Appearance of petechiae. Petechiae - flat red dots on the skin or mucous membrane in an adult and a child. What are the main clinical signs of hepatitis

Any rash on the skin should alert. For example, a rash can be observed with entero viral infection and pass quickly. And it can be one of the symptoms of a deadly disease - meningitis. The presence of petechiae and purpura during infectious processes indicates the severity of the disease.

Petechiae appear on the skin as a result of capillary hemorrhages. And, if blood is found under the tissues in large areas, the process is called purpura.

Purpura is a pathological formation that has a purple-red color and does not change it when pressed. Rashes, less than 1-2 cm in diameter - petechiae.

General representations

Petechiae are a special case of purpura and are round in shape. Spots of a red or purple hue are formed in the process that red blood cells leave the vascular bed into the space located between the tissues. They do not rise above the skin and cannot be determined by palpation.

Petechiae on the skin, the photo of which is presented, can be one of the informative signs of such processes as blood diseases, systemic autoimmune and infectious diseases. This type of rash can also appear after a physical injury or excessive pressure (squeezing) of the skin. Rare causes of petechiae are coughing and vomiting (especially in young children). Capillary hemorrhages appear around the eyes.

Places of localization: arms, legs, torso, face, mucous membrane of the eyes or oral cavity. Occurs in all age groups.

The appearance of purpura is a response to changes occurring in the body. Very often, the cause of the occurrence is an insufficient number of platelets and a violation of the processes of blood clotting.

The rash with purpura is most often localized in the lower extremities.

The occurrence of petechiae and purpura may be associated with the appearance of a bacterial, fungal or viral infection: the presence of cytomegalovirus, meningococcus, manifestations infectious mononucleosis, scarlet fever, septic processes.

Types of purpura

In medical practice, there are several varieties of this disease:

Formed when there is a decrease total platelets. There is both an independent disease and a symptom of another process. It occurs mainly in girls under 14 years of age.

The mechanism of development is associated with a change in the properties of platelets during infectious processes or the use of a number of medications. Platelets enter the spleen and are destroyed there. The result is thrombocytopenia.

Bruises and petechiae appear on the skin from the slightest blow. Accompanying symptom may be: bleeding from the nose, on the gums, from the uterus.

Rashes can change their color depending on the stage of the pathological process and the statute of limitations: from red to purple, green or yellow (within 10 days after the first spot).

Thrombocytopenic purpura in children may acquire chronic course(recurrent bleeding). The main type of therapy is resection of the spleen.

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Caused by the formation of blood clots due to the use of certain medications, vaccination, cancerous growth or meningococcal infection.

The main symptom complex:

• the formation of petechiae and bruises;
• pain symptom in the abdomen and head;
• vomiting and nausea;
• visual function is impaired;
• mental and nervous system disorders.

With such a disease, the vessels of the brain, kidneys, and liver are affected. These processes result in death.

Schonlein-Henoch purpura

An infectious process caused by viruses or bacteria, the use of certain medications, can cause inflammation in the vessels. The first symptoms will be:

• small-spotted rashes;
• the temperature rises to subfebrile numbers;
• pain in the joints, abdominal area;
• diarrhea.

Toxic purpura

It develops with the use of medications that pathologically affect the blood: they strongly thin or, on the contrary, thicken.

allergic purpura

Occurs when there is an allergy to food, drugs, chemicals.

Diseases and petechiae

The rash happens:

1. Primary.

   Passes on its own

2. Secondary.

   It is characterized by the ingress of blood clots into adjacent tissues. Surgery is required to treat them.

There is a correlation between the main symptoms, visual inspection rashes and diseases. They are listed in the table:

Symptoms

With the formation of petechiae and purpura from the skin the following symptoms may be observed:

• the formation of bubbles with the flowing liquid, the formation of crusts;
• pain;
• the formation of pustules;
• rashes can appear quickly and disappear just as quickly;
• peeling of the skin;
• edema formation.

Common symptoms include:

• loss of appetite;
• symptoms of a respiratory disease;
• increased excitability and irritability (more often in childhood);
• pain in the joints;
• redness of the mucous membrane of the eyes;
• runny nose and sneezing.

Rashes that are accompanied by the following symptoms require immediate treatment for medical care:

• loss of consciousness;
• an increase in body temperature to 38.5 ° C and above;
• any kind of bleeding;
• tachycardia;
• respiratory failure;
• symptoms of meningitis;
• an allergic reaction, which may be accompanied by soft tissue swelling.

It should be remembered that dismissive attitude to your health can cost your life!

Diagnostics

If petechiae or purpura appear on the skin, you should consult a hematologist. He will conduct an external examination, collect an anamnesis of the disease and prescribe additional laboratory diagnostic methods. This will help establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

During external examination, it is important to pay attention to the location of the rash. According to its location, a preliminary diagnosis can be made.

The main diagnostic methods are a general blood test (thrombocytopenia, ESR / CRP, as well as the level of leukocytes, most likely increased).

Additional methods include:

• a set of tests to assess the functions of the liver;
• a blood test for the level of urea, creatinine, electrolytes;
• study of coagulability indicators using a coagulogram;
• electrophoresis of blood plasma proteins to detect paraproteins.

Auxiliary diagnostic methods:

• autoimmune tests;
• additional diagnostics in the conditions of placement in the clinic (skin biopsy and bone marrow).

Rashes that arose spontaneously and passed by themselves are not accompanied by any clinical symptoms and do not require special therapy. But, it is still necessary to undergo a diagnostic examination to identify hidden foci of internal bleeding.

Treatment of purpura

Treatment should be started as early as possible, since in 30% of cases the disease can be fatal.

The main methods of treatment, depending on the cause of the disease:

Restorative therapy:

• vitamin preparations of groups K, P, C;
• transfusion of blood, erythrocyte mass;
• liver extract;
• globulin injections.

The main methods of treatment for purpura include:

• resection of the spleen with thrombocytopenia;
• blocking the action of antibodies on platelets;
• restoration of blood clotting processes;
• hypoallergenic diet.

