Factors that determine human health. The influence of habits on human health. A healthy lifestyle has three components

Health as the most important property of a living organism, in relation to a person, is a measure of spiritual culture, an indicator of the quality of life and, at the same time, the result of the moral codes of social policy.

Human life depends on the state of health of the body and the extent of the use of its psychophysiological potential. All aspects of human life in a wide range of social life: production - labor, socio-economic, political, family, spiritual, health and educational - are ultimately determined by the level of health.

The current economic situation in our country has put the well-being of a person in direct rigid dependence on his psychophysical health. Health in the minds of people, instead of the former consumer category, is increasingly acquiring the character of an economic category, which requires an active worldview position. We can state a new psychological phenomenon: in the system of market relations, psychosomatic health becomes base property individual person. A social dominant is being formed, focused on health as a prerequisite for socio-economic well-being in the face of fierce competition.

Exist different approaches to the definition of the concept of "health", which can be qualified as follows:

health is the absence of disease;

"Health" and "norm" are identical concepts;

health as a unity of morphological, psycho-emotional and socio-economic constants.

What these definitions have in common is that health is understood as something opposite to illness, different from it, as a synonym for normality.

In modern developments of domestic scientists devoted to the problems of forming the concept of domestic medicine of the 21st century, the following definition of the concept of health is given: “The health of an individual is the state of the optimum measure of adaptation of the organism as a this moment».

The World Health Organization considers health as a component of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

Reserve opportunities change throughout life. Their increase or decrease is associated not only with age-related characteristics, but is also largely determined by lifestyle. Constant training of functions, which allows increasing “reserve capacities”, creates conditions for strengthening health, and, conversely, its absence will certainly lead to a decrease in the “reserve capacities” of the body, i.e., to a “quantitative” decrease in health.

Health is largely determined genetically, but it also depends on the conditions in which we live and work.

There are a large number of factors that reduce the level of health: past illnesses, addiction to alcohol and nicotine, chronic influence of unfavorable living and working conditions, poor nutrition (both its insufficiency and abundance and high calorie content) chaotic mode of work and rest, sleep, frequent emotional stress, air and water pollution, abuse of medicines and household chemicals. Among these factors, one of the first places is motor insufficiency.

The significance of each of these factors for specific people is different. AT to a large extent it is determined by the genotype and the phenotype formed on its basis.

Currently, epidemiological, environmental-hygienic and clinical-social studies allow us to establish the following hierarchy of factors affecting health:

conditions and way of life of people - 49-53%.

the state of the environment - 17-20%.

genetic factors - 18-22%.

activities of health care institutions - up to 8-10%.

Let us briefly consider the influence of these factors.

1. The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by an increase in morbidity and mortality against the backdrop of high achievements in medicine, the perfection of technical means for diagnosing and treating diseases. The current stage of development of our society is associated with a demographic crisis, a decrease in life expectancy, and a decrease in the mental health of the country's population. Given the traditional focus operating system health care to identify, identify and "eliminate" diseases, which has intensified due to the progressive socio-economic destruction of society, it becomes clear that medicine today and for the foreseeable future will not be able to significantly affect the preservation of human health. This fact justifies the need to search for more effective ways and means of maintaining and developing health.

It is known that the level of human health depends on many factors: hereditary, socio-economic, environmental, health care system. But, according to WHO, it is only 10-15% associated with the latter factor, 15-20% is due to genetic factors, 25% is determined by environmental conditions, and 50-55% is determined by the conditions and lifestyle of a person.

Thus, it is obvious that the primary role in the preservation and formation of health still belongs to the person himself, his way of life, his values, attitudes, the degree of harmonization of his inner world and relations with the environment. At the same time, modern people in most cases shift the responsibility for their health to doctors. He is actually indifferent towards himself, is not responsible for the strength and health of his body, and at the same time does not try to explore and understand his soul. In reality, a person is not busy taking care of his own health, but treating diseases, which leads to the currently observed decline in health against the backdrop of significant advances in medicine. In fact, the strengthening and creation of health should become the need and duty of every person.

The primary task for improving the level of health should not be the development of medicine, but the conscious, purposeful work of the person himself to restore and develop life resources, to take responsibility for his own health, when a healthy lifestyle becomes a need.

The formation of people's attitudes towards health is a complex and dynamic process. From an individual point of view, health is most often presented as a value of a fundamental order, which is significant in itself. However, in everyday life, people can choose not always rational goods as priorities, including health. Quite often, the choice is also determined by other, sometimes irrational, and, for example, more advantageous factors at the moment. For example, a prestigious salary may rank higher on a priority scale than healthy behavior. In this example, health is a value less important than money. Or, another example. A person can drink and smoke a lot and, at the same time, theoretically consider that health is the most important thing in life. Why then does he not try to protect his health by reducing his consumption of alcohol and tobacco products? The problem may be that on his individual scale of priorities, alcohol and smoking rank fairly high as significant values. At the same time, he believes that these habits help him deal with life's difficulties, relax, concentrate, etc.

It is now becoming clear that seeing the causes of ill health in poor nutrition, environmental pollution and lack of proper medical care is unjustified. Of much greater importance for the global ill health of mankind is the progress of civilization, which contributed to the "liberation" of man from efforts on himself, which led to the destruction of the body's defenses. The primary task for improving the level of health should not be the development of medicine, but the conscious, purposeful work of the person himself to restore and develop life resources, to take responsibility for his own health, when a healthy lifestyle becomes a need. "Being healthy is a natural desire of a person," writes K. V. Dineika, considering as the main task facing a person in relation to his health, not the treatment of diseases, but the creation of health. 34

The state also worries about the state of health of its citizens and places responsibility for its preservation and development on a number of state structures: the education system, health care and physical culture. In the Russian Federation, federal programs for the protection and promotion of public health are financed by the state, measures are taken to develop state, municipal, and private healthcare systems, and activities that contribute to the strengthening of human health, the development of physical culture and sports are encouraged. Concealment by officials of facts and circumstances that pose a threat to the life and health of people entails responsibility in accordance with the law.

The federal law "On Education" determines that "All educational institutions create conditions that guarantee the protection and promotion of the health of students." 35 The Federal Law "On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation" determines that physical culture and sports are considered as one of the means of preventing diseases, promoting health and maintaining high human performance. 36 According to expert estimates, physical culture and sports make it possible to reduce the incidence of children, adolescents and young people by 10-15%, which can save 2.1 billion rubles a year from the budget, and a 10% reduction in crime among young people can reduce the cost of their maintenance in correctional labor institutions by 700 million rubles. in year. 37

However, these laws are still only declarative. The pharmaceutical industry will perish and go bankrupt without disease. No one will close distilleries and tobacco factories, although everyone knows what harm their products bring to health. Medicine has actually withdrawn from the fight against the greatest evil - alcoholism, as a result of which alcoholism and drug addiction have acquired monstrous proportions in the country: up to 1 million people die annually due to alcohol poisoning. Medicine with smoking behaves in the same way. There has never been and is no fight against the growing chemicalization of agriculture, chemical poisoning food, water, air, although this directly affects the health of the country's population.

Therefore, along with high professional knowledge, optimism and good physical performance, each student must be a healthy person and, of course, to know and be able to use what methods, secrets to prolong your well-being, how to overcome professional and domestic difficulties and lead an active and healthy lifestyle. The development of the basic rules of lifestyle, cause psychological satisfaction, positive emotions, joy in communication. Every person should have a high life position aimed at good health. The goal of every person's life position is not only to be the healthiest, but also to have a healthy future generation, to have healthy children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

2. Structural and social changes in recent years in Russia have led to fundamental economic losses and a catastrophic decline in human potential. Now there is practically no indicator of health and social well-being that has not undergone a sharp deterioration. Over the past decade, Russia has been experiencing a demographic crisis that has affected all its main indicators: birth rate, death rate, life expectancy, population aging, and so on. All these processes are undoubtedly related to the health and lifestyle of the population. The coefficient of viability of the population, according to the World Health Organization UNESCO, in Russia is 1.4 points on a 5-point scale (in Somalia, Haiti, Burma - 1.6).

By the beginning of 2001, according to the Russian State Statistics Committee, the population was 144.8 million people and is decreasing by about 750 thousand people annually. According to the latest Goskomstat forecast, by 2016 the population will decline and reach 134.4 million people, which is 7% less than in early 2001. Birth rate in Russia for last years is 8-9 people, and the mortality rate is 13-15 people per 1000 population. Life expectancy over the past 10 years in Russia has decreased by 10 years. The gap between the life expectancy of men and women in Russia is 13 years (58.9 and 72.4 respectively), which is almost twice as much as in developed countries (7 years), where men live for 10-15 years and women for 6 -8 years longer than Russians.

The data of the State Statistics Committee of Russia indicate that over the past 5 years, the level of primary morbidity has increased in the country by 12%, and the overall incidence by 15%. More than half of the population, especially urban residents, live in an extremely unfavorable environmental situation associated with environmental pollution and emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles. In recent years, there has been a high level of industrial injuries, including fatalities. During the years of reforms, a significant part of the population was in a state of prolonged psycho-emotional and social stress, which led to an increase in depression, reactive neuroses and suicide, alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction, antisocial outbreaks, and crime. The number of Russians suffering from mental disorders has increased.

The health of schoolchildren is of particular concern. Today, only one student out of ten is healthy. According to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, out of 6 million adolescents aged 15-17 who underwent preventive examinations, 94.5% had various diseases, including chronic diseases. Among children entering the 1st grade, 70-80% have various deviations in their health status: from functional disorders to chronic diseases. During schooling, children lose another 75-80% of their health. Due to poor health, about 1 million children school age Today they are completely excommunicated from physical culture. The prevalence of physical inactivity among schoolchildren has reached 80%.

After leaving school, about 50-60% of graduates have restrictions in choosing a profession and serving in the army for health reasons. For the first time in 40 years, doctors have encountered the problem of malnutrition in young men of military age, which is reflected in the recruitment of the Armed Forces with a healthy contingent. Nearly a third of the boys medical indicators unsuitable for service in the Armed Forces.

Numerous studies show that the health status of student youth also causes serious concern. The number of students in special medical groups increases from year to year and in many of them is up to 30% of the total number of students.

The problem of smoking is becoming more and more acute in the country. In Russia, two-thirds of men and at least one-third of women smoke. Every year, 300,000 people die from smoking-related causes. 42% of deaths aged 36-69 years are tobacco-related. No less dangerous second hand smoke, which, according to various studies, increases the risk of lung cancer by 34%, and cardiovascular pathology by 50%. In recent years, the number of smoking men under the age of 40 has increased from 45 to 70%. The share of teenagers who smoke is rapidly increasing. Suffice it to say that today every tenth schoolchild is addicted to tobacco and has some or other signs of diseases associated with smoking.

Prevalence in Russia only domestic drunkenness is 20%. General morbidity alcohol abusers are 2 times higher than those who do not drink alcohol. Alcohol abuse is the cause of more than 70% of accidents. WHO assesses the situation as already dangerous for health with an alcohol consumption rate of more than 8 liters per year. In Russia, the average annual alcohol consumption is from 11 to 14 liters. There are 15 million alcoholics in the country. It is no coincidence that the death rate from alcohol poisoning increased by 32% in 1999-2000.

