Antibiotics of the latest generation of a wide spectrum of action. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - list of names

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. They are used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Broad spectrum antibiotics - list:

1. Penicillins.
2. Tetracyclines.
3. Erythromycin.
4. Quinolones.
5. Metronidazole.
6. Vancomycin.
7. Imipenem.
8. Aminoglycoside.
9. Levomycetin (chloramphenicol).
10. Neomycin.
11. Monomycin.
12. Rifamcin.
13. Cephalosporins.
14. Kanamycin.
15. Streptomycin.
16. Ampicillin.
17. Azithromycin.

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is in a large list of microorganisms sensitive to the active substance. But there is a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to the suppression of immunity and disruption of the normal intestinal microflora.

1. Cefaclor.
2. Cefamandol.
3. Unidox Solutab.
4. Cefuroxime.
5. Rulid.
6. Amoxiclav.
7. Cephroxitin.
8. Lincomycin.
9. Cefoperazone.
10. Ceftazidime.
11. Cefotaxime.
12. Latamoxef.
13. Cefixime.
14. Cefpodoxime.
15. Spiramycin.
16. Rovamycin.
17. Clarithromycin.
18. Roxithromycin.
19. Klacid.
20. Sumamed.
21. Fusidin.
22. Avelox.
23. Moxifloxacin.
24. Ciprofloxacin.

Antibiotics of the new generation are notable for a deeper degree of purification of the active substance. Due to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm to the body as a whole.

The list of antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is due to the fact that the analysis of sputum discharge takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified, a remedy with the maximum number of bacteria sensitive to it is needed.

In addition, recent studies show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is not justified. The fact is that the appointment of such drugs is effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. In the case when the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

1. Ampicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Azithromycin.
4. Cefuroxime.
5. Ceflocor.
6. Rovamycin.
7. Cefodox.
8. Lendatsin.
9. Ceftriaxone.
10. Macrofoam.

List of antibiotics for angina:

1. Penicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Amoxiclav.
4. Augmentin.
5. Ampiox.
6. Phenoxymethylpenicillin.
7. Oxacillin.
8. Cephradine.
9. Cephalexin.
10. Erythromycin.
11. Spiramycin.
12. Clarithromycin.
13. Azithromycin.
14. Roxithromycin.
15. Josamycin.
16. Tetracycline.
17. Doxycycline.
18. Lidaprim.
19. Biseptol.
20. Bioparox.
21. Ingalipt.
22. Grammidin.

These antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often beta-hemolytic streptococci. As for the disease, the causative agents of which are fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

1. Nystatin.
2. Levorin.
3. Ketoconazole.

Antibiotics for the common cold are not included in the list of necessary drugs, given the rather high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Recommended treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restorative agents. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:

1. Zitrolide.
2. Macrofoam.
3. Ampicillin.
4. Amoxicillin.
5. Flemoxin Solutab.
6. Augmentin.
7. Hyconcil.
8. Amoxil.
9. Gramox.
10. Cephalexin.
11. Digital.
12. Sporidex.
13. Rovamycin.
14. Ampiox.
15. Cefotaxime.
16. Vercef.
17. Cefazolin.
18. Ceftriaxone.
19. Duracef.

To date, there are many antibiotics that can defeat an infectious disease.

Some of them have a narrow focus and fight a specific disease, and there are those that allow you to get rid of several pathogens. Let's figure out what modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are.

The principle of influence on the body of the main groups of drugs

Antibiotics of the new generation affect only the pathogenic microorganism, while not affecting a healthy cell.

Broad-spectrum drugs are effective against many pathogens. Are used:

Antibiotic Precautions:

Let's take a closer look at the types of broad-spectrum antibiotics.

Macrolides

Modern antibiotics of a new generation, belonging to the group of macrolides, are able to destroy protein synthesis and affect the cellular ribosome of a pathogenic bacterium. At the same time, the drugs have a beneficial effect on the functioning of the immune system.

Advantages:

The list of drugs is presented in the table.

Contraindications to the use of macrolides are:

1. Pregnancy.
2. Age up to 6 months.
3. Allergy to one of the components.
4. The use of antihistamines.
5. Severe liver damage.
6. Renal failure.

Penicillin group

Antibiotics of this group of a wide spectrum of action can be divided into two groups:

1. Tablets and injections immune to the effects of gastric juice.
2. Drugs that break down in hydrochloric acid are Ticarcillin and Carbenicillin.

