What does elevated temperature mean? Increased body temperature. Diseases in which body temperature rises

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The site provides reference information for informational purposes only. Diagnosis and treatment of diseases should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. All drugs have contraindications. Expert advice is required!

In any case, if the temperature is kept at 37 o C, it is necessary to inform a qualified specialist about this. Only he, after conducting the necessary examination, can say whether this is a variant of the norm, or indicates the presence of a disease.

Temperature: what can it be?

A person's body temperature may be as follows:
1. Reduced (less than 35.5 o C).
2. Normal (35.5-37 o C).
3. Increased:

• subfebrile (37.1-38 o C);
• febrile (above 38 o C).

What you need to know about normal temperature:

• According to statistics, the most common normal body temperature is 37 o C, and not 36.6 o C, contrary to popular belief.
• The norm is physiological fluctuations in thermometry during the day in the same person within 0.5 o C, or even more.
• Lower values ​​are usually noted in the morning hours, while the body temperature in the afternoon or evening can be 37 o C, or slightly higher.
• In deep sleep, thermometry readings may correspond to 36 o C or less (as a rule, the lowest readings are observed between 4 and 6 o'clock in the morning, but 37 o C and above in the morning can indicate pathology).
• The highest measurements are often recorded from about 4 pm until night (for example, a constant temperature of 37.5 o C in the evening may be a variant of the norm).
• In old age, the normal body temperature may be lower, and its daily fluctuations are not so pronounced.

Where can you measure body temperature:
1. In the armpit. Although this is the most popular and simple measurement method, it is the least informative. The results can be affected by humidity, room temperature and many other factors. Sometimes there is a reflex increase in temperature during the measurement. This may be due to excitement, for example, from a visit to the doctor. With thermometry in the oral cavity or rectum, there can be no such errors.
2. In the mouth (oral temperature): its indicators are usually 0.5 o C higher than those determined in the armpit.
3. In the rectum (rectal temperature): normally, it is 0.5 o C higher than in the mouth and, accordingly, 1 o C higher than in the armpit.

It is also quite reliable to determine the temperature in the ear canal. However, for an accurate measurement, a special thermometer is required, so this method is practically not used at home.

It is not recommended to measure oral or rectal temperature with a mercury thermometer - an electronic device should be used for this. For thermometry in infants, there are also electronic dummy thermometers.

Do not forget that a body temperature of 37.1-37.5 o C may be associated with an error in the measurements, or talk about the presence of a pathology, for example, an infectious process in the body. Therefore, expert advice is still required.

Temperature 37 o C - is this normal?

Another common cause of a temperature of 37 o C and above can constantly be a faulty thermometer. This is especially true for electronic devices, which quite often give an error in the measurement. Therefore, when receiving high readings, determine the temperature of another family member - suddenly it will also be too high. And it is even better that in this case there is always a working mercury thermometer in the house. When an electronic thermometer is still indispensable (for example, to determine the temperature of a small child), immediately after purchasing the device, take measurements with a mercury thermometer and electronic (any healthy family member can). This will make it possible to compare the results and determine the error in thermometry. When conducting such a test, it is better to use thermometers of different designs; you should not take the same mercury or electric thermometers.

Often there are situations when, after an infectious disease, the temperature is 37 o C and above for a long time. This feature is often referred to as the "temperature tail". Elevated temperature readings can persist for several weeks or months. Even after taking antibiotics against an infectious agent, an indicator of 37 o C can remain for a long time. This condition does not require treatment, and goes away on its own without a trace. However, if, along with low-grade fever, cough, rhinitis, or other symptoms of the disease are observed, this may indicate a relapse of the disease, the occurrence of complications, or indicate a new infection. It is important not to miss this condition, as it requires a visit to the doctor.

Other causes of subfebrile temperature in a child are often:

• overheat;
• reaction to prophylactic vaccination;
• teething.

An increase in temperature can be observed in many non-communicable inflammatory diseases. As a rule, it is accompanied by other, rather characteristic signs of pathology. For example, a temperature of 37°C and blood-streaked diarrhea may be symptoms of ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. In some diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, low-grade fever may appear several months before the first signs of the disease.

An increase in body temperature to low numbers is often noted against the background of allergic pathology: atopic dermatitis, urticaria and other conditions. For example, shortness of breath with difficulty exhaling, and a temperature of 37 o C and above, can be observed with an exacerbation of bronchial asthma.

Subfebrile fever can be observed in the pathology of the following organ systems:
1. The cardiovascular system:

• VSD (vegetative dystonia syndrome) - a temperature of 37 o C and a little higher may indicate sympathicotonia, and is often combined with high blood pressure, headaches and other manifestations;
• high blood pressure and temperature of 37-37.5 o C can be with hypertension, especially during crises.

• thermoneurosis (habitual hyperthermia) - often observed in young women, and is one of the manifestations of autonomic dystonia;
• tumors of the spinal cord and brain, traumatic injuries, hemorrhages and other pathologies.

• a temperature of 37 o C accompanies many immunodeficiency states, including oncology;
• a small subfebrile fever can occur with blood pathology, including with ordinary iron deficiency anemia.

Indicators 37-37.5 o With are a variant of the norm after surgery. Their duration depends on the individual characteristics of the organism and the volume of surgical intervention. A slight fever may also be observed after some diagnostic manipulations, such as laparoscopy.

Which doctor should I contact with elevated body temperature?

