Rectal and axillary temperature: features and what is the difference. Measurement of basal body temperature (BT). Rules. Deciphering basal temperature graphs High rectal temperature causes

Indications

The structural features of the anal canal, namely the anal sphincter, which closes its lumen, contribute to the fact that the temperature of this cavity is stable.

The temperature indicators of the rectum are very close to those of the internal organs. These factors affect the fact that the measurement of temperature in the rectum gives the most reliable indicators.

In addition, in a number of situations, other methods of temperature measurement turn out to be ineffective and ineffective. The cases when rectal measurement of body temperature is recommended include:

• the presence of thermoneuroses in humans;
• measuring indicators in a child;
• excessive thinness and exhaustion of the patient (insufficient amount of soft tissues in the armpit);
• general hypothermia of the body (when the skin temperature is much lower than the temperature of the internal organs);
• inflammatory processes of the skin of the armpit and oral cavity;
• lack of consciousness of the patient.

All of the above factors make it impossible to measure the temperature in another way. Body tremors, hyperactivity of children can interfere with fixing the thermometer.

For example, in situations such as when a person is unconscious, taking measurements in the oral cavity can even pose a threat to the patient's life. Therefore, in such cases, the rectal method of measurement is the most optimal.

However, there are certain contraindications to temperature measurement by this method. Among them are intestinal disorders, stool retention, various inflammatory processes in the rectum, the presence of hemorrhoids, anal fissures (especially during exacerbation of diseases), etc.

Taking measurements

A mercury medical thermometer can be used to measure rectal body temperature. The patient should be in the supine position. The thighs are pressed tightly against the abdominal wall. The thermometer is cleaned with a disinfectant solution and running water before use.

After which it is wiped dry. Shaking the mercury column leads to a mark below 35 ° C. For a more comfortable introduction, the end of the thermometer is lubricated with vaseline or vegetable oil. After insertion, it is necessary to tighten the gluteal muscles and squeeze it. The temperature is measured at a depth of up to 5 cm. After 5 minutes, thermometry readings can be recorded.

Unlike the armpit, for rectal measurements, 37 ° C is not a subfebrile mark on the thermometer.

The fact is that in this part of the human body, as in all internal organs and mucous membranes, the temperature regime is somewhat higher, therefore, the thermometer indicators when measuring rectal temperature of 37.2 - 37.7 ° C are the absolute norm.

What does a person's fever indicate

Hyperthermia is a signal that certain disorders are occurring in the body. The most common of these processes are:

When a person has such serious pathological processes, you should pay attention to the presence of concomitant symptoms: rashes, acute pain.

Slight increases in temperature can be caused by the natural cycles of the body, overheating, nervous strain and other factors.

Thermometry in children

Children have a slightly higher body temperature than adults. Newborn babies are very sensitive to both hypothermia and overheating. At this age, thermometry is one of the most objective ways to assess the state of health.

Because the axillary and oral method of measurement does not allow to achieve accurate results in patients of this age, the method of measuring body temperature in the ear canal is quite popular. But the measurement of rectal temperature in a child provides the most accurate data.

Taking measurements of rectal temperature in children with a mercury thermometer, without certain skills, carries a certain danger. Therefore, digital thermometers have recently gained particular popularity.

The norm of rectal temperature in infants is within 38 ° C. During the procedure, the child should be reassured, because. the slightest movements can cause an increase in indicators.

Especially in the first months of a child's life, the temperature curve is just being established.

Up to two or three months, its changes can be provoked by the slightest factors: crying, breastfeeding, swaddling. The air parameters of the room in which the child is located also have an influence. A stable humidity and a temperature of 20 - 22 ° C are considered optimal for a child.

It should be remembered that for children under 1 year of age, body temperature above 38 - 39 ° C can be dangerous - in such a situation, the child has a risk of fibril seizures. Therefore, if the high temperature does not subside for a long time, you should contact your pediatrician.

Women's basal rate chart

A basal (rectal) reading chart is an effective and popular way to plan a pregnancy. With it, you can determine the period of ovulation, the most favorable for conception, learn about the approach of menstruation or the onset of pregnancy.

For the schedule to be as accurate as possible, the following factors must be taken into account:

• measurements are taken immediately after sleep (at the same time, without getting out of bed);
• sleep on the eve of measurements should be complete;
• indicators are measured for at least 5 minutes in a stationary position;
• data must be plotted for a minimum of three cycles.

The norm of rectal temperature in women the day before the end of menstruation is 36.3 ° C. During the follicular phase - 36.6 - 36.9 ° C. At this time, the necessary conditions are created for the maturation of the egg, so the probability of becoming pregnant during this period is very small .

Rectal temperature during ovulation is 37.0 - 37.4 ° C. It is a few days before the beginning of this period that are most favorable for conceiving a child. At this time, the cervical mucosa is most sensitive, along with the seminal fluid, the spermatozoon manages to get into the fallopian tubes in time to contact the egg. After ovulation, rectal temperature decreases and a few days before menstruation reaches 37.0 ° C.

If for two weeks or more the rectal temperature is 37 °, this means that such dynamics of the graph may indicate the onset of pregnancy.

In addition, using the basal chart, you can find out about the possible presence of diseases in a woman. To do this, it is enough to know the norm of rectal body temperature. Among such diseases: endometritis, progesterone deficiency, inflammation of the appendages, etc.

Methods for lowering body temperature

To reduce elevated body temperature at home, follow these guidelines:

• drink enough fluids to avoid dehydration;
• cool the limbs with cold baths;
• use cooling compresses on the forehead;
• do wiping the body with water at room temperature;
• observe bed rest.

It is also possible to improve thermoregulation with the help of sweating. You should review your diet and exclude fatty and fried foods from it.

If the body temperature is above 38 ° C, it becomes necessary to use antipyretics.

To get rid of a symptom, you first need to establish the cause that causes it. Thermoregulation disorders can be varied: hypothermia, hyperthermia, changes in body temperature. But all of them testify to any malfunctions in the work of the human body and need treatment.

Basal temperature - this is resting body temperature after at least 6 hours of sleep. In different phases of the menstrual cycle, the basal temperature in a woman is constantly changing under the influence of hormonal changes in the female body.

Measurement of basal body temperature BT - a simple functional test that every woman can learn at home. The method is based on the hyperthermic (temperature) effect of progesterone on the thermoregulatory center located in the hypothalamus.

Why you need a basal temperature chart

By drawing up a graph of fluctuations in basal temperature, you can absolutely accurately predict not only the phase of the menstrual cycle at the moment, but also suspect possible deviations from the norm. Let's list what exactly you might need basal body temperature measurement skill in everyday life:

1. If you want to get pregnant and cannot predict when ovulation occurs - a favorable moment for conceiving a child - the release of a mature egg capable of fertilization from the ovarian follicle into the abdominal cavity;
or vice versa - you do not want to get pregnant, thanks to the basal temperature (BT) you can predict “dangerous days”.
2. To determine pregnancy in the early stages with a delay in menstruation.
3. With regular measurement of basal temperature, you can determine the possible reason for the delay in menstruation: pregnancy, lack of ovulation or late ovulation.
4. If your gynecologist suspects that you have hormonal disorders, you or your partner is infertile: if after one year of regular intercourse pregnancy has not occurred, the gynecologist may recommend that you measure your basal body temperature (BT) to determine the possible causes of infertility.