Strict adherence to all medical prescriptions will certainly lead to relief general condition and speedy recovery

Disease prevention

It is better to prevent any disease than to waste energy, nerves and money on the recovery process.

To prevent the appearance of pathological rashes, it is necessary to protect your skin from childhood: avoid injury, hypothermia or overheating. It is necessary to use drugs (especially those that affect the blood) only under strict medical supervision. If possible, avoid contact with possible allergens.

Prevent the transition of the disease into a chronic or severe form of the course. At slightest symptoms disease - seek medical attention.

Petechiae are tiny round spots that appear on the skin, mucosa, or serous membrane. They result from bleeding under the skin.

Petechiae usually appear on the surface of the skin, eyelids, or oral mucosa.

Some causes of petechiae do not require special treatment, while others may be more severe.

Petechiae usually look like a rash. The appearance of petechiae can be caused by many different reasons. It is advisable to make an appointment with a doctor if petechiae appear.

Petechiae look like a rash, only more pronounced and frightening. The spots themselves are tiny patterns that can be purple, red, or brown, which is associated with bleeding under the skin.

They are usually flat to the touch and, unlike rashes, will not lose color when pressed - this useful way find out if any skin abnormality is a rash or not.

Petechiae - photo

Causes of petechiae

Petechiae occur when tiny blood vessels(capillaries) burst. When this happens, blood flows out under the skin.

Some of the reasons that can lead to petechiae include:

• local trauma or trauma in which the skin is damaged;
• sunburn;
• allergic reactions to insect bites;
• various autoimmune diseases;
• viral and bacterial infections;
• reduced level platelets in the blood;
• medical methods cancer treatments such as radiation or chemotherapy;
• leukemia or bone marrow cancer, which leads to a reduction in platelets;
• after severe vomiting or cough - especially in newborns;
• strenuous activity, such as weight lifting or childbirth;
• sepsis;
• scurvy;
• vasculitis;
• viral fevers such as dengue, ebola, and yellow fever can interfere with blood clotting, causing bleeding under the skin.

Some medications can also cause petechiae. Drugs that can cause petechiae like side effect:

• antibiotics;
• antidepressants;
• contraceptives;
• blood thinners;
• normalization preparations heart rate;
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs);
• sedatives.

If petechiae appear after taking any medications, you should consult your doctor.

Types of petechiae

Petechiae may differ depending on the cause that caused them. Let's consider some options:

• Autoimmune diseases and vasculitis. Petechiae appear on the arms and legs. The petechiae may then disappear, leaving scaly skin.
• Staphylococcal infection. With such an infection, dotted petechiae appear on the oral mucosa and skin.
• Gonorrhea. petechiae on the arms and legs (in the lower parts) may occur in this case. The standard symptoms of gonorrhea should of course also be present.
• Enteroviral infection. In this case, petechiae are a good sign. usually the patient's condition improves after their appearance. petechiae on the chest, back and face disappear without a trace after two days.
• Meningitis. It manifests itself as a hemorrhagic rash, which usually rapidly covers the body. petechiae on the abdomen, legs and buttocks often accompany this species.

Symptoms

The appearance of spots is the only sign of petechiae. However, since they are often a sign of an underlying condition, the patient may experience other symptoms along with the petechial rash:

• hematomas;
• bleeding or bruising;
• bleeding gums;
• bleeding into the joint cavity (hemarthrosis);
• unusually heavy menstrual periods(menorrhagia);
• nose bleed.

Petechiae in children are mostly caused by trauma. Children often actively play and bruises, abrasions and bruises are normal phenomenon. petechiae on the skin in children are usually caused by trauma.

Petechiae in a child can also occur in the mouth. petechiae on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the palate may appear in a child due to solid food that has damaged the mucous membrane. However, petechiae on the oral mucosa can also occur as a result of malnutrition, lack of vitamin K, childhood scurvy.

Septicemia can also cause petechiae in a child. More often, septicemia occurs in young children, since their immune system is not yet fully formed and is not fully able to fight pathogens. Septicemia can accompany any disease, this is infection of the blood by bacteria. This condition is accompanied by a rapid spread of a rash on the child's skin, petechiae spots in a child do not change color when pressed. Septicemia progresses rapidly, fainting is characteristic, the child may become delirious.

If you suspect septicemia, you must urgently consult a doctor as soon as possible, the life of the child depends on it!

However, in most cases, petechiae in children are the result of trauma.

When should you see a doctor?

It is highly advisable to have a doctor examine petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes because they may be a sign of a more serious condition. The doctor will assess the symptoms and possible reasons to determine if the cause of the petechiae is mild or severe.

If the number of petechiae continues to increase, bleeding may be the cause.

There are also other symptoms that may occur along with petechiae, which are indicators of a severe or life-threatening condition.

These include:

• loss of consciousness;
• confused mind;
• heat;
• heavy bleeding;
• Strong headache.

If any of these symptoms occur along with the appearance of petechiae, a person should seek immediate medical attention. Petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes plus the above symptoms - alarm signal.

Treatment

Treatment for petechiae will depend on the underlying cause. If petechiae are caused by a reaction to a specific drug, they will disappear as soon as the drug is stopped.

If the cause is a viral or bacterial infection, they should go away after the infection is cleared.

The doctor will diagnose the cause of the petechiae and recommend appropriate treatment.

Medical treatment of petechiae

The doctor may prescribe:

• antibiotics for treatment bacterial infection;
• corticosteroids to reduce inflammation;
• for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, azathioprine, methotrexate, or cyclophosphamide may be prescribed;
• for the treatment of cancer - chemotherapy, biological therapy.

If the appearance of petechiae is not a consequence of the underlying condition, then rest, use a large number fluids and pain relievers:

• ibuprofen;
• Acetaminophen;
• Tylenol.

Petechiae on the skin as a result of injuries do not pose any danger. They can be treated with any remedy that cures bruises. petechiae on the mucous membrane of the mouth, which have arisen due to the use of solid food, will pass by themselves over time.

Are complications possible?

The appearance of petechiae has no complications. In most cases, petechiae on the skin disappear without a trace when the petechial rash disappears - it does not leave scars.

However, if petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes are the result of an underlying disease, some complications may occur.

