New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics (list and names). List of the best new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in tablets, suspensions, ampoules, suppositories for the treatment of ENT and genitourinary infections, inflammation

Antibiotics occupy a special place among medicines, because. their action is aimed at combating diseases of an infectious nature. If these drugs are of the latest generation, they help to cope with most of the existing pathogenic microbes.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics of a new generation can significantly alleviate the course of infectious diseases and speed up recovery. Their use made it possible to significantly reduce the number of deaths due to pneumonia, to quickly cope with the symptoms and consequences of bronchitis, urological diseases and many other ailments.

How do the latest antibiotics work?

Antibacterial spectrum drugs of the new generation act selectively in the body, i.e. affect the cells of pathogenic microbes, while not affecting human cells.

The classification of drugs depends on how the effect of the drug on the vital activity of bacteria occurs. Some drugs are able to suppress the synthesis of a bacterial cell externally (drugs of the penicillin series, cephalosporins), others inhibit protein synthesis in bacterial cells (tetracyclines, macrolides). The antibacterial activity of a particular drug must be indicated in the instructions for the drug.

Antibiotics can have a wide range of effects and have a narrow focus, i.e. target a specific group of bacteria. This happens because bacteria and viruses differ in function and structure, so what kills bacteria may not affect viruses.

Important! The older the generation of antibacterial agents, the more minimal the set of side effects and the greatest efficiency.

When broad-spectrum antibiotics are used:

• If the causative agents of the disease are resistant when using the drug with a narrow focus;
• If an infection is detected that is caused by several varieties of bacteria at once;
• If prophylaxis against infections is needed after surgery has been performed;
• If treatment is carried out on the basis of symptoms, when a specific pathogen is not detected (with rapidly developing dangerous pathologies).

The latest generation of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are considered universal medicines in the fight against inflammation of the lymph nodes, with colds, in gynecology, etc. Drugs allow you to cope with microbes, no matter what pathogen causes the disease. After all, each newly released drug has a more perfect effect on pathogenic microorganisms, while causing minimal damage to the human body.

Methods of application and forms of antibiotics

Antibiotic treatment can be carried out in several ways:

1. Orally (by mouth). To do this, use drugs in capsules, tablets, suspensions, syrups. This is the most common method of application, which has its drawbacks, because. some types of antibiotics can be destroyed in the stomach or poorly absorbed into its walls, thereby exerting a negative irritating effect on the gastrointestinal tract.
2. Parenterally. This is the most effective method of treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics by intramuscular or intravenous route, as well as by injection into the spinal cord.
3. Rectally or by injecting the drug directly into the rectum (enema).

Injections and injections are usually used in severe forms of diseases, because. act faster on the focus of infection, starting their work immediately after the injection.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics in injections:

• Cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Cefpirome, Cefoperazone, Ceftazidime);
• Minopenicillins (Sulbactam);
• Aminoglycoside antibiotics (Netilmicin, Amikacin);
• Carbapenems (Meropenem, Ertapenem, Impinem-cilastatin).

The choice of drug depends on the characteristics of the causative agent of the infection, the complexity of the case.

Strong broad-spectrum antibiotics in tablets:

• Fluoroquinolones (Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin);
• Natural macrolides (Levofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Midecamycin);
• Synthetic macrolides (Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin);
• Nitrofurans (Ersefuril, Nitrofurantoin).

Different groups of antibiotics have different localization in certain systems and human organs. According to this principle, physicians select a certain drug for the treatment of a particular disease, which will have the strongest effect on pathogenic microorganisms in a certain part of the human body.

All broad-spectrum antibiotics have a high effect on infectious agents, so they successfully fight many diseases. The doctor selects a course and a combination of drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment. This takes into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the stage of the disease, progress or regression in its course. On average, the course is from 7 to 10 days, taking into account the above factors.

List of broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs

The pharmaceutical industry is constantly developing and releasing new antibacterial drugs, so there is a very significant number of the latest generation of antibiotics with a wide range of effects. Consider the most popular and common drugs.

1. Penicillins:

• Amoxiclav is a combination of a bat-lactamase inhibitor (clauronic acid). It is prescribed for infections of the genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory systems and infections of the biliary tract.
• Aomoxicillin, Augmentin, Medoklav. Can be used to treat most infectious diseases. Not used for intolerance to cephalosporins and penicillins, for severe liver pathologies, infectious mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia.

1. Cephalosporins:

• Cefaclor (Alfacet, Ceclor), Ceftazidime. They are used for infections of the respiratory, genitourinary tract, skin infections, and otitis media.
• Cefamandol, Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefotaxime. A drug in the form of injections and injections for the treatment of infections of the gastric, genitourinary, respiratory tract, with, endocarditis, sepsis, for prophylaxis in the postoperative period.
• Cefuroxime (Zinnat). Effectively affects pathogenic microorganisms that are insensitive to penicillins. It is prescribed for infections of the genitourinary, respiratory, musculoskeletal systems, for the treatment of ENT organs, for meningitis, borreliosis, sepsis, after undergoing severe abdominal operations.
• Cefoperazone. Only for intravenous use in the treatment of infectious forms of the genitourinary, respiratory organs, with sepsis, meningitis.
• Latamoxef (Moxalactam). It has a pronounced activity against gram-negative microorganisms, but the cost is very expensive.
• Cefpodoxime (Orelox, Septofek). Active against most infections of the ENT organs, with erysipelas,.

1. Macrolides:

• Rulid, Rovamycin. They are used to treat infections in the genitourinary, bone, respiratory systems, in inflammatory processes of the ENT organs and the oral cavity, brucellosis, scarlet fever.
• Spiramycin. Affects even weakly sensitive to the drug microorganisms.
• Clarithromycin. Effective in the treatment of infections of the respiratory, musculoskeletal, dental and jaw systems.
• Roxithromycin (Exparoxy, Rulid). It is used in dentistry, for the treatment of childhood infections (whooping cough, scarlet fever, diphtheria), and infections of the respiratory and genitourinary systems.
• Sumamed. It has a wide range of bactericidal action. It is more often used in the treatment of infections of the ENT organs, the respiratory system, and the skin.