• If, in addition to fever, a person has a runny nose, pain, sore or sore throat, cough, headaches, aching muscles, bones and joints, then it is necessary to contact therapist (), since we are talking, most likely, about SARS, colds, flu, etc .;
• a persistent cough, or a constant feeling of general weakness, or a feeling that it is difficult to inhale, or wheezing when breathing, then you should consult a general practitioner and phthisiatrician (sign up), since these signs can be symptoms of either chronic bronchitis, or pneumonia, or tuberculosis;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with pain in the ear, leakage of pus or fluid from the ear, runny nose, itching, soreness or sore throat, feeling of mucus flowing along the back of the throat, feeling of pressure, fullness or pain in the upper part of the cheeks (cheekbones under the eyes) or above the eyebrows, then you should refer to otolaryngologist (ENT) (make an appointment), since most likely we are talking about otitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis or tonsillitis;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with pain, redness of the eyes, photophobia, leakage of pus or non-purulent fluid from the eye, you should contact ophthalmologist (make an appointment);
• If elevated body temperature is combined with pain during urination, back pain, frequent urge to urinate, then you need to consult a urologist / nephrologist (make an appointment) and venereologist (make an appointment), because a similar combination of symptoms may indicate either kidney disease or sexual infection;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and nausea, then you should contact infectious disease doctor (make an appointment), since a similar set of symptoms may indicate an intestinal infection or hepatitis;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with moderate pain in the abdomen, as well as various dyspepsia phenomena (belching, heartburn, feeling of heaviness after eating, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, etc.), then you should contact Gastroenterologist (make an appointment)(if there is none, then to the therapist), because. this indicates diseases of the digestive tract (gastritis, gastric ulcer, pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, etc.);
• If an elevated body temperature is combined with severe, unbearable pain in any part of the abdomen, then you should urgently contact surgeon (make an appointment), as this indicates a serious condition (for example, acute appendicitis, peritonitis, pancreatic necrosis, etc.) requiring immediate medical attention;
• If an elevated body temperature in women is combined with moderate or mild pain in the lower abdomen, discomfort in the genital area, unusual vaginal discharge, then you should contact gynecologist (make an appointment);
• If an elevated body temperature in women is combined with severe pain in the lower abdomen, bleeding from the genitals, severe general weakness, then you should urgently contact a gynecologist, as these symptoms indicate a serious condition (for example, ectopic pregnancy, uterine bleeding, sepsis, endometritis after abortion, etc.), requiring immediate treatment;
• If an elevated body temperature in men is combined with pain in the perineum and in the prostate gland, then you should contact a urologist, as this may indicate prostatitis or other diseases of the male genital area;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with shortness of breath, arrhythmia, edema, then you should contact your therapist or cardiologist (make an appointment), as this may indicate inflammatory diseases of the heart (pericarditis, endocarditis, etc.);
• If elevated body temperature is combined with pain in the joints, skin rashes, marble coloration of the skin, impaired blood flow and sensitivity of the extremities (cold hands and feet, blue fingers, numbness, running "goosebumps", etc.), red blood cells or blood in the urine, pain when urinating, or pain in other parts of the body, then you should contact rheumatologist (make an appointment), as this may indicate the presence of autoimmune or other rheumatic diseases;
• Temperature in combination with rashes or inflammations on the skin and ARVI phenomena may indicate various infectious or skin diseases (for example, erysipelas, scarlet fever, chickenpox, etc.), therefore, if such a combination of symptoms appears, you should contact a therapist, an infectious disease specialist and dermatologist (make an appointment);
• If elevated body temperature is combined with headaches, jumps in blood pressure, a feeling of interruptions in the work of the heart, then you should consult a therapist, as this may indicate vegetative-vascular dystonia;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with tachycardia, sweating, enlarged goiter, then you need to contact endocrinologist (make an appointment), as this may be a sign of hyperthyroidism or Addison's disease;
• If elevated body temperature is combined with neurological symptoms (for example, obsessive movements, coordination disorder, sensory impairment, etc.) or loss of appetite, unreasonable weight loss, then you should contact oncologist (make an appointment), as this may indicate the presence of tumors or metastases in various organs;
• An elevated temperature, combined with very poor health, which worsens over time, is a reason to immediately call an ambulance, regardless of what other symptoms the person has.

What studies and diagnostic procedures can be prescribed by doctors when the body temperature rises to 37-37.5 o C?

Since the most common elevated body temperature is due to inflammatory processes in various organs, which can be either infectious (for example, tonsillitis, rotavirus infection, etc.) or non-infectious (for example, gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, etc.) .), then always if it is present, regardless of the accompanying symptoms, a general blood test and a general urinalysis are prescribed, allowing you to figure out in which direction the further diagnostic search should go and what other tests and examinations are necessary in each specific case. That is, in order not to prescribe a large number of studies of various organs, they first do a general analysis of blood and urine, which allow the doctor to understand in which direction to "look for" the cause of elevated body temperature. And only after identifying an approximate spectrum of possible causes of temperature, other studies are prescribed to clarify the pathology that caused hyperthermia.

The indicators of a general blood test make it possible to understand whether the temperature is due to an inflammatory process of an infectious or non-infectious origin, or is not associated with inflammation at all.

So, if the ESR is increased, then the temperature is due to an inflammatory process of an infectious or non-infectious origin. If the ESR is within the normal range, then the elevated body temperature is not associated with the inflammatory process, but is due to tumors, vegetative-vascular dystonia, endocrine diseases, etc.

If, in addition to the accelerated ESR, all other indicators of the general blood test are within the normal range, then the temperature is due to a non-infectious inflammatory process, for example, gastritis, duodenitis, colitis, etc.

If according to the general blood test, anemia is detected, and other indicators, except for hemoglobin, are normal, then the diagnostic search ends here, since the fever is caused precisely by the anemic syndrome. In such a situation, anemia is treated.

A general urine test allows you to understand whether there is a pathology of the organs of the urinary system. If there is such an analysis, then other studies are carried out in the future to clarify the nature of the pathology and begin treatment. If the urine tests are normal, then to find out the cause of the elevated body temperature, they do not conduct a study of the organs of the urinary system. That is, a general urinalysis will immediately identify the system in which the pathology caused an increase in body temperature, or, on the contrary, dismiss suspicions of diseases of the urinary tract.

Having determined fundamental points from a general analysis of blood and urine, such as infectious or non-infectious inflammation in humans, or a non-inflammatory process at all, and whether there is a pathology of the urinary organs, the doctor prescribes a number of other studies to understand which organ is affected. Moreover, this list of examinations is already determined by the accompanying symptoms.