Complications include:

• damage to the kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, lungs or other organs;
• various problems with heart;
• infections that may occur in other parts of the body.

Prevention

Since petechiae are usually the result or symptom of another disease, the only way prevent them from occurring - try to avoid the conditions that cause them.

Stay fit, avoid infections, practice good hygiene and safe sex and avoiding medications that cause petechiae are good ways to reduce your chances of developing them.

However, it is not possible to prevent all conditions that cause petechiae on the skin and mucous membranes.

V.D. Bratus (1991) on a vast clinical material(more than 6 thousand patients) showed that 12% of all acute gastrointestinal bleeding and about 31% of bleeding of non-ulcer etiology are due to erosive gastritis. Most bleeding is moderate, but sometimes it is profuse, life threatening sick.

Its characteristic feature is the presence of erosions (a superficial defect of the mucous membrane), which are more often multiple, have a light bottom, the color of which changes to black when bleeding occurs. Often they are preceded or accompanied by subepithelial (submucosal) hemorrhages in the form of petechiae, against the background of an altered mucous membrane.

Diffuse bleeding with acute gastritis, duodenitis are more often capillary. At the same time, under a microscope, small defects in the surface layer of the mucous membrane, leukocyte or lymphocytic infiltration in its thickness, and on the surface - traces of hemorrhage. In the walls small vessels the submucosal layer also always shows leukocytic infiltration, but without disturbing the structural continuity.

In the presence of microerosions on the mucous membrane, defects in the walls of small vessels are often observed, as well as signs of erythrocytes leaving the vascular bed. Sometimes no changes are found in the gastric mucosa. Such bleeding is a manifestation of hemorrhagic diathesis, caused by an increase in permeability in the capillaries and small arteries of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer, as well as disorders in the blood coagulation system.

In its etiology, erosive gastritis is close to acute stomach ulcers. It occurs with the abuse of alcohol, taking such medicines as NSAIDs, iron preparations, potassium chloride, etc., with vascular and other lesions that cause mucosal ischemia (vasculitis, Shenlein-Genoch disease, cirrhosis of the liver, etc.) There are also cases indicating allergic nature erosive gastritis[V.T. Ivashkin et al., 2001].

Clinical manifestations of acute erosive gastritis do not have characteristic signs, they are more often similar to a manifestation of an exacerbation peptic ulcer. Most patients complain about aching pain in the epigastrium aggravated after eating, often on an empty stomach. Often there are nausea, heartburn. Vomiting of “coffee grounds”, general weakness may occur.

When examining a patient, there may be signs of anemia, less often hemodynamic disturbances are observed, indicating significant acute blood loss. Palpation examination reveals tenderness in epigastric region. In some patients, clinical manifestations are scanty or absent, but the presence of anemia with a positive fecal analysis occult blood indicates gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring visual identification of the source of bleeding.

Reliable data allows you to get FEGDS, during which multiple or single erosions in the stomach or petechial hemorrhages in the mucosa are detected. More often, multiple erosions with hemorrhage and mucosal edema are found in the duodenum. Bleeding may be massive and widespread (photo 36) or limited to a small area.

Often with massive diffuse bleeding after gastric lavage cold water visible erosions of the mucous membrane are not visually detected, but with histological examination biopsy specimens from the stomach reveal microerosion, expansion of small vessels and capillaries, diapedetic hemorrhages. The picture is less common atrophic gastritis with petechial hemorrhages in the submucosa. As a separate form of erosive gastritis, varioloform gastritis is distinguished.

Endoscopically on the gastric mucosa, small nodules with a depression or erosion in the center are found in the antrum or in the body of the stomach. At the same time, histological signs of lymphocytic gastritis are found. They may also give stomach bleeding with poor clinical manifestations in the form of dyspeptic disorders. In biochemical studies in patients with erosive gastritis, disorders in the blood coagulation system are often found in the form of hypocoagulation with increased fibrinolytic activity of the blood [O.Ya. Babak, G.D. Fadeenko, 1996].

Treatment of patients with erosive gastritis is mainly therapeutic. The use of hemostatic agents for bleeding: aminocaproic acid, etamsylate (dicinone), vikasol, calcium chloride. With massive bleeding - use Novo-Seven, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate in combination with platelet mass. Intravenous inhibitors must be used proton pump. In case of recurrence or ongoing bleeding, argon plasma coagulation is used, diathermocoagulation and other methods of endoscopic hemostasis can be used, although they are less effective.

Prevention of bleeding recurrence is carried out by course therapy of erosive gastritis with proton pump blockers for 4-6 weeks or histamine H2 receptor blockers (famotidine, etc.) in combination with gastroprotectors (misoprostol). At positive tests on Helicobacter pylori, eradication therapy is mandatory.

Stepanov Yu.V., Zalevsky V.I., Kosinsky A.V.

This symptom is not independent, in most cases indicates the development of pathological processes of the hematopoietic system, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. The rash can be either red or purple or purple. In the presence of such rashes, you should immediately seek medical help.

Etiology

The appearance of petechial rashes can be due to both physiological and pathological etiological factors. To pathological group should include:

• autoimmune diseases;
• infectious processes in the body - typhus, scarlet fever, sepsis, etc.;
• capillary toxicosis;
• hypervitaminosis;
• hematological disorders;
• long-term use of anticoagulants;
• oncological processes and consequences after treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy;
• taking drugs.

To physiological factors The appearance of this symptom should include:

• strong physical impact on the skin, which leads to rupture of blood vessels;
• excessive tension (with a strong cough, irrational physical activity), which also leads to rupture of blood vessels;
• single manifestations of a rash may be the result of stress, severe nervous strain;
• prolonged wearing of tight and uncomfortable clothes;
• age changes.

In such cases, the rash resolves in a few days and does not pose a threat to life. However, if present additional symptoms, the cause of this symptom may be serious illness therefore, you need to seek the advice of a qualified doctor.

In a child, a rash on the face can be observed immediately after birth, which may be due to strong pressure during passage through the birth canal.

Symptoms

If the cause of the formation of such a rash on the legs or throughout the body is not a pathological process, then, as a rule, there are no additional symptoms.