According to sociological studies, more than 2.5 million Russian citizens regularly use drugs, and 76% are young people under 30 years old, almost 4 million have tried them, and the estimated number of drug addicts is more than 400 thousand people. The tendency of the spread of drug addiction is such that in the near future Russia will become one of the drug-dependent powers. Since 1997, deaths from drug use have increased 12 times and among children by 42 times. The non-medical use of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and intoxicating substances is acquiring threatening proportions. The number of patients with drug addiction and substance abuse over the past 10 years has increased 8 times and exceeds 425 thousand people. The number of officially registered drug addicts is more than 269 thousand people, and according to the results of expert studies - more than 1.5 million people. The tendency of "rejuvenation" of drug addiction is especially alarming. During this period of time, adolescents with drug addiction have increased 17 times, and today their share among drug abusers is 31.2%. In 2000, 17.7 thousand people were released from service in the Armed Forces due to drug addiction (in 1996, 5.5 thousand people). In the next 3-5 years, we should expect a sharp increase in mortality among drug addicts and an increase in drug-related crime.

All this testifies to the fact that in the Russian Federation there is a critical situation with the state of health, the development of which is facilitated by the high level of poverty of Russians, social disorder, employment problems, the general unsatisfactory state of affairs with health care, the expansion of child neglect, homelessness and social orphanhood. In terms of the physical state of human potential, Russia lags far behind the advanced countries. At the same time, the mass national system of physical, spiritual and moral improvement of the population, promotion of a healthy lifestyle with access to individual self-awareness and operational control over the state of health is outside the focus of the state political dominant.

Underestimation of the role of physical culture in a healthy lifestyle leads to significant state losses. For example, the state spends on the treatment of sick children, adolescents and young people a year is about 40 billion rubles, including the payment of benefits to parents - 10.5 billion rubles. If due to active physical culture and sports it will be possible to actually reduce the number of sick children and young people by 10% (and according to experts, this figure is quite real and can reach 50% or more), then the state can receive real prevented economic damage in the amount of almost 4 billion rubles. Experts also calculated that the funds allocated for recreational activities are 26 times less than the funds that are currently spent on the treatment and rehabilitation of patients.

Thus, the situation with the health of the Russian population is assessed as a crisis, leading to depopulation, which is reflected in the "Concept of National Security" - "the consequences of this deep systemic crisis are a sharp reduction in the birth rate, average life expectancy, deterioration in people's health, deformation of the demographic and social composition society."

3. What is health? Try to answer this question. It is possible that the well-known will arise: "health is when nothing hurts" or "health is when you wake up and want to move mountains." This is close to the truth. The state of the body when there is no disease? Time interval between illnesses? Everyone seems to understand that health is the opposite of disease. A lot of health - less chance of developing disease. Not enough health is a disease. Our medical practice, health and considers. If there is no disease, then healthy. Medical science has created a nomenclature with several thousand names. She described each disease: development mechanisms, symptoms, course, prognosis, treatment, mortality rate and severity of suffering.

The well-known Russian doctor and writer V. Veresaev especially accurately assessed the role of health in a person’s life: “... nothing is scary with him, no trials, to lose him means to lose everything; without it there is no freedom, no independence, a person becomes a slave to the surrounding people and environment; it is the highest and necessary good, and yet it is so difficult to keep it! Diseases are different: large and small, mild and severe.

At all times, among all the peoples of the world, the enduring value of a person and society has been and is physical and mental health. “When there is no health, wisdom is silent, art cannot flourish, strength does not play, wealth is useless and the mind is powerless” (Herodotus). Health is amazing property the human body, about which Socrates said long ago: “Health is not everything; but everything without health is nothing.”

In a number of priority human values, health is of paramount importance. And sacrificing your health for anything (wealth, career, science, fame, transient pleasures) is the greatest madness. On the contrary, everyone else should give up for the sake of health.

The truth is that only a healthy person with good health, optimism, psychological stability, high mental and physical performance is able to live actively, successfully overcome professional and domestic difficulties. The true beauty of the human body is physical perfection, intelligence and health.

Improving the health status of the population is an indicator of the development of society. Health is the most important component of human happiness, one of the inalienable rights human personality, one of the conditions for successful social and economic development.

In general, the doctrine of human health is of global importance, as are physics, chemistry, and biology. In terms of its practical significance and relevance, this problem is considered one of the most difficult problems. modern science not inferior in this quality to such areas as the problem of environmental protection.

Concerning the phenomenon of health, summarizing the opinions of specialists, it is possible to formulate a number of axiomatic provisions in their essence:

In an absolute sense, health does not exist. Absolute health is ideal. Every person is healthy conditionally. No person is completely healthy throughout his life.

Each person can be healthy in certain conditions (climate, food, work). There are suitable (normal) and unsuitable (harmful) living conditions for a particular person. Conditions that are normal for one may not be normal for another. Despite the importance of the concept of health, it is not so easy to give it an exhaustive definition. The number of attempts to cope with this task is multiplied, but a solution that would suit everyone has not yet been found. For example, P.I. Kalyu considers 79 definitions of human health, formulated by representatives of various scientific disciplines at different times in different countries of the world. 38 And this list is far from complete and strikes with the variety of interpretations, as well as the heterogeneity of the signs used in the definition of this concept.

The definition of health formulated in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 is formed as follows: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” A lot of time has passed since then, but this formulation, as a rule, is not bypassed by any of the specialists dealing with the problem of human health. At the same time, most often it is subjected to critical evaluation, including for its weak practical applicability, however, nothing more universal and generally accepted has yet appeared instead of anything more universal and generally accepted.

Further, WHO (1999) clarified that the above definition of health, given in the initial period of the formation of WHO, characterizes the ideal goal to be strived for in the framework of the multifaceted human activity and introduces a new concept of health: “All people in all countries should have, according to at least, such a level of health that allows them to conduct an active production and social life in the community in which they live. 39

Today, the concept of health has a much broader meaning and it is believed that the concept of “health” should, among other things, include such forms of behavior that allow us to improve our life and make it more prosperous, to achieve a high degree of self-realization. On this occasion, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal writes: "Health is the state of the animal body or plant, when all vital functions are in perfect order."

Modern hygienists argue that health is "A state of complete social, mental well-being, when all the functions of the human body are balanced with the environment - natural and social."

From these definitions of the concept of health, it is obvious that human health is not only a biomedical, but, above all, a social category, ultimately determined by the nature and nature of social relations, social conditions and factors that depend on the mode of social production.

An analysis of all definitions of health allows us to identify the most typical signs of it.

1. normal function organism at all levels of its organization: organism, organs, histological, cellular and genetic structures; the normal course of physiological and biochemical processes that promote individual survival and reproduction. For all characteristics of the human body (anatomical, physiological, biochemical), average statistical indicators of the norm are calculated. An organism is healthy if the indicators of its functions do not deviate from their known average (normal) state. Fluctuations within the upper and lower bound norms are regarded as acceptable.

If we take into account that the functional capabilities of the human body and its resistance to adverse environmental factors change throughout life, then we can talk about the state of health as a dynamic process that improves or worsens, i.e. about the weakening or strengthening of health depending on age, gender, professional activity and habitat.

2. Dynamic balance of the organism and its functions with the environment. Since ancient times, Pythagoras, the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and physician, defined health as harmony, balance, and illness as their violation. Moreover, some authors pay attention to maintaining the internal balance in the body, while others focus on its balance with the environment. So, according to Hippocrates, a healthy person can be considered a person who has an equilibrium ratio between all the organs of the body. And G. Spencer defines health as the result of an established balance of internal relations to external ones.

3. The ability to fully perform basic social functions, participate in social activities and socially useful work. Thus, a socially healthy person should be considered one who contributes to the development of society.

4. The ability of the body to adapt to the constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment, the ability to maintain the constancy of the internal environment of the body, ensuring normal and versatile life, the preservation of the living principle in the body.

5. The absence of disease, disease states, disease changes, that is, the optimal functioning of the body in the absence of signs of disease or any disturbance. It is based on a simple logic: those people who do not need medical care can be considered healthy.

6. Complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being, harmonious development of physical and spiritual forces, the principle of the unity of the body, self-regulation and balanced interaction of all organs.

Thus, the concept of health is complex. The correct understanding of health as a multicomponent phenomenon, of course, depends on the general culture and knowledge of a person. Unfortunately, many young people, when they are still physically and somatically healthy, have no desire to preserve and improve their health, they have no need for health. A significant part of people waste their health during the first half of their lives, only then, having lost it, begins to feel a pronounced need for it.

Disease. A disease is a reaction of the organism to the action of factors harmful to it, characterized by a limitation of adaptability and vital activity. Health and disease are forms of life in all their diversity. The main biological purpose of the disease is to mobilize protective and adaptive mechanisms.

The disease usually occurs when the body is subjected to excessive physical and psycho-emotional stress or when adaptive functions are reduced. Then there are morphological and functional changes, often turning into a disease or leading to injury to the musculoskeletal system.

The disease is associated with the transformation of the normal state of a living system into a pathological one, that is, with the transition to a new qualitative state. Any disease is a defeat of the whole organism. Qualitative changes in the body during illness can be considered, first of all, a decrease in working capacity and bad feeling person. This is expressed in the manifestation of certain symptoms and is confirmed by the factors of the disease state of individual organs and systems of a person.

Therefore, a deviation from the norm that disrupts the structure of an organ or weakens its functioning can be considered as the development of a disease. However, not every deviation from the norm is a disease. The boundary between the norm and not the norm (disease) is not rigid, separating. In some cases, the boundary between them can be quite difficult to determine. It is vague and quite individual. On the other hand, the individual norm cannot be constant, rigidly fixed for a long time. At different stages of ontogenesis, its value is not unchanged and should be specified according to age. The very same ideas about the norm are constantly being refined in connection with the latest achievements medicine and biology.

Between health and illness there are transitional states, the so-called "pre-illness" or "third state", which is characterized by "incomplete health". The state of “prediseases”, although it already has some pathological signs, nevertheless, does not violate health yet. Predisease only carries the objective prerequisites for a health disorder. Of the subjective manifestations of this condition, one can note periodically recurring ailments, increased fatigue, some decrease in qualitative and quantitative performance indicators, shortness of breath during moderate load, discomfort in the region of the heart, a tendency to constipation, back pain. Increased neuro-emotional excitability, etc. Objectively, a tendency to tachycardia, instability of blood pressure levels, a tendency to hypoglycemia or a distortion of the sugar load curve, cold extremities, etc. can be recorded.

A significant contribution to the development of modern ideas about the causes of morbidity was made by domestic scientists: S.P. Botkin, A.A. Ostroumov, I.M. Sechenov, I.P. Pavlov, I.I. Bekhterev, N.I. Pirogov, G.A. Zakharyin, Z.P. Solovyov and other scientists. They developed the basic concepts of structural, functional and biochemical manifestations associated with numerous human suffering, showed the dependence of human diseases on the impact of internal (genetic), external and social factors.