1. Other antibiotics:

• Unidox Solutab (Doxycycline). It is prescribed for the treatment of infections in the respiratory, genitourinary system, skin diseases, gastrointestinal tract, with typhus.
• Lincomycin. It is mainly prescribed for lesions of bone tissues, for infectious processes of the skin, soft tissues, and respiratory organs.
• Fusidin. It has forms for oral and external use (creams, antibiotic ointment, gels). It is used in combination therapy with resistance of microorganisms to penicillin. Used for osteomyelitis, skin infections, sepsis.
• Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin. It is used in the treatment of infections of almost all organs that are caused by gram-negative, gram-positive and opportunistic microorganisms, including cholera, peritonitis, dysentery, osteomyelitis, etc.

All antibiotics have a number of side effects, so they should be used with caution, especially in children and the elderly. In no case should you prescribe antibacterial drugs on your own, their use must be agreed with the doctor after certain studies.

Antibiotics for children and pregnant women

For children, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is significantly narrowed. Children are allowed to use drugs of the following groups:

• Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin);
• Aminopenicillins (Amoxicillin, Clavulanate);
• Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefepime).

Important! Children should not use antibiotics of a series of carbapenems and fluoroquinolones, because. this can negatively affect the development and functioning of the liver, kidneys and bones.

Pregnant women are allowed to use only a few drugs of the latest generation, and only in cases where the expected effect of their use prevails over side effects:

• Cephalosporins (cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefazolin);
• Protected aminopenicillins (Amoxiclav, Amoklav).

Macrolides (Clarithromycin, Azithromycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin) are approved for use only in the third trimester of pregnancy. In the absence of allergic reactions to the components, penicillin preparations can be used, but under medical supervision.

Antibiotics with a wide scope of action, belonging to the latest generation, are indeed a real find in the treatment of a mass of diseases of an infectious nature. But this does not mean that you can choose the best broad-spectrum antibiotic on your own, and use it uncontrollably without consulting a healthcare professional. The uncontrolled use of antibacterial drugs, on the contrary, can harm the body and cause negative consequences that are dangerous to health.

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. They are used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Broad spectrum antibiotics - list:

1. Penicillins.
2. Tetracyclines.
3. Erythromycin.
4. Quinolones.
5. Metronidazole.
6. Vancomycin.
7. Imipenem.
8. Aminoglycoside.
9. Levomycetin (chloramphenicol).
10. Neomycin.
11. Monomycin.
12. Rifamcin.
13. Cephalosporins.
14. Kanamycin.
15. Streptomycin.
16. Ampicillin.
17. Azithromycin.

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is in a large list of microorganisms sensitive to the active substance. But there is a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to the suppression of immunity and disruption of the normal intestinal microflora.

1. Cefaclor.
2. Cefamandol.
3. Unidox Solutab.
4. Cefuroxime.
5. Rulid.
6. Amoxiclav.
7. Cephroxitin.
8. Lincomycin.
9. Cefoperazone.
10. Ceftazidime.
11. Cefotaxime.
12. Latamoxef.
13. Cefixime.
14. Cefpodoxime.
15. Spiramycin.
16. Rovamycin.
17. Clarithromycin.
18. Roxithromycin.
19. Klacid.
20. Sumamed.
21. Fusidin.
22. Avelox.
23. Moxifloxacin.
24. Ciprofloxacin.

Antibiotics of the new generation are notable for a deeper degree of purification of the active substance. Due to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm to the body as a whole.

The list of antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is due to the fact that the analysis of sputum discharge takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified, a remedy with the maximum number of bacteria sensitive to it is needed.

In addition, recent studies show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is not justified. The fact is that the appointment of such drugs is effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. In the case when the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

1. Ampicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Azithromycin.
4. Cefuroxime.
5. Ceflocor.
6. Rovamycin.
7. Cefodox.
8. Lendatsin.
9. Ceftriaxone.
10. Macrofoam.

List of antibiotics for angina:

1. Penicillin.
2. Amoxicillin.
3. Amoxiclav.
4. Augmentin.
5. Ampiox.
6. Phenoxymethylpenicillin.
7. Oxacillin.
8. Cephradine.
9. Cephalexin.
10. Erythromycin.
11. Spiramycin.
12. Clarithromycin.
13. Azithromycin.
14. Roxithromycin.
15. Josamycin.
16. Tetracycline.
17. Doxycycline.
18. Lidaprim.
19. Biseptol.
20. Bioparox.
21. Ingalipt.
22. Grammidin.

These antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often beta-hemolytic streptococci. As for the disease, the causative agents of which are fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

1. Nystatin.
2. Levorin.
3. Ketoconazole.

Antibiotics for the common cold are not included in the list of necessary drugs, given the rather high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Recommended treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restorative agents. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:

1. Zitrolide.
2. Macrofoam.
3. Ampicillin.
4. Amoxicillin.
5. Flemoxin Solutab.
6. Augmentin.
7. Hyconcil.
8. Amoxil.
9. Gramox.
10. Cephalexin.
11. Digital.
12. Sporidex.
13. Rovamycin.
14. Ampiox.
15. Cefotaxime.
16. Vercef.
17. Cefazolin.
18. Ceftriaxone.
19. Duracef.

Today even children of primary school age know what antibiotics are. However, the term "broad-spectrum antibiotics" sometimes confuses even adults and raises many questions. How wide is the spectrum? What are these antibiotics? And, yes, it looks like there are narrow-spectrum drugs that may not help?

The most amazing thing is that even the omniscient Internet often cannot help and dispel the fog of doubt. In this article, we will try to slowly and methodically figure out what kind of broad-spectrum antibiotics they are, what bacteria they act on, and also when, how and how many times a day they are used.