List of commonly used medicines:

Preparations of the penicillin group of a wide spectrum of action can cure:

1. Diseases of urological and gynecological nature.
2. Infectious lesions of the respiratory system.
3. Diseases of the abdominal cavity.
4. Infectious diseases of the visual organs.
5. Viral lesions of ENT organs and others.

Contraindications:

1. Pregnancy.
2. breastfeeding period.
3. Certain drugs are prohibited until the age of 12.
4. Poor blood clotting.
5. Allergy.

Tetracycline group

Antibiotics can affect gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A distinctive feature of the broad-spectrum tetracycline group is the ability to penetrate the bacterial cell. Therefore, broad-spectrum drugs are often used to treat ureaplasmosis, mycoplasmosis and chlamydia.

Note that tetracyclines do not affect Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The most popular drugs:

Fluoroquinols

Modern drugs belonging to this group of the second, third and last - fourth generation allow you to treat a huge number of diseases.

Affect:

1. for Gram-positive microorganisms.
2. Gram-negative microorganisms.
3. intracellular pathogens.

It should be borne in mind that any agent related to fluoroquinols is prohibited for persons under 18 years of age. Since drugs in this group can change cartilage in children.

List of the most common broad-spectrum antibiotics:

latest generation cephalosporins

Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation of the cephalosporin group are used only in hospital treatment. The drugs are concentrated and have a toxic effect on the liver and kidneys, therefore, when they are prescribed, medical supervision is required.

The mechanism of work - the substance penetrates the membranes of pathogenic bacteria and inhibits the synthesis of the protein-glycan layer. As a result of the release of enzymes, microorganisms die.

Preparations of this series are prescribed for severe infectious diseases, when it is necessary to destroy the pathogen, and not to suspend its influence. Name of drugs: Cefepime and Cefpir.

The benefits of the latest generation of antibiotics are as follows:

1. Low toxicity.
2. Excellent penetration into tissues, even bone.
3. Due to the high concentration of the active substance, it has a prolonged effect on the body.

Contraindications:

1. Individual intolerance to the drug.
2. Heart and kidney failure.
3. Severe liver damage.
4. Pregnancy.
5. During lactation, you should temporarily stop feeding the baby.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some differences. Let's get acquainted with them, using the example of certain drugs:

You can not use these drugs during pregnancy and lactation, patients with heart and kidney failure. With caution are prescribed in the treatment of elderly patients.

Carbapenems

Broad-spectrum antibiotics used for serious infections that threaten a person's life. Carbapenems are prescribed for the treatment of pathological strains, including those resistant to certain drugs.

List of medicines:

1. The drug is administered intravenously. The dosage and course of treatment is selected by the doctor based on the severity of the disease. Analogues: Meronem, Jenem, Cyronem and others.
2. Invanz - is administered intravenously by drip and intramuscularly. The active substance is ertapenem.

Treatment is carried out under the supervision of a physician. Do not use drugs in case of:

1. Pregnancy.
2. Stop breastfeeding during lactation.
3. With heart and kidney failure.
4. Severe arterial hypotension.
5. Allergies.

It should be remembered that only a specialist should prescribe antibiotics based on the specifics of the disease and the state of the body.

Antibiotics of the latest generation, active against many microbes, occupy an important place among medicines. They are used to treat infectious pathologies, which significantly reduced the mortality of patients from pneumonia and pyelonephritis, which are common today. Due to antibiotics, the course is facilitated and recovery from bronchitis, sinusitis is accelerated, and it has also become possible to perform complex surgical operations. Even successfully treated with antibiotics.

Broad Spectrum Antibiotics (ABSS)

This category of antimicrobials includes substances active against Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms. The former are the causative agents of intestinal diseases, inflammatory pathologies of the genitourinary and Gram-positive organisms often cause wound infections and mediate the occurrence of postoperative complications in surgery.

