Inflammation. The reasons. General concept of inflammation. How to cure the inflammatory process in the body What is the inflammatory process

The cause of many diseases, including heart disease, obesity, etc. is chronic inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is an enemy that knows how to disguise itself well, because it is very difficult to independently detect signs of an inflammatory process in the body.

However, it is possible to identify this initiator of disease processes if you look closely at the signs of the inflammatory process and consult a doctor in time to undergo the necessary tests. the site will help you bring the inflammatory process to clean water.

What are the signs of inflammation in the body

Inflammation is the body's response to injury. As a rule, we recognize inflammation in the body by typical signs: redness, fever and swelling of the damaged area, as well as restriction of mobility, for example, in the case of a sprained ankle or bruised finger.

Chronic inflammation accompanies all diseases ending in "it" - arthritis, hepatitis, bursitis, etc. The inflammatory process can proceed “quietly” inside the body, and a person may not be aware of its presence.

However, your body gives you some clues, and if you ignore them, you can face some pretty serious health problems in the future.

6 Common Signs of an Inflammatory Process

1. Pain. If your muscles, joints are constantly aching, or your body is aching in general, you can bet on the inflammatory process in the body. When your immune cells or fat cells release inflammatory chemicals called cytokines, you feel more pain and aches. Fibromyalgia and arthritis are classic symptoms of severe inflammation in the body, but extensive body pain while getting out of bed in the morning is also a sign of an inflammatory process. Pain in the soles (plantar fasciitis) is also a sign of inflammation in the body.

2. Fatigue.

Fatigue can be caused by various factors, one of which is the inflammatory process in the body. When your immune cells are constantly busy producing antibodies, you are overcome by fatigue. For example, when you have the flu, a cold, or another illness that causes inflammation.

3. Overweight.

It was once believed that fat cells store extra calories and keep you warm in winter. It is now also known that fat cells play the role of chemical plants.

They are capable of producing a variety of chemicals, some of which can be compared to those produced by immune cells in the process of fighting infection. The more fat in your body, the more of these substances they produce.

The problem is that such chemicals lead to insulin resistance, which makes it difficult to lose weight.

4. Redness and / or itching of the skin.

Redness and itching are classic signs of chronic inflammation in the body. These symptoms can be caused by allergies, autoimmune diseases, or a weakened liver.

Itchy skin accompanies people with hepatitis, but it can occur in case of inflammation of the liver for various reasons. An inflamed liver produces large amounts of an inflammatory chemical called C-reactive protein.

5. Diagnosed autoimmune disease.

Chronic inflammation is largely responsible for the symptoms of most autoimmune diseases - pain, fatigue and poor sleep. Typical examples of autoimmune diseases are:

• psoriasis;
• disorders of the thyroid gland;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• lupus.

6. Allergies and infections. If you suffer from allergic reactions, the inflammatory process in the body is manifested by swelling, redness, itching and pain.

Such symptoms are the result of an immune reaction to harmful, harmless substances. Infections are also a typical cause of inflammatory processes, especially if they become chronic. Some viruses and bacteria live in your body for years, constantly stimulating the immune system and releasing toxins into the bloodstream. Among them:

Chronic infections are a very big burden on the immune system and liver, so you need to take care of strengthening the immune system.

If you have found the above signs in yourself, you need to consult a doctor who, based on the tests, will prescribe the necessary treatment and nutrition for inflammation.

Lecture #6

INFLAMMATION: DEFINITION, ESSENCE, BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE. INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. LOCAL AND GENERAL MANIFESTATIONS OF INFLAMMATION. ACUTE INFLAMMATION: ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS. MORPHOLOGICAL MANIFESTATION OF EXUDATIVE INFLAMMATION. OUTCOMES OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Inflammation is a biological general pathological process, the expediency of which is determined by its protective and adaptive function, aimed at eliminating the damaging agent and restoring damaged tissue.

To denote inflammation, the ending "itis" is added to the name of the organ in which the inflammatory process develops - myocarditis, bronchitis, gastritis, etc.

The Roman scientist A. Celsus singled out the main symptoms of inflammation, redness (rubor), tumor (tumor), heat (color) and pain (dolor). Later, K. Galen added another sign - dysfunction (functio laesa).

The biological meaning of inflammation lies in the delimitation and elimination of the focus of damage and the pathogenic factors that caused it, as well as in the repair of damaged tissues.

Features of inflammation depend not only on the immune, but also on body reactivity. In children, the ability to delimit the inflammatory focus and repair the damaged tissue is not sufficiently expressed. This explains the tendency to generalization of inflammatory and infectious processes at this age. In old age, a similar inflammatory response occurs.

Inflammation is a complex complex process that consists of three interrelated reactions - alteration (damage), exudation and proliferation.

Only the combination of these three reactions allows us to speak of inflammation. Alteration attracts to the site of damage inflammatory mediators - biologically active substances that provide chemical and molecular links between the processes occurring in the focus of inflammation. All these reactions are directed to delimit the lesion, fixation in it and the destruction of the damaging factor.

In any type of inflammation, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) are the first to arrive at the site. Their function is aimed at localization and destruction of the pathogenic factor.

In the inflammatory reaction, lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells, various biologically active substances interact, multiple intercellular and cell-matrix relationships arise.

Inflammation- this is localnpophenomenon of the general reaction of the body. At the same time, they stimulate the inclusion of other body systems in the process, contributing to the interaction of local and general reactions during inflammation.

Another manifestation of the participation of the whole organism in inflammation is the clinical systemic inflammatory response syndrome - SIRS (systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome), development of which may result in the appearance of multiple organ failure.

This reaction is manifested by: 1) an increase in body temperature above 38 ° C, 2) a heart rate of more than 90 beats / min, 3) a respiratory rate of more than 20 per minute, 4) peripheral blood leukocytosis more than 12000 μl or leukopenia less than 4000 μl, possibly also the appearance of more than 10% of immature forms of leukocytes. At least two of these features must be present for a diagnosis of SIRS.

With the flow inflammation may be acute and chronic.

Stages of inflammation . Stage of alteration (damage) - this is the initial, starting stage of inflammation, characterized by tissue damage. It includes a variety of changes in cellular and extracellular components at the site of action of the damaging factor.

Exudation stage. This stage occurs at different times following damage to cells and tissues in response to the action of inflammatory mediators and especially plasma mediators that occur during the activation of three blood systems - kinin, complementary and coagulation.

In the dynamics of the stage of exudation, two stages are distinguished: 1) plasma exudation, associated with the expansion of the vessels of the microvasculature, increased blood flow to the focus of inflammation (active hyperemia), which leads to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels. 2) cell infiltration, associated with slowing blood flow in the venules and the action of inflammatory mediators.

Arises marginal standing of leukocytes, prior to their emigration into the surrounding tissue.

The process of leaving leukocytes outside the vessel takes several hours. During the first 6-24 hours, neutrophilic leukocytes enter the inflammatory focus. After 24-48 hours, the emigration of monocytes and lymphocytes dominates.

Further, platelet activation occurs and a short thrombosis of small vessels develops in the area of ​​inflammation, ischemia of the vessel walls increases, which increases their permeability, as well as ischemia of inflamed tissues. This contributes to the development of necrobiotic and necrotic processes in them. Obturation of the microcirculatory bed prevents the outflow of exudate, toxins, pathogens from the focus of inflammation, which contributes to the rapid growth of intoxication and the spread of infection.

Neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages that have arrived at the site of inflammation perform bactericidal and phagocytic functions, and also produce biologically active substances. Later, monocytic and macrophage join neutrophilic infiltration, which characterizes the beginning of encapsulation, delimitation of the inflamed zone due to the formation of a cell wall along its periphery.

An important component of inflammation is the development of tissue necrosis. In the focus of necrosis, the pathogenic factor must die, and the sooner necrosis develops, the fewer complications of inflammation will be.

Productive (proliferative) stage completes inflammation. The hyperemia of the inflamed tissue and the intensity of the emigration of neutrophilic leukocytes are reduced.

After purification of the inflammation field by phagocytosis and digestion of bacteria and necrotic detritus, the inflammation focus is filled with macrophages of hematogenous origin. However, proliferation begins already during the exudative stage and is characterized by the release of a large number of macrophages into the focus of inflammation.

The accumulation of cells in the focus of inflammation is called inflammatory infiltrate. It reveals T- and B-lymphocytes, plasmocytes and macrophages, i.e. cells associated with the immune system.

The endothelium of the vessels of the microvasculature takes an active part. The cells of the infiltrate are gradually destroyed, and fibroblasts predominate in the focus of inflammation. In the dynamics of proliferation, the formation of granulation tissue occurs.

The inflammatory process ends with the maturation of granulations and the formation of mature connective tissue. When substitutions granulation tissue matures to a connective tissue scar. If the inflammation ends restitution then the original tissue is restored.

Forms of acute inflammation. Clinical and anatomical forms of inflammation are determined by the predominance of exudation or proliferation in its dynamics.

Inflammation feel sharp , if it lasts no more than 4-6 weeks, however, in most cases it ends within 1.5-2 weeks.

Acute inflammation consider exudative, which has several types: 1) serous, 2) fibrinous, 3) purulent, 4) putrefactive, 5) hemorrhagic. With inflammation of the mucous membranes, mucus is mixed with the exudate, then they talk about catarrhal inflammation, which is usually combined with other types of exudative inflammation. 6) a combination of different types of exudative inflammation is called mixed.

Exudative inflammation characterized by the formation of exudate, the composition of which is determined by the cause of the inflammatory process and the corresponding reaction of the body to the damaging factor. The exudate also determines the name of the form of acute exudative inflammation.

Serous inflammation occurs as a result of the action of chemical or physical factors, toxins and poisons. An option is infiltrates in the stroma of parenchymal organs with severe intoxication of the body (intermediate inflammation) . It is characterized by a cloudy exudate with a small amount of cellular elements - PMN, deflated epithelial cells and up to 2-2.5% protein. It develops in the mucous and serous membranes, interstitial tissue, skin, in the capsules of the glomeruli of the kidneys.

The outcome of serous inflammation is usually favorable - the exudate resolves and the process ends by restitution. Sometimes, after serous inflammation of parenchymal organs, diffuse sclerosis develops in them.

fibrinous inflammation characterized by the formation of exudate containing, in addition to PMN, lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, decaying cells, a large amount of fibrinogen, which precipitates in the tissues in the form of fibrin bundles.

Etiological factors can be diphtheria corynebacterium, various coccal flora, mycobacterium tuberculosis, some viruses, causative agents of dysentery, exogenous and endogenous toxic factors.

More often develops on mucous membranes or serous membranes. Exudation is preceded by tissue necrosis and platelet aggregation. Fibrinous exudate impregnates dead tissues, forming a light gray film, under which microbes are located, releasing a large amount of toxins. The thickness of the film is determined by the depth of necrosis, and the latter depends on the structure of the epithelial integument and the characteristics of the underlying connective tissue.