Diverse world of bacteria

And we will start from the very beginning - with microbes. Bacteria make up the majority of prokaryotes - unicellular living organisms without a clearly defined nucleus. It was bacteria that first populated the lonely Earth millions of years ago. They live everywhere: in soil, water, acidic hot springs and radioactive waste. Descriptions of about 10 thousand species of bacteria are known, but it is assumed that their number reaches a million.

And of course, bacteria live in organisms of plants, animals and humans. Relations between lower unicellular and higher multicellular are different - both friendly, mutually beneficial for partners, and openly hostile.

A person cannot exist without “good”, correct bacteria that form the microflora. However, along with valuable bifido- and lactobacilli, microbes that cause a variety of diseases enter our bodies.

The composition of the microflora also includes the so-called conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Under favorable conditions, they do no harm, but it is worth lowering our immunity, and these yesterday's friends turn into vicious enemies. In order to somehow understand the host of bacteria, doctors proposed to classify them.

Gram- and Gram+: decoding the puzzle

The most famous division of microbes is very often mentioned in pharmacies, clinics, and annotations to medicines. And just as often, a living average patient does not understand what, in fact, they are talking about. Let's figure it out together, what do these mysterious expressions gram + and gram- mean, without which not a single description of the action of antibiotics can do?

As early as 1885, Dane Hans Gram decided to stain sections of lung tissue to make bacteria more visible. The scientist found that the typhoid pathogen Salmonella typhi did not change color, while the rest of the microorganisms were exposed to the chemical.

Based on the ability of bacteria to stain according to Gram, the most famous classification is now adopted. The group of bacteria that do not change color is called gram-negative. The second category is called gram-positive, that is, Gram-staining microorganisms.

Gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens: who is who?

Another equally important classification of antibiotics breaks down drugs according to their spectrum of action and structure. And again, to understand the complex paragraphs of instructions explaining the spectrum of activity and belonging to a particular group, you should get to know the microbes better.

Gram-positive bacteria include cocci, that is, microorganisms in the form of a ball, among which there are numerous families of staphylococci and streptococci. In addition, this group includes clostridia, corynebacteria, listeria, enterococci. Gram-positive pathogens most often cause infectious diseases of the nasopharynx, respiratory tract, ear, and inflammatory processes of the eye.

Gram-negative bacteria are a less numerous group of microorganisms that mainly cause intestinal infections, as well as diseases of the genitourinary tract. Much less often, gram-negative pathogens are responsible for respiratory pathologies. These include E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella (the causative agent of diphtheria), Pseudomonas, Moraxella, Legionella, Klebsiella, Proteus.

Among gram-negative microorganisms there are also causative agents of severe nosocomial infections. These microbes are difficult to treat - in a hospital environment, they develop a special resistance to most antibiotics. Therefore, special, often intramuscular or intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics are also used to treat such infectious diseases.

On the basis of such a “separation” of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, empirical therapy is based, which involves the selection of an antibiotic without prior seeding, that is, practically “by eye”. As practice shows, in the case of "standard" diseases, this approach to the choice of the drug justifies itself. If the doctor has doubts about the belonging of the pathogen to one or another group, the prescription of broad-spectrum antibiotics will help to “get a finger in the sky”.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: the whole army under the gun

So, we come to the most interesting. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a versatile antibacterial medicine. Whatever the pathogen is the source of the disease, broad-spectrum antibacterial agents will have a bactericidal effect and overcome the microbe.

As a rule, broad-spectrum drugs are used when:

• treatment is prescribed empirically, that is, on the basis of clinical symptoms. With the empirical selection of an antibiotic, time and money are not wasted on identifying the pathogen. The microbe that caused the disease will forever remain unknown. This approach is appropriate in the case of common infections, as well as fast-moving dangerous diseases. For example, with meningitis, death can be a foregone conclusion literally within a few hours if antibiotic therapy is not started immediately after the first signs of the disease;
• causative agents of the disease are resistant to the action of narrow-spectrum antibiotics;
• diagnosed with superinfection, in which the culprits of the disease are several types of bacteria at once;
• prevention of infection after surgical interventions.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Let's try to name those antibacterial drugs that have a wide spectrum of activity:

• antibiotics of the penicillin group: Ampicillin, Ticarcycline;
• antibiotics of the tetracycline group: Tetracycline;
• fluoroquinolones: Levofloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin;
• Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin;
• Amphenicols: Chloramphenicol (Levomycetin);
• Carbapenems: Imipenem, Meropenem, Ertapenem.

As you can see, the list of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not very large. And we will start a detailed description of drugs with the most, probably, the most popular group - penicillin antibiotics.

Penicillins - drugs that are known and loved

With the discovery of the antibiotic of this particular group - Benzylpenicillin - doctors realized that microbes can be defeated. Despite its venerable age, benzylpenicillin is still used, and in some cases is a first-line drug. However, broad-spectrum agents include other, newer penicillin antibiotics, which can be divided into two groups:

• preparations for parenteral (injection) and enteral administration, which endure the acidic environment of the stomach;
• injectable antibiotics that do not withstand the action of hydrochloric acid - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin.

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin are popular broad spectrum penicillins

Ampicillin and Amoxicillin occupy a special place of honor among penicillin antibiotics. The spectrum and effect on the human body of these two antibiotics are almost the same. Among the microorganisms sensitive to Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, the most famous infectious agents are:

• gram-positive bacteria: staphylococci and streptococci, enterococci, listeria;
• gram-negative bacteria: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Escherichia coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Haemophilus influenzae, whooping cough pathogen Bordetella pertussis.

With an identical spectrum, Ampicillin and Amoxicillin significantly differ in pharmacokinetic properties.

Ampicillin

Ampicillin was synthesized in the early 60s of the last century. The drug immediately won the hearts of doctors: its spectrum of action compares favorably with the antibiotics of the 50s, to which persistence, that is, addiction, has already developed.