If the cause is an infectious disease, then the nature of the rash can manifest itself as follows:

• with meningococcal infection, rashes are multiple, star-shaped spots are often grouped together, which leads to the formation of necrosis;
• with gonorrhea spots on appearance may resemble pustules with hemorrhagic contents;
• at staph infection hemorrhagic rashes can be present not only on the skin, but also on the mucous membranes.

As regards the general clinical picture, then with this origin of petechial hemorrhages, the following symptoms are possible:

In autoimmune diseases, the nature of the manifestation of the rash may be as follows:

• a rash on the legs and arms after 3-4 days is converted into multiple petechiae;
• over time, the rashes are converted into pigmented spots with peeling;
• possible transformation of spots into eczema.

The clinical picture may be supplemented by the following symptoms:

If the cause of such rashes was the use of drugs, the clinical picture may manifest itself as follows:

• auditory and visual hallucinations;
• loss of consciousness;
• dizziness, headaches;
• disorder of the gastrointestinal tract;
• uncontrolled urination and defecation;
• the rash may look like hives.

In the presence of the above symptoms, it is necessary to urgently seek medical attention as some pathological processes pose a danger to life.

Diagnostics

Initially, an objective examination of the patient is carried out with the clarification of complaints, anamnesis of the disease and life. To establish the etiology of the manifestation of this symptom, the following laboratory and instrumental methods of examination can be prescribed:

• blood sampling for general and biochemical studies;
• deployed biochemical analysis blood;
• coagulogram;
• ultrasound examination of internal organs;
• X-ray with contrast agent.

It should also be noted that the diagnostic program will be adjusted depending on the current clinical picture and the alleged etiological factor.

Treatment

Basic therapy will depend on the diagnosis. Medical therapy may include the following drugs:

• antibiotics;
• antiviral;
• anti-inflammatory;
• antiallergic;
• corticosteroids;
• vitamin and mineral complexes.

The issue of hospitalization is decided on an individual basis.

As far as prevention is concerned, specific methods no, because it's not individual disease, but a symptom of a non-specific nature. In general, you should follow the rules healthy lifestyle life, consult a doctor feeling unwell. Also, one should not forget about the importance of a systematic examination by specialized doctors.

"Petechial rash" is observed in diseases:

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (HF) are an undifferentiated group of acute viral infections, in which the most a clear symptom is hemorrhagic syndrome. In medicine, 15 subspecies of such ailments are known. All of them are similar in their course and they are united by hemorrhagic syndrome (hence the name of the group).

Hepatomegaly of the liver is the main sign that there has been a failure in normal functioning this body. With the progression of this condition, the size of the liver increases. Most common cause hepatomegaly is the poisoning of the body with various poisons and toxins.

With help exercise and temperance most of people can do without medicine.

Symptoms and treatment of human diseases

Reprinting of materials is possible only with the permission of the administration and indicating an active link to the source.

All information provided is subject to mandatory consultation by the attending physician!

Questions and suggestions:

petechiae

Many people constantly face bruises and other various injuries especially if they play sports. It is worth remembering that you must follow the rules, especially if you are into extreme sports. Otherwise, you can get the so-called petechiae.

Petechiae, what is it?

Some, at the sight of these small blood outpourings, ask themselves: “Petechiae, what is it?” Petechiae are small red or purple spots on the skin. They appear due to damage to the capillaries. If you look at the problem from the outside, you can find a slight resemblance to bruises. The size of the inclusions, as a rule, does not exceed three millimeters. The color of petechiae depends on which vessels are damaged: venous or arterial.

Petechiae: causes

The cause may be stress in the process of vomiting, coughing, crying, complicated and prolonged childbirth. Weightlifters also often notice petechiae. Aspirin, indomethacin, quinine, naproxen - these drugs with large dosage can also lead to this problem. If you think your petechiae is caused by medication, be sure to discuss this with your doctor. It is possible that medicines can really be replaced by others. Often, petechiae indicate the presence of an inflammatory focus in the body due to the influence of viral, bacterial, and fungal infections.

Werlhof's disease sometimes leads to petechiae, it is she who causes serious problems with blood clotting, as the level of platelets decreases. Platelets are able to clog minor damage to blood vessels. If their level is low, the vascular walls are not restored, hemorrhages appear under the skin. Outwardly, it looks like spots of a red tint. Spots of small diameter are called petechiae, and larger ones are called purpura. This problem may appear due to leukemia, scurvy, after chemotherapy. Now you know the causes of petechiae.

Symptoms of petechiae

These points can be either multiple or single, they can be confused with a common rash. However, the rash tends to rise above the surface of the skin and change color when the affected area is pressed. Petechiae occur as a result of injuries, as we have already written, or due to the intake of certain medications. They may also indicate that there is some kind of blood disease. They often form on the chest, neck, and also on the face. The symptoms of petechiae are very characteristic.

Petechiae on the face

Petechiae on the face look like small reddish dots. As a rule, they occur as a result of a very strong cough, as well as vomiting. They can also form around the eyes.

petechiae on legs

May indicate an allergy or blood disease. You should definitely see a specialist.

Mucosal petechiae

On mucous membranes, petechiae often occur due to scurvy or other diseases. In some cases, this may indicate the presence of sepsis.

Petechiae: treatment

From the very beginning, you should contact a specialist. If in addition you have bruises for no apparent reason, go to the clinic. Petechiae only indicate that something is wrong in the body. These hemorrhages usually go away on their own.

But it is still worth checking for the presence of infection. In this case, doctors may prescribe antibiotics or antimicrobials. It is especially dangerous if petechiae appear on a sufficiently large area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin. Then it is worth sounding the alarm, if it is not caused by trauma. Treatment of petechiae should be directed primarily to identifying the cause, and then getting rid of it.

If you are no longer young, then take care of your body, as petechiae often occur in older people. In this case, you will have to protect yourself from injury as much as possible. Sometimes it can be quite problematic to avoid bruises, but it is worth minimizing the risk. Try to use a stick if you find it difficult to maintain balance due to some kind of illness. It is very important.