Below we give options for the lists of tests that a doctor can prescribe at elevated body temperature, depending on other concomitant symptoms that a person has:

• With a runny nose, sore throat, sore or sore throat, cough, headache, aching muscles and joints, only a general blood and urine test is usually prescribed, since such symptoms are caused by SARS, flu, colds, etc. However, during an influenza epidemic, a blood test may be ordered to detect the influenza virus to determine whether a person is dangerous to others as a source of influenza. If a person often suffers from colds, then he is prescribed immunogram (to sign up)(total lymphocyte count, T-lymphocytes, T-helpers, T-cytotoxic lymphocyte, B-lymphocytes, NK cells, T-NK cells, HCT test, phagocytosis assessment, CEC, immunoglobulins of IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA classes ) to determine which parts of the immune system are not working properly and, accordingly, which immunostimulants need to be taken to normalize the immune status and stop frequent episodes of colds.
• At a temperature combined with a cough or a constant feeling of general weakness, or a feeling that it is difficult to inhale, or wheezing when breathing, it is imperative to do chest x-ray (book) and auscultation (listen with a stethoscope) of the lungs and bronchi to find out if the person has bronchitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, or tuberculosis. In addition to X-ray and auscultation, if they did not give an accurate answer or their result is doubtful, the doctor may prescribe sputum microscopy to distinguish between bronchitis, pneumonia and tuberculosis, determination of antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus in the blood (IgA, IgG), determination of the presence of mycobacterium DNA and Chlamydophila pneumoniae in sputum, bronchial swabs, or blood. Tests for the presence of mycobacteria in sputum, blood, and bronchial washings, as well as sputum microscopy, are usually prescribed for suspected tuberculosis (either asymptomatic persistent fever or fever with cough). But tests for the determination of antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae and respiratory syncytial virus in the blood (IgA, IgG), as well as the determination of the presence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA in sputum, are performed to diagnose bronchitis, tracheitis and pneumonia, especially if they are frequent, long-lasting or not treatable antibiotics.
• Temperature, combined with a runny nose, a feeling of mucus running down the back of the throat, a feeling of pressure, fullness or pain in the upper part of the cheeks (cheekbones under the eyes) or above the eyebrows, requires a mandatory X-ray of the sinuses (maxillary sinuses, etc.) ( make an appointment) to confirm sinusitis, frontal sinusitis or other type of sinusitis. With frequent, long-term or antibiotic-resistant sinusitis, the doctor may additionally prescribe the determination of antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumoniae in the blood (IgG, IgA, IgM). If the symptoms of sinusitis and fever are combined with blood in the urine and frequent pneumonia, then the doctor may prescribe a blood test for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA, pANCA and cANCA, IgG), since systemic vasculitis is suspected in such a situation.
• If an elevated temperature is combined with a feeling of mucus running down the back of the throat, a feeling that cats are scratching in the throat, sore and tickle, then the doctor prescribes an ENT examination, takes a smear from the oropharyngeal mucosa for bacteriological culture in order to determine the pathogenic microbes that caused inflammatory process. An examination is usually carried out without fail, but a smear from the oropharynx is not always taken, but only if a person complains of the frequent occurrence of such symptoms. In addition, with the frequent occurrence of such symptoms, their persistent failure even with antibiotic treatment, the doctor may prescribe the determination of antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumonia and Chlamydia trachomatis (IgG, IgM, IgA) in the blood, tk. these microorganisms can provoke chronic, often recurrent infectious and inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system (pharyngitis, otitis media, sinusitis, bronchitis, tracheitis, pneumonia, bronchiolitis).
• If fever is combined with pain, sore throat, enlarged tonsils, presence of plaque or white plugs in the tonsils, constantly red throat, then an ENT examination is mandatory. If such symptoms are present for a long time or often appear, then the doctor prescribes a smear from the oropharyngeal mucosa for bacteriological seeding, as a result of which it will become known which microorganism provokes the inflammatory process in the ENT organs. If the sore throat is purulent, then the doctor must prescribe blood for the ASL-O titer in order to identify the risk of developing complications of this infection, such as rheumatism, glomerulonephritis, myocarditis.
• If the temperature is combined with pain in the ear, outflow of pus or any other liquid from the ear, then the doctor must conduct an ENT examination. In addition to the examination, the doctor most often prescribes a bacteriological culture of discharge from the ear to determine which pathogen caused the inflammatory process. In addition, tests can be prescribed to determine antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumonia in the blood (IgG, IgM, IgA), for the ASL-O titer in the blood, and for the detection of type 6 herpes virus in saliva, scrapings from the oropharynx and blood. Tests for antibodies to Chlamydophila pneumonia and for the presence of the herpes virus type 6 are performed to identify the microbe that caused otitis media. However, these tests are usually prescribed only for frequent or long-term otitis media. A blood test for ASL-O titer is prescribed only for purulent otitis to identify the risk of developing complications of streptococcal infection, such as myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and rheumatism.
• If the elevated body temperature is combined with pain, redness in the eye, as well as the discharge of pus or other liquid from the eye, then the doctor performs a mandatory examination. Next, the doctor may prescribe a culture of the detachable eye for bacteria, as well as a blood test for antibodies to adenovirus and for the content of IgE (with particles of dog epithelium) in order to determine the presence of adenovirus infection or allergies.
• When elevated body temperature is combined with pain during urination, back pain or frequent trips to the toilet, the doctor will first of all and without fail prescribe a general urine test, determination of the total concentration of protein and albumin in daily urine, urinalysis according to Nechiporenko (sign up), Zimnitsky's test (sign up), as well as a biochemical blood test (urea, creatinine). These tests in most cases allow you to determine the existing disease of the kidneys or urinary tract. However, if the listed tests did not clarify, then the doctor may prescribe bladder cystoscopy (make an appointment), bacteriological culture of urine or scrapings from the urethra to identify a pathogenic agent, as well as the determination by PCR or ELISA of microbes in scrapings from the urethra.
• If you have a fever that is accompanied by pain when urinating or frequent trips to the toilet, your doctor may order tests for various sexually transmitted infections (such as gonorrhea (sign up), syphilis (sign up), ureaplasmosis (sign up), mycoplasmosis (sign up), candidiasis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia (sign up), gardnerellosis, etc.), since such symptoms may also indicate inflammatory diseases of the genital tract. For tests for genital infections, the doctor may prescribe vaginal discharge, semen, prostate secretions, a urethral swab, and blood. In addition to analyzes, it is often prescribed Ultrasound of the pelvic organs (make an appointment), which allows you to identify the nature of the changes occurring under the influence of inflammation in the genital organs.
