthy carriers of this bacterium.

With a decrease in immunity, pathogenic staphylococci cause a wide range of diseases: from mild pyoderma to pyelonephritis, meningitis, pneumonia, etc.

The inflammatory process can affect the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous system etc.

For medicine, 3 varieties of staphylococcus are of particular interest:

1. epidermal. It is a component of the normal microflora of the skin. Pathogenic bacteria dangerous for people with reduced immunity, newborns and cancer patients.
2. Golden. Pathogenic staphylococci. This strain of staphylococcus is most often localized on the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. The most dangerous are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resistant to most antibiotics.
3. Saprophytic. Conditionally pathogenic staphylococcus aureus. May cause cystitis and urethritis.

Antibiotics for the treatment of staphylococcal infections should be prescribed exclusively by a doctor, based on the results of crops for the sensitivity of the pathogen to antimicrobials.

This is due to the fact that in last years pathogenic species of staphylococci mutate and are characterized by increased resistance to antibiotics. For example, Staphylococcus aureus is able to break down β-lactam antibiotics with the help of a special enzyme - penicillinase. When getting rid of this type of pathogen, inhibitor-protected penicillins and some cephalosporins of the 2nd and 3rd generations have proven themselves well.

The main disadvantage of antibiotic drugs is their non-selectivity. After a long course of treatment, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora is disturbed, which leads to the development of dysbacteriosis. Antibiotics destroy beneficial microorganisms, which promote the absorption of proteins, vitamins and microelements, digestion of food, provide lipid metabolism and neutralize putrefactive bacteria and toxins.

Most often, the attending physician prescribes antibiotics for the treatment of such serious diseases as:

• is an inflammatory process of bacterial origin that occurs in the kidneys.
• Staphylococcal pneumonia - severe inflammation lung tissue, in which there is a high probability of developing sepsis.
• Endocarditis is an inflammation of the pericardium, the inner lining of the heart. Endocarditis has an infectious etiology. The disease is characterized by pronounced symptoms: fever, difficulty breathing, general weakness and chest pain.
• Myocarditis is an inflammatory process in the heart muscle, most often associated with the action of a bacterial agent;
• - purulent-necrotic process that affects the bone tissue;
• Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response of the body to infection.
• - an inflammatory process bacterial nature, with localization in the outer, middle or inner ear;
• - infectious and inflammatory lesions of the elements of the pharyngeal ring.

Antimicrobials that eradicate staphylococci

Inhibitor-protected and anti-staphylococcal penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones are the main drugs used in the treatment of staph infection.

The difficulty lies in the fact that there are methicillin-resistant S. aureus, which causes severe and difficult to treat diseases, such as sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia. Microbiologists call it multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

The medical community is sounding the alarm, because every year the number of resistant strains increases by an average of 10%. This data was obtained during scientific research held in the United States of America. When methicillin-resistant staphylococcus enters the body, the likelihood of lethal outcome increases sharply. However, even modern drugs latest generation do not guarantee complete eradication of pathogenic bacteria.

Clarithromycin ®

Azithromycin ®

it antibacterial drug a wide spectrum of activity related to azalides. Azithromycin ® is actively used in the treatment of otolaryngological diseases. It inhibits protein synthesis, blocks the growth and reproduction of pathogens.

It is used to treat pyoderma, bronchitis, otitis media, sinusitis, etc.

It is allowed to take during pregnancy, but only under the supervision of a doctor. Treatment of staphylococcus with Azithromycin ® in the period breastfeeding unacceptable.

Vancomycin ®

Tricyclic antibiotic from the group of glycopeptides. Refers to reserve preparations for carrying out antimicrobial therapy against Staphylococcus aureus and other multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Vancomycin ® is aggressive against many resistant strains, and its bactericidal effect is due to the inhibition of the biosynthesis of the cell wall of the pathogenic microorganism. It is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy. On the later dates taken only in the absence of alternative treatments.

Amoxicillin ®

This is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum drug related to penicillins. The acid that is part of it is obtained from mold cultures. Data organic compounds is highly active against staphylococcus (with the exception of penicillinase-producing strains).

Amoxicillin ® is often prescribed as a prophylaxis. Its reception allows to avoid postoperative complications. The bioavailability index of the medicinal substance is higher than that of most analogues. The antibiotic crosses the placental barrier, excreted in small amounts in breast milk.