3. Human health, the occurrence of certain diseases, their course and outcome, life expectancy depend on a large number of factors. All factors that determine health are divided into factors that enhance health (health factors) and factors that impair health (risk factors). If all factors are summarized, then health depends on three main components:

a) biological factors;

b) social factors;

c) natural and climatic factors.

^ Biological factors. The main biological factors that determine health include: heredity, age, sex and constitutional characteristics of the human body. The human body is endowed with adaptive and compensatory capabilities given to it by evolutionary development. Man is the highest and most complexly organized product of not only biological, but also social evolution. It is known that human health is determined genetically. About ten million genes and the protein forms generated by them form the biological system of the human body. Its work depends on the usefulness of genes, which are very sensitive to harmful toxic substances that penetrate into the cells of the body with air, water, and food. These substances can cause mutations (modifications) of genes, in the presence of which the protein in the body either does not form at all, or completely loses its biofunction. The activity of the organism decreases, it falls ill, loses its ability to resist, changes in organs and systems occur, up to pathological changes. mental activity. Thus, the number of children with congenital mental and physical disabilities is increasing in the population.

^ Social Factors. Among the causes and conditions that determine the health of the population in recent years, the leading factors have become those related to the way and conditions of human life.

The most complete relationship between lifestyle and health is expressed in the concept of a healthy lifestyle (HLS). healthy image life unites everything that contributes to the performance of professional, social and domestic functions by a person in optimal conditions for health and expresses the orientation of the personality's activity towards the formation, preservation and strengthening of both individual and public health.

The main factors of lifestyle that promote health include: a rational ratio of work and rest; physical and spiritual comfort; balanced diet; high medical activity; economic and material independence; psychophysiological satisfaction; regular physical activity, etc.

The main lifestyle factors that impair health include: inadequate rest; social passivity; dissatisfaction with the life situation, overwork; unbalanced in quantity and qualitatively food; low medical activity; physical inactivity and hypokinesia, alcohol abuse, smoking, drug addiction, substance abuse, drug abuse; long stressful situations; inappropriate sexual behavior, etc.

The lifestyle of a person is largely determined by socio-economic conditions, at the same time, it largely depends on the motives of a particular person, on the characteristics of his psyche, state of health and functionality organism. This, in particular, explains the real variety of variants of the image of different people.

Social factors also include the level of medical care for the population.

^ Natural and climatic factors. These factors include learning and working conditions, factors of production, material and living conditions, climatic and natural conditions, degree of cleanliness of habitation, etc.

At present, it has become an irrefutable factor that acid rain, vast expanses of deforested forests, poisoned rivers, environmentally harmful food and much more, adversely affect human health. Hence - diseases, mortality and the shortest life expectancy in Europe, a huge number of handicapped children.

According to the well-known scientist, academician Yu.P. Lisitsin, who is a recognized authority in the field of preventive medicine, and many human diseases are determined by these factors (Table 1). 40

Table 1. Influence of the main factors on human health and diseases

Thus, among the causes and conditions that determine the health of the population, factors related to the way and conditions of human life have recently become leading. This is, first of all, the nature of nutrition, behavioral patterns, habits (smoking, alcohol abuse), physical activity, psychological attitudes, hygiene literacy, performance medical advice and others. Due to the fact that lifestyle factors play a leading role in shaping health, the population itself should be more actively involved in solving problems related to health.

^ Components of health. Currently, it is customary to distinguish several components (components) of health:

1. Somatic health- this is the current state of the organs and systems of the human body (physiological component). The basis of somatic health is determined by the high performance of the body and its resistance to various diseases.

2. ^ Physical health- the level of development and functional capabilities of organs and systems of the body. The basis of physical health is the morphological and functional reserves of cells, tissues, organs and organ systems that ensure the adaptation of the body to the effects of various factors.

3. ^ Mental Health- condition mental sphere person. The basis of mental health is self-confidence based on the ability to manage one's feelings and thoughts, a state of general mental comfort that provides adequate regulation of behavior. Mental health is primarily affected by the system of a person's relationship to himself, other people, life in general; his life goals and values, personal characteristics. Proper formation and satisfaction of these basic needs is the basis of normal human mental health.

4. ^ Spiritual health (moral health)- this is the desire and ability to manage one's own health, build one's behavior without compromising the well-being of other people. The spiritual health of a person depends on the conformity of personal and professional self-determination, satisfaction with family and social status, flexibility of life strategies and their compliance with the socio-cultural situation (economic, social and psychological conditions). This component is associated with the universal truths of goodness, love and beauty.

The moral component of health is determined by the conformity of the nature of human life with universal laws (for example, the law saturated need: a person must limit himself in everything; the law of the priority of reason over force: do not use force where you can achieve reason; etc.).

^ 5. Sexual health- a complex of somatic, emotional, intellectual and social aspects sexual behavior of a person, positively enriching the personality, increasing the sociability of a person and his ability to love. The basis of sexual health is:

1) the ability to enjoy and control sexual and childbearing behavior in accordance with the norms of social and personal ethics;

2) freedom from fear, feelings of shame and guilt, false ideas and other psychological factors suppressing sexual response and disrupting sexual relationships;

3) the absence of organic disorders, diseases and insufficiencies that interfere with the implementation of sexual and reproductive functions.

4. Lifestyle is a system of relationships between a person and himself and environmental factors. A way of life is understood as a stable way of life that has developed in certain socio-economic conditions, manifested in their work, life, leisure, satisfaction of material and spiritual needs, norms of communication and behavior.

Lifestyle includes three components: level, quality and lifestyle.

^ Quality of life characterizes the degree of comfort in meeting human needs (that is, it is predominantly a sociological category). The quality of life is interpreted as a fairly broad concept, covering many aspects of a person's life, related not only to the state of his health. These include: living conditions; satisfaction with studies; job satisfaction; family relationships; social environment; political and economic situation in the country.

^ Lifestyle- the category of socio-psychological. It characterizes the features of a person's everyday life, that is, a certain standard, under which the psychology and physiology of the individual adapts. Lifestyle is an essential sign of individuality, a manifestation of its relative independence, the ability to form oneself as a person in accordance with one's own ideas about a full and interesting life. Human health largely depends on the lifestyle, which is determined by the mentality (national traditions) and personal inclinations.

The most complete relationship between lifestyle and health is expressed in the concept of a healthy lifestyle (HLS). A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is an active activity of people aimed at maintaining and improving health. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the primary prevention in strengthening the health of the population through changes in style and lifestyle, its improvement using hygiene knowledge in the fight against bad habits, physical inactivity and the manifestation of adverse aspects associated with life situations.

Empirically, empirically, mankind has come to the conclusion that excessive eating, alcohol abuse, a sedentary lifestyle reduce the health resource, while playing sports, rational nutrition, hardening increase it. And the sooner a person develops a motivation, that is, a conscious need to take care of their health, the healthier each individual person in particular and society as a whole will be.

In 1965, American scientists Belloc and Breslau began a study of the influence of lifestyle on human health. 41 They interviewed 7,000 people aged 20 to 75. Using one set of questions, the nature of the presence in the lifestyle of respondents of seven factors was found out: sleep, breakfast, snacking between meals, maintaining an optimal weight, smoking, drinking alcohol and physical exercise. Another list of questions was aimed at finding out the state of health of the respondents during the last twelve months: for example, did they have to take sick leave due to illness; whether they had periods of low energy; whether they were forced to give up certain activities, etc. Comparison of different age groups the study showed that in each of them, the overall level of health status increased as the “healthy” lifestyle improved. Moreover, those who followed all seven rules of a healthy lifestyle showed the same health results as those who were 30 years younger, but these rules were not observed at all or in part. Subsequently, these seven factors began to be considered as the basis of a healthy lifestyle.

Of course, this does not exhaust all the real variety of factors of a healthy lifestyle, which is constantly being refined empirically and is not yet a definitively established list.

One of the reasons for the passive attitude to health lies in the lack of necessary knowledge about it, about the ways of its formation, preservation and strengthening.

Repeated unhealthy behavior in some cases can bring instant pleasure (smoking a “good” cigarette, eating ice cream, etc.), and the long-term negative consequences of such actions seem distant and unlikely.

Often, people simply do not realize what danger this or that unhealthy behavior is associated with (violations in the field of nutrition, personal hygiene, work and rest, household culture).

A significant part of a person's self-preserving behavior is determined by his ideas about health. If the recommendations for health promotion received from the media or the doctor do not match, diverge from his ideas, the likelihood that he will follow these recommendations will be low.

There is an age dynamics of the importance of health. Its priority role is most often noted by representatives of the middle and especially the older generation. Young people usually treat the problem of health as something quite important, but abstract, not directly related to them. Their hierarchy of values ​​is dominated by material goods and a career. If they pay attention to health, then mainly its physical component. In the understanding of young people, the role of mental and social health does not find its proper place.

There is a delayed feedback effect: people prefer not to burden themselves with work on their own health, since the result of the efforts expended may not be immediately noticeable and obvious. Lessons morning exercises, some kind of health systems, hardening bring a tangible positive result not immediately, but more often after months and even years. People do not understand this, they are often simply not explained. They are not set up for patient, systematic work on their own health. Not getting a quick effect from actions that are beneficial for their health, people stop exercising and may never return to them. The effect of delayed feedback is one of the main reasons for people's unhygienic behavior, their neglect of the rules of a healthy lifestyle.

In relation to health, there is also a sexual aspect. The value of health is higher for women. They care about health, even without having any significant problems with it. Men tend to pay attention to health when it worsens. Moreover, in ensuring health, men give preference to “living conditions” and only in case of obvious violations in the state of their health do they begin to attach importance to their own efforts. They, to a greater extent than women, consider it possible to sacrifice their health for the sake of a career, achieving professional success, showing a willingness to “burn out at work”.

^ Brief description of the main factors of a healthy lifestyle.

Dream. Scientists have calculated (using the example of residents Western Europe), which on average takes about 22 years of a person's life to sleep. Good sleep is one of the prerequisites for the normal functioning of the body. The required daily sleep time is a fairly individual indicator, but on average, its duration is considered to be equal to 7-8 hours. Sleep hygiene involves a number of general rules, including: it is necessary to stop intense mental work 1-1.5 hours before bedtime; dinner should be no later than 2-2.5 hours before bedtime; sleep in a ventilated room; in the room it is necessary to turn off the light and establish silence; do not sleep face down, so as not to impede normal breathing; it is desirable to accustom yourself to go to bed at the same time (the most acceptable, physiologically justified is the period of sleep from 22-23 to 7-8 in the morning). You should not use the time allotted for sleep as an additional reserve for doing certain things. Systematically insufficient, poor-quality sleep leads to impaired functioning nervous system, decreased performance, increased fatigue, irritability. Ultimately, the violation of the rules of sleep hygiene entails the development of insomnia.

The great importance of sleep for human health has long been appreciated by folk wisdom. Even in ancient times they said: "That sleep is the best dish at a feast near nature." A. S. Pushkin in the poem "Dream" wrote:

I sing a dream, the priceless gift of Morpheus,

And I'll teach you how it should be in silence

Rest in a pleasant, sound sleep.