• At elevated body temperature, which is combined with diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and nausea, the doctor first of all prescribes a fecal analysis for scatology, fecal analysis for helminths, fecal analysis for rotavirus, fecal analysis for infections (dysentery, cholera, pathogenic strains of intestinal coli, salmonellosis, etc.), fecal analysis for dysbacteriosis, as well as scraping from the anus for sowing in order to identify the pathogen that provoked the symptoms of an intestinal infection. In addition to these tests, the infectious disease specialist prescribes blood test for antibodies to hepatitis A, B, C and D viruses (sign up), since such symptoms may indicate acute hepatitis. If a person, in addition to fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting and nausea, also has yellowness of the skin and sclera of the eyes, then only blood tests for hepatitis (antibodies to hepatitis A, B, C and D viruses) are prescribed, since this indicates about hepatitis.
• In the presence of elevated body temperature, combined with abdominal pain, dyspepsia (belching, heartburn, flatulence, bloating, diarrhea or constipation, blood in the stool, etc.), the doctor usually prescribes instrumental studies and a biochemical blood test. With belching and heartburn, a blood test for Helicobacter pylori is usually prescribed and fibrogastroduodenoscopy (FGDS) (), which allows you to diagnose gastritis, duodenitis, stomach or duodenal ulcer, GERD, etc. With flatulence, bloating, periodic diarrhea and constipation, the doctor usually prescribes a biochemical blood test (amylase, lipase, AST, AlAT, alkaline phosphatase activity, protein, albumin, bilirubin concentration), urine test for amylase activity, fecal test for dysbacteriosis and coprology and Ultrasound of the abdominal organs (make an appointment), which allow diagnosing pancreatitis, hepatitis, irritable bowel syndrome, biliary dyskinesia, etc. In complex and incomprehensible cases or suspicion of tumor formations, the doctor may prescribe MRI (make an appointment) or x-ray of the digestive tract. If there is frequent bowel movement (3-12 times a day) with unformed feces, ribbon stools (feces in the form of thin ribbons) or pain in the rectal area, then the doctor prescribes colonoscopy (make an appointment) or sigmoidoscopy (make an appointment) and analysis of feces for calprotectin, which reveals Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, intestinal polyps, etc.
• At elevated temperature, in combination with moderate or mild pain in the lower abdomen, discomfort in the genital area, abnormal vaginal discharge, the doctor will definitely prescribe, first of all, a smear from the genital organs and ultrasound of the pelvic organs. These simple studies will allow the doctor to figure out what other tests are needed to clarify the existing pathology. In addition to ultrasound and smear on flora () the doctor may prescribe tests for genital infections ()(gonorrhea, syphilis, ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis, chlamydia, gardnerellosis, fecal bacteroids, etc.), for the detection of which they give vaginal discharge, scraping from the urethra or blood.
• At elevated temperature, combined with pain in the perineum and prostate in men, the doctor will prescribe a general urine test, prostate secret on microscopy (), spermogram (), as well as a smear from the urethra for various infections (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, mycoplasmosis, candidiasis, gonorrhea, ureaplasmosis, fecal bacteroids). In addition, the doctor may prescribe an ultrasound of the pelvic organs.
• At a temperature in combination with shortness of breath, arrhythmia and edema, it is imperative to do ECG (), chest x-ray, Ultrasound of the heart (make an appointment), as well as take a general blood test, a blood test for C-reactive protein, rheumatic factor and titer ASL-O (sign up). These studies allow you to identify the existing pathological process in the heart. If the studies do not allow clarifying the diagnosis, then the doctor may additionally prescribe a blood test for antibodies to the heart muscle and antibodies to Borrelia.
• If fever is combined with skin rashes and symptoms of SARS or influenza, then the doctor usually prescribes only a general blood test and examines rashes or redness on the skin in various ways (under a magnifying glass, under a special lamp, etc.). If there is a red spot on the skin that increases over time and is painful, the doctor will prescribe an analysis for the ASL-O titer to confirm or refute erysipelas. If the rashes on the skin cannot be identified during the examination, then the doctor can take a scraping and prescribe its microscopy to determine the type of pathological changes and the causative agent of the inflammatory process.
• When temperature is combined with tachycardia, sweating and enlarged goiter, Ultrasound of the thyroid gland (), as well as take a blood test for the concentration of thyroid hormones (T3, T4), antibodies to steroid-producing cells of the reproductive organs and cortisol.
• When the temperature is combined with headaches, jumps in blood pressure, a feeling of interruptions in the work of the heart, the doctor prescribes blood pressure control, ECG, ultrasound of the heart, ultrasound of the abdominal organs, REG, as well as a complete blood count, urine and biochemical blood test (protein, albumin , cholesterol, triglycerides, bilirubin, urea, creatinine, C-reactive protein, AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, lipase, etc.).
• When the temperature is combined with neurological symptoms (for example, coordination disorder, sensitivity deterioration, etc.), loss of appetite, unreasonable weight loss, the doctor will prescribe a general and biochemical blood test, a coagulogram, as well as an x-ray, Ultrasound of various organs (make an appointment) and, possibly, tomography, since such symptoms can be a sign of cancer.
• If the temperature is combined with pain in the joints, rashes on the skin, marble coloration of the skin, with impaired blood flow in the legs and arms (cold hands and feet, numbness and feeling of running "goosebumps", etc.), red blood cells or blood in the urine and pain in other parts of the body, then this is a sign of rheumatic and autoimmune diseases. In such cases, the doctor prescribes tests to determine whether a person has a joint disease or an autoimmune pathology. Since the spectrum of autoimmune and rheumatic diseases is very wide, the doctor first prescribes x-ray of joints (make an appointment) and the following non-specific tests: complete blood count, C-reactive protein, rheumatoid factor, lupus anticoagulant, antibodies to cardiolipin, antinuclear factor, IgG antibodies to double-stranded (native) DNA, ASL-O titer, antibodies to nuclear antigen, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), antibodies to thyroperoxidase, the presence of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes viruses in the blood. Then, if the results of the listed tests are positive (that is, markers of autoimmune diseases are found in the blood), the doctor, depending on which organs or systems have clinical symptoms, prescribes additional tests, as well as X-ray, ultrasound, ECG, MRI, to assess the degree of activity of the pathological process. Since there are many analyzes for detecting and evaluating the activity of autoimmune processes in various organs, we present them in a separate table below.