However, Ampicillin has significant drawbacks - low bioavailability and a short half-life. The antibiotic is absorbed only by 35-50%, and the half-life is several hours. In this regard, the course of treatment with Ampicillin is quite intensive: tablets should be taken at a dose of 250–500 mg four times a day.

A feature of Ampicillin, which is considered an advantage over Amoxicillin, is the possibility of parenteral administration of the drug. The antibiotic is produced in the form of a lyophilized powder, from which a solution is prepared before administration. Ampicillin is prescribed 250-1000 mg every 4-6 hours intramuscularly or intravenously.

Amoxicillin is slightly younger than its predecessor - it went on sale in the 70s of the XX century. Nevertheless, this antibiotic is still one of the most popular and effective means of a wide range, including for children. And this became possible thanks to the undoubted advantages of the drug.

These include the high bioavailability of Amoxicillin tablets, which reaches 75-90%, against the background of a fairly long half-life. At the same time, the degree of absorption does not depend on food intake. The drug has a high degree of affinity for the tissues of the respiratory tract: the concentration of Amoxicillin in the lungs and bronchi is almost twice as high as in other tissues and blood. Not surprisingly, Amoxicillin is considered the drug of choice for uncomplicated forms of bacterial bronchitis and pneumonia.

In addition, the drug is indicated for sore throat, infections of the urinary and genital tract, infectious diseases of the skin. Amoxicillin is a component of eradication therapy for gastric and duodenal ulcers.

The drug is taken orally at a dosage of 250-1000 mg twice a day for 5-10 days.

Broad spectrum parenteral penicillins

Penicillins, which are used for parenteral administration, differ from Ampicillin and Amoxicillin known to us in their additional activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This microorganism causes soft tissue infections - abscesses, purulent wounds. Pseudomonas also act as causative agents of cystitis - inflammation of the bladder, as well as inflammation of the intestine - enteritis.

In addition, broad-spectrum parenteral penicillin antibiotics have a bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect on:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci (with the exception of strains that form penicillinase), as well as enterobacteria;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Proteus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae and others.

Broad-spectrum parenteral penicillins include Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin, Carfecillin, Piperacillin and others.

Consider the most famous antibiotics - Carbenicillin, Ticarcillin and Piperacillin.

Carbenicillin

In medicine, the disodium salt of carbenicillin is used, which is a white powder that dissolves before use.

Carbenicillin is indicated for infections of the abdominal cavity, including peritonitis, genitourinary system, respiratory tract, as well as meningitis, sepsis, infections of bone tissue, skin.

The drug is administered intramuscularly, and in severe cases intravenously.

Ticarcillin

Unprotected Ticarcillin is prescribed for severe infections caused by strains of bacteria that do not produce penicillinase: sepsis, septicemia, peritonitis, postoperative infections. The antibiotic is also used for gynecological infections, including endometritis, as well as infections of the respiratory tract, ENT organs, and skin. In addition, Ticarcillin is used for infectious diseases in patients with a reduced immune response.

Piperacillin

Piperacillin is mainly used in conjunction with the beta-lactamase inhibitor tazobactam. However, if it is established that the causative agent of the disease does not produce penicillinase, it is possible to prescribe an unprotected antibiotic.

Indications for the use of Piperacillin are severe pyoinflammatory infections of the genitourinary system, abdominal cavity, respiratory and ENT organs, skin, bones and joints, as well as sepsis, meningitis, postoperative infections and other diseases.

Protected broad-spectrum penicillins: antibiotics to fight resistance!

Amoxicillin and Ampicillin are far from omnipotent. Both drugs are destroyed by the action of beta-lactamases, which are produced by some strains of bacteria. Such "malicious" pathogens include many types of staphylococcus, including aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and other bacteria.

If the infection is caused by beta-lactamase-producing pathogens, Amoxicillin, Ampicillin and some other antibiotics are simply destroyed without causing any harm to the bacteria. Scientists have found a way out of the situation by creating complexes of penicillin antibiotics with substances that inhibit beta-lactamase. In addition to the most famous clavulanic acid, inhibitors of destructive enzymes include sulbactam and tazobactam.

Protected antibiotics are able to effectively fight an infection that is not subject to fragile and lonely penicillin. Therefore, combined drugs are often the drugs of choice for a variety of diseases caused by bacterial infection, including hospital ones. Leading places in this list of broad-spectrum antibiotics are occupied by two or three drugs, and some injectable drugs used in hospitals remain behind the scenes. Paying tribute to the spectrum of each combined penicillin, we will open the veil of secrecy and list these, of course, the most worthy drugs.

Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid. The most famous combined broad-spectrum antibiotic, which has dozens of generics: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Flemoclav. There are both oral and injectable forms of this antibiotic.

Amoxicillin and sulbactam. Trade name - Trifamox, is available in the form of tablets. The parenteral form of Trifamox is also available.

ampicillin and sulbactam. The trade name is Ampisid, it is used for injections, more often in hospitals.

Ticarcillin + clavulanic acid. Trade name Timentin, available only in parenteral form. Indicated for the treatment of severe infections caused by resistant, hospital-acquired strains.

Piperacillin + tazobactam. Trade names Piperacillin-tazobactam-Teva, Tazatsin, Santaz, Tazrobida, Tacillin J, etc. The antibiotic is used by infusion drip, that is, in the form of intravenous infusions for moderate and severe polyinfections.

Broad-spectrum tetracyclines: time-tested

Tetracycline antibiotics are among the well-known broad-spectrum drugs. This group of drugs is united by a common structure, which is based on a four-cyclic system ("tetra" in Greek - four).