List of ABShS of different release times

Some of the latest generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics are also active against protozoal infections. Examples are nitroimidazole derivatives - tinidazole, ornidazole and metronidazole. The most widely used metronidazole due to affordability. Its class analogue, tinidazole, is similar in its spectrum of antimicrobial activity, but is not used parenterally. In general, all groups of broad-spectrum antibiotics are presented as follows:

• natural penicillins;
• inhibitor-protected aminopenicillins;
• antipseudomonal penicillins, including inhibitor-protected ones;
• cephalosporins III;
• a group of aminoglycosides;
• macrolide antibiotics;
• antibiotics of a number of carbapenems;
• chloramphenicol;
• fosfomycin;
• rifampicin;
• dioxidine;
• sulfonamides;
• quinolones, fluoroquinolones;
• a group of nitrofurans;
• antibiotics of the nitroimidazole series.

This list does not include group names for narrow-spectrum antibiotics. They are specific to a small number of microbes and are effective against them. Narrow-spectrum drugs cannot be used to treat superinfections and are not used empirically. They are used as first-line antibiotics when the type of pathogen is established.

ABSHS list of latest generations

The above apply to broad-spectrum drugs. This is a complete list of groups of substances with activity against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes. However, the list contains both the latest generation antibiotics and earlier representatives of the group. Of the above representatives of the latest generations are the following groups of drugs:

• aminopenicillins resistant to beta-lactamase ("Sulbactam", "Ampicillin", "Clavulanate", "Amoxicillin");
• cephalosporins III and IV generations ("Cefotaxime", "Cefoperazone", "Ceftazidime", "Ceftriaxone", "Cefpir", "Cefepim");
• aminoglycoside antibiotics of the III generation ("Amikacin", "Netilmicin");
• 14- and 15-membered semi-synthetic macrolides ("Roxithromycin", "Clarithromycin", "Azithromycin");
• 16-membered natural macrolide antibiotics ("Midecamycin");
• fluoroquinolones III and IV generations ("Levofloxacin", "Sparfloxacin", "Gatifloxacin", "Trovafloxacin", "Moxifloxacin");
• carbapenems ("Meropenem", "Imipinem-cilastatin", "Ertapenem");
• nitrofurans ("Nitrofurantoin", "Furazidin", "Ersefuril").

Antibiotic preparations excluded from the list

The previously protected antipseudomonal penicillins have a wide spectrum of activity, but they are used only against due to the need to reduce the likely contact of the latter with a modern and powerful antibiotic. This prevents the risk of developing drug resistance in bacteria. The greatest effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa shows "Tazobactam". Occasionally, "Piperacillin" or "Clavulanate" are used as the latest generation of antibiotics for pneumonia caused by a hospital strain of the pathogen.

Also in this list there are no antibiotics of the latest generation of the group of natural and antistaphylococcal penicillins. The former cannot be used in outpatient treatment due to the need for frequent intravenous or intramuscular administration. Forms that allow you to take them orally, do not exist. A similar situation has developed with cephalosporins. Having the same spectrum of activity as penicillins, they cannot be administered orally due to destruction in the stomach.

Cephalosporins and parenteral penicillins are the latest generation of effective antibiotics for pneumonia. Scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus have achieved success in developing a dosage form for their enteral use. However, the results of studies have not yet been applied in practice, and drugs of this series can be used so far only in the work of inpatient healthcare institutions.

Highly effective antibiotics for children

Exploring the latest generation of antibiotics, the list of drugs recommended for children is significantly narrowed. In childhood, only representatives of a number of aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Clavulanate), cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefepime), macrolides (Azithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin, Clarithromycin) can be used. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, carbapenems and nitrofurans cannot be used due to inhibition of bone growth, liver and kidney toxicity.

Systemic nitrofurans are not used due to the lack of scientific data confirming the safety of the treatment. The only exception is "Furacillin", suitable for local treatment of wounds. Modern and highly effective antibiotics for children of the latest generation are as follows: macrolides, penicillins, cephalosporins (the names of the drugs are presented above). Other groups of antimicrobials are not recommended for use due to the toxic effect and impaired skeletal development.

ABSS for pregnant women

According to the FDA classification (USA), only some of the latest generation antibiotics can be used in the treatment of pregnant women, the list of which is extremely small. They belong to categories A and B, that is, their danger has not been confirmed or there is no teratogenic effect in animal studies.

Substances with unproven effects on the fetus, as well as with the presence of a toxic effect, can only be used if the therapeutic effect predominates over the side effect (Category C and D). Category X drugs have a proven teratogenic effect on the fetus, therefore, if necessary, their use is mandatory to terminate the pregnancy.