5. If you want to plan the gender of your unborn child.

How to measure basal temperature (BT) correctly

As you can see, the correct measurement of basal temperature (BT) helps to answer many important questions. Most women know why they need to measure basal temperature (BT), but few know how to properly conduct a study. Let's try to deal with this issue.

Firstly, you need to immediately understand for yourself that no matter what the obtained indicators of basal temperature (BT) are, this is not a reason for self-diagnosis, and even more so for self-treatment. Only a qualified gynecologist should deal with the interpretation of basal temperature charts.

Secondly, there is no need to draw any fleeting conclusions - basal body temperature (BT) needs at least 3 menstrual cycles to more or less accurately answer questions - when do you ovulate, do you have hormonal disorders, etc. d.

Basic rules for measuring basal temperature (BT)

1. It is necessary to measure basal temperature (BT) from the first day of the menstrual cycle (from the first day of menstruation), otherwise the graph will not reflect the full dynamics of changes.

2. You can measure basal temperature (BT) in the mouth, in the vagina or in the anus, the latter is more preferable. Many gynecologists believe that it is the rectal method that is more reliable and gives fewer errors than all the others. In the mouth, you need to measure the temperature for about 5 minutes, in the vagina and in the rectum for about 3 minutes.
If you measured your basal temperature (BT) in one place, then the location of the thermometer and the duration of the measurement cannot be changed the next time you take a measurement. Today in the mouth, tomorrow in the vagina, and the day after tomorrow in the rectum - such variations are not appropriate and can lead to false diagnosis. Underarm basal temperature (BT) cannot be measured!

3. It is necessary to measure the basal temperature (BT) at the same time, preferably in the morning, immediately after waking up, without getting out of bed.

4. Always use the same thermometer - digital or mercury. If using mercury, be sure to shake well before use.

5. Write down the results immediately, while making notes if there was something on that day or the day before that could affect the basal temperature (BT) indicators: alcohol intake, flight, stress, acute respiratory infections, inflammatory diseases, increased physical activity , sexual intercourse the night before or in the morning, taking medications - sleeping pills, hormones, psychotropic drugs, etc. All these factors can affect the basal temperature and make the study unreliable.

When taking oral contraceptives, measuring BBT does not make any sense!

Thus, in order to make a complete chart of basal body temperature (BT) fluctuations, you will need to label the indicators:
- date of the calendar month;
- day of the menstrual cycle;
- indicators of basal temperature;
- the nature of the discharge from the genital tract on a certain day of the cycle: bloody, mucous, viscous, watery, with yellowness, dry, etc. It is important to note this for the sake of completeness on the chart, as the discharge from the cervical canal becomes more watery during ovulation;
- notes as necessary by a certain day: we enter there all the provoking factors listed above, which may affect the change in BT. For example: I took alcohol the day before, didn’t sleep well or had sex in the morning before the measurement, etc. Notes must be made, even insignificant ones, otherwise the resulting graphs will not correspond to reality.

Generally speaking, your basal temperature records should look like this in a table:

Date Day mts BT Highlights Notes

5 July 13th 36.2 Watery, transparent Drank wine the day before
July 6 14th 36.3 viscous, transparent _________
July 7 15th 36.5 white, viscous _________

Normal basal temperature chart

Before you start drawing up a schedule for basal temperature (BT), you need to know how the basal temperature should normally change under the influence of hormones?

The menstrual cycle in a woman is divided into 2 phases: follicular (hypothermic) and luteal (hyperthermic). In the first phase, the follicle develops, from which the egg is subsequently released. In the same phase, the ovaries intensively produce estrogens. During the follicular phase, BT is below 37 degrees. Then ovulation occurs - in the middle of 2 phases - approximately on the 12-16th day of the menstrual cycle. On the eve of ovulation, BBT drops sharply. Further, during and immediately after ovulation, progesterone is released and BT rises by 0.4-0.6 degrees, which is a reliable sign of ovulation. The second phase - luteal, or it is also called the corpus luteum phase - lasts about 14 days, and if conception does not occur, it ends with menstruation. In the phase of the corpus luteum, very important processes take place - a balance is maintained between low levels of estrogen and high levels of progesterone - thus the corpus luteum prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. In this phase, the basal body temperature (BT) is usually kept at around 37 degrees and above. On the eve of menstruation and in the first days of the cycle, the basal body temperature (BT) again drops by about 0.3 degrees and everything starts anew. That is, normally, every healthy woman should have fluctuations in basal temperature (BT) - if there are no ups and downs, then we can talk about the absence of ovulation, and as a result, infertility.

Consider examples of basal temperature (BT) graphs, as they should be in normal and pathological conditions. The basal temperature (BT) graph that you see below reflects two normal physiological states that a healthy woman can have: 1-lilac curve - basal temperature (BT), which should be during a normal menstrual cycle, ending with menstruation; 2 - light green curve - basal temperature (BT) of a woman with a normal menstrual cycle, we will end in pregnancy. The black line is the ovulation line. The burgundy line is a mark of 37 degrees, it serves for visualization of the graph.

Now let's try to decipher this chart of basal temperature. Please note that a mandatory sign of basal temperature (BT) is normally a two-phase menstrual cycle - that is, both the hypothermic and hyperthermic phases should always be clearly visible on the graph. In the first phase, basal temperature (BT) can range from 36.2 to 36.7 degrees. We observe these fluctuations on this chart from days 1-11 of the cycle. Further, on the 12th day, BBT drops sharply by 0.2 degrees, which is a harbinger of the onset of ovulation. On the 13-14th day, a rise is visible immediately after the fall - ovulation occurs. Further, in the second phase, the basal temperature (BT) continues to rise by 0.4-0.6 degrees compared to the first phase - in this case, up to 37 degrees and this temperature (marked with a burgundy line) is kept until the end of the menstrual cycle and before the start menstruation falls - on the 25th day of the cycle. On the 28th day of the cycle, the line breaks, which means that the cycle has ended and a new menstrual cycle has begun. But another option is also possible - the light green line, as you can see, does not fall, but continues to grow to 37.1. This means that a woman with a light green line on the basal temperature (BT) chart is most likely pregnant. False-positive results of measuring basal temperature (an increase in basal temperature in the absence of a corpus luteum) can occur with acute and chronic infections, as well as with some changes in the higher parts of the central nervous system.

Important to know when charting your basal temperature!

1. Normally, the menstrual cycle in a healthy woman is from 21 to 35 days, most often 28-30 days, as in the graph. However, for some women, the cycle may be shorter than 21 days, or vice versa, longer than 35. This is a reason to contact a gynecologist. Maybe it's ovarian dysfunction.

2. The graph of basal temperature (BT) should always clearly reflect ovulation, which divides the first and second phases. Always immediately after the pre-ovulatory temperature drop in the middle of the cycle, a woman ovulates - on the chart this is the 14th day, marked with a black line. Therefore, the most optimal time for conception is the day of ovulation and 2 days before it. Using this chart as an example, the most favorable days for conception will be days 12, 13 and 14 of the cycle. And one more nuance: you may not detect a preovulatory decrease in basal temperature (BT) immediately before ovulation, but only see an increase - there is nothing to worry about, most likely ovulation has already begun.

3. The length of the first phase can normally change, lengthen or shorten. But the length of the second phase should not vary normally and is approximately 14 days (plus or minus 1-2 days). If you notice that the second phase is shorter than 10 days, this may be a sign of insufficiency of the second phase and requires a consultation with a gynecologist. In a healthy woman, the duration of the 1st and 2nd phases should normally be approximately the same, for example, 14 + 14 or 15 + 14, or 13 + 14, and so on.