Tetracycline antibiotics do not have a beta-lactam ring in their structure, and, therefore, are not subject to the destructive action of beta-lactamase. The tetracycline group has a common spectrum of action that includes:

• gram-positive microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia, listeria, actinomycetes;
• gram-negative microorganisms: the causative agent of gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella, E. coli, Shigella (the causative agent of dysentery), Salmonella, the causative agent of whooping cough Bordetella pertussis, as well as bacteria of the genus Treponema, including the causative agent of syphilis - pale spirochete.

A distinctive feature of tetracyclines is their ability to penetrate into the bacterial cell. Therefore, these funds do an excellent job with intracellular pathogens - chlamydia, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus do not respond to the bactericidal action of tetracyclines.

The two most commonly used tetracyclines today are tetracycline and doxycycline.

Tetracycline

One of the founders of the tetracycline group, discovered back in 1952, is still used, despite its advanced age and side effects. However, the prescription of tetracycline tablets can be criticized, given the existence of more modern and effective broad-spectrum antibiotics.

The negative aspects of oral tetracycline undoubtedly include a rather limited therapeutic activity, as well as the ability to change the composition of the intestinal flora. In this regard, when prescribing tetracycline tablets, an increased risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhea should be taken into account.

Much more effective and safe is the appointment of external and local forms of tetracycline. Thus, tetracycline eye ointment is included in the Russian list of essential drugs and is an excellent example of a broad-spectrum local antibacterial drug.

Doxycycline

Doxycycline is distinguished by therapeutic activity (almost 10 times higher than Tetracycline) and impressive bioavailability. In addition, Doxycycline has a much lesser effect on the intestinal microflora than other drugs of the tetracycline group.

Fluoroquinolones are essential broad spectrum antibiotics.

Probably, no doctor can imagine his medical practice without fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The first synthesized representatives of this group were distinguished by a narrow spectrum of action. With the development of pharmaceuticals, new generations of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents have been discovered and the spectrum of their activity has expanded.

So, antibiotics of the first generation - Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin - work mainly against gram-negative flora.

Modern fluoroquinolones II, III and IV generations, unlike their predecessors, are antibiotics of the broadest, so to speak, spectrum of action. These include Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin, and other medicines active against:

Note that without exception, all fluoroquinolones are contraindicated for use in children under 18 years of age. This is due to the ability of antibiotics of this group to disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a substance that is part of the tendon structure. Therefore, the use of fluoroquinolones in children is associated with the risk of changes in cartilage tissue.

Fluoroquinolone II generation, Levofloxacin is prescribed for infections of the respiratory tract - pneumonia, bronchitis, ENT organs - sinusitis, otitis media, as well as diseases of the urinary tract, genital tract, including urogenital chlamydia, infections of the skin (furunculosis) and soft tissues (atheromas, abscesses).

Levofloxacin is prescribed 500 mg per day at one time for seven, less often for 10 days. In severe cases, the antibiotic is administered intravenously.

Many drugs containing lomefloxacin are registered on the Russian pharmaceutical market. The original tool - the brand - is the German Tavanik. Its generics include Levofloxacin Teva, Levolet, Glevo, Flexil, Ecolevid, Hailefloks and other drugs.

Moxifloxacin

Moxifloxacin is a highly active broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic of the third generation, indicated for infections of the upper respiratory tract, respiratory tract, skin, soft tissues, and postoperative infections. The drug is prescribed in tablets of 400 mg once a day. The course of treatment ranges from 7 to 10 days.

The original drug of moxifloxacin, which is most often used, is Avelox manufactured by Bayer. There are very few generics of Avelox, and it is quite difficult to find them in pharmacies. Moxifloxacin is part of Vigamox eye drops, indicated for infectious inflammatory processes of the conjunctiva of the eye and other diseases.

Gatifloxacin

The drug of the last, IV generation of fluoroquinolones is prescribed for severe, including nosocomial diseases of the respiratory tract, ophthalmic pathologies, infections of the ENT organs, the urogenital tract. The antibacterial effect of Gatifloxacin also extends to the causative agents of the infection, which is sexually transmitted.

Gatifloxacin is prescribed at 200 or 400 mg per day once.

Most drugs containing gatifloxacin are produced by Indian companies. More often than others in pharmacies you can find Tebris, Gafloks, Gatispan.

Aminoglycosides: essential antibiotics

Aminoglycosides combine a group of antibacterial drugs that have similar properties in structure and, of course, the spectrum of action. Aminoglycosides inhibit protein synthesis in microbes, providing a pronounced bactericidal effect against sensitive microorganisms.

The first aminoglycoside is a natural antibiotic isolated during World War II. Surprisingly, modern phthisiology still cannot do without the same Streptomycin, which was discovered back in 1943 - an antibiotic is still being used with might and main in phthisiology for the treatment of tuberculosis.

All four generations of aminoglycosides, which have been gradually isolated and synthesized over more than half a century, have an equally wide spectrum of antibacterial action. Antibiotics of this group act on:

• gram-positive cocci: streptococci and staphylococci;
• Gram-negative microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella, Moraxella, Pseudomonas and others.

Aminoglycosides of different generations have some individual features, which we will try to trace on the examples of specific drugs.

The oldest broad-acting aminoglycoside of the 1st generation in injections, which is favorably distinguished by high antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indications for the use of Streptomycin are primary tuberculosis of any localization, plague, brucellosis and tularemia. The antibiotic is administered intramuscularly, intratracheally, and also intracavernously.

A very controversial antibiotic of the second generation, which is gradually being forgotten, is Gentamicin. Like other aminoglycosides of II and older generations, Gentamicin is active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibiotic exists in three forms: injectable, external in the form of ointments and local (eye drops).

Interestingly, unlike the vast majority of antibiotics, Gentamicin perfectly retains its properties in dissolved form. Therefore, the injection form of the drug is a ready-made solution in ampoules.

Gentamicin is used for infectious and inflammatory diseases of the biliary tract - cholecystitis, cholangitis, urinary tract - cystitis, pyelonephritis, as well as infections of the skin and soft tissues. In ophthalmic practice, eye drops with Gentamicin are prescribed for blepharitis, conjunctivitis, keratitis and other infectious eye lesions.