In another poem, the great poet exclaims:

A dear and old acquaintance,

Oh dream, my good keeper!

Many researchers believe that the most complete sleep, which begins in the first half of the night, before 12 o'clock, and ends early in the morning. Life experience shows that it is best to go to bed early and get up early.

^ Rational balance of work and rest. Among all spheres of life, work has the strongest influence on health and, mainly, worsens it. Work activity has a strong influence on life satisfaction in general, on the state of physical and mental health. Job satisfaction is a very common and reliable indicator, which is used to evaluate, for example, the correct choice of profession, the success of professional adaptation, and the state of professional health. Satisfies, as a rule, the work is diverse, creative, independent, making high personal demands on a person.

It has been established that job satisfaction is one of the distinguishing features of centenarians. More than 70% of the long-lived men examined by the Institute of Gerontology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, whose age exceeded 90 years, had a work experience of more than 60 years.

Both the complete absence of professional employment (unemployment), idleness, and wear and tear, accompanied by unforgivable time savings due to neglect of the elementary rules of diet and sleep, unwillingness and inability to properly manage free time to restore physical and mental strength.

The rhythmic regime of work and rest, their rational alternation are one of the most important conditions for maintaining a high working capacity of the body, maintaining health. The organization of rest and its regime are of the same importance as the regime of work and the organization of work. Rest should not be only passive (sleeping, lying down, etc.). For a person engaged in mental activity, light physical labor, physical exercise is a wonderful outdoor activity. Even I. M. Sechenov established that active rest has a more beneficial effect on the body and is much more useful than complete rest.

The correct alternation of work and rest, observance of a lunch break, daytime sleep, i.e. a well-established and firmly established daily and night routine, a daily strict regimen of life - all this preserves health and performance.

The body needs daily, weekly and yearly rest. Resting daily means taking short breaks during the working day, as well as wisely organizing rest after work. In the process of intense mental work, you should pause - divert attention from the main issue to something secondary, get up, walk around, do some physical exercises, warm up.

Thus, rest is a necessary factor in a healthy lifestyle. Sufficient, timely and well-organized rest is one of the most important ways to improve performance and maintain health.

^ No bad habits. A healthy lifestyle involves a negative attitude towards alcohol, smoking, drug use. These bad habits ruin the health of those who use them and bring sorrow to those around them.

One of the worst vices of mankind is drunkenness, which has always caused self-loathing.

Even the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle said that intoxication is voluntary madness. And, indeed, strong intoxication is essentially acute mental disorder: excessive talkativeness and mobility, a sense of complacency, frivolity, loss of the ability to navigate in space, sometimes senseless rage, aggressiveness, illusions and hallucinations, a feeling of fear and longing with delirium and suicide attempts. All this fits perfectly into the picture of acute mental illness. Alcohol is a narcotic poison that acts primarily on brain cells - on the highest centers of mental life, exciting and then paralyzing them. Dose 7-8 g pure alcohol per 1 kg of body weight is fatal to humans. An adult weighing 75 kg can die after drinking 1 liter of forty-degree vodka.

Frequent and systematic alcohol consumption leads to a serious disease - chronic alcoholism.

In chronic alcohol poisoning, degeneration of nerve cells occurs, and at the same time, the functions of the liver, kidneys, stomach and intestines are disrupted. Alcohol has a harmful effect on the heart and blood vessels, as well as the respiratory system. Children of persons suffering from alcoholism are usually born physically weak, grow poorly, develop slowly, and often get sick. People who abuse alcohol shorten their lives by 10-12 years or more. Chronic alcoholism causes severe mental illness - alcoholic psychosis.

Tobacco smoking is one of the most common bad habits. It has been established that a seemingly harmless cloud of tobacco smoke contains toxic substances that affect not only the body of the smoker, but also the health of others. Medical statistics have shown that in addition to lung cancer, the mortality rate for a number of diseases in smokers is several times higher than in non-smokers.

A wonderful means of combating both smoking and alcoholism are organized physical education and sports. Daily physical training, cool water procedures, light sports, excursions, tourism and mountaineering strengthen the body, harden it, and distract from bad habits.

^ Optimal motor mode. One of the fundamental conditions for ensuring health is rational physical activity. Motor actions are powerful factors that increase the adaptive capabilities of the body, expanding functional reserves.

The problem of movement and health was of sufficient relevance in ancient Greece and in Ancient Rome. So, the Greek philosopher Aristotle (4th century BC) expressed the idea that nothing destroys the body so much as physical inaction. The great physician Hippocrates not only widely used physical exercises in the treatment of patients, but also substantiated the principle of their application. He wrote: “The harmony of functions is the result of right attitude amount of exercise to the health of the subject. The ancient Roman physician Gallen, in his work The Art of Restoring Health, wrote: “Thousands and thousands of times I have restored health to my patients through exercise.” The French physician Simon-Andre Tissot (XVIII century) wrote: "...Movement as such can replace any remedy, but all the medical remedies of the world cannot replace the action of movement."

A. S. Pushkin rightly exclaimed:

What is needed? Move, gentlemen!

Look, Klim, gray-haired in pillows,

Exhausted, pampered, sick,

The whole century sits with gout and melancholy!

Here is his call on how to get rid of such a state:

My friends! Take your staff

Go to the forest, wander through the valley,

Steep hills get tired at the top -

And in debt the night will be deep your sleep.

For many years, the health-improving socio-economic and educational role of physical culture and mass sports in the country was underestimated. At the same time, the level of public health remains low. Two out of five schoolchildren have a violation of posture, 20-25% of students are overweight. Among the adult population, one in three is overweight. Scientifically substantiated recommendations on the volume of cultural and sports activities are carried out only by a small part of the population.

Motor activity is very diverse. The choice of specific types of physical exercises largely depends on the inclinations of each person, his individual characteristics. When choosing one or another type of physical activity, it is necessary to be guided by its health-improving orientation. The positive influence of motor actions is determined by the following requirements: a comprehensive effect on the body, accessibility, safety, a gradual increase in load, a positive emotional state.

Sports and physical education, participation in various health programs (walking, jogging, exercise, etc.) undoubtedly contribute to improving physical well-being and mental health. The healing effect of physical exercises is observed only in those cases when they are rationally balanced in direction, power and volume in accordance with the individual capabilities of those involved. The healing, therapeutic and training effect of physical exercises on the body becomes more effective if they are correctly combined with hardening agents in the form of water procedures, sun and air baths, as well as massage.

In addition to the healing effect, physical exercises have a training effect on a person (increases mental and physical performance), allow you to increase the level of physical qualities, contribute to the formation and further improvement of vital motor skills and abilities (swimming, skiing, etc.).

^ Hardening of the body. Hardening is an increase in the body's resistance to various harmful external influences and cultivating the ability to quickly and painlessly adapt to changes in the external environment (in particular, to sharp atmospheric and temperature fluctuations). It is based on the reasonable use of the natural factors of nature - the sun, water and air. At the same time, physical training in itself is an excellent means of hardening the body. It is known how easily unhardened people develop coughs, runny noses, hoarseness of voice if their feet get wet or even if they just walk on the floor barefoot.

Of our great compatriots who used the hardening method, one can name the names of I. P. Pavlov, L. N. Tolstoy, I. P. Repin, A. V. Suvorov. I. P. Pavlov wore an autumn coat throughout the entire St. Petersburg winter, did not like to wrap himself up, until the age of 80 he swam in the Neva not only in the summer, but also in the fall. L. N. Tolstoy loved to walk, in the morning he poured cold water on himself. I. Repin slept all winter in a room with open windows despite the most severe frosts; having lived to the age of 85, he did not know colds. A. V. Suvorov doused himself with cold water in the morning, did not like to dress warmly, slept on a hard bed, and in the field - on straw.

Having accustomed himself to drafts, to cold, to sharp drops air temperature, a person develops greater resistance to various pathogens. Hardening, especially at a young age, has an impact on the mental education of a person, his character. A hardened person works normally and feels good in a wide variety of climatic and meteorological conditions; and in the north, and in the south, and in the great frost, and in the heat, and in the misty autumn, and in the sunny spring.

Food. Nutrition is one of the basic vital needs of any organism. Life activity, working capacity and even life expectancy of a person depend on the nature of nutrition. Only with rational nutrition is it possible to fully develop all the functional abilities of the body and the highest labor productivity.

We do not live in order to eat, but we eat in order to live, - said the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. A properly and fully nourished person usually looks good and young, he is cheerful, cheerful and has a high working capacity. A person who is systematically undernourished or malnourished looks older than his age, he is lethargic, has little initiative, is irritable, picky; his working capacity is reduced, and he is predisposed to diseases.

The main provisions of rational nutrition are that food must meet certain hygienic requirements and be:

Optimal in quantitative terms, i.e. correspond to human energy costs. The daily diet, first of all, should correspond to the energy costs of the body. The calorie content of the daily diet should be 2550-4300 kcal for a man, and 2200-2700 kcal for women. The higher the energy consumption, the higher the calorie content of food should be. With sufficient caloric content of food, body weight fluctuates within small limits. An increase in body weight with excessive deposition of fat indicates excessive nutrition, while a decrease in body weight indicates an insufficient caloric content of food.

Full-fledged in terms of quality, i.e. include all the necessary nutritional components (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts), balanced in the most favorable ratio. Nutrition should include five food groups: 1) milk and dairy products, eggs; 2) meat - beef, poultry, fish and meat products; 3) bread, wholemeal bakery products, pasta, cereals, beans, rice, potatoes, sugar; 4) fats - butter, sour cream, cream, lard, bacon, vegetable oil; 5) vegetables and fruits. The daily diet should include 60% carbohydrates, 30% protein and 10% fat. Since protein plays an important role in recovery processes and, unlike carbohydrates and fats, cannot accumulate in the body, its daily intake is mandatory (lean meat, skinless chicken, fish, egg white). Of great importance correct mode nutrition, i.e. eating at a strictly defined time, which contributes to better absorption of food and good functioning of the digestive organs.

Diverse and containing various products of animal and vegetable origin;

Highly digestible, appetizing and with a pleasant taste, smell and appearance. Food should be chemically harmless and safe in terms of bacterial composition. Food should be taken in silence and in a calm environment (do not eat food that does not meet the requirements of freshness). A person should like food and cause a reflex secretion of gastric juice (it is necessary to eat at a moderate pace, slowly. Food should be chewed thoroughly. Water should be drunk no later than 10-15 minutes before meals and it is not advisable to drink with meals);

The mode and menu of food should be appropriate for age and occupation.

^ Personal Care. The basis of personal hygiene is a rational daily regimen. It creates optimal conditions for the activity and recovery of the body and promotes health and increased efficiency.

Due to the different living and working conditions, household and individual characteristics there cannot be a single daily regimen for everyone. However, its main provisions must be respected in any case. This is the fulfillment various kinds activities at a strictly defined time; correct alternation labor activity, training sessions and rest; regular meals, enough long and good sleep.

Personal hygiene includes body care. It includes caring for the body, skin, hair and nails, teeth and oral cavity, eyes, nasal cavity, digestive and respiratory organs, genital organs, control over the course of mental and emotional processes, the functioning of the nervous system. After exercising, be sure to take a shower. A good hygienic procedure is a bath, it helps to maintain body cleanliness, improves skin functions, hardens the body, improves health .