Depending on the depth of necrosis and the thickness of the fibrinous exudate, two types of fibrinous inflammation are distinguished. With a single-layer epithelial cover of the mucous or serous membrane of the organ and a thin dense connective tissue base, a thin, easily removable fibrinous film is formed. This fibrinous inflammation is called croupy .

It occurs on the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi, serous membranes, characterizing fibrinous pleurisy, pericarditis, peritonitis, and also in the form of fibrinous alveolitis, which captures a lobe of the lung, develops with lobar pneumonia.

Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, transitional epithelium or loose broad connective tissue base of the organ contribute to the development of deep necrosis and the formation of a thick, hard-to-remove fibrinous film, after removal of which deep ulcers remain.

This fibrinous inflammation is called diphtheritic . It develops in the pharynx, on the mucous membranes of the esophagus, uterus and vagina, intestines and stomach, bladder, in wounds of the skin and mucous membranes.

The outcome of fibrinous inflammation mucous membranes is the melting of fibrinous films. Diphtheritic inflammation ends with the formation of ulcers, followed by substitution, with deep ulcers, scars may form. Croupous inflammation of the mucous membranes ends with the restitution of damaged tissues. On the serous membranes, fibrinous exudate is more often organized, resulting in the formation of adhesions, moorings, and often fibrinous inflammation of the membranes of the body cavities ends with their obliteration.

Purulent inflammation characterized by the formation of purulent exudate. It is a creamy mass, consisting of detritus of tissues of the focus of inflammation, cells, microbes. Most of the formed elements are viable and dead granulocytes, lymphocytes, macrophages, and often eosinophilic granulocytes are contained. Pus has a specific odor, a bluish-greenish color with various shades.

Purulent inflammation is caused by pyogenic microbes - staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, typhoid bacillus, etc. It occurs in almost any tissue and in all organs. Its course can be acute and chronic.

The main forms of purulent inflammation are 1) abscess, 2) phlegmon, 3) empyema, 4) purulent wound.

Abscess - delimited purulent inflammation, accompanied by the formation of a cavity filled with purulent exudate.

The accumulation of pus is surrounded by a shaft of granulation tissue. The granulation tissue that borders the abscess cavity is called pyogenic capsule . If it becomes chronic, two layers are formed in the pyogenic membrane: the inner one, facing the cavity and consisting of granulations, and the outer one, which is formed as a result of the maturation of granulation tissue into mature connective tissue.

Phlegmon - purulent, unrestricted diffuse inflammation, in which purulent exudate impregnates and exfoliates tissues. The formation of phlegmon depends on the pathogenicity of the pathogen, the state of the body's defense systems, as well as on the structural features of the tissues.

Phlegmon is usually formed in the subcutaneous fat, intermuscular layers, etc. Phlegmon of fibrous fatty tissue is called cellulite.

May be soft , if lysis of necrotic tissue predominates, and solid , when coagulative tissue necrosis occurs in phlegmon. Pus can drain along the muscle-tendon sheaths, neurovascular bundles, fatty layers into the underlying sections and form secondary ones there, the so-called cold abscesses, orsills .

Complicated by thrombosis of blood vessels, with necrosis of the affected tissues. Purulent inflammation can spread to the lymphatic vessels and veins, and in these cases, purulent thrombophlebitis and lymphangitis occur.

The healing of phlegmonous inflammation begins with its delimitation, followed by the formation of a rough scar. With an unfavorable outcome, generalization of infection with the development of sepsis may occur.

empyema - This is a purulent inflammation of body cavities or hollow organs.

The reason for the development of empyema are: 1) purulent foci in neighboring organs (for example, lung abscess and empyema of the pleural cavity), 2) violation of the outflow of pus in case of purulent inflammation of hollow organs - the gallbladder, appendix, fallopian tube, etc.

With a long course of purulent inflammation, obliteration of hollow organs occurs.

festering wound - a special form of purulent inflammation, which occurs either as a result of suppuration of a traumatic, including surgical, or other wound, or as a result of opening a focus of purulent inflammation into the external environment and the formation of a wound surface.

Distinguish primary and secondary suppuration in the wound. The primary occurs immediately after trauma and traumatic edema, the secondary is a relapse of purulent inflammation.

putrid or ichorous , inflammation develops mainly when putrefactive microflora enters the focus of purulent inflammation with severe tissue necrosis.

Occurs in debilitated patients with extensive, long-term non-healing wounds or chronic abscesses. Purulent exudate acquires a particularly unpleasant smell of decay.

The morphological picture is dominated by progressive tissue necrosis without a tendency to delimitation. Necrotic tissues turn into a fetid mass, which is accompanied by increasing intoxication, from which patients usually die.

Hemorrhagic inflammation is not an independent form, but a variant of serous, fibrinous or purulent inflammation and is characterized by a particularly high permeability of microcirculation vessels, diapedesis of erythrocytes and their admixture to the existing exudate (serous-hemorrhagic, purulent-hemorrhagic inflammation).

With the breakdown of red blood cells, the exudate may become black. Usually, hemorrhagic inflammation develops in cases of very high intoxication, accompanied by a sharp increase in vascular permeability, and is also characteristic of many types of viral infection.

Typical of plague, anthrax, smallpox, and severe forms of the flu. In the case of hemorrhagic inflammation, the course of the disease usually worsens, the outcome of which depends on its etiology.

Catarrh , like hemorrhagic, is not an independent form. It develops on the mucous membranes and is characterized by the admixture of mucus to any exudate.

The cause of catarrhal inflammation can be various infections, metabolic products, allergic irritants, thermal and chemical factors.

Acute catarrhal inflammation lasts 2-3 weeks and ends without leaving traces. As a result of chronic catarrhal inflammation, atrophic or hypertrophic changes in the mucous membrane may develop. The value of catarrhal inflammation for the body is determined by its localization and the nature of the course.

Inflammation can begin both from significant injuries and from small cuts that occur daily in a person’s ordinary life. The inflammatory process is accompanied by an increase in body temperature, fever, suppuration, tumors and other unpleasant symptoms.

How to get rid of inflammation

At home, it is possible to get rid of the inflammatory process

How to relieve inflammation at home

antibiotics for inflammation

One of the most important inventions of medicine - antibiotics, are designed specifically to combat any kind of inflammation. Antibiotics have been mass-produced since 1910, but to this day, they are sometimes the only way to save a person. There is no more effective medicine in the fight against inflammation than antibiotics.

antibiotics for inflammation

Over the years, both official and traditional medicine have accumulated many recipes and methods in the fight against inflammation. It has long been believed that there is nothing worse than inflammation, especially if it is chronic. Any damage or injury is necessarily accompanied by inflammation. We encounter many quite often - these are purulent wounds, tumors, fever. The treatment of inflammation is a long and complex process, which has always been very acute.

Of course, many different antibiotics have been invented lately, but do not forget that they have a detrimental effect on internal organs, and often, while curing one organ from inflammation, another organ is subjected to a strong negative effect.

Traditional medicine will help in the treatment of inflammation

Even very skeptical experts are increasingly returning to effective anti-inflammatory recipes that exist in traditional medicine. These recipes are varied and especially effective in the treatment of inflammation in the acute stage. The treatment process is more difficult when we are dealing with chronic inflammation.

Traditional medicine against inflammation

Not all recipes can save you from inflammation, and if the inflammatory process is observed for a long time, and there are no improvements, then you need to consult a doctor!

Consult with a specialist

Celandine will help get rid of inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes

You probably know such a plant from childhood, with yellow viscous juice - celandine? This is the best assistant in the treatment of angina of the lymph nodes. To do this, the stems must be cut, then washed, dried, cut as small as possible and poured with ordinary alcohol. In the resulting tincture, moisten the gauze bandage and apply it to the neck so that the lymph nodes are under the bandage, wrap the bandage with a plastic bag on top, wrap it with a shawl or scarf, and leave it overnight. Remove the compress in the morning and rinse your neck with warm water.

We treat inflammation with celandine

It is extremely important, in any inflammatory processes, to give your body a complete rest and sleep. Fatigue and lack of sleep are completely useless here, and will only aggravate the patient's condition. If possible, follow the diet. It's best to eliminate inflammation-increasing foods from your diet, such as pork, lamb, eggs, milk, and yeast. Drink as much water as possible, support your body with vitamins contained in raw vegetables. Most useful pumpkin.

And remember, each person's body is different. Be careful when using herbs, especially if you have a history of allergies, and check with your herbalist to be sure.

Folk advice for the treatment of inflammatory processes of the female genital organs

Treatment with cabbage leaves

Cabbage

Cook a quarter of cabbage until completely softened in half a liter of milk. Then the mixture must be filtered. We heat two bricks in the oven. They took out bricks, poured a decoction on them and sat down over the steam, repeated the procedure several times, after which they wrapped the entire lower part of the body in a warm blanket or blanket. Relief will come after the first time. In total, at least 5-7 such procedures are needed. If there is no cabbage, it can be replaced with 7-8 cloves of garlic.

cabbage is a doctor

After all symptoms are relieved, continue treatment with herbs such as sweet clover or cinquefoil.

Removal of all symptoms with goose cinquefoil

Fresh aloe juice: drink a dessert spoon of juice before meals, 2-3 times a day.

walnut leaves

A decoction of dry walnut leaves is poured with boiling water for 4 hours. You need to drink during the day.

Walnut leaves help

Treatment of gum inflammation with folk remedies

Inflammation of the gums is a common disease, which can be caused by beriberi, improper care of the oral cavity, decreased immunity, disruption of the digestive, endocrine or nervous systems. Treatment is carried out only complex - a special therapeutic toothpaste, rinsing the gums with decoctions of oak bark, needles, sage or chamomile, plus taking multivitamin preparations.

We treat inflammation of the gums

There are a large number of anti-inflammatory methods of treatment with folk remedies. This is the use of medicinal herbs, products, minerals that are effective against various types of inflammation. Each herb, mineral or product works for a specific type of inflammation and for a specific organ.

How to treat inflammation with folk remedies at home | Folk ways to relieve inflammation

Inflammation of various organs of our body is a very common problem that we have to face at the most inopportune moment. The cause of such inflammations can be various bacteria and pathogenic infections, such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, all kinds of viruses and viral bacilli, fungi and other infections.

How can inflammation be treated with folk remedies at home?

Inflammation is a process that appears as a result of tissue damage. It is aimed at combating the agents that caused the damage, as well as repairing damaged tissues. However, a prolonged inflammatory process means that the body needs help.

Each of us needs to know this. After all, inflammation is the most common pathological process that occurs in our body. They lead to:

• slowing down blood flow
• the occurrence of pain
• swelling,
• rise in temperature
• and, ultimately, to the violation of the vital activity of the organism.

Therefore, we need to know how to cure inflammation in different parts of the body and how to deal with inflammation at an early stage of its development in order to prevent significant negative consequences.