Not recommended for patients with infectious mononucleosis; during the period of recurrence of Epstein-Barr chronic carriage and cytomegalovirus infections; in the presence of kidney and liver failure; in patients with beta-lactam intolerance. The drug is incompatible with alcohol.

Lincomycin ®

is an antibiotic for the treatment of staphylococcus of the third generation of fluoroquinolones. It is indicated for staphylococcal pneumonia, tuberculosis, sinusitis and pyelonephritis.

Like all fluoroquinolone preparations, it is quite toxic.

Not applicable to the treatment of patients:

• under 18 years of age;
• pregnant and breastfeeding women;
• With hemolytic anemia, epilepsy, diseases of the joints and ligamentous apparatus.

It is prescribed with caution to elderly patients, due to age-related decline in kidney function.

Roxithromycin ®

Alternative Treatments

1. Bacterial lysates contribute to the active production of antibodies against staphylococcus aureus. They are safe, non-addictive and have no side effects.
2. Staphylococcal toxoid forms anti-staphylococcal immunity, forcing the body to fight not only against bacteria, but also against its toxin. Anatoxin is injected for 10 days.
3. Vaccination against staphylococcus aureus is permissible from the age of six months. Staphylococcal toxoid is a neutralized and purified staphylococcus toxin. When administered, it promotes the formation of specific antibodies to exotoxins produced by staphylococcus aureus. Applicable for children older than one year. Vaccination is routinely applied to employees Agriculture and the industrial sector, surgical patients, donors. The frequency of administration and the intervals between them depend on the purpose of vaccination.
4. Galavit ® is an immunomodulatory drug with anti-inflammatory action, which has proven itself in the eradication of resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus. He renders complex impact, increasing protective functions body and destroy pathogens. It is produced in the form of a powder, with the aim of preparing a solution for intramuscular injection (used in patients over 18 years of age), in tablet form and in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. Galavit ® is approved for use from 6 years of age. Not recommended for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
5. Chlorophyllipt ® is an antiseptic drug that relieves inflammation and contains a mixture of chlorophylls from eucalyptus leaves. A weakly concentrated solution is taken orally for infectious lesions of the intestine. For the treatment of the skin, solutions are prepared with more high concentration drug. Chlorophyllipt ® is prescribed for adults and children over 12 years of age.

Did you know that staph is the only cause of blackheads or acne?

Medicine is rapidly developing forward, but the number of people suffering from staphylococcal infection is not decreasing. It is caused by the microbe "Staphylococcus aureus", which has a yellow tint.

It is in appearance that it is easy to recognize among the human microflora.

Under favorable conditions, this microorganism can provoke serious diseases. You can treat Staphylococcus aureus with folk remedies and medication.

Human skin is inhabited by a large number of microorganisms and bacteria. But staphylococcus is especially popular.

As a rule, this is a peaceful microbe: if left untouched, it is harmless. In total, 27 species are distinguished, of which only 3 cause the disease - golden, saprophytic and epidermal staphylococcus aureus.

The danger of microorganisms determines the pathogenicity factor. Staphylococcus can give allergic reactions on the skin and inflammation, as it penetrates through the cell walls with ease. It is he who causes boils and barley on the face. It can also cause meningitis, abscess, pneumonia.

If it enters the blood, blood poisoning is possible - vascular sepsis. Staphylococcus can cause pneumonia, osteomyelitis and mastitis.

The bacterium releases toxins that poison the body and cause severe illness. Half of Staphylococcus aureus secretes an enterotoxin, leading to vomiting, upset stool, and abdominal pain.

Infection with staphylococcal infection does not occur with a strong human immune system. If the body is not weakened, the microorganism will quietly exist on the skin, in the intestines, ears, mucous membranes of the throat, nose and vagina.

Staphylococcus aureus is a very strong microorganism that can easily resist treatments and antibiotics. It contains cell-destroying enzymes, thanks to which it adapts even to strong antibiotics and they stop working.

The bacterium continues to exist even after drying and can withstand temperatures of 150 degrees.

Can staphylococcus be cured? With strong immunity, it is not harmful, so it is not necessary to treat it. But if the indicators are elevated from the norm, then in this case therapy will be required.

Staphylococcus aureus

Bacteria can only be controlled with antibiotics. The drug must be chosen correctly, and this is quite problematic, given that staphylococcus is resistant to them.