During pregnancy, the following broad-spectrum antibiotics of the latest generation in tablets are used: protected aminopenicillins (Amoclav, Amoxiclav), cephalosporins (Cefazolin, Ceftriaxone, Cefepime). Macrolides ("Azithromycin", "Clarithromycin", "Midecamycin", "Roxithromycin") are allowed to be used in the third trimester of gestation due to the fact that their teratogenic effect has not yet been fully studied, and one cannot speak unambiguously about its absence. Also, in pregnant women, it is safe to use penicillin antibiotics in the absence of allergies.

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis

All antibiotics of the latest generation of a wide spectrum of activity, theoretically, can be used for bronchitis and pneumonia, if their pharmacodynamic characteristics are optimal for this. However, there are optimal schemes for the rational treatment of such diseases. They take into account options for successful combinations of antimicrobials with the goal of broad coverage of microbial strains.

Nitroimidazole and sulfonamides are not rational to use in inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. The most successful combination for bronchitis or mild pneumonia is a protected aminopenicillin with a macrolide ("Amoclave" + "Azithromycin"). Protracted bronchitis require the appointment of a cephalosporin instead of aminopenicillin ("Ceftriaxone" + "Azithromycin"). In this scheme, the macrolide can be replaced by another class analogue: Midecamycin, Clarithromycin or Roxithromycin.

All of these latest generation antibiotics for bronchitis have a pronounced effect, although clinical signs of the disease may continue to be present. The criterion for the effectiveness of treatment is the appearance of a cough with gradually cleared sputum and relief of fever. With COPD, shortness of breath also weakens, appetite improves, and the frequency of coughing decreases.

Effective treatment for pneumonia

Mild pneumonia is treated on the principle of bronchitis, but with the use of a cephalosporin and a macrolide. For moderate or severe community-acquired pneumonia, a cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone or Cefepime) is prescribed with a representative of a number of fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin or Levofloxacin). These antibiotics of the latest generation of a wide spectrum of action suppress the community-acquired microflora well, and the effect of their use is noticeable on the second day of treatment.

Modern antibiotics of the latest generation for pneumonia (the names are presented above) act on the pathogen, suppressing its vital activity or killing it. The first substances are called bacteriostatics, and the second bactericidal preparations. Cephalosporins, aminopenicillins and fluoroquinolones are bactericidal substances, and macrolides are bacteriostatics. Moreover, the combination of antibiotics aims not only to expand the spectrum of activity, but also to comply with the rules of combination: one bactericidal drug with one bacteriostatic.

Treatment of severe pneumonia in the ICU

In intensive care, where there may be patients with severe pneumonia and distress syndrome on the background of intoxication. The main contribution to the severity of the condition of such patients is made by pathogenic microflora that is resistant to most antimicrobial drugs. In such situations, carbapenems are used ("Imipinem-cilastatin", "Tienam", "Meropenem"), which are unacceptable for use on an outpatient basis.

Treatment of sinusitis and sinusitis

Modern antibiotics of the latest generation for sinusitis or sinusitis are used to destroy microbes. In such cases, a single bactericidal antibiotic may be used. However, with sinusitis, the main difficulty is the access of the antimicrobial drug to the site of inflammation. Therefore, the most commonly used drug is the cephalosporin series. An example is "Ceftriaxone" or "Cefepime". A third-generation fluoroquinolone, Levofloxacin, may also be prescribed.

Treatment of angina with modern antimicrobial agents

Antibiotics of the latest generation for angina are prescribed for the same purpose. Moreover, both with sinusitis and tonsillitis, the same antimicrobial agents can be used. The only difference is that in the case of inflammation of the tonsils, antiseptics can also be used, for example, "Furacillin" - a drug of a number of nitrofurans. Although angina can also be successfully used aminopenicillins protected by sulbactam or clavulanic acid (Amoclave, Amoxiclav, Ospamox). Moreover, drugs should be prescribed for 10-14 days.

Therapy of pyelonephritis and infections of the genitourinary system

In view of the contamination of the urinary tract with microbes, antibiotics of the latest generation for pyelonephritis are necessary for their treatment. Cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and nitrofurans have the greatest therapeutic value here. Cephalosporins are used for relatively mild pyelonephritis, and fluoroquinolones ("Ciprofloxacin", "Levofloxacin", "Ofloxacin", "Moxifloxacin") - with a deterioration in the background of already ongoing therapy.