The universal remedy is antibiotics. They inhibit the activity of pathogenic bacteria. However, to eliminate the consequences of inflammation, auxiliary drugs and methods of treatment are needed. Most of our organs are prone to inflammation, and each has its own means and methods of treatment. So, with inflammation of the lungs, it is necessary to use expectorants, antihistamines and inhalation drugs. Inhalations used for difficulty breathing and as a means of antibiotic therapy. By using expectorants the lungs are cleared of mucus. Antihistamines serve to reduce pulmonary edema and prevent allergies to other drugs.

Effective ways to treat inflammation of different parts of the body at home

Inflammation can be cured by using various antibacterial and antiviral medicinal herbs and plants in combination with other natural resources. Such treatment allows you to achieve excellent results and get rid of inflammation in a short time.

A common form of inflammation is inflammation of the female genital organs. We recommend that you use medicinal herbs like bay leaf, walnut leaves, blueberry leaves, immortelle, St. John's wort, coltsfoot, sweet clover, nettle, licorice, blackthorn roots and others. It is also considered effective for inflammation of the ovaries to drink tinctures of aloe and pumpkin juice, and linden, thyme and chamomile inflorescences are used as a decoction. Propolis and mummy can also be used.

There are many old effective recipes for inflammation of the lungs, respiratory tract or tuberculosis. In such cases, it is required to use a tincture consisting of St. John's wort, essential oils, a decoction of oats and medicinal herbs, such as violet, pine buds, plantain, aloe, etc. Foods familiar to us, such as honey, onions and garlic, are also quite effective.

In case of inflammation of the larynx, we recommend using gargles with various decoctions and tinctures. For example, you can rinse your mouth with a tincture of ammonia in combination with a small amount of water, as well as a tincture of fresh walnut juice or rose oil. Also, you can prepare a healing ointment from the folk remedy of sage and camphor, they should be mixed with a small amount of honey. In addition, we recommend eating more grapes and pomegranates.

Inflammations are different. If your tooth hurts because your gums are inflamed, and you can’t go to the dentist immediately, you can rinse the tooth with salt. Dilute a tablespoon of salt in a glass of boiled water and carefully but gently rinse the aching tooth. This must be done at least once an hour.

Inflammation can occur due to small scratches - if the redness and swelling does not subside for a long time, consult a doctor, you may need more serious treatment than just herbal tinctures or decoctions. In addition, if you get a scratch, be sure to treat it with hydrogen peroxide and iodine or brilliant green - then more serious measures will not be needed.

For the treatment of inflammation of the ovaries, in addition to antibiotics, take decoctions of medicinal plants: boron uterus, chamomile, calendula. In addition, the use of various medicinal collections, consisting of various herbs, which are used specifically for gynecological diseases, is effective. Herbal decoction is needed for douching, after which tampons or anti-inflammatory suppositories prescribed by a doctor should be placed.

To treat inflammation of the ear, ear drops are used, which have a local therapeutic effect directly in the ear cavity. Ear candles and physiotherapy are also used.

To combat inflammation of the oral cavity, antibacterial sprays or antifungal drugs are used.

There are a lot of diseases associated with inflammation of different parts of the body. In the treatment of most of them, schemes similar to those described above are used. But at the same time, in each case, there are some nuances and subtleties, additional medicines are used. And, although the basis of any anti-inflammatory course is antibiotic therapy, antibiotics alone to cure inflammation are not enough for a complete recovery. Therefore, an individual treatment regimen should be selected by a doctor who decides how to treat inflammation in each case.

How to quickly treat inflammation with colds and sore throats at home?

This question is probably one of the most common. Surely everyone is familiar with the situation when, on the eve of an important business meeting, vacation trip or holiday party, the temperature suddenly rises, the head starts to hurt, the throat is tickled and the joints ache. All these are signs of inflammation that accompanies diseases such as influenza or tonsillitis. And here it is important not only to remove the symptoms of inflammation that disrupt the planned event, but to get rid of inflammation at an early stage. What needs to be done for this?

First of all, take antibiotics - Penicillin (or any other penicillin) or, if you are allergic to it, Erythromycin.

Drink more liquid during inflammation at home: warm water, tea with raspberries or honey, fruit drink, and so on.

Mix in equal proportions crushed leaves of sage, yarrow, St. John's wort and coltsfoot. Measure out two tablespoons of the resulting mixture and pour a glass of boiling water. Let it brew for one hour, filter and gargle with the prepared infusion in the throat to quickly treat inflammation.

Mix one large spoonful of honey with 20 drops of propolis tincture and 5 drops of Lugol's solution. After mixing the ingredients thoroughly, separate a quarter of the composition with a teaspoon and place it under the tongue. Try to dissolve the folk remedy for inflammation as slowly as possible, holding it in your mouth. Repeat the procedure four times a day.

Buy peach, eucalyptus or tea tree oil at the pharmacy. Mix 20 milliliters of purchased oil with 5-7 milliliters of sea buckthorn. Pipette the prepared mixture onto the tonsils with inflammation and lie on your back for half an hour, throwing your head back.

Prepare a two-liter pot of water. Pour a tablespoon of chopped eucalyptus leaves there and the same amount of sage, thyme, pine or birch buds. Put the pan on the fire, bring the folk remedy to a boil and cook for 5 minutes. Then put it on the table, cover your head with a towel or blanket and breathe over the steam for at least 20 minutes. Having finished the procedure, lie down in bed and cover yourself with a blanket with your head.

Very useful honey-echinacea mixture for resorption. To prepare it, place a spoonful of honey with 20 drops of echinacea tincture in alcohol. The mixture should be sucked after meals, a third of the serving at a time.

Now, knowing how to quickly treat inflammation, you will be ready for any vagaries of your body.

How to treat inflammation of the lymph nodes with a cold?

There are many folk remedies with anti-inflammatory properties. These include not only various medicinal plants, but also minerals. Each of these remedies is suitable for the treatment of inflammation of a particular organ.

For example, celandine is effective in treating inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes. You need to cut off the stems of celandine, wash and dry them, then finely chop and pour alcohol. The resulting tincture should be moistened with a gauze bandage Apply the compress to the inflamed area, covering it with polyethylene on top, and wrapping the neck with a scarf. This procedure should be carried out at night until the inflammation subsides.

To quickly relieve inflammation, you need to follow a certain diet and daily routine. However, nothing particularly difficult in this case is not required, rather the opposite. Sleep should not be neglected - even with a slight lack of sleep, the body's immune system weakens and inflammatory processes intensify. And one sleepless night can negate all your previous treatment.

In case of inflammation, it is also necessary to exclude from your menu some products that contribute to the development of inflammatory processes. These are lamb and pork, beans, milk, wheat, eggs and yeast. But raw fruits and vegetables should be eaten as much as possible. Pumpkin pulp especially helps. And to increase immunity, you need to eat more foods containing vitamin C.

It should be remembered that the body of each person has its own individual characteristics. Therefore, when using this or that medicine for inflammation at home, try to foresee all the nuances, especially the possibility of allergies.

The inflammation can be treated if it is not too serious, but if the swelling does not go away for a long time, go to the hospital, otherwise the consequences can be very serious.

P.S.: Use our tips and recipes and you will forget about diseases forever!

The enemy inside you - signs of a chronic inflammatory process in the body

The cause of many diseases, including heart disease, obesity, etc. is chronic inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is an enemy that knows how to disguise itself well, because it is very difficult to independently detect signs of an inflammatory process in the body. However, it is possible to identify this initiator of disease processes if you look closely at the signs of the inflammatory process and consult a doctor in time to undergo the necessary tests. Estet-portal.com will help you bring the inflammatory process to clean water.

What is inflammation, what are the signs of the inflammatory process in the body?

Inflammation is the body's response to injury. As a rule, we recognize inflammation in the body by typical signs: redness, fever and swelling of the damaged area, as well as restriction of mobility, for example, in the case of a sprained ankle or bruised finger. Chronic inflammation accompanies all diseases ending in "it" - arthritis, hepatitis, bursitis, etc. The inflammatory process can proceed “quietly” inside the body, and a person may not be aware of its presence.

However, your body gives you some clues, and if you ignore them, you can face some pretty serious health problems in the future.

Chronic infections are a very big burden on the immune system and liver, so you need to take care of strengthening the immune system.

If you have found the above signs in yourself, you need to consult a doctor who, based on the tests, will prescribe the necessary treatment and nutrition for inflammation.

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What is an inflammatory process, what are its symptoms and treatment

What is inflammation

Many bacterial, fungal or viral infections, abscesses, wounds of various tissues, and other violations of the integrity of the body are accompanied by inflammation, this phenomenon helps to recover faster, but often causes a lot of harm. In order to help the body in time, you need to know what an inflammatory reaction is, how many types it has, the stages of this process, its symptoms and methods of treatment.

Inflammation is an aggressive defensive reaction of the body to a violation of the integrity of any tissue caused by a mechanical, chemical or biological agent. Different stages of the process are aimed at destroying the waste products of dead cells and antigens (viruses, bacteria) that are toxic to the body, and sometimes at utilizing the latter.

Stages of inflammation

There are 3 main stages of inflammation:

• alteration - damage to the integrity of tissues by any agent;
• exudation - the influx of fluid with histamine and immune cells to the focus of inflammation;
• proliferation - healing of tissues, restoration of their integrity.

At each stage, various processes occur that contribute to the protection of the body, described below. Symptoms of inflammation can appear at different stages, but treatment is important at each stage. It depends on the stage of the inflammatory process and the type of antigen.

How is inflammation

To understand the inflammatory response, we can consider a simple situation. Many in adolescence crushed acne, leaving small abscesses on the skin. The latter became convex, within 1-2 days there was redness around them. It was this redness that testified to the initial stage of inflammation.

Contribute to the development of the inflammatory reaction of basophils - blood cells containing histamine - a substance that causes vasodilation, a rush of blood to the site of its release and an increase in temperature. The main role of histamine molecules is to attract other immune cells to the site of damage, so that bacteria or viruses do not penetrate through the abscesses into the epithelium and blood.

The scheme of inflammation is as follows:

1. At the site of violation of the integrity of the tissue, basophils are destroyed, releasing histamine.
2. Histamine causes a rush of blood and "attracts" immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and others) to the right place.
3. In the center of inflammation, a slight swelling occurs and the temperature rises.
4. Immune blood cells actively kill antigens (bacteria, viruses) that enter through abscesses until the latter are covered with traumatic tissue.
5. After restoring the integrity of the tissue, eosinophils secrete an enzyme - histaminase, which breaks down histamine, and inflammation ends.

Such a simple but powerful scheme helps to provide the body with protection against antigens at every stage of inflammation.

Damage from inflammation

Inflammation is also harmful. It is difficult to say exactly how long the stages of inflammation will last, often they take longer than necessary, for example, due to a lack of histaminase. Also, the accompanying phenomena have a negative effect - fever and swelling. When it comes to a small abscess from a pimple, there is nothing to worry about, but an inflammatory reaction can also occur on a large scale, for example, with tonsillitis, diseases of internal organs, arthritis, then the symptoms will be much more difficult for a person to endure.