4. Pay attention to the temperature difference between the averages of the first and second phases of the graph. If the difference is less than 0.4 degrees, this may be a sign of hormonal disorders. You need to be examined by a gynecologist - take a blood test for progesterone and estrogen. In approximately 20% of cases, such a monophasic BT-basal temperature chart without a significant temperature difference between the phases is a variant of the norm, and in such patients the hormones are normal.

5. If you have a delay in menstruation, and the hyperthermic (increased) basal temperature of BT lasts more than 18 days, this may indicate a possible pregnancy (light green line on the graph). If menstruation nevertheless came, but the discharge is rather meager and at the same time the basal temperature of BT is still elevated, you urgently need to contact a gynecologist and take a pregnancy test. Most likely - these are signs of a miscarriage that has begun.

6. If the basal temperature of BT in the first phase rose sharply for 1 day, then fell - this is not a sign of concern. This is possible under the influence of provoking factors that affect changes in basal temperature (BT).

Now let's look at examples of BT basal temperature charts for various gynecological pathologies:

The graph is monophasic, i.e. almost without significant temperature fluctuations of the curve. If the rise in basal temperature (BT) in the second phase is mild (0.1-0.3 C) after ovulation, then these are possible signs of a lack of hormones - progesterone and estrogen. You need to take a blood test for these hormones.

If ovulation does not occur and the corpus luteum produced by progesterone does not form, then the basal temperature (BT) curve is monotonous: there are no pronounced jumps or falls - ovulation does not occur, respectively, and a woman with such a basal temperature (BT) schedule cannot become pregnant. An anovulatory cycle is normal in a healthy woman if such a cycle occurs no more than once a year. Accordingly, during pregnancy and lactation, the absence of ovulation is also the norm. If all of the above does not apply to you and this situation is repeated from cycle to cycle, you definitely need to contact a gynecologist. Your doctor will prescribe hormone therapy for you.

The basal temperature of BT rises a few days before the end of the cycle due to hormonal deficiency and does not decrease immediately before menstruation, there is no characteristic preovulatory retraction. The second phase lasts less than 10 days. It is possible to get pregnant with such a schedule of basal temperature (BT), but there is a high probability of miscarriage. We remember that the hormone progesterone is normally produced in the second phase. If the hormone is not synthesized in sufficient quantities, then BT rises very slowly, and the pregnancy may be terminated. With such a schedule of basal temperature (BT), it is necessary to pass an analysis for progesterone in the second phase of the cycle. If progesterone is lowered, then hormonal preparations - gestagens (Utrozhestan or Duphaston) are necessarily prescribed in the second phase. Pregnant women with low progesterone are prescribed these drugs for up to 12 weeks. With a sharp withdrawal of drugs, a miscarriage may occur.

In the first phase, the basal temperature of BT under the influence of estrogens is kept within 36.2-36.7 C. If the basal temperature of BT in the first phase rises above the indicated mark and if you see sharp jumps and rises on the graph, then most likely there is a lack of estrogens. In the second phase, we see the same picture - ups and downs. On the graph, in the first phase, the basal temperature of BT rises to 36.8 C, i.e. above the norm. In the second phase, there are sharp fluctuations from 36.2 to 37 C (but with a similar pathology they can be higher). Fertility in these patients is drastically reduced. For the purpose of treatment, gynecologists prescribe hormone therapy. Seeing such a graph, one should not rush to draw conclusions - such a picture can also be observed in inflammatory gynecological diseases, when everything is in order with estrogens, for example, with inflammation of the appendages. The chart is shown below.

You can see on this graph with sharp ups and downs that, due to the inflammatory process, it is problematic to determine when ovulation occurred, since the basal temperature of BT can increase both during inflammation and during ovulation. On the 9th day of the cycle, we see a rise that can be mistaken for an ovulatory rise, but this is most likely a sign of an inflammatory process that has begun. This basal temperature (BT) chart proves once again that it is impossible to draw conclusions and make diagnoses based on the basal temperature (BT) chart of one cycle.

We remember that at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the basal temperature of BT is lowered. If the temperature at the end of the previous cycle decreased, and then rose sharply to 37.0 with the onset of menstruation and does not decrease, as can be seen on the graph, it may be a formidable disease - endometritis and you urgently need treatment from a gynecologist. But if you have a delay in menstruation and at the same time the basal temperature of BBT remains elevated for more than 16 days from the start of the rise, you are probably pregnant.

If you notice that during 3 menstrual cycles you have stable changes on the chart that do not correspond to the norm, you need to consult a specialist.

So, what should alert you when compiling and deciphering basal temperature (BT) charts:

Graphs of basal temperature (BT) with low or high temperature throughout the cycle;
- cycles less than 21 days and more than 35 days. This may be a sign of ovarian dysfunction, clinically manifested by bleeding in the middle of the menstrual cycle. Or there may be a different picture - the cycle is always lengthened, which is expressed in constant delays in menstruation for more than 10 days, while there is no pregnancy;
- if you observe a shortening of the second phase according to the charts;
- if the schedules are anovulatory or the manifestations of ovulation are not clearly expressed on the schedule;
- graphs with high temperature in the second phase for more than 18 days, while there is no pregnancy;
- monophasic graphs: the difference between the first and second phase is less than 0.4 C;
- if the BT schedules are absolutely normal: ovulation occurs, both phases are complete, but pregnancy does not occur within a year with regular unprotected intercourse;
- sharp jumps and rises in BT in both phases of the cycle.

If you follow all the rules for measuring basal temperature, you will discover a lot of new things. Always remember that you do not need to draw any conclusions on the basis of the obtained graphs. This can only be done by a qualified gynecologist, and then only after additional research.

Obstetrician-gynecologist, Ph.D. Christina Frambos.

Basal temperature is an indicator with which you can accurately know about the onset of ovulation. In addition, data on basal temperature make it possible to timely identify many violations of a woman's intimate health. But in order to use this indicator to determine the date of ovulation or preliminary diagnosis, it is important to learn how to measure correctly.

How to measure basal temperature correctly?

Basal temperature is measured immediately after sleep and before the person began to actively move. This means that measurements must be taken without getting out of bed, and the thermometer should be placed next to the bed in the evening. In addition, there are other important rules for determining basal temperature:

• basal temperature is measured in the oral cavity, vagina or rectum, while the same method must be used throughout the entire period of daily measurements;
• the measurement time should be the same every day, and if the deviation is more than 30 minutes, the indicators are considered uninformative;
• during the control period of measurements, it is highly recommended not to change the thermometer;
• the duration of temperature measurement should be at least 5-7 minutes.

The obtained indicators must be recorded every day in a special graph, on the horizontal axis of which are the days of the cycle, and on the vertical axis are the temperature values. To obtain accurate data, it is necessary to conduct measurements continuously and for at least three months.

Changes in basal temperature during the cycle

To determine the day of ovulation or draw conclusions about any other changes in the female body using basal temperature, you need to know about the features of each phase of the menstrual cycle. The beginning of the menstrual cycle is considered the first day of menstruation. The period from this day until the day of ovulation is called the first phase of the menstrual cycle, and the period after ovulation until the next menstruation is called the second phase.

During the first phase of the menstrual cycle, the normal basal temperature varies between 36.2-36.9 ° C. On the day before the onset of ovulation, its value usually decreases by 0.2 ° C. When ovulation occurs, there will be a sharp increase in temperature by 0.4-0.6 ° C.