The reason for the wary attitude towards Gentamicin is the data on the side effects of the antibiotic, in particular, ototoxicity. In recent years, there has been ample evidence of hearing loss due to Gentamicin therapy. There are even cases of complete deafness that developed against the background of the introduction of an antibiotic. The danger is that, as a rule, the ototoxic effect of Gentamicin is irreversible, that is, hearing is not restored after the antibiotic is discontinued.

Based on such a sad trend, most doctors prefer to opt for other, safer aminoglycosides.

Amikacin

An excellent alternative to Gentamicin is the III generation broad-spectrum antibiotic Amikacin, which is available as a powder for the preparation of an injection solution. Indications for the appointment of Amikacin are peritonitis, meningitis, endocarditis, sepsis, pneumonia and other severe infectious diseases.

Amphenicols: let's talk about the good old Levomycetin

The main representative of the amphenicol group is the broad-spectrum natural antibiotic chloramphenicol, which is known to almost every our compatriot under the name Levomycetin. The drug is a structural levorotatory isomer of chloramphenicol (hence the prefix "left").

The spectrum of action of Levomycetin covers:

• gram-positive cocci: staphylococci and streptococci;
• Gram-negative bacteria: pathogens of gonorrhea, Escherichia and Haemophilus influenzae, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Proteus, Rickettsia.

In addition, Levomycetin is active against spirochetes and even some large viruses.

Indications for the appointment of Levomycetin are typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, dysentery, brucellosis, whooping cough, typhus, and various intestinal infections.

External forms of Levomycetin (ointment) are prescribed for purulent skin diseases, trophic ulcers. So, in Russia, an ointment containing Levomycetin, which is produced under the name Levomekol, is very popular.

In addition, Levomycetin is used in ophthalmology for inflammatory eye diseases.

The course of treatment with Levomycetin or How to harm your body?

Levomycetin is an affordable, effective, and therefore a broad-spectrum intestinal antibiotic beloved by many. So beloved that you can often find a patient in a pharmacy buying those same diarrhea pills and praising their effectiveness. Still: I drank two or three pills - and the problems were no matter how it happened. It is in this approach to treatment with Levomycetin that the danger lurks.

We must not forget that Levomycetin is an antibiotic that must be taken in a course. We know that, for example, the antibiotic Amoxicillin should not be drunk for less than five days, but, drinking two tablets of Levomycetin, we manage to completely forget about the antibacterial origin of the drug. But what happens in this case with bacteria?

It's simple: the weakest enterobacteria, of course, die after two or three doses of Levomycetin. The diarrhea stops, and we, giving glory to the power of bitter pills, forget about the troubles. Meanwhile, strong and resistant microorganisms survive and continue their vital activity. Often as conditional pathogens, which, at the slightest decrease in immunity, are activated and show us where the crayfish hibernate. That's when Levomycetin may no longer be able to cope with selected microbes.

To prevent this from happening, you should adhere to the recommended course of antibiotic therapy. For the treatment of acute intestinal infections, the drug is taken at a dosage of 500 mg three to four times a day for at least a week. If you are not ready to follow a sufficiently intensive course, it is better to give preference to other antimicrobials, for example, nitrofuran derivatives.

Carbapenems: reserve antibiotics

As a rule, we encounter carbapenems extremely rarely or not at all. And this is wonderful - after all, these antibiotics are indicated for the treatment of severe hospital infections that threaten life. The spectrum of action of carabapenems includes most of the existing pathological strains, including resistant ones.

Antibiotics in this group include:

• Meropenem. The most common carbapenem, which is produced under the trade names Meronem, Meropenem, Cyronem, Dzhenem and others;
• Ertapenem, trade name Invanz;
• Imipenem.

Carbapenems are administered only intravenously, intravenously by infusion and bolus, that is, using a special dispenser.

Antibiotic therapy: the golden rule of safety

At the end of our excursion into the world of broad-spectrum antibiotics, we cannot ignore the most important aspect on which the safety of drugs and, ultimately, our health is based. Each patient - present or potential - should know and remember that the right to prescribe antibiotics belongs exclusively to the doctor.

No matter how much knowledge you have in the field of medicine, you should not give in to the temptation to “treat yourself”. Moreover, one should not rely on the hypothetical pharmaceutical abilities of neighbors, friends and colleagues.

Only a good doctor can assess the risks and benefits of using a broad-spectrum antibiotic, choose a drug that can cover the spectrum of exactly “your” microorganisms and prevent possible side effects. Trust the knowledge and experience of a great specialist, and this will help maintain health for many years.

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs whose action is aimed at combating infectious diseases. In recent years, the list of these funds has undergone some changes. Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation have gained great popularity. There are modern drugs that are aimed at eliminating the causative agent of a particular disease. Drugs of narrowly targeted action are more preferable, since they do not affect the normal microflora.

How new generation antibiotics work

Medical staff successfully use antibacterial agents due to the fact that the vital processes in the cells of the human body are different from those of a bacterial cell. These drugs of the new generation act selectively, affecting only the cell of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting the human ones. Classification occurs depending on the way in which they affect the vital activity of microorganisms.

Some drugs inhibit the synthesis of the outer cell membrane of bacteria, which is absent in the human body. These include cephalosporins, penicillin antibiotics, etc. Another group almost completely inhibits protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The latter include macrolides, tetracycline antibiotics. The list of broad-spectrum drugs is divided according to the principle of antibacterial activity. The instructions must indicate the area of ​​activity of the tablets.