If you know for sure that you have received a minor injury, then in this case, simply apply cold compress. To do this, you can use ice from the refrigerator or gauze dipped in ice water. The cold will reduce inflammatory process and keep the petechiae from spreading. This method will be especially useful if you have injured your face as a result of a fight or a fall. It is enough to apply a compress for fifteen minutes to relieve pain. Do not apply ice to the skin, wrap it in gauze.

Petechiae in a child

Petechiae in a child can appear on the most different reasons. But, as a rule, injuries affect, as well as strong tension during crying, vomiting. The child may fall while playing or playing sports. Petechiae sometimes occur due to sepsis, when pathogenic bacteria enter the body. Most weak immunity in children early age, they are more likely than others to suffer from sepsis.

As a result of the negative activity of microbes, toxins and toxic substances are formed that damage blood vessels. If sepsis is severe, then it may be accompanied by delirium, as well as fainting. In case of sepsis, you must immediately send the child to the hospital or call an ambulance. Procrastination is dangerous here. If there is beriberi, lack of vitamin K or scurvy, this can also lead to the appearance of petechiae on the skin.

Very strong antibiotics are used to treat sepsis, and they are infused intravenously. Vitamins, blood transfusion, administration of globulins, erythrocyte mass are prescribed. If sepsis was caused by an abscess, then it must be opened surgically. Some babies with petechiae suffer from endocarditis, in which case hemorrhages can appear on the trunk, mucous membranes.

Chills can beat babies, severe sweating, shortness of breath, fever, pain in the heart area appear. Such a disease is treated only in a hospital setting. Antibacterial drugs are used, the sensitivity of microbes to them is taken into account. If a fungal infection has occurred, Fluconazole is used, as well as Amphotericin.

Petechiae: causes of hemorrhages and rashes, symptoms, how to treat

Petechiae are point hemorrhages that have a rounded shape and occur when small blood vessels under the skin break. Red, purple and violet spots appear as a result of the release of red blood cells from the bloodstream into the interstitial space. Petechiae - like tiny bruises, reaching a diameter of 1 or 2 mm. They are not palpable and do not stand out above the surface of the skin. Petechial hemorrhages are single and multiple. At the same time, several flat spots appear at once, which do not change their color and do not disappear when pressed with a finger or stretching the skin.

Petechiae is a symptom of a number of pathologies, among which blood diseases, systemic autoimmune diseases, and some infections predominate.

In healthy people, rashes may appear due to excessive stress. Over time, the spots turn pale and disappear, leaving behind a slight pigmentation. The localization of petechiae is different: the skin of the arms, legs, torso, face, oral mucosa, conjunctiva of the eyes.

Etiology

Before proceeding with the treatment of petechiae, it is necessary to identify and eliminate the causes of their appearance!

Physiological causes

• The most common cause of the formation of a petechial rash in healthy people is trauma - a strong physical impact on the skin. Capillaries rupture, blood leaking under the skin. In adults, petechiae are more likely to form after a blow, and in children, during games or falls. On the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, hemorrhages appear when eating solid food.
• Excessive overexertion that occurs during bouts of coughing, emotional crying, or vomiting can lead to rupture of capillaries near the eyes and other areas of the face.
• Often, petechiae can be seen after childbirth in a woman and a newborn. Severe tension and stress negative impact on the skin of mother and child.
• Single petechiae appear during certain sports - weightlifting.
• Tight and uncomfortable clothing is the cause of the appearance of petechiae.
• Petechiae may appear when the tourniquet is pulled or due to increased pressure on soft tissues. Pinpoint hemorrhages in such cases do not pose a particular health hazard and disappear without a trace after a few days.
• Skin aging.

Pathological causes

As a result of most hematological and autoimmune diseases, the formation and functioning of platelets are disrupted, which is clinically manifested by the appearance of petechiae on the skin. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is also the cause of a hemorrhagic rash of bacterial origin.

examples of petichiae in thrombocytopenic purpura, characteristic of children

Pathogenesis

As a result of traumatic injury to the capillaries, platelets come together to help the blood clot. Groups of platelets react with factors of the blood coagulation system, blood stagnates in the affected area, and a blood clot forms. In persons with existing disorders in the body, the blood coagulation system works less efficiently, small bruises appear on the skin - petechiae.

• Primary petechiae are small dots that are initially purple or bluish-black in color, and subsequently change color to brown or yellow-brown. This is due to the formation of hemosiderin in tissues. Gradually, the outlines of petechiae become blurred, and their color fades.
• The mechanism of formation of secondary petechiae is the leakage of blood cells into adjacent tissues. Such hemorrhages do not go away on their own. Patients need surgical intervention.

Some infectious diseases are manifested by the appearance of petechiae on the skin. This is especially true for children with weak immune systems. In a child, an infectious syndrome is manifested by fever, tachycardia, shortness of breath. Pathogenic microorganisms produce toxins that affect the walls of blood vessels. Subcutaneous hemorrhages or hemorrhagic rash - feature sepsis. AT severe cases the rash quickly spreads throughout the body, fainting, convulsive and delusional states occur.

In systemic diseases, the body's own vessels are perceived as foreign. The immune system produces antibodies, immune complexes are formed that circulate in the blood, settle on the walls of blood vessels and infect them. Patients develop general and specific symptoms: shortness of breath, hyperhidrosis, cardialgia, muscle and joint pain.

If petechiae are accompanied by malaise and fever, they spread throughout the body, acquiring big sizes, and look like bruises, you should immediately consult a doctor.

The main types of petechiae in various diseases

Meningitis

Meningitis is manifested by a hemorrhagic rash, the elements of which are star-shaped and pale color. it early symptom diseases that appear in the first hours and days and spread very quickly through the body. Petechiae are localized on the thighs, shins, buttocks, feet, lower abdomen. They have a vesicle in the center and often merge with each other, forming extensive ecchymoses, which often subsequently undergo necrosis.