Elevated basal temperature (about 37 ° C) will last throughout the second phase of the menstrual cycle. 1-2 days before the onset of menstruation, the temperature will again drop to 36.2-36.9 ° C.

If during the entire cycle approximately the same temperature is observed without a jump of 0.4–0.6 ° C, this indicates the absence of ovulation. The situation when ovulation does not occur within one or two cycles a year can be the norm even for absolutely healthy women. However, if basal temperature readings indicate a lack of ovulation for several cycles, this is a reason for a thorough examination.

Graph of basal temperature during pregnancy. If at the end of the menstrual cycle, the basal temperature does not decrease, but remains high, this may indicate the onset of pregnancy. In this case, elevated basal temperatures may persist throughout the first four months of gestation.

If, during a confirmed pregnancy, a woman continues to measure basal temperature and notices a decrease in her during the first months of the term, in some cases this may indicate a threat of miscarriage. But in order to confirm or refute the fears, one way or another, a medical examination will be required.

Basal temperature in diseases and hormonal disorders. Changes in basal temperature may indicate not only the onset of ovulation or pregnancy. Sometimes a deviation from the temperature norm is associated with pathological processes in the female body.

For example, if the difference between the temperature in the first and second phases of the cycle is less than 0.4 ° C, this may indicate a lack of estrogen or corpus luteum hormones. With endometritis, for several days before menstruation, the basal temperature decreases slightly, and during menstruation it stays above 37 ° C. With inflammation of the appendages, the temperature is also equal to or exceeds 37 ° C and remains so throughout the entire cycle.

Having an idea about fluctuations in basal body temperature, you can easily track the days of ovulation, as well as timely note suspicious signs that indicate possible disorders and health problems.

Temperature changes are a frequent companion of diseases. Why in most cases it is not necessary to bring down the temperature and how to remove the heat, if necessary?

What to do with elevated body temperature is one of the most common questions for therapists and pediatricians. Indeed, the heat often frightens patients. However, are elevated values ​​always a cause for panic? Under what conditions does the temperature stay, and under what diseases does it, on the contrary, fall? And when are antipyretics really needed? What temperature should be normal in children and the elderly? MedAboutMe dealt with these and many other issues.

body temperature in adults

Thermoregulation is responsible for human temperature - the ability of warm-blooded organisms to maintain a constant temperature, reduce or increase it if necessary. The hypothalamus is primarily responsible for these processes. However, today scientists are inclined to believe that it is wrong to determine a single center of thermoregulation, because many factors affect the temperature of the human body.

In childhood, the temperature changes under the slightest influence, while in adults (from 16-18 years old) it is quite stable. Although it also rarely stays on one indicator all day. Physiological changes are known that reflect circadian rhythms. For example, the difference between normal temperature in the morning and in the evening in a healthy person will be 0.5-1.0°C. With these rhythms, a characteristic increase in fever in the evening hours in a sick person is also associated.

The temperature can change under the influence of the external environment, increase with physical exertion, eating certain foods (especially often after spicy meals and overeating), stress, fear, and even intense mental work.

What temperature should be normal

Everyone is well aware of the value of 36.6 ° C. However, what temperature should be normal in reality?

The figure of 36.6 ° C appeared as a result of research conducted by the German physician Karl Reinhold Wunderlich back in the middle of the 19th century. Then he made about 1 million temperature measurements in the armpit in 25 thousand patients. And the value of 36.6°C was just the average body temperature of a healthy person.

According to modern standards, the norm is not a specific figure, but a range from 36 ° C to 37.4 ° C. Moreover, doctors recommend periodically measuring the temperature in a healthy state in order to accurately know the individual values ​​​​of the norm. It should be borne in mind that with age, body temperature changes - in childhood it can be quite high, and in old age it drops. Therefore, an indicator of 36 ° C for an elderly person will be the norm, but for a child it can indicate hypothermia and a symptom of the disease.

It is also important to consider how the temperature is measured - the values ​​​​in the armpit, rectum or under the tongue can differ by 1-1.5 ° C.

The temperature is very dependent on hormonal activity and therefore it is not surprising that pregnant women often experience fever. Hot flashes during menopause and temperature fluctuations during menstruation are associated with hormonal changes.

It is very important for expectant mothers to carefully monitor their condition, while understanding that a slightly elevated or low temperature during pregnancy is the norm for most women. For example, if the values ​​​​do not exceed 37 ° C in the first weeks, and there are no other symptoms of malaise, then the condition can be explained by the activity of female sex hormones. Particularly progesterone.

And yet, if the temperature during pregnancy lasts for a long time, then even subfebrile indicators (37-38 ° C) should be a reason for consulting a doctor. With such a symptom, it is important to undergo examinations and take tests to exclude the presence of such infections - cytomegalovirus, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, herpes, hepatitis and others.

Temperature during pregnancy can also be a sign of common seasonal SARS. In this case, it is very important not to self-medicate, but to consult a doctor. If the common cold is unlikely to pose a danger to the fetus, then the flu can lead to serious consequences, up to an early miscarriage. With influenza, the temperature rises to 39 ° C.

The child's temperature

The system of thermoregulation in children under 1 year of age has not yet been established, therefore the temperature in a child can change significantly under the slightest influence. This is especially true for babies in the first three months of life. Most often, parents are concerned about elevated values, however, the causes of a temperature of 37-38 ° C can be:

• Too warm clothes.
• Cry.
• Laugh.
• Eating, including breastfeeding.
• Bathing in water above 34-36°C.

After sleep, the values ​​\u200b\u200bare usually lower, but with active games, the child's temperature rises quickly. Therefore, when taking measurements, it is necessary to take into account all external factors that could affect them.

At the same time, too high a temperature (38 ° C and above) can be dangerous for small children. To compensate for the heat, the body uses a lot of water and therefore dehydration is often observed. Moreover, in a child, this condition occurs faster than in an adult. Dehydration can pose a danger to health (often against its background, there is a deterioration in the condition, subsequently complicated by pneumonia) and life (with severe dehydration, there may be loss of consciousness and even death).

In addition, some children under 5 years of age experience febrile convulsions - when the child's temperature rises to 38-39 ° C, involuntary muscle contractions begin, short-term fainting is possible. If at least once such a condition was observed, in the future, even with a slight heat, the baby needs to bring down the temperature.

Human temperature

Normally, human temperature is controlled by the endocrine system, in particular, the hypothalamus and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4, as well as the hormone TSH, which regulates their production). Thermoregulation is influenced by sex hormones. And yet, infections remain the main cause of fever, and too low a temperature in most cases is caused by overwork or a lack of vitamins, micro- and macroelements.

Man is a warm-blooded creature, which means that the body can maintain a stable temperature regardless of environmental factors. At the same time, in severe frost, the overall temperature drops, and in hot weather it can rise so much that a person will get heat stroke. This is due to the fact that our body is quite sensitive to thermal changes - changes of only 2-3 degrees of temperature significantly affect metabolic processes, hemodynamics and the transmission of impulses through nerve cells. As a result, pressure may increase, convulsions and confusion may occur. Frequent symptoms of low temperature are lethargy, at a value of 30-32 ° C there may be loss of consciousness; and high - delusional states.