How long does inflammation last

An important question is how long the inflammatory process lasts, because when it occurs inside the body it must be treated, otherwise the person will weaken. The duration of inflammation depends on the location, extent, and pathogens that immune cells fight. If we are talking about acne abscesses, then the inflammation lasts no longer than 1-3 days, but in the case of a sore throat, it can drag on for weeks, and sometimes it does not end at all without the help of medications.

Signs of inflammation

Today, medicine helps to effectively treat inflammatory processes, so when you see the signs of inflammation and take the right drugs, you can quickly deal with uninvited guests and make it easier to endure the process of this struggle.

The main symptoms of inflammation are:

• redness of the area of ​​inflammation;
• local edema;
• soreness when touched;
• local or general increase in temperature;
• dysfunction (if we are talking about organs).

There are other signs of inflammation: allergic rashes, nausea, fever, but they are individual and rarely appear.

Types of inflammation

Inflammation is a broad concept, therefore, in order to be able to select the appropriate treatment, doctors have created a classification of this phenomenon. There are different types of inflammation, they are grouped depending on:

Forms of inflammation

There are three forms of the inflammatory process:

Acute inflammation is a process whose duration does not exceed several hours or days. A vivid example of it is acne abscesses, scratches on the skin, wounds in the mouth and other external injuries caused by a mechanical agent, many of which do not need to be treated (with the exception of, for example, appendicitis).

Subacute inflammation is a pathological phenomenon, the treatment of which takes from 4-5 days to several weeks or months (how long it lasts depends on the location of the focus and the type of antigen). Many in childhood suffered a sore throat, bronchitis, otitis and similar diseases, the inflammatory process in all these cases proceeded in a subacute form.

Chronic inflammation is less common, it is a serious disorder that constantly exhausts the body's immune system. Most often it appears in childhood, and treatment almost does not give results. Diseases such as chronic tonsillitis, autoimmune disorders, cirrhosis and others occur in this form.

Sources of inflammation

The second classification is made based on the source of the inflammatory response. There are 3 main types of inflammatory agents:

Infectious agents include bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa and helminths that attack the external and internal organs of a person with mechanical, chemical, and other types of damage to the integrity of tissues.

An autoimmune agent is the most unpleasant source of inflammation, because it can be treated forever, but there will be no result, because it will always be in the body. The classic example is lupus. This is a disease in which the inflammatory process occurs in the epithelium due to the fact that the immune system "does not recognize" the cells of the body and tries to destroy them.

Treatment of inflammation

To help the body cope with antigens faster and stop inflammation, drug treatment can be carried out. In the pharmacy there are different classes of drugs of different directions:

• immune suppressors for the treatment of autoimmune disorders;
• antipyretics based on ibuprofen or aspirin;
• antibiotics and antiviral drugs;
• immunostimulants.

The former help to treat the manifestations of autoimmune diseases, reduce the aggressiveness of the immune system to the cells of the body, but are not able to completely eliminate the cause of chronic inflammation.

The latter are used to treat the phenomena accompanying inflammation - temperature, body aches, weakness. When they are taken, the body spends less energy on eliminating these symptoms and quickly copes with the cause of the inflammatory process.

The third group of drugs is heavy artillery, which can be used only if the body itself cannot cope with antigens. Treating a person with antibiotics or antiviral drugs is a responsible task that only a doctor can handle, so do not take them yourself.

Immunostimulants are used when the antigen has already begun to penetrate the body, but the immune system does not respond to it, these drugs are designed not only to treat, but to excite inflammation.

The inflammatory process exhausts the body, it is often difficult to predict how long it will last, but you can help the body cope with it. It is necessary to treat inflammation, taking into account the stage, its source and type of antigen, which are important to understand, but do not prescribe drugs for yourself, but consult a doctor. All site publications

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The inflammatory process will recede if you eat it!

The main cause of chronic disease for many people is a systemic inflammatory process that was not treated in time or was not even identified in the initial stages and as a result leads to a full-blown progressive chronic disease. High blood pressure, bacterial and viral infections, arthritis, acid reflux, premature aging, heart disease, cancer and many other common diseases are often associated with inflammation, which must be addressed at the time of occurrence in order to avoid such terrible diseases!

And the best way to do this is to resort to implementing complex lifestyle and diet changes instead of using drugs that can lead to unforeseen harmful side effects! If your health is being affected by chronic inflammation, the following foods and herbs can help reduce and even eliminate it naturally without the need for medication:

1) Dairy products and drinks. Eat more food and drink more drinks rich in probiotic bacteria - i.e. bacteria that promote a healthy, disease-fighting ecosystem within the gastrointestinal tract is one of the most effective ways to combat natural inflammation. Because Probiotics are vital to the body by effectively breaking down food and making it more bioavailable, they can also help alleviate digestive problems caused by modern foods, which are largely responsible for creating inflammation in the body.

Products include traditional fermented vegetables - kimchi (spicy pickled vegetables, a Korean dish) and sauerkraut, which are among the most popular - traditional miso soup, kefir or yogurt, tempeh (the most easily digestible soy product with a nutty flavor and mild texture), and homemade pickles. Popular probiotic drinks include kombucha tea, unpasteurized apple cider vinegar (ACV), and kefir.

2) Omega-3 fatty acids. They act as a natural "lubricant" in the body and are powerful anti-inflammatory agents. You can find omega-3 fatty acids in wild oily fish, hemp and chia seeds, walnuts, domestic eggs and meat. Studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids reduce oxidative stress in the body and reduce inflammation in the brain, cardiovascular system, and elsewhere, which reduces the risk of developing other serious diseases.

High quality fish oil, hemp oil, chia oil, spirulina, pumpkin seed oil, and walnut oil are excellent sources of omega-3s. Each of these products will help offset the overload of omega-6 fatty acids that enter our body with modern foods, as well as avoid the inflammatory process.

3) Sour cherry. One of the most powerful anti-inflammatory foods! It provides serious relief for those people who suffer from arthritis, gout, joint pain and other inflammatory conditions. Sour cherries are so powerful that Oregon Health and Science University researchers recently claimed they have "the highest anti-inflammatory content of any food."

Since they are not widely available fresh - virtually all supermarket cherries are sweet, not sour - the best way to get sour cherries is to buy them in powder, capsule, or juice form. Drinking just the juice of sour cherries every day can significantly improve inflammation markers within a few weeks.

4) Saturated fats. This recommendation may come as a surprise to some readers, but the truth is that the inhabitants of the Earth consume too much omega-6 fatty acids, which are one of the main causes of systemic inflammation. And who can blame them for that, given the fact that the medical system is actually promoting the consumption of omega-6 rich vegetable oils and other inflammation-inducing foods in the body, claiming to be a healthy diet?

Low fat is another cause of inflammation and chronic disease because The body needs a regular intake of healthy fats to keep the circulatory system in good health and maintain healthy blood flow. Consuming healthier saturated fats in the form of coconut oil, homemade meats and butter, lard can not only help reduce inflammation, but also strengthen your bones, improve lung and brain function, and modulate nervous system function.

5) The fruits of the Mexican cactus. Uniquely rich in the powerful bioflavonoid nutrient known as betalain, Mexican cactus fruit is another must-have anti-inflammatory food that is tasty and easy to incorporate into your diet. A member of the quercetin family, betalain helps neutralize free radicals responsible for triggering inflammation and also provides long-term protection against oxidative damage.

A 2012 study published in the journal Alcohol found that Mexican cactus fruit extract helped protect rat cells from inflammatory damage. And an earlier study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine found that the Mexican cactus fruit has a similar anti-inflammatory effect in humans.

Now you, dear reader of our site, know how to treat inflammation, how to neutralize it in the early stages or avoid it in principle.

Treatment at Home

Today I would like to publish an article that is devoted to the problem of the inflammatory process in the body. This article is replete with special medical terms, therefore, although it considers the causes and symptoms of inflammation, it will be of interest to few. I publish it primarily for myself. So to speak, note. Well, maybe some of you will find it useful.

The mechanism of development of the inflammatory process

Many external signs of inflammation are explained just by the development of arterial hyperemia. As the inflammatory process increases, arterial hyperemia is gradually replaced by venous hyperemia.

Venous hyperemia is determined by further vasodilation, slowing down of blood flow, the phenomenon of marginal standing of leukocytes and their moderate emigration. A rather sharp increase in filtration processes, a violation of the rheological properties of the blood of the body.

Factors that influence the transition of arterial to venous hyperemia can be divided into two main groups: extravascular and intravascular.

Intravascular factors include - a strong thickening of the blood as a result of the transfer of a certain amount of plasma from the blood to the inflamed (damaged) tissue.

Parietal standing of leukocytes, swelling of the endothelium in an acidic environment, the formation of microthrombi - as a result of platelet aggregation and increased blood clotting.

Excessive accumulation in the focus of the inflammatory process of inflammatory mediators with a vasodilating effect along with hydrogen ions, exudate compression of the walls of veins and lymphatic vessels, these are extravascular factors.

Venous hyperemia initially leads to the development of prestasis - a jerky, pendulum-like movement of blood. During systole, blood moves from the artery to the veins, during diastole - in the opposite direction, since the blood encounters an obstacle to outflow through the vein in the form of increased blood pressure in them. And finally, the flow of blood due to blockage of blood vessels by cell aggregates or microthrombi completely stops, stasis develops.

How does stasis of blood and lymph occur?

Violation of microcirculation is a necessary prerequisite for the development of subsequent stages of inflammation. Only when the blood flow slows down and stops completely, it becomes possible to accumulate inflammatory mediators in a fairly short segment of the vascular bed.

Extravascular migration of leukocytes and their accumulation at the site of injury is one of the main phenomena in the inflammatory response. Without the release of leukocytes and their accumulation in one place in the form of an infiltrate, there is no inflammation.

The accumulation of cells in the focus of inflammation is called an inflammatory infiltrate. The cellular composition of the infiltrate significantly depends on the etiological factor.

In the event that inflammation is caused by pyogenic microbes (streptococci, staphylococci), then neutrophils predominate in the infiltrate. If it is caused by helminths or is allergic in nature, then eosinophilic granulocytes predominate.

In inflammation caused by pathogens of chronic infections (mycobacterium tuberculosis, anthrax), the infiltrate contains a large number of mononuclear cells. Different blood cells migrate at different rates.

Mechnikov's law

The sequence of release of leukocytes into the focus of acute inflammation was first described by I. I. Mechnikov and learned the name of Mechnikov's law. According to this law, neutrophils are the first to enter the focus of acute inflammation, 1.5-2 hours after the onset of the altering agent, and the maximum accumulation of these cells occurs after 4-6 hours.

The emigrated neutrophils form an emergency line of defense and prepare the work front for macrophages. No wonder they are called "emergency response" cells. Then, after 3-4 hours, monocytes begin to come out. Last but not least, lymphocytes migrate.

Currently, the sequence of emigration is not explained by the simultaneous appearance of chemokines and molecules specific to different leukocytes.