Temperature 37-37.5 o C: what to do?

The use of antipyretic drugs and other self-medication methods can make it difficult to diagnose the disease, as well as lead to unwanted side effects.

In all cases, the following guidelines must be followed:
1. Think: Are you doing the right thermometry? The rules for taking measurements have already been mentioned above.
2. Try to change the thermometer to eliminate possible errors in the measurements.
3. Make sure that this temperature is not a variant of the norm. This is especially true for those who previously did not regularly measure the temperature, but revealed increased data for the first time. To do this, you need to contact a specialist to exclude the symptoms of various pathologies and prescribe an examination. For example, if a temperature of 37 o C or a little higher is constantly determined during pregnancy, while there are no symptoms of any diseases, this is most likely the norm.

If the doctor has identified any pathology leading to an increase in temperature to subfebrile numbers, then the goal of therapy will be the treatment of the underlying disease. It is likely that after treatment, the temperature indicators will return to normal.

In what cases should you contact a specialist immediately:
1. Subfebrile body temperature began to rise to febrile figures.
2. Despite the fact that the fever is small, it is accompanied by other severe symptoms (severe cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, urinary incontinence, vomiting or diarrhea, signs of an exacerbation of chronic diseases).

Thus, even a seemingly low temperature can be a sign of serious illness. Therefore, if you have any doubts about your condition, you should inform your doctor about them.

Prevention measures

To gradually bring the body back to normal, you should:

• timely identify and treat foci of infection, various diseases;
• avoid stress;
• to refuse from bad habits;
• observe the daily routine and get enough sleep;

Body temperature 37 - 37.5 - causes and what to do about it?

The rise in temperature in an adult with good health, without a hint of a cold or symptoms of an infectious disease of the genitourinary system, intestines, frightens and alarms.

Most often, without the appearance of cold symptoms, the temperature rises in both adults and children due to a respiratory infection or flu. However, if the fever does not last 3-4 days, but several weeks, then such a condition cannot be caused by a common cold or even flu, and it cannot be ignored.

The range of normal body temperature in an adult is considered to be between 36 and 37.5 °C, with an average value of 36.6 °C. These figures correspond to measurements in the armpit.

• For the oral cavity, the temperature norm is 37 ° C;
• When measured rectally or in the ear - 37.5 °C.

In Russia, the temperature is measured in the armpit, all other methods of measurement are negotiated specifically.

Body temperature is regulated by the thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus of the brain. The brain center reacts to the appearance of pyrogens in the blood, which are:

• exogenous (external) - bacterial toxins that are released by viruses, bacteria into the blood;
• endogenous - compounds that are produced by the body:
  • proteins cytokines - interleukins IL 1 (alpha and beta), IL 6, interferon alpha;
  • immune complexes;
  • decay products of the blood complement system;
  • breakdown products of hormones;
  • bile acids.

The most powerful fever provocateurs are varieties of interleukin IL 1 alpha and beta. These proteins are produced not only by cells of the immune system in response to an infection with a cold, but also by cells of the liver, epidermis, glia - protective cells of the brain.

It is possible to determine what caused the temperature increase in the absence of signs of a cold by the nature of the daily temperature change.

Temperature characteristics

The state of a person depends on the degree of increase in body temperature. There are 4 elevated temperature ranges (°C):

• subfebrile condition - range of values ​​37.1 - 38;
• febrile condition - febrile values ​​\u200b\u200bare called 38 - 39;
• pyretic range or fever - 39 - 41;
• hyperpyretic - above 41.

The temperature that is lethally elevated for the brain is 42 ° C.

When body temperature rises to 37 - 38 °C without signs of a cold, then you should pay attention to what time of day the fever develops.

Subfebrile condition in the evening may indicate a developing infection:

• tuberculosis;
• sepsis;
• infective endocarditis.

Fever in the morning indicates the possibility of brucellosis. The undulating course of fever, with a gradual rise and several days of fever, is characteristic of typhoid fever, Hodgkin's disease.

Sharp fluctuations in the indicators on the thermometer - within 2 - 3 degrees within one day, may indicate the presence of a purulent focus of infection in the body. Daily temperature fluctuations are observed in malaria.

Changes in indicators of 1 - 1.5 ° C are observed during the day with focal pneumonia. Such a fever without obvious signs of pneumonia can last for weeks.

Reasons for the rise in temperature

Elevated body temperature without the appearance of signs of a cold is observed in adults in the first days of the development of SARS. The symptoms of a respiratory infection often appear later than the fever, following the development of a fever.

If, on the 2nd - 3rd day, other symptoms of a cold did not join the fever, then a wide variety of inflammatory, infectious, immune, autoimmune diseases can be the causes of a feverish state in an adult.

Temperature 37 in adults

The most common deviation is 37 °C - 38 °C. The cause of elevated body temperature to subfebrile values ​​​​in adults without signs of a cold, most often are:

• early stage of infection occurring against the background of reduced immunity;
• chronic sluggish ENT diseases, infections of the lower respiratory tract - sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, otitis media, bronchitis, pneumonia;
• inflammatory diseases - liver, heart, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, bladder;
• diseases of the teeth - a granuloma in the apical region of the tooth root, detected only by radiographic;
• allergic diseases - urticaria, atopic dermatitis, food allergies;
• autoimmune diseases - arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis;
• porphyria - a pathology of the liver, accompanied by a violation of the synthesis of hemoglobin;
• endocrine disorders - hyperthyroidism, diabetes;
• non-infectious myositis;
• infections:
  • tuberculosis - pulmonary and non-pulmonary forms;
  • genital herpes;
  • Infectious mononucleosis;
  • cytomegalovirus infection;
  • brucellosis;
  • syphilis;
  • viral hepatitis;
• helminthiases - infection with lamblia, ascaris, pinworms;
• violation of the autonomic nervous system - thermoneurosis;
• physical fatigue;
• hypothermia;
• injury;
• treatment with antidepressants, antibiotics, painkillers, a number of diuretics;
• among women:
  • period of pregnancy;
  • the time from the days of ovulation and sometimes until the end of the menstrual cycle;
  • menopause;
• tumors are malignant, benign - there are periods of elevated temperature.