^ Sufficient medical activity. Medical activity - floor

A person strives for harmony of soul and body. Some people are not worried about being overweight, while others are driven into serious complexes. Excess weight is not a pathology, but a person with overweight body is more prone to atherosclerosis, diabetes, heart disease. These pathologies are dangerous to health, they are difficult to treat.

How to lose weight?

There are many ways. It is necessary to normalize the diet. Nutritionists advise to eat 5-6 times a day in small portions. Easily digestible foods should be included in the diet ( boiled vegetables, fruit). It is believed that you need to drink 2 liters of water per day, but this amount of fluid loads the kidneys. Drinking 2 waters of water at a time is strictly prohibited! The recommended rate for those who want to lose weight and just keep the body in good shape is 1.2 liters per day (300 ml of pure water 4 times a day). The liquid stimulates metabolism, helps the body get rid of toxins. Jogging and moderate physical activity contribute to losing weight and improving overall well-being.

Worth paying attention to nutritional supplements. Drops "Bee Spas" help in burning excess body fat. The drug has many reviews that confirm its effectiveness. With significant body fat and the correct use of Bee Spas, you can lose up to 10 kg in one week. Drops "Bee Spas" are safe, as they are made on the basis of plant extracts.

• Caffeine has a complex antioxidant effect. This component gently affects the gastric walls, at the same time - quickly removes toxins. Caffeine is often included in nutritional supplements and creams designed to combat cellulite. In addition to the cleansing effect, this component rejuvenates cells, saturating them with oxygen and biologically active substances.
• Grapefruit seed extract is another powerful ingredient. It contains vitamins and microelements that improve the physiological processes of the body. The flavonoids present in grapefruit seeds have not only a cleansing effect, but also an antimicrobial effect.
• Podmor bee includes chitosan of bees. An important component of bee deadness is melatonin: this component is involved in lipid metabolism.
• L-carnitine destroys excess fat cells, and also restores the balance of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.

Food supplement "Bee Spas" is taken 2 times a day before meals. For a single dose, 10 drops are required. After 2-3 days, the result will be noticeable: the metabolism is normalized, the body will be able to get rid of accumulated toxins. The result will be weight loss, as well as an improvement in moral and physical well-being.

Factors that determine physical and psychological well-being

Studies have shown that human health depends on six factors, these include:

• biological characteristics of the organism (functioning of the higher nervous system, hereditary tendency to certain diseases, temperament, mental abilities);
• natural phenomena (state of air, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, flora and fauna);
• climate;
• socio-economic environment (living conditions, financial situation);
• environment (cleanliness or air pollution).
• medicine (the development of this industry in a particular country, the level of qualification of doctors).

Modern scientists believe that health is 50% dependent on lifestyle. An individual's hereditary characteristics play a significant role: the physical and psychological well-being of a person is 20% dependent on genetics. Diseases or predisposition to them are often inherited. Accordingly, if a person is genetically prone to any pathology, his body is more vulnerable.

Other factors also play an important role. In the absence of morphological and functional prerequisites for diseases, one can judge about good health. If a person lives in good living conditions, favorable environmental conditions, he is less prone to disease. Working in a hazardous industry, living in a polluted atmosphere makes the body vulnerable and prone to pathological conditions.

Level medical screening affects the physical and psychological well-being of the individual. If a person regularly undergoes preventive examinations and medical care is provided in a timely manner, he has a better chance of maintaining health. Thus, measures are taken to prevent a particular disease. The lack of medical control undermines health: a person can develop a disease, the existence of which he will not guess. If you do not start early treatment, the pathology will begin to progress, which will lead to dangerous consequences. Timely preventive examination and competent therapy play an important role in maintaining physical and psychological well-being.

50-55% of health depends on our habits. A sedentary, moderately active lifestyle, dosed loads, psychological comfort help to maintain health. If a person eats well, gets enough sleep, organs and systems function smoothly. People who are constantly on the road and lack sleep are more prone to illness.

A hypodynamic lifestyle undermines physical health. AT this case a person becomes prone to pathological conditions such as obesity, atherosclerosis, hypertension. Sports activities strengthen the immune system, they make the body hardy and resistant to pathologies. Dosed physical activity increases muscle tone and blood vessels Thus, prevention of atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart attack and a number of other diseases is ensured. Sport improves psychological well-being. Regular jogging has been found to reduce stress by 25%!

People who are constantly under stress are more prone to disease. Unfavorable work environment, psychological pressure, conflicts: all this undermines health. In addition to the above factors, health depends on our valeological literacy (valeology is the science of physical, moral and social well-being). If a person knows the basics of a healthy lifestyle, and also knows how to put them into practice, he is more likely to avoid diseases.

The influence of genes on our health

Parental chromosomes have a direct effect on the body. Why do some people get sick more often than others? Marriage is worth considering. If a person marries a distant relative, there is Great chance the fact that an unhealthy child is born in this family. It has been established that such children are 50 times more likely to die than those who were born from unrelated marriages. Russia is a multinational country. A rich gene pool allows you to get offspring with good genetic traits.

If the chromosomes present in germ cells, as well as the structural elements of these cells, are exposed to negative factors ecological environment health suffers. The negative consequences of accidents are often reflected in the genetic material, thus, the body becomes weakened. It is important to say that the attitudes of a particular individual, his physical and psychological health largely depend on heredity.

The latter determines the dominant human needs (aspirations, abilities). Not only a disease, but also a bad habit can be transmitted by heredity. Scientists have confirmed that upbringing plays an important role in the formation of the individual, but hereditary factors are decisive. To choose a profession, a way of life, a partner for creating a family for a particular individual, you need to analyze his heredity. There are cases when the environment of life comes into conflict with the program laid down at the gene level. The result of such a "conflict" is a violation of the mechanisms of adaptation to the outside world. As a result, mental health may suffer.

A person must lead a lifestyle that would not allow contradictions between the environment and hereditary factors. Everyday life should be associated with natural preferences, in other words, you need to listen to your inner voice and, if possible, not go against yourself. Otherwise, psychological discomfort will arise, which will slowly depress the body.

Environmental impact

For millions of years, man has been adapting to nature. Initially, health depends on the energy and "whims" of nature. Atmosphere, water, landscape, biosystems, energy resources: they all affect our physical and psychological well-being. More than a hundred years ago, the scientist Chizhevsky drew attention to the energy phenomena associated with the sun. He proved that the manifestations of some cardiovascular ailments depend on the 14-year period of fluctuations in solar activity. Modern scientists claim that emotional and physical well-being depend on the phases of the moon. These phenomena predetermine the tendency to depression and pathologies that affect blood clotting. It can be concluded that health depends on solar and lunar activity.

A person who knows the patterns of changes in solar and lunar activity can calculate favorable periods for the implementation of conceived ideas. Nature is changeable: it greatly affects well-being and health. hesitation atmospheric pressure causes the weather to change. Most people clearly react to this feature. Changes in weather conditions often disrupt general well-being (for example, a person may have high blood pressure).

How else does nature affect our health?

Every day we work and strive to protect ourselves from the "whims" of nature. During evolution, man has learned to adapt nature for himself: build houses, sew clothes, get food. Automated systems have improved life: we have reduced the use of muscle labor. Production is improving daily. For its energy supply, a person uses the same natural resources.

As progress develops, the relationship of man with nature changes, along with this, the conditions of existence change. The fact is that we need the riches of nature. We need timber, oil, sand, coal, rivers. In order not to depend on nature, it is necessary to build reservoirs and dams. Human intervention and the use of natural resources have a negative impact on the ecological situation. The development of the economy leads to pollution of nature. Technological progress has led to the fact that today pesticides, gases, fumes of chemicals enter the atmosphere. Nature, without which man cannot exist, suffers greatly.

Evolution leads to a change in the environment. The actions of people lead to extinction and disruption of the adaptive capabilities of animals. Initially, a person did not want to adapt to the laws of nature, he did everything in order to subjugate it to himself. Reservoirs were purposefully created, artificial substances were introduced into the soil that violated its properties.

Health directly depends on vegetables and fruits that we grow on "artificial" soil. Products with nitrates disrupt the activity of the gastrointestinal tract, in severe cases they lead to ulcers. In addition to this, the consumption of low-quality vegetables accelerates the aging process. Man has caused significant damage to nature, as a result, he himself has suffered. Natural resources are depleted daily. More and more harmful gases are emitted into the atmosphere. The creation of artificial sources of radioactivity leads to a violation of the ozone layer.

How does our nature suffer?

Man seeks to transform nature, but this leads to a deterioration in the conditions of existence. Violations of the natural environment today are irreversible. People, filling reservoirs and building dams, disrupt the water cycle. Forest areas should supply us with oxygen, but at the same time they are necessary for our needs. Deforestation mainly destroys the ecological situation. The body becomes more susceptible to poisons, chemicals. Forests located in Siberia and on the territory of the Amazon River are the strongest today.

A person violated the ties of biogeocenosis, because of this he himself suffered. AT modern world common pathologies respiratory system: they are more susceptible to people living in large cities. Those who live in megacities are prone to cancer. Life in the countryside is not as bad as it seems. It connects people with nature, which significantly affects their health. A person living in a polluted environment is 10 times more likely to have asthma and 3 times more likely to have mental illness. Changing habits has reduced life expectancy by 40 years.

Technological processes spoil the environment and pollute the air. In the air of the metropolis there are 350 carcinogens, different in structure. Almost every one of them has a pathogenic effect on cells. So that a person could save natural resources and properly dispose of them, the science of "Ecology" was created. The purpose of this science is to convey to man the idea that he is part of nature. Ecology teaches to take care of the gifts of nature. If we develop long-term socio-economic programs, improve environmental and valeological literacy, develop a sense of responsibility for ourselves and others, we can improve the quality of health and prolong human life on earth.

The role of medical support

Modern medicine is well developed, but medical care does not always meet our needs. Initially, medicine was developed for the treatment and prevention of ailments. With the development of civilization, science has changed its goals. Today, like a couple of centuries ago, it focuses on treatment. Doctors pay little attention to health. Scientists and philosophers have argued that medicine and health are diametrically opposed concepts. If doctors, according to a certain “template”, provide quality medical care, this does not mean that the population will be healthy.

Doctors suggest how to be treated correctly, few people talk about how to ensure the prevention of a particular disease. Infectious pathologies distributed by 10%. People often suffer from non-communicable somatic diseases. Functional mental disorders, alcoholism, drug addiction are widespread. A serious threat to health are: hypertension, atherosclerosis, HIV infection, metabolic disorders, mental disorders, malignant tumors. Modern medicine does not have methods for the prevention of these ailments. The medieval philosopher Bacon wrote that medicine should preserve health, and this is its first duty, the second duty is to treat diseases.

What is wrong with medicine?

Little attention is paid to prevention, doctors practically do not talk about it. About 80% of people are in a pre-morbid state, and if they do not know how to prevent an illness, doctors will not tell about it. Humanity needs educational work, the purpose of which should be to convey preventive measures. It is necessary to know more about the physiological capabilities of the body and measures that help prevent disease. The population needs to discover the theory of health.