Types of fever

For the vast majority of diseases that occur with an increase in temperature, certain ranges of values ​​are characteristic. Therefore, it is often enough for a doctor to make a diagnosis to know not the exact value, but the type of fever. In medicine, there are several types of them:

• Subfebrile - from 37 ° C to 38 ° C.
• Febrile - from 38°C to 39°C.
• High - more than 39°C.
• Dangerous for life - the line is 40.5-41 ° C.

Temperature values ​​are evaluated in combination with other symptoms, since the degree of fever does not always correspond to the severity of the disease. For example, subfebrile temperature is observed in such dangerous diseases as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, pyelonephritis and others. A particularly alarming symptom is a condition in which the temperature is kept at 37-37.5 ° C for a long time. This may indicate disruption of the endocrine system and even malignant tumors.

fluctuations in normal body temperature

As already mentioned, the normal temperature in a healthy person can change throughout the day, as well as under the influence of certain factors (food, physical activity, and more). In this case, you need to remember what temperature should be at different ages:

• Children under one year old - a temperature of 37-38 ° C can be considered the norm.
• Up to 5 years - 36.6-37.5 ° C.
• Adolescence - there may be strong fluctuations in temperature associated with the activity of sex hormones. The values ​​stabilize in girls at the age of 13-14, in boys differences can be observed up to 18 years.
• Adults - 36-37.4 ° C.
• Elderly people over 65 years old - up to 36.3 ° C. A temperature of 37°C can be considered a serious febrile condition.

In men, the average body temperature is lower on average by 0.5 ° C than in women.

There are several ways to measure body temperature. And in each case there will be their own norms of values. Among the most popular methods are:

• Axillary (in the armpit).

In order to get accurate values, the skin must be dry, and the thermometer itself must be pressed tightly enough to the body. This method will require the most time (with a mercury thermometer - 7-10 minutes), since the skin itself must warm up. The norm of temperature degrees in the armpit is 36.2-36.9 ° C.

• Rectally (in the rectum).

The method is most popular for young children, as one of the safest. For this method, it is better to use electronic thermometers with a soft tip, the measurement time is 1-1.5 minutes. The norm of values ​​​​is 36.8-37.6 ° C (on average, it differs by 1 ° C from axillary values).

• Orally, sublingually (in the mouth, under the tongue).

In our country, the method is not widely used, although in Europe this is how the temperature in adults is most often measured. It takes from 1 to 5 minutes to measure, depending on the type of device. The temperature values ​​​​are normal - 36.6-37.2 ° C.

• In the ear canal.

The method is used to measure the temperature of a child and requires a special type of thermometer (non-contact measurement), therefore it is not very common. In addition to determining the overall temperature, the method will also help in the diagnosis of otitis media. If there is inflammation, then in different ears the temperature will be very different.

• Into the vagina.

It is most often used to determine basal temperature (the lowest body temperature that is recorded during rest). Measured after sleep, an increase of 0.5 ° C indicates the onset of ovulation.

Types of thermometers

Today in pharmacies you can find different types of thermometers for measuring a person's temperature. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages:

• Mercury (maximum) thermometer.

It is considered one of the most accurate types and at the same time affordable. In addition, it is used in hospitals and clinics, as it is easily disinfected and can be used for a large number of people. Disadvantages include slow temperature measurement and brittleness. A broken thermometer is dangerous with poisonous mercury vapor. Therefore, for children today it is used quite rarely, they are not used for oral measurement.

• Electronic (digital) thermometer.

The most popular type for home use. Quickly measures the temperature (from 30 seconds to 1.5 minutes), informs about the end with a sound signal. Electronic thermometers can be with soft tips (for rectal temperature measurement in a child) and hard (universal devices). If the thermometer is used rectally or orally, it must be individual - for one person only. The disadvantage of such a thermometer is often inaccurate values. Therefore, after purchase, you need to measure the temperature in a healthy state in order to know the possible error range.

• Infrared thermometer.

Relatively new and expensive. Used to measure temperature in a non-contact way, for example, in the ear, forehead or temple. The speed of obtaining the result is 2-5 seconds. A slight error of 0.2-0.5°C is allowed. A significant drawback of the thermometer is its limited use - it is not used for measurements in the usual ways (axillary, rectal, oral). In addition, each model is designed for its own method (forehead, temple, ear) and cannot be used in other areas.

Relatively recently, thermal strips were popular - flexible films with crystals that change color at different temperatures. In order to get the result, it is enough to apply the strip to the forehead and wait for about 1 minute. This method of measurement does not determine the exact degrees of temperature, but only shows the values ​​\u200b\u200bof "low", "normal", "high". Therefore, it cannot replace full-fledged thermometers.

An increase in body temperature is well felt by a person. This condition is accompanied by the following symptoms:

• Fatigue, general weakness.
• Chills (the more fever, the more chills).
• Headache.
• Aches in the body, especially in the joints, muscles and fingers.
• Feeling cold.
• Sensation of heat in the region of the eyeballs.
• Dry mouth.
• Decreased or complete loss of appetite.
• Rapid heartbeat, arrhythmias.
• Sweating (if the body can regulate heat), dry skin (when the temperature rises).

Rose and white fever

High fever can manifest differently in children and adults. It is customary to distinguish two types of fever:

• Pink (red).

It is named so for its characteristic features - red skin, especially pronounced blush on the cheeks and face as a whole. The most common type of fever, in which the body is able to provide optimal heat transfer - the superficial vessels expand (this is how the blood cools), sweating is activated (decrease in skin temperature). The patient's condition, as a rule, is stable, there are no significant violations of the general condition and well-being.

• White.

A rather dangerous form of fever, in which failures of thermoregulatory processes occur in the body. The skin in this case is white, and sometimes even cool (especially cold hands and feet), while the measurement of rectal or oral temperature shows fever. A person is tormented by chills, the condition worsens significantly, fainting and confusion can be observed. White fever develops if there is a spasm of blood vessels under the skin, as a result of which the body cannot start the cooling mechanisms. The condition is dangerous in that the temperature rises significantly in vital organs (brain, heart, liver, kidneys, etc.) and can affect their functions.

Thermoregulation is provided by the endocrine system, which triggers various mechanisms to increase or decrease a person's temperature. And of course, violations in the production of hormones or the functioning of the glands lead to violations of thermoregulation. Such manifestations, as a rule, are stable, and the values ​​remain within the subfebrile range.

The main cause of elevated temperature are pyrogens, which can affect thermoregulation. Moreover, some of them are not introduced from the outside by pathogens, but are secreted by cells of the immune system. Such pyrogens are designed to increase the effectiveness of the fight against various health-threatening conditions. The temperature rises in such cases:

• Infections - viruses, bacteria, protozoa and others.
• Burns, injuries. As a rule, there is a local increase in temperature, but with a large area of ​​​​the lesion there may be a general fever.
• Allergic reactions. In these cases, the immune system produces pyrogens to fight harmless substances.
• shock states.

ARI and high fever

Seasonal respiratory diseases are the most common cause of fever. In this case, depending on the type of infection, its values ​​​​will be different.

• With a standard cold or a mild form of ARVI, subfebrile temperature is observed, in addition, it rises gradually, on average over 6-12 hours. With proper treatment, the fever lasts no more than 4 days, after which it begins to subside or disappear altogether.
• If the temperature rises sharply and exceeds 38 ° C, this may be a symptom of the flu. Unlike other acute respiratory viral infections, this disease requires mandatory monitoring by a local therapist or pediatrician.
• If the fever resumed after the condition improved or did not go away on the 5th day from the onset of the disease, this most often indicates complications. A bacterial infection has joined the initial viral infection, the temperature is usually above 38°C. The condition requires an urgent call to the doctor, as the patient may need antibiotic therapy.