Gonorrhea

In gonorrhea, the rash is localized on distal parts limbs, over large joints. They resemble pustules with hemorrhagic contents and are combined with characteristic clinical symptoms - signs of damage. urogenital apparatus, anorectal region and pharynx.

staph infection

Staphylococcal infection is manifested by purulent petechiae, the study of which reveals accumulations of gram-positive cocci. With staphylococcal sepsis, the permeability of the vascular walls increases under the influence of microbial toxins. On the skin, oral mucosa and sclera, hemorrhages appear in the form of dotted petechiae.

Autoimmune diseases, vasculitis

In autoimmune diseases, petechial exanthema occurs on the arms and legs, and after 2-4 days, multiple petechiae appear on it. Their appearance is accompanied by signs intoxication syndrome: fever, malgia, arthralgia, malaise. Petechiae disappear after a few days, and pigmented areas and peeling zones remain in their place.

hemorrhages with various vasculitis

Petechial rash in hemorrhagic vasculitis is accompanied by joint damage and abdominal pain. Most often, the large joints of the legs become inflamed - the ankle or knee. Epigastric pain is moderate obvious signs dyspepsia. In severe cases, sudden, paroxysmal, colic-like abdominal pain is accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting, and fever.

Schamberg disease

Schamberg's disease is a hemosiderosis of the skin that occurs due to autoimmune inflammation of the skin capillaries. Small dots appear on the skin of patients, as from a needle prick. At first they have a brown or brown color, and then lighten and disappear for a while. Rashes are located on the body symmetrically, but morphologically they are diverse. This is due to the simultaneous appearance of fresh and old elements on the skin. This disease has a benign course, since only skin capillaries are affected. Men are more susceptible to pathology. Petechiae are located on the thighs and legs, have different size and uneven outline.

Enteroviral infection

Enterovirus infection is manifested by fever, muscle pain, inflammation of the meninges, herpetic sore throat, gastrointestinal dysfunction. After the appearance of a petechial rash on the skin, the condition of the patients noticeably improves, the body temperature returns to normal. The rash appears within one day. It is located on the face and torso and disappears without a trace by the end of the second day.

Diagnosis of diseases manifested by a petechial rash includes collecting complaints, questioning the patient, conducting laboratory tests and diagnostic tests:

Diagnosis and treatment

Petechiae that occur spontaneously and are not accompanied by clinical symptoms resolve on their own and do not require special treatment. But despite this, people who do not have any diseases need to make sure that there are no hidden causes of hemorrhages.

• If trauma is the cause of the petechial rash, a cold compress will help. It will reduce inflammation and prevent further spread of the rash. To do this, ice is wrapped in a towel and applied to the affected area for 15 minutes.
• During the infectious process, patients are prescribed large doses antibiotics, taking into account the sensitivity of isolated microbes. Carry out antiviral, immunostimulating, detoxification, sensitizing and symptomatic therapy.
• If the petechial rash is allergic in origin, eliminate the allergen and desensitize. With severe itching, prescribe antihistamines- "Suprastin", "Zodak", "Zirtek".
• With systemic autoimmune pathologies prescribe desensitizing drugs, corticosteroids, vasoconstrictor drugs - " Vitamin C”, “Calcium chloride”, “Rutin”. The course of treatment is long.
• Restorative therapy for debilitated patients consists in prescribing vitamins of the K, P, C group, liver extract, transfusion of erythrocyte mass or blood, and administration of globulins.

What are petechiae

Flat red spots on different parts bodies are single and multiple, do not change color, size, location when pulling the skin or pressing, what is it? The slightest bruises, no more than two millimeters in diameter, that occur when red blood cells come out into the interstitial space, are called petechiae.

The appearance of such points on the skin may indicate blood diseases, the presence of a viral infection in the body, autoimmune diseases. Similar rashes can also appear in healthy people with frequent stressful situations. In such cases, the symptoms of petechiae go away on their own after a while.

Origin

When the integrity of the capillary walls is violated, blood elements (platelets) begin the process of blood clotting and wound healing. In a normal state, a blood clot forms at the site of the injury, which prevents blood from pouring out, if a person’s coagulation system is disturbed, then spots form - red blood cells come out.

By type of origin, petechiae are:

• Primary small dots of purple color, after which it changes to yellow due to the formation of a dark yellow pigment consisting of iron oxide in the tissues. After a while, the rash loses its clear color.
• Secondary ones are associated with the passage of red blood cells into the nearest tissues. Such formations cannot go away by themselves, they require surgical intervention.

Children with weak immune systems may develop rashes all over their bodies. This may be due to the entry of the virus into the body. The spots are accompanied by fever, pain in the head, heart rhythm disturbances, shortness of breath. In severe cases, the child may fall unconscious, convulsions, delirium may begin.

In children, petechiae may appear due to weak immune system

Diseases of the body systems lead to a misperception of human immunity in relation to its parts. So, for example, antibodies in the blood that perceive the walls of blood vessels as foreign, settle on them and destroy them. The patient feels pain in the muscle tissues, in the left half chest, joints, symptoms of shortness of breath, increased sweating.

The appearance of a rash on the skin, accompanied by symptoms, quickly spreading throughout the body, large and blue, requires urgent admission to the hospital.

The reasons

There are several causes of petechiae, which are divided into physical and pathological.

Physical causes of petechiae:

• Injury to a skin area, for example, after a blow in adults and when playing in children.
• Strong emotional shock panic attack causes spots on the face;
• With strong stress during childbirth;
• Some sports can affect the occurrence of spots;
• Tight clothing;
• When pinching the skin, for example, with a tourniquet;
• When aging.

To pathological reasons occurrence of petechiae include:

• Diseases associated with impaired functioning of the human immune system;
• Infection in the body;
• Insufficient amount of a number of vitamins in the body;
• Autoimmune damage to small vessels;
• Hormonal disbalance;
• Oncological diseases;
• Taking drugs;
• Long-term use of certain drugs.

Petechiae is divided into several types depending on the underlying disease:

• With meningitis, a rash appears in the form of pale stars on the thighs, shins, buttocks, legs, and lower abdomen. Merging with each other, they form wide spots, the surface of which dies off after a while.
• With gonorrhea, the rash focuses on the distal legs, above the joints. It has the form of pustules filled with blood. Bladder disorders occur.
• Staphylococcus manifests itself as petechiae with pus, inside of which there is an infection. Here, cell permeability increases, spots appear on the face.
• In autoimmune diseases (lupus erythematosus, for example), rashes appear on the limbs, both lower and upper. In addition, a person feels symptoms such as fever, pain in muscles, joints, general malaise. After some time, the rash disappears, but the skin still differs in color from healthy areas and peels off.