The most successful drug, suitable both for monotherapy and for combination with "Ceftriaxone", is any representative of a number of nitrofurans - "Furamag"). A quinolone, Nalidixic Acid, can also be used. The latter create high concentrations in the urine and act actively against pathogens of genitourinary infections. Also, occasionally, with gardnellosis and vaginal dysbacteriosis, Metronidazole is used.

Drug resistance and its impact

Due to the constant change in the genetic material of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, the effectiveness of many antimicrobials is significantly reduced. By acquiring resistance to drugs, bacteria gain the ability to survive in the human body, mediating deterioration in infectious diseases. This forces researchers to look for and put into practice new antibiotics of the latest generation.

In total, over the period of the existence of antimicrobial agents, about 7,000 substances have already been developed that are used in medicine in a certain way. Some of them have been phased out due to clinically important side effects or because microbes have become resistant to them. Therefore, today about 160 drugs are used in medicine. About 20 of them are the latest generation of antibiotics, whose names often appear in medical guidelines for antimicrobial therapy of infectious diseases.

One of the most important problems of antimicrobial therapy is the irrational use of antibacterial drugs, which contributes to the widespread spread of drug-resistant flora.

New mechanisms of bacterial resistance and the lack of results from the use of classical, previously effective drugs, force pharmacologists to constantly work on new, effective antibiotics.

The advantage of using a wide range of agents is explained by the fact that they can be prescribed as a starting therapy for infections with an unspecified pathogen. This is especially important in severe, complicated diseases, when days or even hours are counted and the doctor does not have the opportunity to wait for the results of cultures for the pathogen and sensitivity.

A selection of antibiotics in alphabetical order:

Zerbaxa ®

is the trade name for a combination of ceftolosan (5th generation) and tazobactam (a beta-lactamase inhibitor).

It will be used to eradicate highly resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa species. The conducted studies have proved its high efficiency in the treatment of severe complicated inf. urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections. Wed has low levels of toxicity in comparison with polymyxins and. With mixed flora, its combination with metronidazole is possible.

Avikaz ®

is a combination (3rd generation antipseudomonal cephalosporin) and avibactam (a beta-lactamase inhibitor).

It will be prescribed in the absence of an alternative for intra-abdominal infections, as well as inf. urinary tract and kidneys. Highly effective against gram pathogens. It also goes well with metronidazole. Studies have confirmed its high efficacy against strains resistant to carbapenems and capable of producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase.

Of the newest cephalosporins in Russia, Zefter ® was registered

Wed is highly effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram pathogens.

Can be used as monotherapy for severe community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia. Zeftera ® is also used for severe infections. skin, including diabetic foot.

Cyclic lipopeptides

A new class represented by the natural antimicrobial agent Daptomycin ® (trade name - Cubicin ®).

Daptomycin ® is highly effective in endocarditis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, staphylococcal sepsis and complicated infections of the skin and subcutaneous fat.

Active against MSSA and MRSA strains. That is, it can be used in diseases caused by gram + polyresistant flora resistant to methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid preparations.

Broad spectrum antibiotic tablets

Lincosamides

New antibiotics of the lincosamide class are represented by a chlorinated derivative of lincomycin - clindamycin:

• Dalacin C ® (in addition to oral, it also has an injectable release form);
• ClindaGeksal ® .

Depending on the concentration, they can act both bacteriostatically and bactericidal. The spectrum of activity includes most of the Gram+ and Gram-pathogens. The drug does not affect enterococci, hemolytic bacillus, legionella and mycoplasma.

Macrolides

Now there are 3 generations of antibiotics of the macrolide class. Of the representatives of the third, apply:

• Josamycin (Vilprafen ®);
• Midecamycin (Macropen ®);
• Spiramycin (Rovamycin ®).

Despite the fact that Azithromycin ® - a broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribed in short courses (3 tablets), cannot be called a representative of the new generation, its effectiveness still allows it to be on the list of the most consumed antimicrobial drugs.

Representatives of the class obtained as a result of a change in the marolide molecule are:

• ketolides;
• streptogramins.

The group of ketolides is represented by telithromycin (trade name Ketek ®). Sensitive flora is similar to classical macrolides, however, the medium is more active in relation to cocci that are insensitive to lincosamines and streptogramins. Used for respiratory infections.