The doctor should remember that a person is not a set of organs, but an integral system. In addition to organs, we have a soul that also needs to be taken care of. Stable psychological problems, at times, lead to diseases, respectively, one of the preventive measures is the prevention of stress. Most doctors do not understand the concept of "Health" as deeply as necessary, but only focus on the recommended norms.

The purpose of official medicine is to improve the body. However, it is important to look for the root cause of the disease and do everything to eliminate it. The doctor must work closely with the population. There are many people who do not show signs of illness, but in the course of preventive examination violations are identified and treatment is prescribed. The physician does not know the psychological and pedagogical aspects that would allow for effective educational work aimed at the prevention of pathologies. Hygienists are somewhat different from "doctors" in the broadest sense, they have the opportunity to implement the idea of ​​​​primary prevention.

Therapeutic activity of medicine is different. The sages of the old days believed that the doctor has 3 medicines. The first is the word. When the doctor voices the cause of the disease, a person can eliminate it and recover. The second medicine is medicine. If the cause of the disease is unknown or unexplored, medications are recommended to relieve symptoms. The third medicine is a knife. If conservative therapy fails, a surgical procedure is indicated. The cause of the disease during surgery can be eliminated.

Physicians who lived during the Middle Ages emphasized that the main task of medicine should be to eliminate the cause of the disease. If you seek temporary relief, there will be no stable result. The disease will be driven into a dead end. Improper therapy leads to the fact that the disease becomes chronic. If a doctor does not know the healing methodology, which is based on the adaptive capabilities of the body, he is not able to fully understand what health is.

It is important to comprehensively heal the body, ensuring the prevention of not only the main diseases, but also related ones. Medicines designed to eliminate symptoms create an imaginary effect of recovery. Achieving health must be a strategic approach. To correctly cure the disease, you need to identify its cause, in the future - to take measures for prevention. The consequences of treatment tactics should be taken into account. To control your own health, you need to master the tactics of self-healing.

Introduction to a healthy lifestyle

A modern person understands that a health worker will not protect against diseases, but will only provide assistance when a particular symptom appears. Everything today more people interested in a healthy lifestyle. Among them are doctors and people without medical education. The development of pathologies is often associated with in the wrong way life. In fact, healthy lifestyle is one of the best preventive measures. America, unlike our country, joins a healthy lifestyle. In recent years, the death rate in this country has decreased, while life expectancy has increased. If you improve your lifestyle on your own, you can ensure the prevention of physical and psychological disorders. Statistics show that the death rate is increasing in Russia; about 80% of men and 50% of women are unhealthy image life.

The concept of "healthy lifestyle"

It includes a set of biological and social aspects necessary for the full life of a person. The goal of a healthy lifestyle is to improve health, ensure competent disease prevention, achieve moral well-being and, ultimately, prolong life. A healthy lifestyle is also a model of behavior based on established sanitary and hygienic standards. If we analyze all the definitions of a healthy lifestyle, we can establish that they are based on genetic factor. A healthy lifestyle should correspond to the characteristics of the body and the conditions in which it is used to being.

Before determining a healthy lifestyle for a particular person, it is necessary to analyze typological aspects. It is important to understand the mechanisms of adaptation of a particular organism. In determining a healthy lifestyle for an individual, gender, the social environment familiar to him, plays a role. A healthy lifestyle is a set of factors and norms that help maintain moral and physical well-being.

• physical activity;
• good nutrition (consumption of products with natural vitamins and useful microelements);
• rejection of bad habits;
• valeological literacy.

mental health

It is an integral part of psychological well-being. As mentioned above, the body is an integral system consisting of interconnected elements. These elements are controlled by the nervous system. Physical health depends on our moral well-being. Frequent stress affects the condition of the skin and internal organs. Mental health is different for everyone. The so-called "mental illnesses" affect people with a weak, unstable psyche. Normally, mental health should correspond to age. A person with good mental health is able to perform tasks in specific areas of life.

The mind of a child is formed in the womb. The health of the unborn child depends on how a woman feels during pregnancy. Mental illnesses, unlike physical ones, are not easy to define. The line between health and mental illness is almost blurred. If a person gets very tired when doing mental work, he may be overtired. Everyone has it different level ability to work, in this regard, the performance of the same tasks takes a different amount of time.

To establish a psychosomatic disorder, you need to comprehensively examine the body. When making a diagnosis, the opinion of a neurologist, psychologist and psychiatrist is taken into account. A person must independently control health, moreover, regardless of external factors. Prevention of psychological ailments is a full sleep, dosed mental stress, active lifestyle. It is important that the body rests in time from work. An indicator of mental health is mental activity. It is characterized by the level of attention, memory. If a person has good working capacity, then it can be assumed that he is mentally healthy.

The manifestation of mental disorders

Decreased performance levels often indicate mental health problems. In this case, a person cannot concentrate on anything, mental abilities and memory deteriorate. Against the background of overwork, apathy often occurs: a person can withdraw into himself, trying to get away from pressing matters. There are cases when a decrease in performance is combined with autonomic disorders. Then there are physical symptoms: increased heart rate, headache, increased sweating.

Depending on the nature of the psychological and physical disorder, a person may feel pain in the gastrointestinal tract and heart. A sign of overwork is fear, in extreme cases there is panic. It is important to say that the psyche is unique and changeable. If you know its features, you can build a productive educational and educational program. Thanks to this program, a person will achieve moral well-being. It is necessary to control the psyche in an organized manner, to do everything so that it develops in the right direction.

With the participation of the psyche, we achieve achievements that demonstrate our success and, perhaps, superiority. If we consider the psyche of the child, the family plays an important role in its formation. The well-being of the child and his moral health depend on the psychological situation in the family circle. If the baby feels significant, he develops good mental health. It should also be taken into account that moral well-being depends on genetic characteristics.

The formation of the psyche in a student

A child of school age must learn the individual typological features of the psyche. The disadvantage of modern education is that the teacher uses generally accepted norms and schemes, while not taking into account the gender and temperament of the student. The curriculum is designed for the average child, which is fundamentally wrong. When a teacher gives a test in an exact discipline, he realizes that a higher mark will be received by a student who completes more tasks. However, it never occurs to anyone to set tasks taking into account the temperament of the child.

For example, a choleric person will strive to complete more tasks. A phlegmatic child will begin to get lost and confused due to time constraints, as a result, he may just get nervous and quit the test. Due to the wrong learning model, some children think that in order to achieve the goal, they need to prepare once, and the rest of the time should not be devoted to studying. Others believe that training is in vain and it will not lead to success anyway.

In physical education, too, there are nuances. Physical exercises in the school curriculum are designed for the average student, although children differ in height, weight, endurance. One child can easily perform the tasks assigned to him, since he has a strong physique by nature, the other is not able to cope with the task. It may seem to the child that the specific goals that education defines are unattainable. It is wrong to drive a student to a certain standard. Girls are prone to humanitarian activities, boys want to assert themselves, so they strive to learn the exact sciences. The school curriculum does not take into account these features.

The mistake is made by teachers and parents who compare children. A child's self-esteem can be seriously affected, resulting in an inferiority complex. If a child is smart, he may become conceited and think that everything in his life will work out without studying. Ideal training should be designed taking into account the physiological characteristics of children. If a child is better today than yesterday, his score should be higher. Such an approach could develop motivational abilities and a craving for learning new things. As we can see, mental health is formed in childhood.

The importance of sleep in human life

Sleep is one of the determinants of health. It has been established that a person spends more than a third of his life in a dream. live without this essential function impossible. AT Ancient China there was an unusual torture: people who committed a malicious act were punished with sleep deprivation. The criminals did not survive. Sleep regulates the activity of the body: this process improves mental activity, restores the functioning of internal organs, improves skin condition, and ensures the prevention of neurotic diseases. When a person is in a dream, metabolic reactions decrease, muscles relax, and anabolism processes begin to activate. Such reactions are useful for the body: they help a person recover from a severe physical or mental labor.

The scientist Pavlov believed that sleep is not just rest, but some kind of body activity. In sleep, the brain works differently. He analyzes and processes the information he received during the week, month, year. Good sleep helps to get rid of unnecessary information. This physiological process helps to normalize the neuropsychic state. Distinguish between slow and fast sleep. The slow one lasts from an hour to one and a half, the fast one - from 10 to 20 minutes on average. REM sleep is productive: it involves the deep structures of the brain. REM sleep is essential for children.

As the body matures, non-REM sleep becomes longer. Scientists have done a lot of research on which sleep is more important, fast or slow. It was not possible to find a general solution. If we talk about a full-fledged sleep, then it should be continuous, and the fast phase should go on a par with the slow one. Thus, the body will recover after a busy day. Sleep cannot be shortened. If a person regularly experiences lack of sleep, he becomes predisposed to illness.

Dreams appear in the fast and slow sleep. Those that are characteristic of REM sleep are bright and realistic. A person can see incredible stories, fragments from his fantasy. Sigmund Freud said that dreams are the language of mankind. He associated fragments of dreams with unconscious addictions. According to Freud, if a person solves any important tasks in a dream, then in real life something is holding him back, there are restrictions. In a dream, everything is allowed.

Dreams depend on the psychophysiological state of the person. They are also determined by habits, lifestyle. Experts believe that dream books do not carry practical meaning. What is the sleep rate? We used to think that it is somewhere between 7 and 9 hours. In fact, the rate of sleep depends on the physiology of a particular organism. Not the last role is played by the nature of the previous activity and the age of the person.

The importance of good sleep

Uninterrupted sleep helps to recover after a hard day. If a person gets enough sleep, the brain will productively process information, memory reserves will be released, concentration of attention will improve. It is recommended to go to bed at the same time, then there will be no problems with sleep. Knowledge workers need to sleep long hours, it is highly undesirable for them to work at night.

Stable lack of sleep is dangerous to health and can lead to pathologies. The amount of sleep you need to consider based on who you are, "owl" or "lark". Before going to bed, you should not eat, drink coffee. You need to relieve yourself mentally and physically. It is recommended to stop watching heavy TV programs. The body needs to prepare for sleep. If you ignore such rules, sleep will worsen, and this will affect your health.

You need to fall asleep in a calm environment. You can go for a walk in the evening. If you can't sleep at night, it's still best to wait until night. Daytime sleep is considered harmful if it lasts more than 30 minutes. Some people take a nap during the day: this helps to gain strength for further work. Nap helps relieve excess stress. It is desirable to choose a firm mattress, if necessary, wear fabric glasses.

What are biorhythms?

Physical and psychological well-being depend on biorhythms. These are the mechanisms of nature that subjugate man, nature and the cosmos. All living beings are subject to biological clocks. These hours are cyclical. The body develops in the conditions of the change of day and night, as well as the alternation of the seasons. Biorhythm is the principle of all living things, it is the regulator of our activity. Biorhythms consist of biological processes having period, frequency, rhythm, phase and amplitude. Biorhythm cycles are divided into high-frequency cycles with a maximum duration of 30 minutes, medium-frequency cycles of 5-24 hours, and low-frequency ones, lasting from 7 days to a year.