Do not self-medicate with antibiotics essential medicine the doctor chooses. New generations of cephalosporins, penicillins and fluoroquinolones are most effective.

A course of antibiotic therapy is prescribed only with a large spread of Staphylococcus aureus in the body (sepsis, pneumonia, etc.). In some cases, may be prescribed by a doctor:

1. bacteriophages. This is a specially bred mutant virus that destroys Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Ready-made antibodies(anti-staphylococcal immunoglobulin or plasma).
3. Adaptogens and immunomodulators. These are drugs that activate the human immune system.

Surgical treatment is carried out only according to indications. At surgical intervention open cavities that are filled with pus. Then they are drained and washed with antibiotics or antiseptics.

With mild types of lesions of Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotics are not needed. Treatment depends on the type of disease.

Bacteria can be detected by testing. Everything is normal biological fluids body (blood, urine, vaginal secret, pleural fluid) must be sterile, in the feces there is only intestinal microflora.

Diagnosis depends on the symptoms of the disease. If possible, sowing of secretions from the diseased organ is done.

The diagnosis of staphylococcal infection is confirmed when a bacterium is found in the culture in a titer greater than 1 * 103.

If the infection is localized on the skin, in the bones, in subcutaneous tissue and lungs, the diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical manifestations.

Staphylococcus aureus is contagious. Typically, infection occurs in medical organizations. Immunocompromised patients are more at risk.

The risk of infection increases with the use of various medical devices that come into contact with internal environment organism (for example, intravenous catheters).

Staphylococcus aureus can be contracted in hospitals if there is a violation elementary rules hygiene. Big risk undergo surgical procedures that are not performed in hospitals. For example, piercing, tattooing, ear piercing.

It is quite natural to ask how Staphylococcus aureus is transmitted from person to person. The bacterium is transmitted by household, airborne droplets and food.

The infection is everywhere - on furniture, clothes, toys, shoes, house dust. Airborne diseases of the nasopharynx caused by staphylococcus are transmitted.

During pregnancy, the expectant mother can infect the fetus through the blood. In infants, infection occurs through breast milk. Bacteria get there through cracked nipples.

In children after a year, Staphylococcus aureus can cause conjunctivitis, omphalitis, enterocolitis, skin and soft tissue damage. Presents with vomiting, diarrhea, high temperature and rash.

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus with folk remedies

It is impossible to cure staphylococcus only with traditional medicine. Therapy should be complex, medication is required.

Treatment of this microorganism folk methods has a very comparative efficiency.

AT medicinal herbs a lot of useful substances that have a detrimental effect on bacteria. They also relieve pain, strengthen the immune system and remove toxins from the body.

When infected with Staphylococcus aureus, a person's well-being can be facilitated by taking healing infusions and decoctions. Effectively help such means of traditional medicine:

If Staphylococcus aureus has infected the skin, then good result will help achieve wound healing and antiseptic folk methods.

You can use the following recipes:

Treatment with fruits and berries

Apricot is rich in vitamins and useful material. It improves the functioning of the immune system, increases vitality, and has regenerative properties.

With Staphylococcus aureus, it is useful to eat apricot puree. You need to eat on an empty stomach 500 g 30 minutes before breakfast. The course of treatment is 1 month.

Saturates the body with nutrients and vitamins blackcurrant. With an exacerbation of a staphylococcal infection, the berries should be eaten in their pure form, 100 g per day. Pi heat treatment berries lose vitamins.

The infusion should be drunk 2 times a day, 100 ml. Rosehip can be combined with apricot puree. They reinforce each other's benefits.

Prevention

In order for Staphylococcus aureus not to become active, it is necessary to maintain the body in a healthy state.. Any chronic lesions inflammation should be treated on time, prevent frequent SARS and strengthen the immune system.

You need to fully relax, sleep 8 hours a day, eat fresh food and walk in the fresh air.

You also need to carefully observe personal hygiene and keep the house clean. In order to detect the infection in time, it is necessary to periodically take tests.

So, it is impossible to completely get rid of Staphylococcus aureus. The infection is transmitted by any means (through household items, saliva and blood, when sneezing). With a strong immune system, the body either rejects this foreign agent or becomes a carrier.

In this case, staphylococcus does not appear in any way. It begins to act when the strength declines.

Treatment should begin as soon as an infection is detected, as serious complications. Therapy must be medical. You can recover faster if you use folk remedies in combination.