Streptogramins are active in diseases caused by staphylo- and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, methicillin-resistant staphylococci, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Are shown at outside and nosocomial pneumonias, and also inf. skin and subcutaneous fat associated with multidrug-resistant Gram+ bacteria.

Class members:

• Quinupristin ® + Dalfopristin ® (combination of two streptogramins);
• Pristinamycin ® (Piostacin ®) is an antistaphylococcal agent.

The newest macrolide, solithromycin ® (Cempra ® ), claimed to be effective in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, has not yet been registered.

If the FDA approves its release, it will be able to give rise to a new, fourth generation of macrolides.

The best broad-spectrum antibiotics for empiric treatment of life-threatening diseases with an unspecified causative agent.

Carbapenems

They have only an injection form of release. They belong to the group of beta-lactams, are structurally similar to penicillins and cephalosporins, but are distinguished by a high level of resistance to the action of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and high efficiency against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, non-spore-forming anaerobes and bacteria resistant to representatives of the third and fourth generations of cephalosporins.

These are powerful drugs that belong to the reserve group and are prescribed for severe nosocomial infections. As an empirical first-line therapy, they can be prescribed only for life-threatening diseases, with an unspecified pathogen.

However, they are not effective against:

• MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus);
• Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (gram-negative non-fermentative bacteria that cause nosocomial infections);
• Burkholderia cepacia (opportunistic pathogens that cause severe out-of-hospital and nosocomial infections).

The strongest broad-spectrum antibiotics from the group of carbapenems are Ertapenem ® and Doripenem ® .

Broad-spectrum antibiotics in ampoules (injections)

Invanz ® (Ertapenem-Eleas ®)

The active ingredient is Ertapenem ® . The area of ​​antimicrobial influence includes gram + aerobes and facultative gram - anaerobes.

It is resistant to penicillinases, cephalosporinases and extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Highly active against staphylo- (including penicillinase-producing strains) and streptococci, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, Proteus, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, etc.

It can be considered a universal remedy against strains resistant to penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides. The mechanism of bactericidal effect is due to its ability to bind to penicillin-binding proteins and irreversibly inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall of pathogens.

Cmax plasma concentrations are observed 50 minutes after the end of the infusion, with a / m administration - after 1.5-2 hours.

The half-life is about 4 hours. In patients with renal insufficiency, it is almost twice as long. It is excreted mainly in the urine, up to ten percent is excreted in the feces.

Dose adjustment is carried out in renal failure. Liver failure and advanced age do not require changes in recommended dosages.

Used for severe

• pyelonephritis and inf. urinary tract;
• infect. diseases of the small pelvis, endometritis, postoperative inf-yah and septic abortions;
• bacterial lesions of the skin and soft tissues, including diabetic foot;
• pneumonia;
• septicemia;
• abdominal infections.

Invanz is contraindicated:

• with intolerance to beta-lactams;
• up to eighteen years of age;
• with diarrhea;
• during breastfeeding.

Intramuscular administration of lidocaine is prohibited in patients with hypersensitivity to amide anesthetics, low blood pressure and impaired intracardiac conduction.

When using Invanz ®, it is necessary to take into account the risk of developing severe pseudomembranous colitis, therefore, if diarrhea occurs, the drug is immediately canceled.

The safety of use during childbearing has not been studied, therefore, the appointment of pregnant women is permissible only as a last resort, in the absence of a safe alternative.

There are also no adequate studies on the safe use of children, so the use of up to 18 years of age is possible strictly for health reasons, in the absence of alternative drugs. It is used for a minimum course until the condition stabilizes, at a dosage of 15 mg / kg per day, divided into two injections (up to 12 years old) and 1 gram once a day for children over 12 years old.

Side effects of Ertapenem ® may occur:

• antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis;
• post-infusion phlebitis;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• allergic (anaphylactic) reactions;
• arterial hypotension;
• dysbacteriosis and candidiasis;
• change in taste;
• increased liver transaminases;
• hyperglycemia;
• thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia, monocytosis;
• erythrocyturia, bacteriuria.

Dosages of Invanza ®

With intravenous infusion, it is diluted with 0.9% saline, the minimum administration time is half an hour. For intramuscular injections, 1-2% lidocaine ® is used.