Some drugs are broad-spectrum, effective against many bacteria, while others may be narrowly targeted, targeting a specific group of bacteria. Why is this happening? The fact is that viruses, bacteria are characterized by different structure and functioning, so what kills bacteria does not affect viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used when:

• causative agents of the disease show resistance to the influence of a narrowly targeted drug;
• revealed superinfection, the culprits of which are several types of bacteria;
• prevention of infections after surgical interventions;
• treatment is prescribed on the basis of clinical symptoms, that is, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for common infections, dangerous short-lived diseases.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Broad-spectrum drugs of the new generation are universal remedies that can fight otitis media, inflammation of the lymph nodes, colds, coughs, runny noses, etc. Whatever the pathogen causes the disease, the drugs will overcome the microbe. Each newly developed drug has a more perfect, improved effect against pathogenic microorganisms. It is believed that the new generation of antibiotics causes minimal damage to the human body.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

The list of existing broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation includes many drugs, both cheap and more expensive. The most commonly used of all groups of drugs are penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins. They are available in the form of injections, tablets, etc. The new generation drugs are characterized by improved pharmacological actions when compared with older drugs. So the list is:

• tetracycline group: "Tetracycline";
• penicillins: "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Ticarcycline", "Bilmitsin";
• fluoroquinolones: Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
• carbapenems: "Meropenem", "Imipenem", "Ertapenem";
• amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol";
• aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Learn more about the drug amoxicillin - dosage for adults and children, instructions for use and contraindications.

Names of narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

New generation narrowly targeted drugs are used when the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified. Each drug acts on a specific group of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, they do not contribute to the disruption of the normal intestinal microflora, do not depress the immune system. Due to a deeper degree of purification of the active substance, the drug has less toxicity.

Bronchitis

In bronchitis, in most cases, new-generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, but the choice of drug should be based on the results of a laboratory study of sputum. The best medicine is considered to be one that has a detrimental effect directly on the bacterium that caused the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study takes from 3 to 5 days, and it is necessary to treat bronchitis as early as possible so that there are no complications. The following antibiotics are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - are prescribed for individual intolerance to penicillin. Widely used "Clarithromycin", "Erythromycin".
• Penicillin has long been used in medicine, in connection with which some microorganisms have developed resistance to the active substance. Therefore, the drugs were enhanced with additives that block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective are "Amoxiclav", "Panklav", "Augmentin".
• Fluoroquinolones are used to treat chronic bronchitis during an exacerbation. Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin are characterized by great efficiency.
• Cephalosporins - are prescribed in case of obstructive forms of the disease. Modern antibiotics are considered "Cefuroxime", "Ceftriaxone".

Sinusitis

With sinusitis, new generation antibiotics such as cephalosporins and macrolides are used. These are the most effective medicines for sinusitis, which are used when there is no positive treatment dynamics behind penicillin. Modern antibiotics "Cefuroxin", "Cefoxitin", "Cefachlor", "Cefotaxime", "Cefexim" crush penicillin preparations in structure, but are able to inhibit development and completely destroy bacteria. Macrolides such as "Macropen", "Azithromycin" show high efficiency in severe cases. Learn how to choose an antibiotic for sinusitis.

Angina

Until recently, oral antibiotics of the penicillin series were used to treat angina, since they showed the best results. But recent pharmacological studies have shown that new-generation cephalosporins are more effective during the treatment of bacterial oropharyngeal infections. Their action is based on the inhibition of bacterial cell membrane synthesis, and they are more resistant to the enzymes of microorganisms aimed at destroying the active substance.

Effective indicators have the drug "Cefalexin", which is characterized by a high degree of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Macrolides are considered the safest antibiotics for the treatment of tonsillar pathologies. When they are used, there are no disorders of the digestive tract, as well as toxic reactions from the central nervous system. Macrolides include: Spiramycin, Leukomycin, Erythromycin, Aziromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Indian Azitral.

Cold and flu

For colds and flu, the following imported and domestic new-generation antibiotics show high efficiency:

• "Sumamed" - refers to a number of macrolides. In the treatment of complicated colds, it is considered an alternative second-line drug. It has a wide antibacterial spectrum, rarely causes intestinal and stomach disorders, and is effective for seven days from the last pill. Cannot be used for children.
• "Cefaclor" is a second-generation antibiotic that shows high activity against most respiratory infections.
• "Cefamandol" - the second generation of cephalosporins, an antibiotic in injections of a wide spectrum of action, is characterized by a powerful bactericidal effect, is available in ampoules, is administered as an intramuscular injection.
• "Rulid" is a macrolide antibiotic that has a narrow spectrum of antibacterial action, limited by pathogens of inflammatory processes in the upper respiratory tract and respiratory infections.
• "Clarithromycin" - a semi-synthetic macrolide in capsules, has antibacterial activity against most pathogenic microorganisms.
• "Avelox" - a strong tableted antibiotic of the latest generation of fluoroquinolones, has a rapid bactericidal effect.

Learn how to choose flu medicines for children and adults.

Cystitis

Previously, Furadonin, Biseptol, 5-Nok were traditionally used to treat cystitis. However, they were replaced by a new generation of antibiotics, stronger and more effective. Modern medicines can improve the condition on the first day and quickly recover from the disease:

• "Unidox Solutab" - effectively fights cystitis, has a prolonged action. It is taken once a day.
• "Monural" is a long-acting antibiotic that accumulates in the urine and quickly destroys bacteria. Due to the ability to maintain therapeutic concentration for a long time, it makes it possible to conduct a short course of treatment.
• "Norbactin" - is prescribed less frequently than the previous two, since it must be taken twice a day and drink a lot of liquid, which is not always comfortable for the patient.

Antifungal drugs in tablets

Before prescribing antifungal drugs, the pathogen should be identified, since each type has its own effective remedy and dosage. Modern drugs are divided by generation: if the first ones were effective against some fungi, then the following ones were created taking into account many types of fungal infection:

• Polyene antibiotics of the first generation - Levorin, Nystatin, Amphotericin B. Used for the treatment of dermatomycosis and thrush in gynecology.
• Antibacterial agents of the second generation - "Ketoconazole", "Clotrimazole", "Miconazole" for infections of the genitourinary system.
• Third generation - "Terbinafine", "Antraconazole", "Naftifin", "Fluconazole".
• Fourth generation broad-spectrum antibiotics - Posaconazole, Voriconazole, Ravuconazole, Caspofungin.