Weak immune reactivity in the elderly or in people with immunodeficiency conditions can lead to the fact that even acute infections such as pneumonia do not cause a significant rise in temperature. They occur with subfebrile fever without the appearance of other symptoms.

Prolongedly elevated temperatures to subfebrile values ​​​​of 37 - 38 ° C without symptoms of a cold may be the only sign of a malfunction of the thyroid gland and the development of symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Body temperature above 37°C but less than 38°C with chills but no runny nose, cough, or other signs of a cold is seen in adults with chronic bacterial pyelonephritis. Chronic kidney disease during exacerbation can cause febrile condition and even fever up to 40 ° C.

Without signs of a cold, without symptoms of any pathology, the temperature rises to 37 - 38 ° for a long time. C temperature caused by thermoneurosis - a nervous disorder resulting from vegetative-vascular imbalance.

A sign that the fever is caused precisely by thermoneurosis is the absence of the body's response to taking aspirin. This drug blocks the production of inflammatory factors, and in thermoneurosis, the focus of the inflammatory reaction, as such, is absent.

Fever with anemia

Subfebrile temperature in adults without signs of other diseases or colds is a frequent manifestation of B-12-deficient, iron-deficient forms of anemia.

Anemia is a common disease in the world, accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, occurs according to statistics:

• iron deficiency - in 40% of the world's population;
• B-12-deficient - in 20% of adults.

Anemia, and the resulting fever without signs of a cold or symptoms of a serious illness, is seen in pregnant women, especially if:

• future mother smokes;
• less than 3 years have passed since the last pregnancy;
• multiple pregnancy;
• mother refers to those who often gave birth;
• a woman is engaged in heavy physical labor or sports during pregnancy.

The symptoms of B-12 deficiency anemia, in addition to subfebrile condition, are indicated by signs:

• puffy face;
• pale skin;
• flattened papillae of the tongue.

Some types of anemia can cause fever. Fever up to 38 ° C with chills is noted with hemolytic anemia. Associated symptoms are:

• yellowness of the sclera, skin;
• dark urine;
• enlargement of the spleen.

Subfebrile condition with vasculitis

Without accompanying symptoms for a long time, fever can be observed with vasculitis, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system destroys its own blood vessels.

Above 37 ° C, the temperature rises with vasculitis:

• allergic - rashes appear on the skin, there is a headache, inflammation of the joints;
• urticarny - skin rashes are similar to hives, but these symptoms last longer and leave bruises behind, the kidneys, joints, and digestive system are affected;
• hemorrhagic - point hemorrhages appear on the bends of the elbows and knees, weakness, abdominal pain are possible;
• periarteritis nodosa - accompanied by severe weight loss, forcing in some cases to suggest a malignant disease.

A common symptom for all types of vasculitis is the absence of a decrease in temperature for taking an antibiotic. Subfebrile condition with vasculitis persists even after the use of an antibacterial agent.

Elevated temperature up to 38 - 39 ° C in adults

Up to 38 ° C, body temperature can rise without signs of a cold in the following cases:

• neuralgia - trigeminal neuritis, facial, intercostal neuralgia;
• sore throats;
• autoimmune pathologies - Takayasu's disease;
• tumors;
• febrile schizophrenia;
• overheating;
• alcohol poisoning;
• allergic reaction;
• chronic diseases of the liver, lungs.

Elevated to 38 ° C body temperature may indicate inflammation of the nervous tissue, developing myocardial infarction in adults, indicate an inflammatory process in the tissues of the heart muscle, impaired nerve conduction.

Fever with elevated temperatures up to 39 ° C is observed in febrile schizophrenia. This disease is hereditary. It can be provoked by:

• drug use;
• stress.

The fever in febrile schizophrenia develops suddenly, against the background of physical health, with no signs of a cold or illness at all. Accompanied by a mental disorder:

• clouding of consciousness;
• stupor, fading of the patient in a static position;
• refusal to eat.

A persistent increase to 38.5 ° C in adults is observed in the case of:

• oncological disease;
• endocrine diseases.

Takayasu's disease

Severe fever is noted in Takayasu's disease, an autoimmune vasculitis that occurs more often at a young age. The disease is caused by an autoimmune lesion of the aorta, and at first it does not manifest itself with any specific symptoms.

The first signs of the disease are an increase in temperature up to 38 °C without symptoms of a cold, aches and pain in the joints, sometimes in the muscles, throughout the body, sleep disturbance.

The disease is accompanied by anemia, high ESR. Without treatment, it progresses, being complicated by vascular disorders. Takayasu's disease is treated with prednisone and heparin. The prognosis of life with timely diagnosis is good.

Fever over 39°C in adults

With pyretic fever without signs of a cold and high temperatures exceeding 39 ° C, meningococcal encephalitis begins in adults. The bite of a tick, with which a virus enters the blood, can cause the disease.

The disease begins with a sharply elevated temperature, body aches, especially in the calves, lower back. The patient has a headache, but no signs of a cold, and vomiting without other symptoms of food poisoning.

Symptoms of the disease, in addition to fever, are:

• disturbance of consciousness;
• the appearance of auditory and visual hallucinations;
• delusional disorders;
• signs of depression.

Up to 40 ° C without signs of a cold, fever can develop in diseases:

• infective endocarditis;
• osteomyelitis;
• chronic pyelonephritis;
• hypothalamic syndrome.

With hypothalamic syndrome, fever without signs of a cold is kept at 38-39 ° C, jumping up to 39-40 ° C during periods of deterioration in the patient's condition. The disease is associated with a violation of thermoregulation, it is characterized by elevated temperature values ​​in the morning, lack of response to taking aspirin.

With a heat of 39-40 ° C without signs of a cold, osteomyelitis begins in adults. With this disease, endotoxins are released into the blood, even a small amount of which causes severe fever.

If a purulent process in the bone tissue develops in a small area, then the body temperature may not reach 39 ° C. Exceeding this indicator indicates a developing toxic damage to the body.

In addition, the causes of constantly elevated body temperature are acute inflammatory diseases and chronic in the acute stage, foci of chronic infection, such as:

• pyelonephritis;
• gastroenterocolitis;
• cholecystitis;
• sinusitis;
• tonsillitis;
• adnexitis.