A temperature of 37-38 ° C is typical for such diseases:

• SARS.
• Exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases. For example, bronchitis or bronchial asthma, tonsillitis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Chronic diseases of internal organs during an exacerbation: myocarditis, endocarditis (inflammation of the heart membranes), pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys).
• Ulcer, colitis.
• Viral hepatitis (usually hepatitis B and C).
• Herpes in the acute stage.
• Exacerbation of psoriasis.
• Infection with toxoplasmosis.

This temperature is typical for the initial stage of thyroid dysfunction, with increased production of hormones (thyrotoxicosis). Hormonal disturbances during menopause can also cause mild fever. Subfebrile values ​​can be observed in people with helminthic invasion.

Diseases with a temperature of 39 ° C and above

High temperature accompanies diseases that cause severe intoxication of the body. Most often, values ​​​​within 39 ° C degrees indicate the development of an acute bacterial infection:

• Angina.
• Pneumonia.
• Acute pyelonephritis.
• Gastrointestinal diseases: salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera.
• Sepsis.

At the same time, intense fever is also characteristic of other infections:

• Flu.
• Hemorrhagic fever, in which the kidneys are severely affected.
• Chicken pox.
• Measles.
• Meningitis, encephalitis.
• Viral hepatitis A.

Other causes of high fever

Violations of thermoregulation can be observed without visible diseases. Another dangerous reason that the temperature has risen is the inability of the body to provide adequate heat transfer. This happens, as a rule, with prolonged exposure to the sun in the hot season or in a too stuffy room. The temperature of the child may rise if he is dressed too warmly. The condition is dangerous with heatstroke, which can be fatal for people with heart and lung disease. With severe overheating, even in healthy people, organs, primarily the brain, suffer significantly. Also, fever for no apparent reason can manifest itself in emotional people during periods of stress and great excitement.

A low temperature is less common than a fever, but it can also indicate serious health problems. Indicators below 35.5 ° C for an adult are considered a sign of diseases and disorders of the body, and below 35 ° C in the elderly.

The following degrees of body temperature are considered life-threatening:

• 32.2 ° C - a person will fall into a stupor, there is a strong lethargy.
• 30-29°C - loss of consciousness.
• Below 26.5 ° C - a fatal outcome is possible.

Low temperature is characterized by the following symptoms:

• General weakness, malaise.
• Drowsiness.
• There may be irritability.
• The extremities become cold, numbness of the fingers develops.
• Attention disturbances and problems with thought processes are noticeable, the speed of reactions decreases.
• General feeling of coldness, trembling in the body.

Causes of low temperature

Among the main reasons for low temperatures are the following:

• General weakness of the body caused by external factors and living conditions.

Insufficient nutrition, lack of sleep, stress and emotional distress can affect thermoregulation.

• Endocrine system disorders.

Associated, as a rule, with insufficient synthesis of hormones.

• Hypothermia.

The most common cause of low temperature in humans. The condition is dangerous by a violation of metabolic processes and frostbite of the extremities only in the case of a strong drop in temperature. With a slight hypothermia, a person's local immunity decreases, so this or that infection often develops subsequently.

• Weakened immune system.

It is observed during the recovery period, after operations, it can manifest itself against the background of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Also low temperature is typical for people with AIDS.

Hormones play an important role in the processes of thermoregulation. In particular, the thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland are thyroxine and triiodothyronine. With their increased synthesis, heat is often observed, but, on the contrary, it leads to a decrease in the overall temperature. In the initial stages, this is often the only symptom by which the development of the disease can be suspected.

A stable decrease in body temperature is also observed with adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease). Pathology develops slowly, may not show other signs for months or even several years.

Low hemoglobin in the blood

One of the most common causes of low temperature is iron deficiency anemia. It is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood, and this in turn affects the functioning of the whole organism. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of oxygen to the cells, and if it is not enough, different degrees of hypoxia appear.

The person becomes lethargic, there is a general weakness, against which metabolic processes slow down. The low temperature is the result of these changes.

In addition, the level of hemoglobin can fall with various blood loss. In particular, anemia can develop in people with internal bleeding. If a significant blood loss occurs in a short period of time, the volume of circulating blood decreases, and this already affects heat transfer.

Other causes of low temperature

Among the dangerous conditions that require mandatory medical advice and treatment, one can single out such diseases with a low temperature:

• Radiation sickness.
• Severe intoxication.
• AIDS.
• Brain diseases, including tumors.
• Shock of any etiology (with massive blood loss, allergic reactions, traumatic and toxic shock).

However, the most common causes of temperatures below 35.5 ° C are an unhealthy lifestyle and a lack of vitamins. So, nutrition remains an important factor, if it is not enough, then the processes in the body will slow down, and as a result, thermoregulation will be disturbed. Therefore, with various strict diets, especially with a poor diet (deficiency of iodine, vitamin C, iron), low temperature without other symptoms is very common. If a person consumes less than 1200 calories per day, this will definitely affect thermoregulation.

Another common cause of such a temperature is overwork, stress, lack of sleep. It is especially characteristic of chronic fatigue syndrome. The body goes into a sparing mode of functioning, metabolic processes slow down in the body and, of course, this affects heat transfer.

Since temperature is only a symptom of various disorders in the body, it is best to consider it in combination with other signs of illness. It is the general picture of a person’s condition that can tell what kind of disease develops and how dangerous it is.

An increase in temperature is often observed with various ailments. However, there are characteristic combinations of symptoms that appear in patients with specific diagnoses.

Temperature and pain

In the event that, with pain in the abdomen, the temperature is above 37.5 ° C, this may indicate serious violations of the gastrointestinal tract. In particular, this is observed with intestinal obstruction. In addition, a combination of symptoms is characteristic of the development of appendicitis. Therefore, if the pain is localized in the region of the right hypochondrium, it is difficult for a person to pull his legs to his chest, there is a loss of appetite and cold sweat, an ambulance should be called immediately. A complication of appendicitis, peritonitis, is also accompanied by persistent fever.

Other causes of a combination of abdominal pain and temperature:

• Pyelonephritis.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Bacterial bowel disease.

If the temperature rises against the background of pain in the head, this most often indicates a general intoxication of the body and is observed in such diseases:

• Influenza and other SARS.
• Angina, scarlet fever.
• Encephalitis.
• Meningitis.

Pain in the joints and muscles, discomfort in the eyeballs are symptoms of a temperature above 39 ° C. In such conditions, it is recommended to take an antipyretic.

An elevated temperature against the background of diarrhea is a clear sign of a bacterial infection of the gastrointestinal tract. Among intestinal infections with such symptoms:

• Salmonellosis.
• Cholera.
• Botulism.
• Dysentery.

The cause of the temperature against the background of diarrhea can also be severe food poisoning. The combination of such symptoms is very dangerous for health, so self-medication in such cases is unacceptable. It is urgent to call an ambulance and, if necessary, agree to hospitalization. This is especially true if the child is sick.

Temperature and diarrhea are factors that contribute to dehydration. And with their combination, fluid loss by the body can become critical in a fairly short period. Therefore, in the event that it is not possible to adequately compensate for the lack of fluid by drinking (for example, a person has vomiting or diarrhea itself is pronounced), the patient is injected with solutions intravenously in a hospital. Without it, dehydration can lead to serious consequences, damage to organs and even death.