Varieties of petechia

Symptoms of petechiae with inflammation of the walls of blood vessels:

• Pain in the abdomen;
• Inflammation of the joints of the lower extremities;
• Sometimes diarrhea, vomiting, fever.

With chronic petechial hemorrhage on the skin, with inflammation of the capillaries, petechiae are most often localized on the legs. First, a lot of brown small spots, which later disappear, but then reappear. The disease is more common in men than in women.

When an infection enters the body, fever first occurs, pain in the muscles, inflammation of the meninges, dysfunction gastrointestinal tract. After some time, these symptoms subside, in return for them come rashes all over the body, which last one day.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of petechiae includes several methods. In addition to listening to the patient's complaints, collecting an anamnesis, there is also:

• determination of blood clotting;
• laboratory research, which includes counting all types of blood cells, determining their parameters, leukocyte formula, measurement of hemoglobin level, determination of the ratio of cell mass to plasma;
• puncture of the iliac, heel, tibia or chest.

Treatment

If a person does not feel a deterioration in well-being, and petechiae appear, then special treatment they don't need to.

In other cases, the following types of therapy are used:

• If a part of the body is injured and a rash appears, it must be cooled so that they do not spread. For this, a moistened towel is perfect, which is applied for fifteen minutes to the affected area.
• If an infection occurs, a course of antibiotic therapy is prescribed.
• In case of allergies, the element that causes it should be eliminated and the body's sensitivity to it is reduced with the help of drugs, antihistamines are indicated for severe itching.
• With the appearance of a rash associated with impaired immunity, desensitizing drugs, corticosteroids, and substances that seal the vessels are prescribed. The course of treatment in this case lasts up to two months.

After each therapy, patients are prescribed vitamins, blood transfusion, the introduction of blood proteins that have a high molecular weight and less solubility in water.

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petechiae

Petechiae are flat, as well as dotted spots of a rounded shape, saturated red, reaching sizes in diameter of 1-2 millimeters. Petechiae are not detectable on palpation and do not protrude skin surface. Their size varies from a point to a pea. Home distinctive feature petechiae from flea bites is the lack of a central point.

Petechiae on the skin at first have a pronounced bright red color, turning into dark brown. After a while, they lose their brightness, turn pale and disappear, only sometimes, after themselves, leaving a small pigment spot.

Petechiae causes

Their occurrence is associated with small capillary hemorrhages (small hemorrhages) in the skin, as well as the mucous membrane.

The causes of petechiae are physical injuries. As an example, this swipe over the skin.

Petechiae on the skin occur in all age categories(Children Adults). To rare reasons the occurrence of petichia on the face include coughing, an attack of vomiting, leading to the appearance of capillary ruptures near the eyes. Such manifestations are characteristic of children.

Petechiae can appear after pressure is applied to skin tissue. These hemorrhages disappear after a few days on their own and are not dangerous.

Petechiae on the skin can be manifestations of thrombocytopenia, which occurs when the number of platelets in the blood decreases. This condition can occur after taking medications, as well as in the presence of an infection in the body. Violation of the function of blood clotting can also lead to petechiae. There are times when capillaries break after taking certain medications.

The list of diseases in which petechia appears: lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, infective endocarditis, scurvy, periarteritis nodosa, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, hypercortisolism, purpura, typhoid fever, Werlhof's disease, smallpox, septicemia.

Primary petechiae on the skin are distinguished, in which the formations persist for up to several days. Over time, their outlines turn into less bright ones, and the brightness of the spot itself fades. Further, the primary petechiae on the skin turn dark and sometimes become a greenish-yellow hue. Sometimes there are cases of the appearance of barely noticeable vesicles above the spots, filled with liquid and having a purulent character, but this nature of the disease occurs with recurrent fever.

Primary petechiae are smaller than roseola spots in comparison and occur in a small amount. Many patients confuse primary petechiae with insect bites. But it is enough to study the spots under a microscope to understand that this is not so. Hemorrhage is observed immediately, but the rapid disappearance does not make it possible to take this symptom into account.

Secondary petechiae on the skin often result in leakage of blood pigment into the surrounding tissue itself. Secondary petechiae are characterized by non-disappearance on pressure. For roseolous spots, the transition to secondary petechiae is always characteristic.

photo of petechiae on baby's skin

Petechiae in a child

The disease in a baby is represented by small, rounded subcutaneous blood spots that occur after the rupture of blood vessels, as well as blood leakage under the very surface of the skin or mucous membranes. subcutaneous layer petechiae strike pointwise, and their diameter reaches up to 1-2 mm. A feature of these formations is the coverage of a fairly large area of ​​the skin and mucous membranes. The eruptions give the impression of flat spots and do not change their color even when pressed. Petechiae appear on all kinds of skin areas, including the oral cavity.

One of the main causes of the disease in children is trauma, as well as damage to the capillaries, after which their rupture occurs, as well as blood leakage, which spreads into the subcutaneous surface.

Petechiae in children occur during play, and the causes are accidental falls. The disease can occur with septicemia - this is an infection of the blood, due to ingestion pathogenic bacteria. Septicemia occurs against the background of any disease. Often, young children suffer, because their immunity is not sufficiently formed to hold the pathological process.

Petechiae in the sky appear due to trauma at the time of eating solid food. bad care for the baby and malnutrition can provoke childhood scurvy, which is characterized by scattered petechial hemorrhage of the skin, as well as the oral mucosa. The cause of hemorrhage in the skin in children is a lack of vitamin K.

Petechiae in children and their symptoms: high fever, shortness of breath, rapid pulse, development lung failure and fever. Toxic substances produced by microbes injure blood vessels and cause the formation of a rash, which is called hemorrhagic. With septicemia, the rash grows during the day. Severe course accompanied by fainting and delusional states. The development of septicemia is very fast and its timely diagnosis and treatment are necessary conditions for saving a child's life.

photo of petechiae on legs

Petechiae treatment

To solve this cosmetic problem resort to a surgical method.