The causes of a constantly elevated body temperature of 37 degrees are quite often oncological processes localized in the internal organs, lymphatic system, brain structures, etc.

Autoimmune conditions, the cause of which has not been reliably elucidated, also occur with prolonged hyperthermia. Systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hepatitis, rheumatism are examples of pathological conditions accompanied by this symptom.

Long-term fever is characteristic of diseases and the endocrine system. At the same time, thyrotoxicosis is the most common pathology accompanied by this symptomatology. The physiological conditions of women, due to its hormonal background, such as the premenstrual period, pregnancy can also occur with an increase in temperature.

Hyperthermia can also be observed in menopausal syndrome.

Allergic conditions, including bronchial asthma, most often occur with an increase in temperature to subfebrile figures. Another group of diseases, the only symptom of which is subfebrile condition, are helminthic invasions.

The need for screening for hyperthermia

In all these cases, in order to determine the treatment tactics, it is necessary to diagnose a disease accompanied by a constantly elevated body temperature. For this, the patient needs to see a doctor, even if his general condition is not too disturbed.

Since quite often hyperthermia is not accompanied by any other manifestations, it is necessary to undergo examinations to clarify the diagnosis.

First of all, they include an examination by a specialist, in which additional symptoms unnoticed by the patient can be detected, as well as data from laboratory and instrumental studies, such as a complete blood count, complete urinalysis, fluorography, electrocardiography, ultrasound of internal organs.

If necessary, it may be necessary to consult related specialists, such as an infectious disease specialist, an endocrinologist, an ENT doctor, a phthisiatrician, and others, depending on the proposed diagnosis. In the case of a diagnosis, treatment should be prescribed by a specialized specialist.

Principles of treatment of hyperthermia

Therapeutic measures should help to normalize the temperature. Depending on the identified pathology, it may be antibiotic therapy in cases with a bacterial nature of the pathology, or viral diseases complicated by it. Sanitation of foci of chronic infection and measures aimed at combating exacerbations of chronic diseases also occur with the appointment of antibiotics.

In those cases, if it is possible to do sowing on the sensitivity of the pathogen to drugs, the therapeutic effect will be faster and more pronounced. In this case, physiological fluid (blood, saliva, sputum, urine) can serve as a material, depending on where the pathogen circulates.

A special approach requires the treatment of such a serious disease as tuberculosis, in which the temperature constantly rises. Due to the fact that infection occurs by airborne droplets, its timely diagnosis is very important for preventive purposes.

Temperature indicators in this case for a long time are the only symptom of this serious disease, requiring immediate therapeutic measures to combat the pathogen.

In most cases, hormone therapy is used to correct endocrine pathology, which is a condition for normalization and the temperature process. The main drugs for the treatment of allergic conditions are antihistamines. In severe cases, as is often the case with asthma, corticosteroids may be used.

Use of antipyretics

As for the treatment of hyperthermia itself, since an increase in temperature is a protective mechanism aimed at combating a pathogenic agent, then it can be reduced if it reaches a critical level exceeding 38.5 degrees, or is accompanied by a sharp deterioration in the condition, the appearance of convulsions, loss of consciousness.

In this case, antipyretics are used after physical methods fail to reduce the temperature, and the patient's condition continues to deteriorate. In children under 12 years of age, such drugs are paracetamol and ibuprofen. Adults who do not have a history of peptic ulcer or blood clotting problems may use aspirin.

Until the cause of the temperature increase is established, it is not recommended to carry out activities that can contribute to its increase, such as mustard plaster applications, body rubbing, visiting a bath, steam inhalation, drinking alcohol.

Thus, the principles of treatment of persistently elevated temperature are as follows:

1. Diagnosis of a disease that is accompanied by prolonged hyperthermia;
2. Carrying out activities aimed at combating the diagnosed disease;
3. It is recommended to refrain from the use of antipyretics if the temperature does not exceed 38.5 degrees;
4. Refusal of activities that can cause an increase in temperature.

Fever is not a disease, but a symptom. Its appearance indicates that the body is fighting a disease. Elevated body temperature is a protective reaction, which is a manifestation of the activation of the body's defenses.

Definition

Body temperature above 38°C is elevated.

Body temperature is measured in the rectum (rectally), under the tongue (sublingually) or in the armpit (axillary). Temperature measured rectally is approximately 0.4°C higher than sublingual and axillary. In general, an increase in body temperature above 41°C is threatening.

The reasons

In most cases, the cause of an increase in body temperature is some kind of bacterial or viral infection. The following diseases, conditions, or factors can raise body temperature:

• Infections of the urinary system, gastrointestinal tract
• Blood poisoning (sepsis), infected postoperative and post-traumatic wounds
• Rheumatism
• Malaria
• Malignant tumors
• Increased thyroid function, autoimmune diseases
• Fever of unknown origin, no infection
• Sunstroke
• Extreme fluid loss
• Taking medication
• Infection of postoperative wounds
• Chronic mental disorders
• In women, after ovulation, a slight increase in body temperature (by 0.5 ° C) is possible.

Symptoms (complaints)

Types of elevated body temperature:

• subfebrile: from 37° to 38°
• moderately elevated: up to 39°
• high temperature: over 39°

The highest body temperature during the day is observed in the evening. In children, fever is observed especially often. Rise in temperature is accompanied by chills. When sweating, the temperature drops. Fever is often accompanied by headaches and pain in the extremities (“everything hurts”).

Signs of an increase in body temperature can be:

• Fatigue, general malaise, weakness, depression
• Slight chills, at high temperature - severe chills
• Headache, pain in limbs and muscles
• Decreased appetite
• Dry skin and lips
• Cardiopalmus
• Shallow and rapid breathing
• Sweating - with decreasing temperature - which causes the loss of a large amount of fluid

Diagnosis (examination)

• Medical history including complaints
• Axillary and rectal body temperature measurement
• General examination of the patient
• Taking blood to determine the causes of fever
• Stool, urine and sputum sampling
• Depending on the complaints presented to patients, an x-ray (lungs or accessory cavities of the nose), ultrasound, gynecological examination, examination of the gastrointestinal tract (EGDS, coloscopy), urinalysis, lumbar puncture, etc.