Temperature and nausea

In some cases, nausea may be due to fever. Due to intense heat, weakness develops, pressure decreases, dizziness occurs, and this is what causes slight nausea as a result. In this state, if the temperature is above 39 ° C, it must be brought down. The combination of symptoms may appear in the first days of the flu and be caused by severe intoxication of the body.

One of the causes of nausea and fever during pregnancy is toxicosis. But in this case, values ​​​​higher than subfebrile (up to 38 ° C) are rarely observed.

In the event that nausea is accompanied by other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, pain, diarrhea or, conversely, constipation), simply bringing down the temperature is not enough. This combination of symptoms can indicate serious diseases of the internal organs. Among them:

• Viral hepatitis and other liver damage.
• Acute appendicitis.
• Peritonitis.
• Inflammation of the kidneys.
• Acute pancreatitis.
• Intestinal obstruction (accompanied by constipation).

In addition, fever and nausea are often observed against the background of intoxication with stale food, alcohol or drugs. And one of the most dangerous diagnoses with these symptoms is meningitis. All of the listed diseases and conditions require a mandatory consultation with a doctor.

In the event that vomiting occurs against the background of temperature, it is very important to compensate for the loss of fluid. Children with this combination of symptoms are most often referred for inpatient treatment.

An increase in blood pressure is a common symptom of fever. Heat affects hemodynamics - patients have an increased heart rate, and blood begins to move faster through the vessels, they expand, and this can affect blood pressure. However, such changes cannot cause severe hypertension, more often the rates do not exceed 140/90 mm Hg. Art., observed in patients with a fever of 38.5 ° C and above, disappear as soon as the temperature stabilizes.

In some cases, a high temperature, on the contrary, is characterized by a decrease in pressure. There is no need to treat this condition, as the indicators return to normal after the fever subsides.

At the same time, for hypertensive patients, any, even a slight fever, can threaten with serious consequences. Therefore, they should consult with their doctor and, if necessary, take antipyretics already at rates of 37.5 ° C (especially when it comes to older people).

Pressure and temperature is a dangerous combination for patients with such diseases:

• Cardiac ischemia. Cardiologists note that this combination of symptoms sometimes accompanies myocardial infarction. Moreover, in this case, the temperature rises slightly, may be within the framework of subfebrile indicators.
• Heart failure.
• Arrhythmias.
• Atherosclerosis.
• Diabetes.

In the event that low pressure and temperature in the subfebrile range last for a long time, this may be a sign of oncopathology. However, not all oncologists agree with this statement, and the symptoms themselves should simply become the reason for a full-fledged examination of a person.

Low pressure and low temperature are a common combination. Such symptoms are especially characteristic with low hemoglobin, chronic fatigue, blood loss, and nervous disorders.

Temperature without other symptoms

An increased or decreased temperature without symptoms characteristic of acute infections should be the reason for a mandatory medical examination. Violations can talk about such diseases:

• Chronic pyelonephritis.
• Tuberculosis.
• Malignant and benign tumors.
• Organ infarcts (tissue necrosis).
• Blood diseases.
• Thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism.
• Allergic reactions.
• Rheumatoid arthritis at an early stage.
• Violations of the brain, in particular, the hypothalamus.
• Mental disorders.

Temperature without other symptoms also occurs against the background of overwork, stress, after prolonged physical activity, overheating or hypothermia. But in these cases, the indicators stabilize. If we are talking about serious diseases, the temperature without symptoms will be quite stable, after normalization, it will rise or fall again over time. Sometimes hypothermia or hyperemia is observed in a patient for several months.

An elevated temperature can cause significant discomfort, and in some cases even be life-threatening. Therefore, any person needs to know what to do with a fever and how to bring down the temperature correctly.

When to bring down the temperature

Not always, if the temperature has risen, it needs to be brought back to normal. The fact is that with infections and other lesions of the body, he himself begins to produce pyrogens, which cause fever. High temperature helps the immune system fight antigens, in particular:

• The synthesis of interferon, a protein that protects cells from viruses, is activated.
• The production of antibodies that destroy antigens is activated.
• The process of phagocytosis is accelerated - the absorption of foreign bodies by phagocyte cells.
• Reduced physical activity and appetite, which means that the body can spend more energy to fight infection.
• Most bacteria and viruses thrive best at normal human temperatures. With its increase, some microorganisms die.

Therefore, before deciding to “bring down the temperature”, you need to remember that a fever helps the body recover. However, there are still situations in which the heat must be removed. Among them:

• Temperature above 39°C.
• Any temperature at which there is a serious deterioration in the condition - nausea, dizziness, and so on.
• Febrile convulsions in children (any fever above 37 ° C is knocked down).
• In the presence of concomitant neurological diagnoses.
• People with diseases of the heart and blood vessels, with diabetes.

Air, humidity and other parameters in the room

There are many ways to lower the temperature. But the first task should always be to normalize the air parameters in the room where the patient is located. This is especially important for children of the first years of life, and critical for infants. The fact is that the child's sweating system is still poorly developed and therefore thermoregulation is carried out to a greater extent through breathing. The baby inhales cool air, which cools his lungs and the blood in them, and exhales warm air. In the event that the room is too warm, this process is inefficient.

The humidity in the room is also important. The fact is that the humidity of the exhaled air normally approaches 100%. At a temperature, breathing quickens and if the room is too dry, a person additionally loses water through breathing. In addition, the mucous membranes dry up, congestion develops in the bronchi and lungs.

Therefore, the ideal parameters in the room where the patient with fever is located are:

• The air temperature is 19-22°C.
• Humidity - 40-60%.

In the event that you need to quickly bring down the temperature, you can use antipyretics. They are taken symptomatically, which means that as soon as the symptom passes or becomes less pronounced, the medication is stopped. Drinking antipyretics throughout the disease for prevention is unacceptable.

One of the main conditions for the successful action of drugs in this group is drinking plenty of water.

The main antipyretics:

• Paracetamol.

It is actively prescribed for adults and children, it is considered a first-line drug. However, recent studies, in particular those conducted by the American organization FDA, have shown that if the drug is taken uncontrolled, paracetamol can cause serious liver damage. Paracetamol helps well if the temperature does not exceed 38 ° C, but in extreme heat it may not work.

• Ibuprofen.

One of the key non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for fever. Designed for adults and children.

• Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).

For a long time it was the main drug of the NSAID category, but over the past decades, its association with severe kidney and liver damage (with overdose) has been proven. Also, researchers believe that taking aspirin in children can cause the development of Reye's syndrome (pathogenic encephalopathy), so at the moment the drug is not used in pediatrics.

• Nimesulide (nimesil, nise).

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent of the latest generation. Contraindicated in children.

• Analgin.

Today it is practically not used as an antipyretic, but it can still relieve fever.

The temperature can also be brought down with the help of folk remedies. Among the most common and simple ways are decoctions of herbs and berries. Drinking plenty of fluids is always recommended when the temperature is high, as it helps to improve perspiration and reduces the risk of dehydration.

Among the most popular herbs and berries that are used for fever are:

• Raspberries, including leaves.
• Black currant.
• Sea ​​buckthorn.
• Cowberry.
• Linden.
• Chamomile.

To normalize the temperature, a hypertonic solution will also help. It is prepared from ordinary boiled water and salt - two teaspoons of salt are taken for 1 glass of liquid. Such a drink helps cells retain water and is great if the temperature manifests itself against the background of vomiting and diarrhea.