Treatment of petechiae in children includes taking vitamins C, P, K, as well as liver extracts and blood transfusions, red blood cells, and the introduction of globulins. Fighting pathogenic bacteria involves administering intravenously to a child strong antibiotics. Provided if septicemia caused infected wound or an infectious abscess, then surgery is applied.

With endocarditis, petechiae in children occur on the conjunctiva, as well as the trunk, buccal mucosa, distal extremities, and nail hemorrhages. Babies are worried about chills, sweating, fever, shortness of breath, pain in the heart. Treatment is carried out only in a hospital. Fundamental is the use antibacterial drugs considering the sensitivity of microbes to them. Infection with fungi is treated with Amphotericin with Fluconazole, taking into account the age dose.

Treatment of petechiae in children includes monitoring of serum biochemistry, as well as heart rate and monitoring of blood pressure readings.

Petechiae are considered punctate hemorrhages, which differ in a rounded shape, are formed when small blood vessels under the skin rupture. The spots can be red, purple and purple. Occur due to the fact that red blood cells are in the bloodstream. We note that petechiae do not hang over the surface of the skin, they can be multiple and single. As a rule, several flat spots form at one moment, while they do not change their color and do not disappear if you press them with your finger or stretch the skin.

Physiological causes

Most often, petechiae is a consequence of an injury in which they have a physical effect on the skin. In this situation, capillaries break, blood begins to accumulate under the skin. In adults, petechiae often appear after a stroke. The child occurs in case of a fall. Sometimes hemorrhages form on the mucous membrane in the mouth. There is no need to panic, you may just eat solid foods often.

Due to excessive overstrain that occurs during a coughing fit, during vomiting, crying, it leads to rupture of capillaries in different parts of the face, but the area around the eyes can be especially affected.

Quite often, petechiae appear in a woman, as well as a baby after the birth process. They can be explained by strong overstrain, stress, which is reflected on the skin.

Sometimes single petechiae are formed if a person is engaged in heavy sports (athletics). Rarely, rashes are provoked by tight and not very comfortable clothing.

In addition, petechiae appear in the case of pulling the tourniquet, as well as when high blood pressure on soft tissues. In this case, hemorrhages are not dangerous to health, they completely disappear after a few days.

Pathological causes

Petechiae are a serious symptom of an autoimmune, hematological disease. It is important to urgently consult a doctor if hemorrhages are provoked by:

• Spondyloarthritis.
• Scleroderma.
• Infectious diseases - typhoid, endocarditis, mononucleosis, tonsillitis, cytomegalovirus infection, scarlet fever, meningitis.
• Hypovitaminosis - lack of vitamin C, K.
• Hormonal dysfunctions - hypercortisolism.
• Hematological disorders - leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.
• Drug abuse.
• Tumor.
• Taking certain medications - anticoagulants: Heparin, Atropine, Warfarin, Penicillin, Naproxen, Indomethacin.
• Radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

In children, the disease can appear if they are not cared for enough, as well as when unbalanced diet. The oral cavity suffers the most.

It is important to note that petechiae can be primary - they are small dots of bluish-black, purple, then turn yellow-brown. Over time, petechiae fade. Secondary petechiae do not go away on their own, so they need to be operated on.

Sometimes in children, petechiae may accompany some infectious diseases. In this case, there are unpleasant symptoms:

• Dyspnea.
• Strong fever.
• Tachycardia.

Because of pathogenic microorganisms begin to actively produce toxic substances, the vascular walls are affected. In the event of a hemorrhagic rash, subcutaneous hemorrhages, one can suspect. In severe cases, the rash begins to actively spread throughout the body, the patient may lose consciousness, he is disturbed by convulsions, he is very delusional.

Types of petechiae in various diseases

Meningitis

A hemorrhagic, stellate, pale rash appears. The symptom occurs on the first day. Most of all sprinkles the shins, thighs, feet, buttocks, lower abdomen. If the disease worsens, the rash forms ecchymosis, in the future everything can end.

Gonorrhea

Eruptions appear over large joints. They can also affect the pharynx, anorectal region, and the genitourinary apparatus.

staph infection

Purulent petechiae are formed. In this case, the permeability of the walls of blood vessels, which are affected by microbial toxins, may increase. Dotted petechiae appear on the skin, in the sclera of the eyes and the oral mucosa.

Vasculitis and autoimmune diseases

Exanthema is observed on the hands, while such unpleasant symptoms are disturbing: fever, malaise, myalgia. After a few days, petechiae disappear, peeling and pigmentation remain in their place. Quite often, such a rash affects the hands and feet. As a rule, there are severe pains in the abdomen, accompanied by vomiting, diarrhea, fever.

Schamberg's disease

Hemosiderosis of the skin develops due to autoimmune inflammation of the capillaries of the skin. First, small red dots appear, then they turn brown, brown, and after a while they generally brighten.

Enteroviral infection

The patient for a long time is worried about pain in the muscles, the soft membranes of the brain become inflamed, the work of the intestines and stomach is disrupted. After the rash appears, the patient becomes much easier, the temperature returns to normal.

Diagnosis and treatment

First of all, the doctor prescribes a general blood test, a coagulogram, a bone marrow biopsy. Petechiae appear spontaneously, have no clinical symptoms. In the event that petechiae are provoked by trauma, it is necessary to use a cold compress. With its help, you can remove the inflammatory process: ice is taken, wrapped in a towel, applied to the affected skin. In case of infection, antibiotics can be prescribed to the patient, detoxification, antiviral, immunostimulating, sensitizing therapy is also carried out.

When petechiae are provoked by an allergy, it is necessary first of all to get rid of the allergen, then desensitization is carried out. In case of severe itching, antihistamines are prescribed - Zirtek, Suprastin, Zodak.

Of no small importance is general strengthening treatment, including the intake of vitamins P, C, K. In severe cases, blood transfusion, the introduction of globulin are necessary. Take care of your health!