It is administered once a day at a dose of 1 gram. The duration of treatment ranges from three to 14 days and depends on the severity of the inflammatory process and its localization. When the condition stabilizes, a transfer to tableted antibiotics is indicated.

Doriprex ® (Doribax ®)

The active substance is Doripenem ® . It is a synthetic antimicrobial drug with bactericidal activity.

It is structurally similar to other beta-lactams. The mechanism of activity is due to the inactivation of penicillin-binding proteins and inhibition of the synthesis of cell wall components. Effective against gram + aerobes and gram - anaerobes.

Resistant to the action of beta-lactamases and penicillinases, weakly resistant to hydrolysis by extended spectrum beta-lactamases. The resistance of some strains is due to enzymatic inactivation of Doripenem and a decrease in the permeability of the bacterial wall.

Enterococcus facium, legionella, methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to the drug. Acquired resistance can be developed by Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Doripenem is prescribed for:

• nosocomial pneumonia;
• severe intra-abdominal infections;
• complicated inf. urinary system;
• pyelonephritis, with a complicated course and bacteremia.

Contraindicated:

• children under eighteen years of age;
• with hypersensitivity to beta-lactams;
• with diarrhea and colitis;
• breastfeeding.

Pregnant women are prescribed with caution, according to vital indications in the absence of an alternative.

Side effects may appear:

• headache;
• vomiting, nausea;
• phlebitis at the injection site;
• increase in liver transaminases;
• colitis and diarrhea;
• anaphylactic shock, itching, rash, toxic epidermal necrolysis;
• dysbacteriosis, fungal infection of the oral mucosa and vagina;
• neutropenia and thrombocytopenia.

Dosages and duration of treatment with Doriprex ®

Doripenem is applied at five hundred milligrams every eight hours. The duration of the infusion should be at least an hour. With nosocomial pneumonia, it is possible to increase the dose to 1000 mg. Doriprex ® is administered in 0.9% saline or 5% glucose.

The duration of treatment ranges from five to 14 days and depends on the severity of the disease and the localization of the bacterial focus.

When the patient's condition stabilizes, a transition to tableted antibacterial drugs is carried out. Dose adjustment is necessary for patients with impaired renal function. Liver failure and advanced age are not indications for dose reduction.

Cheap broad spectrum antibiotics

Cepim ®

The Russian drug, produced by the Sintez AKOMP ® campaign, will cost the buyer about 120 rubles per bottle. This is a fairly inexpensive analogue of Maximim ® , made in the USA (400 rubles per 1 gram bottle).

The active substance is cefepime ® . It belongs to the 4th generation cephalosporins. and has broad bactericidal activity. The mechanism of influence on pathogens is due to a violation of the processes of synthesis of the components of the microbial wall.

Cefepime ® is effective against gram- and gram+ pathogens that are resistant to aminoglycoside preparations and third-generation cephalosporins. Of staphylococci, only methicillin-sensitive types are sensitive, other strains are resistant to its action. Also, wed-in does not work on enterococci and clostridia.

The drug is resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases.

Able to create high concentrations in:

• bronchial secretions and sputum;
• bile and walls of the gallbladder;
• appendix and peritoneal fluid;
• prostate.

The drug has a high bioavailability and absorption. The half-life is about two hours. Dose adjustment is carried out only in patients with renal insufficiency.

The list of indications for the appointment of Tsepim are:

• moderate to severe pneumonia;
• febrile fever;
• complicated urinary tract infections;
• heavy pyelonephritis;
• intra-abdominal inf. with complications (combined with 5-nitroimidazal derivatives - metronidazole);
• infect. skin and subcutaneous fat caused by drug-sensitive staphylo- and streptococci;
• meningitis;
• sepsis.

Also, it can be prescribed to prevent septic postoperative complications.

Tsepim ® can be used for empirical therapy of diseases caused by an unspecified pathogen. It is also prescribed for mixed infections (anaerobic-aerobic flora) in combination with antianaerobic drugs.

Cefepime ® is contraindicated:

• persons with intolerance to beta-lactams and L-arginine;
• children up to two months of life (intravenously);
• patients under 12 years of age (intramuscularly).

Be wary appoint patients with pseudomembranous colitis in history, ulcerative colitis, renal failure, pregnant and lactating.

Possible side effects in the form of:

• phlebitis at the injection site;
• dyspeptic disorders;
• anxiety, headache;
• thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia;
• jaundice, increased hepatic transaminases;
• allergies;
• tremor and convulsions;
• candidiasis and dysbacteriosis.