• Newborns - no more than 30 ml.
• From 6 months to 1 year - 100 ml.
• Up to 3 years - 200 ml.
• Up to 5 years - 300 ml.
• Over 6 years old - 0.5 l.

Ice can also be used for fever symptoms. But it must be used very carefully, since a sharp cooling of the skin can lead to vasospasm and the development of white fever. Ice is placed in a bag or placed on a piece of cloth and only in this form is applied to the body. Wiping with a towel dipped in cold water can be a good alternative. In the event that it is not possible to bring down the temperature, antipyretics do not work, and folk remedies do not help, you need to urgently call an ambulance.

How to raise the temperature

If the body temperature drops below 35.5 ° C, a person feels weak and unwell, you can increase it in the following ways:

• Warm plentiful drink. Well helps tea with honey, rosehip broth.
• Liquid warm soups and broths.
• Warm clothes.
• Covering with several blankets, for greater effect, you can use a heating pad.
• Hot bath. Can be supplemented with essential oils of coniferous trees (fir, spruce, pine).
• Exercise stress. A few intense exercises will help improve circulation and increase body temperature.

If the temperature stays below 36°C for a long time, you should consult a doctor. And after finding out the cause of such a symptom, the specialist will prescribe the appropriate treatment.

In some cases, a high temperature can pose a serious threat to health, and then you simply cannot do without the help of doctors. An ambulance must be called in such cases:

• Temperature 39.5°C or higher.
• A sharp increase in temperature and the inability to bring it down with antipyretic and other methods.
• Against the background of temperature, diarrhea or vomiting is observed.
• Fever is accompanied by difficulty breathing.
• There are severe pains in any part of the body.
• There are signs of dehydration: dry mucous membranes, pallor, severe weakness, dark urine or no urination.
• High blood pressure and temperature above 38°C.
• The fever is accompanied by a rash. Especially dangerous is a red rash that does not disappear with pressure - a sign of a meningococcal infection.

Fever or a decrease in temperature is an important signal of the body about diseases. This symptom should always be given due attention and try to fully understand its causes, and not just eliminate it with the help of drugs and other methods. But at the same time, one should not forget that normal temperature is an individual concept and not everyone corresponds to the well-known indicator of 36.6 ° C.

In women, after the onset of the reproductive period, amazing processes take place in the body every month. Almost every woman has general concepts about the menstrual cycle, but not everyone knows how deep knowledge about it will help plan the processes of conception.

This series of articles will be devoted to basal temperature, the measurement of which is an affordable and easy way to plan conception and suspect the presence of gynecological pathology.

What is basal body temperature?

Basal body temperature (BBT) is the lowest temperature that the human body can reach at the moment of rest, usually during sleep. After a person wakes up and begins to move, body temperature changes and rises.

A change in BBT is one of the ways to determine the ovulatory period and some other processes that occur in a woman's body. Based on this knowledge of BBT changes, the temperature method for determining the phase of the fertile period and the time when a couple can plan conception is based.

Basal temperature is under the influence of hormones. In a healthy woman of reproductive age, almost every month, there is a sequential change in the phases of the menstrual cycle: follicular, ovulatory and luteal. In each phase, the predominance of certain hormones changes and, accordingly, their level changes BT.

What can be determined by measuring BBT?

Measurement of BBT values ​​helps to determine the following conditions in women:

1. Offensive (release of the egg from the follicle);
2. "Safe days" for having sex, i.e. when the probability of conceiving a child is minimal.
3. When does menstrual bleeding occur?
4. How does a woman's menstrual cycle proceed and are there any deviations in it.
5. Suspect the presence of gynecological pathology.
6. Assume pregnancy if delayed.

Of course, the method of measuring BBT is not absolutely reliable. It is based on the data that the basal temperature varies depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle. There are many women who do not, so the data obtained by this method must be taken critically and compared with the results of other studies.

Where is it measured?

If a woman measures basal temperature to clarify the fertile period, then it must be measured in the rectum. For some women, this method is unacceptable and they measure BBT either orally (in the mouth) or in the vagina. Unfortunately, measuring BBT in the mouth will not give the desired result. Let's see why.

The hormones that change BBT are formed in the ovaries and transported through the ovarian veins, creating cyclic temperature fluctuations depending on the phase of the cycle. Closest to the ovaries is the rectum, so it is there that these fluctuations will be expressed especially clearly.

If the temperature changes that sex hormones create are clearly expressed, then they can be caught even by measuring BBT in the armpit, but such a clear temperature difference in women practically does not occur in practice.

For those women who for some reason do not fit the method of measuring BBT in the rectum, you should not waste time and measure it in the mouth (orally) or in other areas. It is better to use other research methods (tests, ultrasound, blood tests).

How to measure it correctly?

Since basal temperature is the temperature of the body at rest, it should be measured after at least 3 hours of sleep, without getting out of bed. Measurements in women are carried out at the same time, preferably in the morning after a night's sleep.

For measurements, use a separate thermometer, preferably mercury, and record the data in a special notebook. Based on the results, a graph is built that allows you to track the fluctuations in BT and understand what changes are taking place in the body.

The temperature is measured rectally, i.e. in the rectum. BBT measurements in the mouth, vagina, or under the arm are not reliable, so their results cannot be used as diagnostic data.

What should be the basal temperature?

The rate of BT depends on various conditions. So, at the beginning of the menstrual cycle, the basal temperature does not even reach 37 degrees, since a new egg in the follicle is just beginning to grow and develop.

By the middle of the cycle, the basal temperature gradually increases along with the growth of the egg, and at the moment there is a noticeable jump. The norm of BT during this period is 37.1 -37.7.

Important! In some women, the increase in basal temperature during this period can reach up to 38 degrees, while in others the temperature jump is very weak and almost imperceptible.

During the second phase of the menstrual cycle (luteal), the basal temperature is kept at 37-37.3 degrees, gradually decreasing towards the onset of menstrual bleeding.

The described norm is an ideal that can occur, but may differ for every healthy woman. To learn how to properly evaluate BT, you will need to be patient and measure it correctly, analyze and build a temperature graph that will help you recognize minor fluctuations.

The main advantage of the method is its availability, safety and lack of financial component. A woman should only have a desire and an ordinary mercury thermometer at hand.

Questions to the doctor

Question: What does it mean if I do not have high BBT at all during my menstrual cycle?

Answer: This means that your ovulation is not accompanied by a change in BBT or that ovulation does not occur, i.e. anovulatory cycle. To differentiate these two conditions, you need to take blood tests for LH or perform folliculometry.

Question: How much BBT should be before ovulation?

Answer: Before ovulation, at the time of the peak of luteinizing hormone, there may be a slight temperature drop, and then high BBT rises at the moment the egg leaves the follicle.

Question: Can a change in BBT in the mouth fix the moment of ovulation or does it mean nothing?

Answer: If the method of rectal measurement does not suit you, then it is better to use other methods for determining ovulation. Measuring BBT in the mouth cannot guarantee you the correct result.

Question: How many days should I measure BBT?

Answer: Not days, but several months. In order to reliably track how exactly your basal temperature changes in the phases of the cycle and what is the norm for you, you need to measure it every day for 2-3 months.

Measurement of BBT is a simple and affordable auxiliary way to monitor ovulation and other reproductive processes in a woman's body. Using this method, one should not forget about its shortcomings and take measurements taking into account all requirements.