Eye antibiotics

In recent years, a number of effective topical antibiotics, such as eye drops, and systemic use have been introduced into the practice of ophthalmology. The latter include "Maksakvin", which is used to treat chlamydial conjunctivitis and bacterial keratitis. For local use, new eye ointments with a broad-spectrum antibiotic and drops "Tobrex", "Okatsin", "Vitabakt", "Eubetal", "Kolbiotsin" are used.

Pneumonia

In pneumonia, new generation antibiotics show a persistent bactericidal and bacteriostatic effect against streptococci, staphylococci, mycoplasmas, chlamydia, E. coli bacteria and other microorganisms:

• In the case of the predominance of gram-negative bacteria, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxone are prescribed.
• With the predominance of gram-positive cocci, Cefuroxime, Cefazolin, Cefoxin are prescribed.
• With an atypical course of the disease - "Azithromycin", "Ceftriaxone", "Midecamycin", "Ceftazidime".
• In the case of a predominance of a fungal infection, Fluconazole and third-generation cephalosporins are prescribed by prescription for adults.
• Anaerobic infection - "Lincomycin", "Metronidazole", "Clindamycin".
• Cytomegalovirus pneumonia - "Acyclovir", "Ganciclovir", "Cytotect".
• Pneumocystis pneumonia - macrolides and "Cotrimoxazole".

Learn more about choosing antibiotics for pneumonia.

The information presented in the article is for informational purposes only. The materials of the article do not call for self-treatment. Only a qualified doctor can make a diagnosis and give recommendations for treatment based on the individual characteristics of a particular patient.

Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs whose action is aimed at combating infectious diseases. In recent years, the list of these funds has undergone some changes. Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation have gained great popularity. There are modern drugs that are aimed at eliminating the causative agent of a particular disease. Drugs of narrowly targeted action are more preferable, since they do not affect the normal microflora.

How new generation antibiotics work

Medical staff successfully use antibacterial agents due to the fact that the vital processes in the cells of the human body are different from those of a bacterial cell. These drugs of the new generation act selectively, affecting only the cell of the pathogenic microorganism, without affecting the human ones. Classification occurs depending on the way in which they affect the vital activity of microorganisms.

Some drugs inhibit the synthesis of the outer cell membrane of bacteria, which is absent in the human body. These include cephalosporins, penicillin antibiotics, etc. Another group almost completely inhibits protein synthesis in bacterial cells. The latter include macrolides, tetracycline antibiotics. The list of broad-spectrum drugs is divided according to the principle of antibacterial activity. The instructions must indicate the area of ​​activity of the tablets.

Some drugs are broad-spectrum, effective against many bacteria, while others may be narrowly targeted, targeting a specific group of bacteria. Why is this happening? The fact is that viruses, bacteria are characterized by different structure and functioning, so what kills bacteria does not affect viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are used when:

• causative agents of the disease show resistance to the influence of a narrowly targeted drug;
• revealed superinfection, the culprits of which are several types of bacteria;
• prevention of infections after surgical interventions;
• treatment is prescribed on the basis of clinical symptoms, that is, empirically. In this case, the specific pathogen is not identified. This is appropriate for common infections, dangerous short-lived diseases.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

Broad-spectrum drugs of the new generation are universal remedies that can cause inflammation of the lymph nodes, a cold, an accompanying cough, runny nose, etc. Whatever the pathogen causes the disease, the remedies will overcome the microbe. Each newly developed drug has a more perfect, improved effect against pathogenic microorganisms. It is believed that the new generation of antibiotics causes minimal damage to the human body.

List of new generation broad spectrum antibiotics

The list of existing broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation includes many drugs, both cheap and more expensive. The most commonly used of all groups of drugs are penicillins, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins. They are available in the form of injections, tablets, etc. The new generation drugs are characterized by improved pharmacological actions when compared with older drugs. So the list is:

• tetracycline group: "Tetracycline";
• penicillins: "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Ticarcycline", "Bilmitsin";
• fluoroquinolones: Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
• carbapenems: "Meropenem", "Imipenem", "Ertapenem";
• amphenicols: "Chloramphenicol";
• aminoglycosides: "Streptomycin".

Learn more about the drug and children, instructions for use and contraindications.

Names of narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

New generation narrowly targeted drugs are used when the causative agent of the infection is accurately identified. Each drug acts on a specific group of pathogenic microorganisms. Unlike broad-spectrum antibiotics, they do not contribute to the violation, do not depress the immune system. Due to a deeper degree of purification of the active substance, the drug has less toxicity.

Bronchitis

In bronchitis, in most cases, new-generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed, but the choice of drug should be based on the results of a laboratory study of sputum. The best medicine is considered to be one that has a detrimental effect directly on the bacterium that caused the disease. This approach is explained by the fact that the study takes from 3 to 5 days, and it is necessary to treat bronchitis as early as possible so that there are no complications. The following antibiotics are often prescribed:

• Macrolides - are prescribed for individual intolerance to penicillin. Widely used "Clarithromycin", "Erythromycin".
• Penicillin has long been used in medicine, in connection with which some microorganisms have developed resistance to the active substance. Therefore, the drugs were enhanced with additives that block the action of enzymes produced by microorganisms in order to reduce the activity of penicillin. The most effective are "Amoxiclav", "Panklav", "Augmentin".
• Fluoroquinolones are used to treat chronic bronchitis during an exacerbation. Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin are characterized by great efficiency.
• Cephalosporins - are prescribed in case of obstructive forms of the disease. Modern antibiotics are considered "Cefuroxime", "Ceftriaxone".

Sinusitis

Angina