The main place of leukocyte emigration is the postcapillary venule, since the endothelial cells lining the lumen of the venules have the greatest adhesive ability. The exit from the blood flow through the wall of postcapillary venules of leukocytes is preceded by their marginal standing, sticking to the inner surface of the vessel wall, facing the inflammation.

Adhesion (adhesion) of leukocytes to vascular endothelial cells has been given special attention in recent years, because the control of the process of interaction of leukocytes with the endothelium opens up fundamentally new ways to prevent an inflammatory reaction.

The creation of inhibitors of the synthesis of adhesive proteins or selective blockers of their receptors would make it possible to prevent the release of leukocytes from the vessels, and, consequently, to prevent the development of inflammation.

What is the reason for the higher adhesiveness of the endothelium at the sites of injury? So far, no definitive answer can be given to this question. Now this is associated with many factors, of which the most important is the increase in the synthesis of adhesive proteins by endothelial cells themselves under the influence of certain inflammatory mediators, in particular chemokines.

Adhesins are molecules that control adhesive reactions. They are produced not only by endothelial cells, but also by leukocytes.

Contribute to the adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium of microvessels and the changes that occur in the leukocytes themselves when they are activated. First, neutrophils in the initiation phase of inflammation are activated and form aggregates. Leukotrienes contribute to the aggregation of leukocytes.

And, secondly, some products secreted by the leukocytes themselves (lactoferrin) have adhesive properties and enhance adhesion.

After attaching to the endothelium, leukocytes begin to emigrate, penetrating through the inter-endothelial gaps. Recently, the existence of another way of emigration - transendothelial transfer - has been questioned.

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How can an unprepared person detect an inflammatory process in his body? What should you pay attention to first of all?

Ivan, any person who listens to his inner feelings will be able to understand that something is wrong. Well-being, a feeling of discomfort, temperature, pain, all this will indicate some kind of inflammatory processes.

Thank you for this story from the inside. Our body is still to study and study. So many subtleties all the time you learn. And it seems like you look outside, well, what is there to study then?

Hello. I am in this state almost all the time. Like there is no temperature (or slightly), but there is an indisposition. Sometimes pustules appear on the body. One doctor suggested taking antibiotics, but somehow I doubt that it is necessary to sit down on them. So I understand, I just have an inflammatory process.

What can you pay attention to?

Nikolai, a wonderful natural “antibiotic” - black walnut extract, although expensive, works great. Drink the course, it will surely get better. This is not the first person to eliminate inflammatory processes of an unclear nature in this way.

Where can you find this extract? Tell me please.

It is available in pharmacies, and even in supermarkets it happens on racks ... In a word, you can find it. Or order on the Internet - I will not give specific addresses, but it is easy to find.

Good afternoon. Such a question, half a year subfebrile temperature, a terrible feeling, like a vegetable, fog in my head. During sleep, late at night and early in the morning the feeling is excellent. Next comes the rise and clear mucus appears from the nose. A bunch of examinations, tests, pills, to no avail. But there is an inflammatory process, stab neutrophils are slightly elevated, and in the city at the beginning of the disease there was streptococcus heme. Groups A. Can you give advice on how this source of eternal inflammation and temperature can be destroyed?

I would be very grateful, it is very difficult to live with a temperature.

Konstantin, I advise you to watch Olga Butakova's video about lymph cleansing. There is a lot of useful information in the material. I added a video to my post.

Inflammation- a complex local reaction of the body to damage, aimed at destroying the damaging factor and restoring damaged tissues, which is manifested by characteristic changes in the microvasculature and connective tissue.

Signs of inflammation were known to the ancient doctors, who believed that it was characterized by 5 symptoms: redness (rubor), tissue swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor) and dysfunction (functio laesa). To denote inflammation, the ending “itis” is added to the name of the organ in which it develops: carditis is inflammation of the heart, nephritis is inflammation of the kidney, hepatitis is inflammation of the liver, etc.

The biological meaning of inflammation consists in the delimitation and elimination of the source of damage and the pathogenic factors that caused it, as well as in the restoration of homeostasis.

Inflammation is characterized by the following features.

Inflammation- this is a protective-adaptive reaction that arose in the course of evolution. Thanks to inflammation, many body systems are stimulated, it gets rid of an infectious or other damaging factor; usually in the outcome of inflammation, immunity arises and new relationships with the environment are established.

As a result, not only individual people, but also humanity, as a biological species, adapts to changes in the world in which it lives - the atmosphere, ecology, microcosm, etc. However, in a particular person, inflammation can sometimes lead to serious complications, up to until the death of the patient, since the course of the inflammatory process is influenced by the characteristics of the reactivity of the organism of this person - his age, the state of the defense systems, etc. Therefore, inflammation often requires medical intervention.

Inflammation- a typical general pathological process with which the body responds to a variety of influences, therefore it occurs in most diseases and is combined with other reactions.

Inflammation can be an independent disease in cases where it forms the basis of the disease (for example, croupous pneumonia, osteomyelitis, purulent leptomeningitis, etc.). In these cases, inflammation has all the signs of the disease, i.e., a specific cause, a peculiar mechanism of the course, complications and outcomes, which requires targeted treatment.

Inflammation and immunity.

There is both a direct and an inverse relationship between inflammation and immunity, since both processes are aimed at "cleansing" the internal environment of the body from a foreign factor or an altered "own" factor, followed by rejection of the foreign factor and elimination of the consequences of damage. In the process of inflammation, immune reactions are formed, and the immune response itself is realized through inflammation, and the course of inflammation depends on the severity of the body's immune response. If immune defenses are effective, inflammation may not develop at all. When immune hypersensitivity reactions occur (see Chapter 8), inflammation becomes their morphological manifestation - immune inflammation develops (see below).

For the development of inflammation, in addition to the damaging factor, it is necessary to combine various biologically active substances, certain cells, intercellular and cellular-matrix relationships, the development of local tissue changes and general changes in the body.

Inflammation is a complex set of processes that consists of three interrelated reactions - alteration (damage), exudation and polyferation.

The absence of at least one of these three components of the reactions does not allow us to speak of inflammation.

Alteration - tissue damage, in which various changes in cellular and extracellular components occur at the site of the damaging factor.

Exudation- the entry of exudate into the focus of inflammation, i.e., a protein-rich liquid containing blood cells, depending on the amount of which various exudates are formed.

Proliferation- reproduction of cells and the formation of an extracellular matrix, aimed at restoring damaged tissues.

A necessary condition for the development of these reactions is the presence of inflammatory mediators.

Inflammatory mediators- biologically active substances that provide chemical and molecular links between the processes occurring in the focus of inflammation and without which the development of the inflammatory process is impossible.

There are 2 groups of inflammatory mediators:

Cellular (or tissue) inflammatory mediators, with the help of which the vascular reaction is turned on and exudation is provided. These mediators are produced by cells and tissues, especially mast cells (mast cells), basophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, cells of the APUD system, etc. The most important cellular mediators of inflammation are:

biogenic amines, especially histamine and serotonin, which cause acute dilatation (expansion) of the vessels of the microvasculature, which increases vascular permeability, promotes tissue edema, increases mucus formation and contraction of smooth muscles:

• acidic lipids, which are formed when cells and tissues are damaged and are themselves a source of tissue mediators of inflammation;
• slow regulating substance of anaphylaxis increases vascular permeability;
• eosinophilic chemotactic factor A increases cocystic permeability and release of eosinophils into the focus of inflammation;
• platelet activating factor stimulates platelets and their multifaceted functions;
• prostaglandans have a wide spectrum of action, including damage to microcirculation vessels, increase their permeability, enhance chemotaxis, promote fibroblast proliferation.

Plasma mediators of inflammation are formed as a result of activation under the influence of a damaging factor and cellular mediators of inflammation of three plasma systems - complement systems, plasmin systems(kallekrin-kinin system) and blood coagulation system. All components of these systems are in the blood as precursors and begin to function only under the influence of certain activators.

• mediators of the kinin system are bradykinin and kallikrein. Bradykinin enhances vascular permeability, causes a feeling of pain, and has a hypotensive property. Kallikrein carries out leukocyte chemotaxis and activates the Hageman factor, thus including the blood coagulation and fibrinolysis systems in the inflammatory process.
• Hageman factor, a key component of the blood coagulation system, initiates blood clotting, activates other plasma mediators of inflammation, increases vascular permeability, enhances the migration of neutrophilic leukocytes and platelet aggregation.
• Complement system consists of a group of special blood plasma proteins that cause lysis of bacteria and cells, complement components C3b and C5b increase vascular permeability, increase the movement of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), monocytes and macrophages to the site of inflammation.

Acute phase reactants- biologically active protein substances, due to which inflammation includes not only the microcirculation system and the immune system, but also other body systems, including the endocrine and nervous systems.

Among the reactants of the acute phase, the most important are:

• C-reactive protein, the concentration of which in the blood increases by 100-1000 times during inflammation, activates the cytolytic activity of T-killer lymphocytes. slows down platelet aggregation;
• interleukin-1 (IL-1), affects the activity of many cells of the focus of inflammation, especially T-lymphocytes, PNL, stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandins and prostacyclins in endothelial cells, promotes hemostasis in the focus of inflammation;
• T-kininogen is a precursor of plasma inflammatory mediators - kinins, inhibits (cysteine ​​proteinases.

Thus, a gamut of very complex processes occurs in the focus of inflammation, which cannot proceed autonomously for a long time, without being a signal to turn on various systems of the body. Such signals are the accumulation and circulation of biologically active substances, kinins, in the blood. complement components, prostaglandins, interferon, etc. As a result, the hematopoietic system, immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, i.e., the body as a whole, are involved in inflammation. Therefore, broadly speaking inflammation should be considered as a local manifestation of the general reaction of the body.

Inflammation usually accompanies intoxication. It is associated not only with the inflammation itself, but also with the characteristics of the damaging factor, primarily the infectious agent. As the area of ​​damage and the severity of alteration increase, the absorption of toxic products increases and intoxication increases, which inhibits various defense systems of the body - immunocompetent, hematopoietic, macrophage, etc. Intoxication often has a decisive influence on the course and nature of inflammation. This is primarily due to the lack of effectiveness of inflammation, for example, in acute diffuse peritonitis, burn disease, traumatic disease and many chronic infectious diseases.

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF INFLAMMATORY

In its development, inflammation goes through 3 stages, the sequence of which determines the course of the entire process.

STAGE OF ALTERATION

Stage of alteration (damage)- the initial, starting stage of inflammation, characterized by tissue damage. Cheluattraction develops at this stage, i.e. attraction to the focus of damage of cells that produce inflammatory mediators necessary for inclusion in the process of the vascular reaction.

Chemoattractants- substances that determine the direction of movement of cells in tissues. They are produced by microbes, cells, tissues, contained in the blood.

Immediately after damage, chemoattractants such as proserinesterase, thrombin, kinin are released from tissues, and in case of damage to blood vessels - fibrinogen, activated complement components.