The one and a half hour biorhythm is responsible for the alternation of neuronal activity of the brain. A person, as a rule, does not notice that during the day mental activity is changing. The one and a half hour rhythm predetermines brain activity during sleep. The results of studies have shown that every one and a half hours a person's excitability changes (increases and decreases). For example, we may lose our mood or begin to worry, regardless of external circumstances. The circadian rhythm lasts 24 hours. It manifests itself in wakefulness and sleep. The monthly rhythm characterizes changes in a woman's body. The annual rhythm is a change in health and well-being during the year.

Hormone levels fluctuate with the seasons. In spring and summer, a person becomes more enduring than in winter or autumn. The eyes show maximum photosensitivity in June. Twelve-year and twenty-two-year biorhythms are associated with meteorological features. Biorhythms also formed with the development of society. Our consciousness has adapted to the fact that 5 or 6 days of the week are labor days. It has been established that with the onset of the weekend, the working capacity decreases.

In conclusion, we note that health depends on many factors. Mental well-being is formed in childhood and depends on heredity, upbringing, habits, preferences of the child. The tendency to disease is genetically determined, and it can also develop under the influence of adverse factors. Proper nutrition, dosed physical activity and compliance with other ZOSh rules will help keep the body in good shape and ensure the prevention of diseases.

By discipline:

Fundamentals of medical knowledge and a healthy lifestyle

« Factors affecting health. The role of various factors in health promotion.

Smirnova Elena Andreevna.

Psychology faculty. Course 1.

Address: Novosibirsk region,

Vengerovsky district,

Vengerovo village, st. Herzen 14

Harmful factors affecting human health

Alcohol

The problem of alcohol consumption is very relevant today. Now the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the world is characterized by huge numbers. The whole society suffers from this, but first of all, the younger generation is at risk: children, adolescents, youth, as well as the health of expectant mothers. After all, alcohol has a particularly active effect on the unformed body, gradually destroying it.

The harm of alcohol is obvious. It has been proven that when alcohol enters the body, it spreads through the blood to all organs and adversely affects them up to destruction.

With the systematic use of alcohol, a dangerous disease develops - alcoholism. Alcoholism is dangerous to human health, but it is curable, like many other diseases.

But the main problem is that most of the alcoholic products produced by non-state enterprises contain a large amount of toxic substances. Poor quality products often lead to poisoning and even death.

All this causes great damage to society, its cultural values.

Effect of alcohol on the nervous system.

Alcohol from the stomach enters the bloodstream two minutes after drinking. The blood carries it to all cells of the body. First of all, the cells of the cerebral hemispheres suffer. The conditioned reflex activity of a person worsens, the formation of complex movements slows down, the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system changes. Under the influence of alcohol, voluntary movements are disturbed, a person loses the ability to control himself.

The penetration of alcohol to the cells of the frontal lobe of the cortex liberates the emotions of a person, unjustified joy, stupid laughter, lightness in judgments appear. Following the increasing excitation in the cerebral cortex, there is a sharp weakening of the processes of inhibition. The cortex ceases to control the work of the lower parts of the brain. A person loses restraint, modesty, he says and does what he never said and would not do when sober. Each new portion of alcohol paralyzes the higher nerve centers more and more, as if connecting them and not allowing them to interfere with the activity of the lower parts of the brain: coordination of movements is disturbed, for example, eye movement (objects begin to double), an awkward staggering gait appears.

"Violation of the functioning of the nervous system and internal organs is observed with any use of alcohol: one-time, episodic and systematic."

It is known that disorders of the nervous system are directly related to the concentration of alcohol in human blood. When the amount of alcohol is 0.04-0.05 percent, the cerebral cortex turns off, the person loses control over himself, loses the ability to reason rationally. At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1 percent, the deeper parts of the brain that control movement are inhibited. Human movements become uncertain and are accompanied by causeless joy, revival, fussiness. However, in 15 percent of people, alcohol can cause despondency, a desire to fall asleep. As the alcohol content in the blood increases, a person's ability to hear and see is weakened, and the speed of motor reactions is blunted. An alcohol concentration of 0.2 percent affects areas of the brain that control a person's emotional behavior. At the same time, base instincts are awakened, sudden aggressiveness appears. With a blood alcohol concentration of 0.3 percent, a person, although he is conscious, does not understand what he sees and hears. This state is called alcoholic stupefaction.

Harm of alcohol

Systematic, excessive alcohol consumption can cause serious illness - alcoholism.

Alcoholism is the regular, compulsive consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a long period of time. Let's take a look at what alcohol can do to our bodies.

Blood. Alcohol inhibits the production of platelets, as well as white and red blood cells. Outcome: anemia, infections, bleeding.

Brain. Alcohol slows down blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, leading to constant oxygen starvation of its cells, resulting in weakening of memory and slow mental degradation. Early sclerotic changes develop in the vessels, and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage increases.

Heart. Alcohol abuse causes an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood, persistent hypertension and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiovascular insufficiency puts the patient on the brink of the grave. Alcoholic myopathy : muscle degeneration as a result of alcoholism. The reasons for this are not using muscles, poor diet and alcohol damage to the nervous system. In alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is affected.

Intestines. The constant effect of alcohol on the wall of the small intestine leads to a change in the structure of cells, and they lose their ability to fully absorb nutrients and mineral components, which ends with the exhaustion of the alcoholic's body. Constant inflammation of the stomach and later the intestine causes ulcers of the digestive organs .

Liver. E that organ suffers from alcohol the most: an inflammatory process occurs ( hepatitis ), and then cicatricial degeneration ( cirrhosis ). The liver ceases to fulfill its function of decontaminating toxic metabolic products, producing blood proteins and other important functions, which leads to the inevitable death of the patient. cirrhosis - an insidious disease: it slowly creeps up on a person, and then beats, and immediately to death. The cause of the disease is the toxic effects of alcohol.

Pancreas. Alcoholic patients are 10 times more likely to develop diabetes than non-drinkers: alcohol destroys the pancreas, the organ that produces insulin, and profoundly perverts metabolism.

Leather. A drunk person almost always looks older than his years: his skin very soon loses its elasticity and ages prematurely.

Tobacco smoking

Studies have proven the harm of smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 30 toxic substances: Nicotine, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrocyanic acid, Ammonia, Resinous substances, Organic acids and others.

Statistics say: compared to non-smokers, long-term smokers are 13 times more likely to develop angina pectoris, 12 times more likely to have myocardial infarction, and 10 times more likely to get stomach ulcers. Smokers make up 96 - 100% of all lung cancer patients. Every seventh long-term smoker suffers from obliterating endarteritis - a serious disease of the blood vessels.

Nicotine is a nerve poison. In experiments on animals and observations on humans, it has been established that nicotine in small doses excites nerve cells, promotes increased breathing and heart rate, heart rhythm disturbances, nausea and vomiting. In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of CNS cells, including autonomic ones. A disorder of the nervous system is manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of the hands, and a weakening of memory.

Nicotine also affects the endocrine glands, in particular the adrenal glands, which at the same time release the hormone Adrenaline into the blood, which causes vasospasm, increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. Adversely affecting the sex glands, nicotine contributes to the development of sexual weakness in men - impotence.

Smoking is especially harmful to children and teenagers. The nervous and circulatory systems, which are not yet strong, react painfully to tobacco.

In addition to nicotine, other components of tobacco smoke also have a negative effect. When carbon monoxide enters the body, oxygen starvation develops, due to the fact that carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin more easily than oxygen and is delivered with blood to all human tissues and organs. Cancer in smokers occurs 20 times more often than in non-smokers. The longer a person smokes, the more likely he is to die from this serious disease. Statistical studies have shown that smokers often have cancerous tumors in other organs - the esophagus, stomach, larynx, kidneys. Smokers often develop cancer of the lower lip due to the carcinogenic effect of the extract that accumulates in the mouthpiece of the pipe.

Very often, smoking leads to the development of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by a persistent cough and bad breath. As a result of chronic inflammation, the bronchi expand, bronchiectasis is formed with severe consequences - pneumosclerosis, leading to circulatory failure. Often smokers experience pain in the heart. This is due to a spasm of the coronary vessels that feed the heart muscle with the development of angina pectoris (coronary heart failure). Myocardial infarction in smokers occurs 3 times more often than in non-smokers.

Smokers endanger not only themselves, but also those around them. In medicine, even the term "passive smoking" has appeared. In the body of non-smokers after staying in a smoky and unventilated room, a significant concentration of nicotine is determined.

Addiction

A drug is any chemical compound that affects the functioning of the body. Drug addiction (this word was formed from the Greek. narkē numbness, sleep + mania madness, passion, attraction) - chronic diseases caused by the abuse of medicinal or non-drug drugs. This is dependence on intoxicating substances, a state of mental and physical addiction from an intoxicating substance acting on the central nervous system, changing tolerance to the narcotic drug with a tendency to increase doses and develop physical dependence.

Currently, a new situation has developed in the country related to drug addiction - there is an increase in drug consumption. If earlier drug addicts preferred one drug, now polydrug addiction is the use of various drugs with the transition from weak to strong drugs. The introduction of girls to drugs is growing.

The extremely painful way out of drug addiction significantly complicates the treatment - "withdrawal", vegetative reactions and the patient's fear of a very painful way out of physical dependence on the drug, give a low percentage of those cured. Some narcologists believe that drug addiction is incurable.

Drug addiction is the most serious threat to the existence of society.

Drug abuse, known since ancient times, has now spread to a level that alarms the entire world community. Even with the narrowing, from the point of view of narcologists, the boundaries of drug addiction to legally acceptable in many countries, drug addiction is recognized as a social disaster.

Abuse among young people is especially disastrous - both the present and the future of society are affected. From the point of view of narcologists, the full picture of the spread of abuse, including forms of substance abuse, is even more tragic. Substances and preparations not included in the list of drugs, as a rule, are even more malignant, leading to even greater harm to a person.

The International Anti-Drug Center in New York has a document indicating the number of drug addicts in the world - 1,000,000,000 people.

So, the main causes of drug abuse are:

Social Consistency. If the use of a particular drug is accepted within a group to which a person belongs or identifies with, he will feel the need to use that drug to show his belonging to that group.

Pleasure. One of the main reasons why people use drugs is the accompanying and pleasurable sensations, from well-being and relaxation to mystical euphoria.

Curiosity with regard to drugs causes some people to start taking drugs themselves.

Prosperity and leisure can lead to boredom and loss of interest in life, and in this case, drugs may seem like an exit and stimulation.

Avoiding physical stress. Most people manage to cope with the most stressful situations of their lives, but some try to find refuge in the form of drug addiction. Drugs often become the false center around which their lives revolve.

The role of various factors in health promotion.

Healthy lifestyle

Human health- this is his ability to maintain psychophysical stability appropriate for age and gender in conditions of constant change in quantitative and qualitative units of structural and sensory information.

Healthy lifestyle- this is a way of organizing the production, household and cultural aspects of life that has developed in a person, allowing to one degree or another to realize one's creative potential, preserving and improving human health.