Therapy (treatment)

With a prolonged presence of elevated body temperature (more than 4 days), a very high temperature and a severe course of the disease, you should consult a doctor.

The choice of the necessary medication should be done only by a doctor. Before starting treatment, he must establish the cause of the temperature rise. The important thing is to eliminate the cause. For example, with pneumonia or pyelitis, antibiotics are prescribed.

General events

• Body temperature up to 38.5 ° C is not necessary to bring down, except in children who are prone to convulsions with fever, in the elderly and debilitated people and people with a weakened immune system (for example, AIDS patients).
• Bed rest
• Plentiful drink, because. at high temperatures, a lot of liquid is lost: starting from 37 °, for each degree of elevated temperature, it is additionally necessary to drink from 0.5 to 1 liter of liquid. This is especially important for preschool children and the elderly, because they quickly become dehydrated.
• Children (especially infants) do not need to be swaddled very warmly, otherwise heat accumulates.
• When hot, wet compresses on the calf muscles (for children - “vinegar socks”) help, while the shins are wrapped in cool compresses for 20 minutes.

Medicines

• Medicines that reduce fever (eg, paracetamol, acetylsalicylic acid) in tablets or powder. For children, it is possible to use these medicines in the form of rectal suppositories.
• Antibiotics are prescribed only for bacterial infections. They do not lower body temperature.

Possible Complications

A patient who cannot drink should be urgently hospitalized. The causes of high body temperature, of unknown origin and noted for a long time, must be established by a doctor.

With inadequate treatment of infectious diseases, blood poisoning can develop.

Children under 5 years of age are prone to convulsions with fever.

“Normal” body temperature is considered to be a temperature of 36.6 ° C, however, in fact, each person has his own individual temperature norm in the average range from 35.9 to 37.2 ° C. This personal temperature is formed by about 14 years for girls and 20 for guys, and it depends on age, race, and even ... gender! Yes, men are on average half a degree "colder" than women. By the way, during the day the temperature of each absolutely healthy person makes a slight fluctuation within half a degree: in the morning the human body is colder than in the evening.

When to run to the doctor?

Deviations in body temperature from the norm, both upward and downward, are often a reason to consult a doctor.

Very low temperature - 34.9 to 35.2 °C - talking about:

As you can see from this list, any of the reasons described suggests an urgent visit to the doctor. Even a hangover, if it is so severe, should be treated with a course of droppers that will help the body get rid of the toxic breakdown products of alcohol faster. By the way, thermometer readings below the specified limit is already a direct reason for an urgent call for an ambulance.

Moderate drop in temperature – 35.3 to 35.8 °C – may refer to:

In general, a constant feeling of chilliness, cold and damp palms and feet is a reason to see a doctor. It is quite possible that he will not find any serious problems with you, and will only recommend “improving” nutrition and making the daily routine more rational, including moderate physical activity and increasing the duration of sleep. On the other hand, there is a possibility that the unpleasant chill that torments you is one of the first symptoms of a formidable disease that needs to be treated right now, before it has time to develop complications and go into the chronic stage.

Normal temperature - from 35.9 to 36.9°C - says that you do not suffer from acute diseases at the moment, and your thermoregulation processes are normal. However, not always normal temperature is combined with the ideal order in the body. In some cases, with chronic diseases or reduced immunity, temperature changes may not occur, and this must be remembered!

Moderately elevated (subfebrile) temperature - from 37.0 to 37.3°C – it is the boundary between health and disease. May refer to:

However, such a temperature may also have absolutely “painful” reasons:

• bath or sauna visit, hot bath
• intense sports training
• spicy food

In the case when you didn’t train, didn’t go to the bathhouse, and didn’t have dinner at a Mexican restaurant, and the temperature is still a little elevated, you should go to the doctor, and it’s very important to do this without taking any antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drugs - firstly , at this temperature they are not necessary, and secondly, medications can blur the picture of the disease and prevent the doctor from making a correct diagnosis.

Heat – 37.4-40.2°C – indicates an acute inflammatory process and the need for medical attention. The question of whether to take antipyretic drugs in this case is decided individually. It is widely believed that temperatures up to 38 ° C cannot be “knocked down” - and in most cases this opinion is true: the proteins of the immune system begin to work in full force precisely at temperatures above 37.5 ° C, and the average person without severe chronic diseases is able to additional harm to health to endure temperatures up to 38.5 ° C. However, people suffering from certain neurological and mental illnesses should be careful: they can cause a high temperature.

Temperatures above 40.3°C are life threatening and require emergency medical attention.

Several interesting facts about temperature:

• There are foods that reduce body temperature by almost a degree. These are green varieties of gooseberries, yellow plums and cane sugar.
• In 1995, scientists officially recorded the lowest "normal" body temperature - in a completely healthy and perfectly feeling 19-year-old Canadian, it was 34.4 ° C.
• Known for their extraordinary therapeutic findings, Korean doctors have come up with a way to treat the seasonal autumn-spring that many people suffer from. They suggested lowering the temperature of the upper body while raising the temperature of the lower half. In fact, this is a well-known health formula “Keep your feet warm and your head cold”, but doctors from Korea say that it can also be used to improve a mood stubbornly striving for zero.

We measure correctly!

However, instead of panicking about abnormal body temperature, you should first think about whether you are measuring it correctly? A mercury thermometer under the arm, familiar to everyone since childhood, does not give the most accurate results.

Firstly, it is still better to purchase a modern, electronic thermometer, which allows you to measure the temperature with an accuracy of hundredths of a degree.

Secondly, the place of measurement is important for the accuracy of the result. The armpit is convenient, but due to the large number of sweat glands, it is inaccurate. The oral cavity is also convenient (just remember to disinfect the thermometer), but you must remember that the temperature there is approximately half a degree higher than the temperature in the armpit, in addition, if you ate or drank something hot, smoked or have consumed alcohol, readings may be falsely high.

Measuring the temperature in the rectum gives one of the most accurate results, it should only be taken into account that the temperature there is about a degree higher than the temperature under the arm, in addition, the thermometer readings may be false after sports training or taking a bath.

And, the “champion” in terms of the accuracy of the result is the external auditory canal. It is only necessary to remember that measuring the temperature in it requires a special thermometer and precise observance of the nuances of the procedure, the violation of which can lead to erroneous results.