As a result of cumulative chemoattraction in the damage zone, primary cooperation of cells, producing inflammatory mediators - accumulation of labrocytes, basophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes, monocytes, cells of the APUD system, etc. Only being in the focus of damage, these cells ensure the release of tissue mediators and the onset of inflammation.

As a result of the action of tissue mediators of inflammation in the area of ​​damage, the following processes occur:

• increases the permeability of the vessels of the microvasculature;
• biochemical changes develop in the connective tissue, leading to water retention in the tissues and swelling of the extracellular matrix;
• initial activation of plasma inflammatory mediators under the influence of a damaging factor and tissue mediators;
• development of dystrophic and necrotic tissue changes in the area of ​​damage;
• hydrolases (proteases, lipases, phospholipases, elastase, collagenases) and other enzymes released from cell lysosomes and activated in the focus of inflammation play a significant role in the development of damage to cells and non-cellular structures:
• violations of functions, both specific - of the organ in which the alteration occurred, and non-specific - thermoregulation, local immunity, etc.

EXUDATION STAGE

B. The stage of exudation occurs at different times following tissue damage in response to the action of cellular and especially plasma mediators of inflammation, which are formed during the activation of the kinin, complementary and coagulation systems of the blood. In the dynamics of the stage of exudation, 2 stages are distinguished: plasmatic exudation and cellular infiltration.

Rice. 22. Marginal state of a segmented leukocyte (Lc).

Plasma exudation due to the initial expansion of the vessels of the microvasculature, increased blood flow to the focus of inflammation (active), which leads to an increase in hydrostatic pressure in the vessels. Active contributes to the development of oxygenation of the focus of inflammation, resulting in the following processes:

• formation of reactive oxygen species;
• the influx of humoral protection factors - complement, fibronectin, properdin, etc.;
• an influx of PMNs, monocytes, platelets and other blood cells.

Cellular infiltration- entry into the inflammation zone of various cells, primarily blood cells, which is associated with a slowdown in blood flow in the venules (passive) and the action of inflammatory mediators.

At the same time, the following processes develop:

• leukocytes move to the periphery of the axial blood flow;
• blood plasma cations Ca 2+ , Mn and Mg 2+ remove the negative charge of endothelial cells and leukocytes and leukocytes adhere to the vessel wall (adhesion of leukocytes);
• arises marginal state of leukocytes, i.e., stopping them at the wall of the vessels (Fig. 22);

Rice. 23. Emigration of a segmented leukocyte from the lumen (Pr) of the host.

The segmented leukocyte (Lc) is located under the endothelial cell (En) near the basement membrane (BM) of the vessel.

• prevents the outflow of exudate, toxins, pathogens from the focus of inflammation and the rapid increase in intoxication and the spread of infection.

Thrombosis of the vessels of the inflammation zone develops after the emigration of blood cells to the focus of inflammation.

Interaction of cells in the focus of inflammation.

1. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes usually the first to enter the focus of inflammation. Their functions:
   • delimitation of the focus of inflammation;
   • localization and destruction of the pathogenic factor,
   • creation of an acidic environment in the focus of inflammation by ejection (exocytosis) of granules containing hydrolases
2. macrophages, especially resident, appear in the focus of damage even before the development of inflammation. Their functions are very diverse. what is he doing macrophage and one of the main cells of the inflammatory response:
   • they carry out phagocytosis of the damaging agent;
   • reveal the antigenic nature of the pathogenic factor;
   • induce immune responses and participation of the immune system in inflammation;
   • provide neutralization of toxins in the focus of inflammation;
   • provide diverse intercellular interactions, primarily with PMNs, lymphocytes, monocytes, fibroblasts;
   • interacting with NAL, provide phagocytosis of the damaging agent;
   • the interaction of macrophages and lymphocytes contributes to the development of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) in the form of immune cytolysis and granulomatosis;
   • the interaction of macrophages and fibroblasts is aimed at stimulating the formation of collagen and various fibrils.
3. Monocytes are precursors of macrophages, circulate in the blood, enter the focus of inflammation, transforming into macrophages.
4. Cells of the immune system - T- and B-lymphocytes, plasma cells:
   • different subpopulations of T-lymphocytes determine the activity of the immune response;
   • T-lymphocytes-killers ensure the death of biological pathogenic factors, have a cytolytic property in relation to the body's own cells;
   • B-lymphocytes and plasmocytes are involved in the production of specific antibodies (see Chapter 8), which ensure the elimination of the damaging factor.
5. fibroblasts are the main producers of collagen and elastin, which form the basis of connective tissue. They appear already at the initial stages of inflammation under the influence of macrophage cytokines, and to a large extent ensure the restoration of damaged tissues.
6. Other cells (eosinophils, erythrocytes) , the appearance of which depends on the cause of inflammation.

All these cells, as well as the extracellular matrix, components of the connective tissue interact with each other due to numerous active substances that determine cellular and extracellular reception - cytokines and growth factors. By reacting with cell and extracellular matrix receptors, they activate or inhibit the functions of cells involved in inflammation.

Lymphatic microvascular system participates in inflammation synchronously with the hemomicrocirculatory bed. With pronounced infiltration of cells and sweating of blood plasma in the area of ​​the venular link of the microcirculatory bed, the roots of the “ultracirculatory” system of the interstitial tissue are soon involved in the process - interstitial channels.

As a result, in the area of ​​​​inflammation occurs:

• violation of blood tissue balance;
• change in extravascular circulation of tissue fluid;
• the occurrence of edema and swelling of the tissue;
• lymphedema develops. as a result of which the lymphatic capillaries overflow with lymph. It goes into the surrounding tissues and acute lymphatic edema occurs.

tissue necrosis is an important component of inflammation, as it has several functions:

• in the focus of necrosis, along with dying tissues, the pathogenic factor must die;
• with a certain mass of necrotic tissues, biologically active substances appear, including various integrative mechanisms for regulating inflammation, including acute phase reactants and the fibroblast system;
• contributes to the activation of the immune system, which regulates the utilization of altered "own" tissues.

PRODUCTIVE (PROLIFERATIVE) STAGE

The productive (proliferative) stage completes acute inflammation and provides repair (restoration) of damaged tissues. The following processes take place in this stage:

• decreases inflamed tissue;
• the intensity of emigration of blood cells decreases;
• the number of leukocytes in the area of ​​inflammation decreases;
• the focus of inflammation is gradually filled with macrophages of hematogenous origin, which secrete interleukins - chemoattractants for fibroblasts and stimulate, in addition, neoplasm of blood vessels;
• Fibroblasts multiply in the focus of inflammation:
• accumulation in the focus of inflammation of cells of the immune system - T- and B-lymphocytes, plasma cells;
• the formation of an inflammatory infiltrate - the accumulation of these cells with a sharp decrease in the liquid part of the exudate;
• activation of anabolic processes - the intensity of the synthesis of DNA and RNA, the main substance and fibrillar structures of the connective tissue:
• "purification" of the field of inflammation due to the activation of hydrolases of lysosomes of monocytes, macrophages, histiocytes and other cells;
• proliferation of endotheliocytes of preserved vessels and the formation of new vessels:
• the formation of granulation tissue after the elimination of necrotic detritus.

Granulation tissue - immature connective tissue, characterized by an accumulation of inflammatory infiltrate cells and a special architectonics of newly formed vessels that grow vertically to the surface of the damage, and then again descend into depth. The site of vessel rotation looks like a granule, which gave the tissue its name. As the focus of inflammation is cleared of necrotic masses, granulation tissue fills the entire area of ​​damage. It has a great resorption capacity, but at the same time it is a barrier to inflammatory pathogens.

The inflammatory process ends with the maturation of granulations and the formation of mature connective tissue.

FORMS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Clinical and anatomical forms of inflammation are determined by the predominance in its dynamics of either exudation or proliferation over other reactions that make up inflammation. Depending on this, there are:

• exudative inflammation;
• productive (or proliferative) inflammation.

According to the flow, they distinguish:

• acute inflammation - lasts no more than 4-6 weeks;
• chronic inflammation - lasts more than 6 weeks, up to several months and years.

By pathogenetic specificity allocate:

• ordinary (banal) inflammation;
• immune inflammation.

EXUDATIVE INFLAMMATION

Exudative inflammation characterized by the formation of exudates, the composition of which is determined mainly by:

• cause of inflammation
• the body's response to the damaging factor and its features;
• exudate determines the name of the form of exudative inflammation.

1. Serous inflammation characterized by the formation of serous exudate - a cloudy liquid containing up to 2-25% protein and a small amount of cellular elements - leukocytes, lymphocytes, desquamated epithelial cells.

The causes of serous inflammation are:

• the action of physical and chemical factors (for example, exfoliation of the epidermis with the formation of a bubble during a burn);
• the action of toxins and poisons that cause severe plasmorrhagia (for example, pustules on the skin with smallpox):
• severe intoxication, accompanied by hyperreactivity of the body, which causes serous inflammation in the stroma of parenchymal organs - the so-called intermediate inflammation.

Localization of serous inflammation - mucous and serous membranes, skin, interstitial tissue, glomeruli of the kidneys, peri-sinusoidal spaces of the liver.

The outcome is usually favorable - the exudate resolves and the structure of damaged tissues is restored. An unfavorable outcome is associated with complications of serous inflammation "for example, serous exudate in the meninges (serous leptomeningitis) can compress the brain, serous impregnation of the alveolar septa of the lungs is one of the causes of acute respiratory failure. Sometimes after serous inflammation in the parenchymal organs develops diffuse sclerosis their stroma.

2. fibrinous inflammation characterized by education fibrinous exudate, containing, in addition to leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, decaying cells of inflamed tissue, a large amount of fibrinogen, which precipitates in the form of fibrin bundles. Therefore, in fibrinous exudate, the protein content is 2.5-5%.

The causes of fibrinous inflammation can be a variety of microbial flora: toxigenic corynebacterium diphtheria, various cocci, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some Shigella - causative agents of dysentery, endogenous and exogenous toxic factors, etc.

Localization of fibrinous inflammation - Mucous and serous membranes.

Morphogenesis.

Exudation is preceded by tissue necrosis and platelet aggregation in the focus of inflammation. Fibrinous exudate impregnates dead tissues, forming a light gray film, under which microbes that secrete toxins are located. The thickness of the film is determined by the depth of necrosis, and the depth of necrosis itself depends on the structure of the epithelial or serous integuments and the characteristics of the underlying connective tissue. Therefore, depending on the depth of necrosis and the thickness of the fibrinous film, 2 types of fibrinous inflammation are distinguished: croupous and diphtheritic.

Croupous inflammation in the form of a thin, easily removable fibrinous film, it develops on a single-layer epithelial cover of mucous or serous membranes located on a thin dense connective tissue base.

Rice. 24. Fibrinous inflammation. Diphtheritic angina, croupous laryngitis and tracheitis.