Doses of the drug

Dosage, route of administration and duration of therapy depend on the severity of the disease, the location of the bacterial focus and the state of kidney function.

As a rule, one to two grams of the drug is administered intravenously, every 12 hours. With inf. urinary tract possible intramuscular injection.

With febrile fever, 2 grams are prescribed every eight hours. It is applied from seven to 10 days. With infection. with a severe course, it is possible to lengthen the course.

Babies older than two months are prescribed 50 mg / kg twice a day. With neutropenia - three times a day.

On our site you can get acquainted with most groups of antibiotics, complete lists of their drugs, classifications, history and other important information. For this, a section "" has been created in the top menu of the site.

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs whose action is aimed at combating infectious diseases. In recent years, the list of these funds has undergone some changes. Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation have gained great popularity. There are modern drugs that are aimed at eliminating the causative agent of a particular disease. Drugs of narrowly targeted action are more preferable, since they do not affect the normal microflora.

How new generation antibiotics work

Medical staff successfully use antibacterial agents due to the fact that the vital processes in the cells of the human body are different from those of a bacterial cell. These drugs of the new generation act selectively, affecting only the cell of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting the human ones. Classification occurs depending on the way in which they affect the vital activity of microorganisms.

Some drugs inhibit the synthesis of the outer cell membrane of bacteria, which is absent in the human body. These include cephalosporins, penicillin antibiotics, etc. Another group almost completely inhibits protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The latter include macrolides, tetracycline antibiotics. The list of broad-spectrum drugs is divided according to the principle of antibacterial activity. The instructions must indicate the area of ​​activity of the tablets.

Some drugs are broad-spectrum, effective against many bacteria, while others may be narrowly targeted, targeting a specific group of bacteria. Why is this happening? The fact is that viruses, bacteria are characterized by different structure and functioning, so what kills bacteria does not affect viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used when:

• causative agents of the disease show resistance to the influence of a narrowly targeted drug;
• revealed superinfection, the culprits of which are several types of bacteria;
• prevention of infections after surgical interventions;
• treatment is prescribed on the basis of clinical symptoms, that is, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for common infections, dangerous short-lived diseases.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Broad-spectrum drugs of the new generation are universal remedies that can cause inflammation of the lymph nodes, a cold, an accompanying cough, runny nose, etc. Whatever the pathogen causes the disease, the remedies will overcome the microbe. Each newly developed drug has a more perfect, improved effect against pathogenic microorganisms. It is believed that the new generation of antibiotics causes minimal damage to the human body.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

The list of existing broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation includes many drugs, both cheap and more expensive. The most commonly used of all groups of drugs are penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins. They are available in the form of injections, tablets, etc. The new generation drugs are characterized by improved pharmacological actions when compared with older drugs. So the list is:

• tetracycline group: "Tetracycline";
• penicillins: "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Ticarcycline", "Bilmitsin";
• fluoroquinolones: Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
• carbapenems: "Meropenem", "Imipenem", "Ertapenem";
• amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol";
• aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Learn more about the drug and children, instructions for use and contraindications.

Names of narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

New generation narrowly targeted drugs are used when the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified. Each drug acts on a specific group of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, they do not contribute to the violation, do not depress the immune system. Due to a deeper degree of purification of the active substance, the drug has less toxicity.

Bronchitis

In bronchitis, in most cases, new-generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, but the choice of drug should be based on the results of a laboratory study of sputum. The best medicine is considered to be one that has a detrimental effect directly on the bacterium that caused the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study takes from 3 to 5 days, and it is necessary to treat bronchitis as early as possible so that there are no complications. The following antibiotics are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - are prescribed for individual intolerance to penicillin. Widely used "Clarithromycin", "Erythromycin".
• Penicillin has long been used in medicine, in connection with which some microorganisms have developed resistance to the active substance. Therefore, the drugs were enhanced with additives that block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective are "Amoxiclav", "Panklav", "Augmentin".
• Fluoroquinolones are used to treat chronic bronchitis during an exacerbation. Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin are characterized by great efficiency.
• Cephalosporins - are prescribed in case of obstructive forms of the disease. Modern antibiotics are considered "Cefuroxime", "Ceftriaxone".

Sinusitis

Angina