Based on this, the basis of a healthy lifestyle includes:

Compliance with the regime of the day - work, rest, sleep - in accordance with the daily biorhythm;

Motor activity, including systematic classes in accessible sports, recreational jogging, rhythmic and static gymnastics, dosed walking in the air;

Reasonable use of hardening methods;

Balanced diet.

Balanced diet

Balanced diet is the nutrition of a healthy person, built on scientific foundations, capable of quantitatively and qualitatively satisfying the body's need for energy.

The energy value of food is measured in calories(one calorie is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water by 1 degree). The energy costs of a person are expressed in the same units. In order for the weight of an adult to remain unchanged while maintaining a normal functional state, the influx of energy into the body with food must be equal to the energy expenditure for a certain work. This is the basic principle of rational nutrition, taking into account climatic and seasonal conditions, age and sex of workers. But the main indicator of energy exchange is the amount of physical activity. In this case, fluctuations in metabolism can be very significant. For example, metabolic processes in a vigorously working skeletal muscle can increase 1000 times compared to a muscle at rest.

Even at complete rest, energy is spent on the functioning of the body - this is the so-called basal metabolism. Energy expenditure at rest in 1 hour is approximately 1 kilocalorie per kilogram of body weight.

In nutrition, it is necessary to take into account not only the amount of food eaten, but also its qualitative characteristics. That is why the main elements of a balanced diet are balance and the right mode. A balanced diet is one that provides the optimal ratio of the main food and biologically active substances: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral elements. The most important principle of a balanced diet is the correct ratio of the main nutrients - proteins, fats and carbohydrates. This ratio is expressed by the formula 1:1:4 , and with heavy physical labor - 1:1:5 , in old age - 1:0,8:3 . Balance also provides for a relationship with calorie indicators.

Based on the balance formula, an adult who is not engaged in physical labor should receive 70-100 g of proteins and fats and about 400 g of carbohydrates per day, of which no more than 60-80 g of sugar. Proteins and fats must be of animal and vegetable origin. It is especially important to include in food vegetable fats (up to 30% of the total), which have protective properties against the development of atherosclerosis, lowering cholesterol in the blood. It is very important that food contains a sufficient amount of all the vitamins necessary for a person (there are about 30 in total), especially vitamins A, E, soluble only in fats, C, P and group B - water-soluble. Especially a lot of vitamins in the liver, honey, nuts, rose hips, black currants, cereal sprouts, carrots, cabbage, red peppers, lemons, and also in milk. During periods of increased physical and mental stress, it is recommended to take vitamin complexes and increased doses of vitamin C (ascorbic acid). Given the stimulating effect of vitamins on the central nervous system, they should not be taken at night, and since most of them are acids, take only after meals to avoid irritating the gastric mucosa.

Thus, from the foregoing, we can deduce the main rational nutrition rules:

do not overeat;

diversify the diet, eating greens, vegetables, fruits at any time of the year; limit the use of animal fats, including butter, salt, sugar, confectionery; eat less fried foods;

do not eat hot and spicy food;

chew food thoroughly;

do not eat late at night;

eat at least 4-5 times a day in small portions, try to eat at the same time.

hardening procedures

Physiological entity hardening human being is that under the influence of temperature influences, with the help of natural factors, the body gradually becomes immune (of course, to certain limits) to colds and overheating. Such a person more easily endures physical and mental stress, is less tired, maintains high efficiency and activity.

The main hardening factors are air, sun and water. Showers, baths, saunas, quartz lamps have the same effect. Hardening to heat and cold is carried out by various stimuli.

Basic Principles hardening are:

gradual increase in hardening factors;

the systematic nature of their application;

changing intensity;

a variety of means with the obligatory consideration of the individual properties of the body.

The natural ability of a person to adapt to changes in the environment, and above all temperature, is preserved only with constant training. Under the influence of heat or cold, various physiological changes occur in the body. This is an increase in the activity of the central nervous system, and an increase in the activity of the endocrine glands, and an increase in the activity of cellular enzymes, and an increase in the protective properties of the body. A person's resistance to the action of other factors also increases, for example, a lack of oxygen in the surrounding air, and overall physical endurance increases.

The most common hardening methods are water and air methods.

air hardening can be carried out in the form of air baths, changing the intensity of the load by gradually lowering or increasing the ambient temperature from season to season, the duration of the procedure and the area of ​​​​the naked surface of the body. Depending on the temperature, air baths are divided into warm (over 22°), indifferent (21-22°), cool (17-20°), moderately cold (13-16°), cold (4-13°), very cold (below 4°). Air baths, in addition to a training effect on the mechanisms of thermoregulation, in particular on the blood vessels of the skin, also affect the entire body. Inhaling clean, fresh air causes deeper breathing, which contributes to better ventilation of the lungs and the entry of more oxygen into the blood. At the same time, the performance of skeletal and cardiac muscles increases, blood pressure normalizes, blood composition improves, etc. Air baths have a beneficial effect on the nervous system, a person becomes calmer, more balanced, mood, sleep, appetite improve, overall physical and mental performance increases.

Water procedures have on the body not only temperature, but also a mechanical effect, subdivided into hot (over 40 °), warm (40-36 °), indifferent (35-34 °), cool (33-20 °), cold - with water temperature below 20°C. It is best to start hardening with water indoors at normal, habitual room air temperature for the body, at any time of the year. First, it is recommended to take local water treatments, for example, wiping with a wet towel immediately after morning hygienic gymnastics. Starting wiping with water at about 30 °, gradually reduce it by 1 ° daily, bringing it to 18 ° and lower, depending on how you feel. The procedure begins with the hands, then wipe the shoulders, neck, torso. After that, you need to rub yourself with a massage towel until the skin turns red and a pleasant feeling of warmth.

Hardening brings great benefits not only to healthy, but also to sick people. Many, it would seem, already doomed to chronic ailments, people managed not only to completely recover from the diseases that overwhelmed them, but also to completely restore their lost strength and health.

Conclusion

Human health must be protected and strengthened. The health of a person with any ailments needs a mandatory correction. This correction can be purely medical, or it can combine both medical and non-traditional methods of strengthening and restoring health, and can also be based on an individually selected regimen.

A healthy lifestyle is subjectively significant, therefore, in order to preserve and strengthen the health of each person, it is necessary to restructure consciousness, break old ideas about health, and change behavioral stereotypes. Health is a value without which life does not bring satisfaction and happiness.

The environment is the totality of everything that is around a person during his life. It consists of natural ingredients, such as: earth, air, water, solar radiation, and man-made, which include all manifestations of human civilization. The health of the human body is directly or indirectly affected by a variety of properties and qualities of all environmental environmental factors. About this, about the influence of environmental factors on human health, we are with the editors of the site www..

Let's consider the most important of them:

1. climatic factors

Weather conditions have an impact on the well-being and normal performance of a person. With this in our time, no one will argue. For example, if the air temperature has dropped significantly, you need to protect the body from hypothermia. Without doing this, a person risks getting sick with acute respiratory diseases.

Such environmental factors as: changes in atmospheric pressure, air humidity, the electromagnetic field of the planet, precipitation in the form of rain or snow, movement of atmospheric fronts, cyclones, gusts of wind - lead to a change in well-being.

They can cause headaches, exacerbation of diseases of the joints, drops in blood pressure. But weather changes have different effects on different people. If a person is healthy, then his body will quickly adjust to the new climatic conditions and unpleasant sensations will bypass him. In a sick or weakened human body, the ability to quickly adjust to changes in the weather is impaired, so it suffers from general malaise and pain.

Conclusion - try to maintain the state of health at the proper level, respond in a timely manner to environmental changes and climatic factors will not cause you discomfort. To acclimatize the body, do exercises daily, walk for an hour, observe the daily routine.

2. Chemical and biological factors

Technogenic activities of people lead to an increase in emissions of production waste into the environment. Chemical compounds from the waste enter the soil, air and water spaces, and then, through the use of contaminated food and water, inhalation of air saturated with harmful elements, enter the body. As a result, all human organs, including the brain, contain several milligrams of poisons that poison life. Impact toxic substances may cause nausea, cough, dizziness. If they regularly get inside, then the development of chronic poisoning is possible. Its symptoms: fatigue, constant fatigue, insomnia or drowsiness, apathy, frequent drops mood, impaired attention, psychomotor reactions. If you suspect signs of chronic poisoning, you should go medical examination and take action, and possibly even change your place of residence, if this threatens your life and health.

3. Food

Eating is one of the basic instincts of the body. Admission nutrients necessary for normal life comes from the external environment. The health of the body largely depends on the quality and quantity of food. Medical research has shown that for optimal performance physiological processes a necessary condition is a rational high-grade nutrition. The body daily needs a certain amount of protein compounds, carbohydrates, fats, trace elements and vitamins. In the case when nutrition is inadequate, irrational - conditions arise for the development of diseases of the heart - vascular system, digestive canals, violation of metabolic processes.

For example, constant overeating of foods rich in carbohydrates and fats can cause obesity, diabetes, vascular and heart muscle diseases.
The use of genetically modified organisms and products containing high concentrations of harmful substances leads to a deterioration in general health and the development of a wide range of diseases. But all this comes to a person precisely from the environment, so be vigilant when choosing food!

Of course, this review is not at all complete, and one can write a weighty volume about the influence of each of the listed and not listed environmental factors on a person ... but, unfortunately, the scope of the informational article does not allow this. But this is not the main thing, the main thing is that as many people as possible be puzzled by these problems - which I hope for!

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Why should a person take care of their health? A person takes care of his health, because his future, well-being, and lifestyle depend on it.

Factors positively affecting health

• Rejection of bad habits
• balanced diet
• State of the environment
• physical activity
• hardening
• Personal hygiene
• daily regime

Balanced diet. It is an important component of metabolic processes in the body, provides it with the necessary energy, without which physical activity is completely impossible. Food should provide our body with all the necessary vitamins and minerals. All these substances are simply necessary to ensure proper life. For efficiency food taken influenced by the following factors:

• Origin of products. They should contain only natural ingredients.
• The number of calories contained in foods should correspond to the physical and intellectual stress of a person.
• Eating should be carried out only when necessary, and not when there is a desire to taste something delicious.

If at least one recommendation is violated, then there will be a possibility of a malfunction in the activity of the whole organism or certain bodies. As a result, health will deteriorate and immunity will decrease, a person will not be able to work productively. Most often, the result of malnutrition is overweight, the appearance of diabetes, the occurrence of many other diseases.

Rejection of bad habits. One of critical factors to maintain health is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These violators of health are the cause of many diseases, drastically reduce life expectancy, reduce efficiency, and adversely affect the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

hardening- an obligatory element of physical education, especially important for young people, as it is of great importance for strengthening health, increasing efficiency, improving well-being, mood and vigor. Hardening, as a factor in increasing the body's resistance to various meteorological conditions, has been used since ancient times.

An important element of a healthy lifestyle is personal hygiene. It includes a rational daily regimen, body care, clothing and footwear hygiene. Of particular importance is daily regime. With proper and strict observance of it, a clear rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed. And this, in turn, creates Better conditions for work and recovery.

If you adhere to the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, you can get a bright and painless future, harmony of soul and body as a reward.