After removing the fibrinous film, no defect of the underlying tissues is formed. Croupous inflammation develops on the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi, on the epithelial lining of the alveoli, on the surface of the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium with fibrinous tracheitis and bronchitis, lobar pneumonia, peritonitis, pericarditis, etc. (Fig. 24).

Diphtheritic inflammation , developing on surfaces lined with squamous or transitional epithelium, as well as other types of epithelium located on a loose and wide connective tissue basis. This tissue structure usually contributes to the development of deep necrosis and the formation of a thick, difficult-to-remove fibrinous film, after the removal of which ulcers remain. Diphtheritic inflammation develops in the pharynx, on the mucous membranes of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, uterus and vagina, bladder, in wounds of the skin and mucous membranes.

Exodus fibrinous inflammation can be favorable: with croupous inflammation of the mucous membranes, fibrinous films are melted under the influence of leukocyte hydrolases and the original tissue is restored in their place. Diphtheritic inflammation results in the formation of ulcers, which can sometimes heal with scarring. An unfavorable outcome of fibrinous inflammation is the organization of fibrinous exudate, the formation of adhesions and the mooring between the sheets of serous cavities up to their obliteration, for example, the pericardial cavity, pleural cavities.

3. Purulent inflammation characterized by education purulent exudate, which is a creamy mass consisting of tissue detritus of the inflammation focus, dystrophically altered cells, microbes, a large number of blood cells, the bulk of which are living and dead leukocytes, as well as lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, often eosinophilic granulocytes. The protein content in pus is 3-7%. The pH of the pus is 5.6-6.9. Pus has a specific odor, a bluish-greenish color with various shades. Purulent exudate has a number of qualities that determine the biological significance of purulent inflammation; contains various enzymes, including proteases, that break down dead structures; therefore, tissue lysis is characteristic in the focus of inflammation; contains, along with leukocytes capable of phagocytizing and killing microbes, various bactericidal factors - immunoglobulins, complement components, proteins, etc. Therefore, pus retards the growth of bacteria and destroys them. After 8-12 hours, pus leukocytes die, turning into " purulent bodies".

The cause of purulent inflammation are pyogenic microbes - staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, typhoid bacillus, etc.

Localization of purulent inflammation - any tissues of the body and all organs.

Forms of purulent inflammation.

Abscess - delimited purulent inflammation, accompanied by the formation of a cavity filled with purulent exudate. The cavity is limited by a pyogenic capsule - granulation tissue, through the vessels of which leukocytes enter. In the chronic course of an abscess, two layers are formed in the pyogenic membrane: the inner one, consisting of granulation tissue, and the outer one, which is formed as a result of the maturation of granulation tissue into mature connective tissue. An abscess usually ends with emptying and exit of pus to the surface of the body, into hollow organs or cavities through a fistula - a channel lined with granulation tissue or epithelium that connects the abscess to the surface of the body or to its cavities. After a breakthrough of pus, the abscess cavity is scarred. Occasionally, the abscess undergoes encapsulation.

Phlegmon - unlimited, diffuse purulent inflammation, in which purulent exudate impregnates and exfoliates tissues. Phlegmon is usually formed in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, intermuscular layers, etc. Phlegmon can be soft if lysis of necrotic tissues predominates, and hard when coagulative necrosis of tissues occurs in the phlegmon, which are gradually rejected. In some cases, pus can drain under the influence of gravity into the underlying sections along the muscle-tendon sheaths, neurovascular bundles, fatty layers and form secondary, so-called cold abscesses, or leakers. Phlegmonous inflammation can spread to the vessels, causing thrombosis of arteries and veins (thrombophlebitis, thrombarteritis, lymphangiitis). The healing of phlegmon begins with its limitation, followed by the formation of a rough scar.

empyema - purulent inflammation of body cavities or hollow organs. The cause of empyema is both purulent foci in neighboring organs (for example, lung abscess and empyema of the pleural cavity), and a violation of the outflow of pus in case of purulent inflammation of hollow organs - the gallbladder, appendix, fallopian tube, etc. With a long course of empyema, obliteration occurs hollow organ or cavity.

festering wound - a special form of purulent inflammation, which occurs either as a result of suppuration of a traumatic, including surgical, wound, or as a result of opening a focus of purulent inflammation into the external environment and the formation of a wound surface covered with purulent exudate.

4. Putrid or ichorous inflammation develops when putrefactive microflora enters the focus of purulent inflammation with severe tissue necrosis. Usually occurs in debilitated patients with extensive, long-term non-healing wounds or chronic abscesses. In this case, the purulent exudate acquires a particularly unpleasant smell of decay. In the morphological picture, tissue necrosis prevails without a tendency to delimitation. Necrotized tissues turn into a fetid mass, which is accompanied by increasing intoxication.

5. Hemorrhagic inflammation is a form of serous, fibrinous or purulent inflammation and is characterized by a particularly high permeability of the microcirculation vessels, diapedesis of erythrocytes and their admixture to the existing exudate (serous-hemorrhagic, purulent-hemorrhagic inflammation). The admixture of erythrocytes as a result of hemoglobin transformations gives the exudate a black color.

The cause of hemorrhagic inflammation is usually a very high intoxication, accompanied by a sharp increase in vascular permeability, which is observed, in particular, in such infections as plague, anthrax, many viral infections, smallpox, severe forms of influenza, etc.

The outcome of hemorrhagic inflammation usually depends on its etiology.

6. Catarrh develops on the mucous membranes and is characterized by an admixture of mucus to any exudate, so it, like hemorrhagic, is not an independent form of inflammation.

The cause of catarrh can be various infections. products of disturbed metabolism, allergic irritants, thermal and chemical factors. For example, with allergic rhinitis, mucus is mixed with serous exudate (catarrhal rhinitis), purulent catarrh of the mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi (purulent-catarrhal tracheitis or bronchitis) is often observed, etc.

Exodus. Acute catarrhal inflammation lasts 2-3 weeks and, ending, leaves no traces. Chronic catarrh can lead to atrophic or hypertrophic changes in the mucosa.

PRODUCTIVE INFLAMMATION

Productive (proliferative) inflammation characterized by the predominance of proliferation of cellular elements over exudation and alteration. There are 4 main forms of productive inflammation:

Rice. 25. Popov's typhoid granuloma. Accumulation of histiocytes and glial cells at the site of the destroyed vessel.

1. Granulomatous inflammation can proceed acutely and chronically, but the most important is the chronic course of the process.

Acute granulomatous inflammation observed, as a rule, in acute infectious diseases - typhus, typhoid fever, rabies, epidemic encephalitis, acute anterior poliomyelitis, etc. (Fig. 25).

Pathogenetic basis acute granulomatous inflammation is usually inflammation of the microcirculatory vessels when exposed to infectious agents or their toxins, which is accompanied by ischemia of the perivascular tissue.

Morphology of acute granulomatous inflammation. In the nervous tissue, the morphogenesis of granulomas is determined by the necrosis of a group of neurons or ganglion cells, as well as by small-focal necrosis of the substance of the brain or spinal cord, surrounded by glial elements that carry the function of phagocytes.

In typhoid fever, the morphogenesis of granulomas is due to the accumulation of phagocytes that have transformed from reticular cells in group follicles of the small intestine. These large cells phagocytize S. typhi, as well as detritus formed in solitary follicles. Typhoid granulomas undergo necrosis.

The outcome of acute granulomatous inflammation can be favorable when the granuloma disappears without a trace, as in typhoid fever, or small glial scars remain after it, as in neuroinfections. The unfavorable outcome of acute granulomatous inflammation is mainly associated with its complications - intestinal perforation in typhoid fever or with the death of a large number of neurons with severe consequences.

2. interstitial diffuse, or interstitial, inflammation is localized in the stroma of parenchymal organs, where there is an accumulation of mononuclear cells - monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes. At the same time, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes develop in the parenchyma.

The cause of inflammation can be either various infectious agents, or it can occur as a reaction of the mesenchyme of organs to toxic effects or microbial intoxication. The most striking picture of interstitial inflammation is observed in interstitial pneumonia, interstitial myocarditis, interstitial hepatitis and nephritis.

The outcome of interstitial inflammation can be favorable when there is a complete restoration of the interstitial tissue of organs and unfavorable when the stroma of the organ is sclerosed, which usually occurs in the chronic course of inflammation.

3. Hyperplastic (hyper-regenerative) growths- productive inflammation in the stroma of the mucous membranes, in which there is a proliferation of stromal cells. accompanied by accumulation of eosinophils, lymphocytes, as well as hyperplasia of the epithelium of the mucous membranes. At the same time, they form polyps of inflammatory origin- polypous rhinitis, polypous colitis, etc.

Hyperplastic growths also occur at the border of the mucous membranes with a flat or prismatic epithelium as a result of the constant irritating action of the discharge of the mucous membranes, for example, the rectum or female genital organs. In this case, the epithelium macerates, and chronic productive inflammation occurs in the stroma, leading to the formation of genital warts.

immune inflammation A type of inflammation that is initially caused by an immune response. This concept was introduced by A.I. Strukov (1979), who showed that the morphological basis of reactions immediate type hypersensitivity(anaphylaxis, Arthus phenomenon, etc.), as well as delayed type hypersensitivity(tuberculin reaction) is inflammation. In this regard, tissue damage by antigen-antibody immune complexes, complement components and a number of immune mediators becomes the trigger for such inflammation.

In an immediate hypersensitivity reaction these changes develop in a certain sequence:

1. formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes in the lumen of venules:
2. binding of these complexes with complement;
3. chemotactic effect of immune complexes on PMNs and their accumulation near veins and capillaries;
4. phagocytosis and digestion of immune complexes by leukocytes;
5. damage to the walls of blood vessels by immune complexes and lysosomes of leukocytes, with the development of fibrinoid necrosis in them, perivascular hemorrhages and edema of surrounding tissues.

As a result, in the zone of immune inflammation develops exudative-necrotic reaction with serous-hemorrhagic exudate

With a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction, which develops in response to an antigen in the tissues, the sequence of processes is somewhat different:

1. T-lymphocytes and macrophages move into the tissue, find the antigen and destroy it, while destroying the tissues in which the antigen is located;
2. in the zone of inflammation, a lymphomacrophage infiltrate accumulates, often with giant cells and a small amount of PMNs;
3. changes in the microvasculature are weakly expressed;
4. this immune inflammation proceeds as a productive, most often granulomatous, sometimes interstitial and is characterized by a protracted course.

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

chronic inflammation- a pathological process characterized by the persistence of a pathological factor, the development of immunological deficiency in connection with this, which causes the originality of morphological changes in tissues in the area of ​​​​inflammation, the course of the process according to the principle of a vicious circle, the difficulty of repair and restoration of homeostasis.

In essence, chronic inflammation is a manifestation of a defect that has arisen in the body's defense system to the changed conditions of its existence.

The cause of chronic inflammation is primarily the constant action (persistence) of a damaging factor, which can be associated both with the characteristics of this factor (for example, resistance against leukocyte hydrolases) and with the lack of mechanisms of inflammation of the body itself (pathology of leukocytes, inhibition of chemotaxis, impaired innervation tissues or their autoimmunization, etc.).

Pathogenesis. The persistence of the stimulus constantly stimulates the immune system, which leads to its disruption and the appearance at a certain stage of inflammation of a complex of immunopathological processes, primarily the appearance and growth of immunodeficiency, sometimes also to autoimmunization of tissues, and this complex itself determines the chronicity of the inflammatory process.

Patients develop lymphocytopathy, including a decrease in the level of T-helpers and T-suppressors, their ratio is disturbed, at the same time the level of antibody formation increases, the concentration of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and complement in the blood increases, which leads to damage to microcirculation vessels and the development of vasculitis . This reduces the body's ability to remove immune complexes. The ability of leukocytes to chemotaxis also decreases due to the accumulation in the blood of cell decay products, microbes, toxins, immune complexes, especially during exacerbation of inflammation.

Morphogenesis. The zone of chronic inflammation is usually filled with granulation tissue with a reduced number of capillaries. Productive vasculitis is characteristic, and with an exacerbation of the process, vasculitis is purulent. The granulation tissue contains multiple foci of necrosis, lymphocytic infiltrate, a moderate amount of neutrophilic leukocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts, and also contains immunoglobulins. In the foci of chronic inflammation, microbes are often found, but the number of leukocytes and their bactericidal activity remain reduced. Regenerative processes are also disturbed - there are few elastic fibers, unstable type III collagen predominates in the forming connective tissue, and there is little type IV collagen necessary for building basement membranes.

common feature chronic inflammation is violation of the cyclic flow of the process in the form of constant layering of one stage onto another, primarily the stages of alteration and exudation to the stage of proliferation. This leads to constant relapses and exacerbations of inflammation and the impossibility of repairing damaged tissues and restoring homeostasis.

The etiology of the process, features of the structure and function of the organ in which inflammation develops, reactivity and other factors affect the course and morphology of chronic inflammation. Therefore, the clinical and morphological manifestations of chronic inflammation are diverse.

Chronic granulomatous inflammation develops in cases where the body cannot destroy the pathogenic agent, but at the same time has the ability to limit its spread, localize it in certain areas of organs and tissues. Most often it occurs in infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, glanders and some others, which have a number of common clinical, morphological and immunological features. Therefore, such inflammation is often called specific inflammation.

According to the etiology, 3 groups of granulomas are distinguished:

1. infectious, such as granulomas in tuberculosis, syphilis, actinomycosis, glanders, etc.;
2. granulomas of foreign bodies - starch, talc, suture, etc.;
3. granulomas of unknown origin, such as in sarcoidosis. eosinophilic, allergic, etc.

Morphology. Granulomas are compact collections of macrophages and/or epithelioid cells, usually giant multinucleated cells of the Pirogov-Langhans type or foreign body type. According to the predominance of certain types of macrophages, macrophage granulomas are distinguished (Fig. 26) and epitpelluid-cell(Fig. 27). Both types of granulomas are accompanied by infiltration by other cells - lymphocytes, plasma, often neutrophilic or eosinophilic leukocytes. The presence of fibroblasts and the development of sclerosis are also characteristic. Often, caseous necrosis occurs in the center of the granulomas.

The immune system is involved in the formation of chronic infectious granulomas and most granulomas of unknown etiology, so this phanulomatous inflammation is usually accompanied by cell-mediated immunity, in particular HRT.

Rice. 27. Tuberculous nodules (granulomas) in the lungs. Caseous necrosis of the central part of the granulomas (a); on the border with foci of necosis, epithelioid cells (b) and giant cells of Pirogov-Langhans (c) on the periphery of granulomas are accumulations of lymphoid cells.

Outcomes of granulomatous inflammation, which, like any other, proceeds cyclically:

1. resorption of the cellular infiltrate with the formation of a scar at the site of the former infiltrate;
2. calcification of the granuloma (for example, Gon's focus in tuberculosis);
3. progression of dry (caseous) necrosis or wet necrosis with the formation of a tissue defect - cavities;
4. granuloma growth up to the formation of a pseudotumor.

Granulomatous inflammation underlies granulomatous diseases, i.e., such diseases in which this inflammation is the structural and functional basis of the disease. An example of granulomatous diseases are tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy, glanders, etc.

Thus, all of the above allows us to consider inflammation as a typical and at the same time unique reaction of the body, which has an adaptive character, but depending on the individual characteristics of the patient, it can aggravate his condition, up to the development of fatal complications. In this regard, inflammation, especially the basis of various diseases, requires treatment.

Inflammation

Inflammation develops in response to injury, infection, or the introduction of some kind of irritant. Most people regard inflammation, which is accompanied by pain, swelling and redness, as a misfortune or a necessary evil. However, inflammation is actually a defensive reaction that the body needs to recover.

The immune system is the main body guard; at the slightest need, she enters the battle. It destroys bacteria and viruses, promotes recovery from injuries and diseases, adequately responds to external influences, and also to such an irritant as important for the human body as food. To all these influences, the immune system responds with a cascade of complex reactions, one of which is inflammation.

Plenty of evidence suggests that our diet has a lot to do with how the immune system functions. For example, a diet high in fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fatty acids, and whole grains is good at controlling inflammation, while a lean diet, based on fast food, meat, and dairy products, in contrast, promotes unwanted inflammatory responses.

Certain foods, particularly strawberries and lentils, have anti-inflammatory effects. Others, such as tomatoes and potatoes, on the contrary, increase the inflammatory response.

Types of inflammation

There are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammation develops as a response of the body to injury (injury, wound), irritation, infection or allergen (from chemical agents to food). Chronic inflammation is a protracted process. Contribute to it: increased load on certain organs, general overload, as well as aging.

The first signs of acute inflammation are pain, swelling, redness, and heat. This is due to the expansion of blood vessels adjacent to the site of injury, as well as the involvement of soluble immunological factors in the focus that oppose the pathogenic stimulus. This is the initial stage of the healing process. In the event that healing does not occur for some reason, chronic inflammation develops, the cause of which is either hyperstimulation of the immune system, or its overactivity, or its inability to turn off (any combination of these three factors is possible). An example is systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease that damages many organs.

Inflammatory process

Inflammation is the most common occurrence. Imagine what happens when we just cut or even pinch a finger: it immediately turns red, swells, we feel pain - in other words, the finger temporarily fails. The same thing happens when any part of the body is damaged, regardless of the location and nature of the damaging or irritating factor.

When this happens, most people rush to take some kind of anti-inflammatory pain reliever. This explains why such commonly available medicines have come out on top in the world in terms of sales. And yet we want to emphasize that inflammation is a positive phenomenon. It indicates that your immune system is functioning normally.

Characterization of the inflammatory response

• Redness
• Swelling
• Rise in temperature (sensation of warming)
• Loss of function

What it is?

Simply put, the suffix "it" (Greek "itis") is used to refer to inflammation in a particular place. For example, "arthritis" means inflammation of the joint ("artro" in Greek means "joint"). "Dermatitis" - inflammation of the skin ("derma" - "skin").

But not only the suffix "it" is used to denote inflammation. Inflammatory reactions are also characteristic of asthma, Crohn's disease (see), psoriasis and other diseases.

So, with signs of inflammation, you should not go into the first-aid kit, but it is better to remember that the inflammatory process reflects the natural reaction of your immune system, which has mobilized to fight the cause that caused it. Give your body freedom, and it will overcome the disease itself!

Three stages of inflammation

The process of inflammation is unusual in that three forces of the body (skin, blood, cells of the immune system) combine their efforts to overcome it and renew damaged tissues. The process proceeds in three stages.

At the first stage, in response to damage, the reaction develops almost instantly. Adjacent blood vessels dilate to increase blood flow to the affected area, and essential nutrients and immune system cells are supplied with the blood.

Inflammation

In the process of phagocytosis, not only bacteria are destroyed. Damaged and dead cells are removed in exactly the same way. And this leads to the third stage, in which the focus of inflammation is isolated from the surrounding tissues. It, as a rule, becomes painful, and may even pulsate, which is why there is a desire to protect this place from any contact. In this case, the so-called mast cells release histamine, which increases the permeability of blood vessels. This allows you to more effectively clean the damaged area from toxins and toxins.

Give me a fever!

The most noticeable manifestation of the inflammatory process is, of course, fever or fever. This occurs when the immune system is pushed to its limits in response to an infection. Many are frightened when a patient develops a high temperature, however, having figured out what is its cause, you can easily overcome your fears. At a high temperature in the body, a whole cascade of reactions begins, aimed at eliminating the causes of fever. These reactions and the causes that cause them are listed on.

As the fever progresses, body temperature rises sharply, peaking at the peak of the fight against infection. At the same time, we may feel trembling and chills, a desire to lie down in bed and wrap ourselves in something warm. The body aches, one does not want to move from weakness, the appetite disappears, all feelings can be dulled, and in general life does not seem to be a joy. The body itself seems to tell us that it needs rest and time to restore strength. These symptoms can last up to 3 days - about the time it takes for the immune system to magically renew the body.

Throughout this period, the body is engaged in a continuous battle with infectious pathogens. At 37 C (normal human body temperature), bacteria live in clover and reproduce perfectly. But at elevated temperatures, bacteria feel uncomfortable, and their ability to reproduce decreases. On the contrary, the number of phagocytic cells increases, they flock to the inflammatory focus from all sides. As temperatures continue to rise, the balance of power is rapidly shifting in favor of the defenders, with fewer bacteria and more and more white blood cells. It becomes clear that a turning point has occurred, and the battle is finally won. The temperature is dropping.

Why heat is good

A feverish state, according to external manifestations, looks rather alarming, and the patient himself, at the same time, experiences far from the most pleasant sensations. In the arsenal of modern doctors there are many antipyretic drugs, however, by abruptly interrupting the fever, we thereby interrupt the natural process of fighting the infection, which leads to the fact that the disease becomes more protracted and often recurs. This is typical, for example, for children's infections of the ear, throat and nose.

Of course, we do not urge you to ignore the high temperature. In adult patients, for example, the temperature often rises to 40 C. If such an increase is short-term, then there is nothing wrong with it, but it is advisable that your doctor be aware of what is happening.

Useful advice. Vitamin C helps to eliminate toxins and reduce fever. Make sure your sick child drinks more diluted orange juice.

Diseases and means of their treatment

Warning

In children, a sharp rise in temperature is observed more often than in adults, and such cases cannot be ignored. If the fever persists, if the child is drowsy, delusional, nauseous, or in pain, you should call a doctor. Especially beware if the child develops skin rashes that do not disappear when pressed against the background of a high temperature - such symptoms are characteristic of meningitis, and the child will need immediate medical attention. With fever, epileptic seizures are possible - then the temperature should be brought down with the help of rubdowns.

Causes of inflammation

An inflammatory reaction can develop under the influence of a wide variety of stimuli: external, metabolic, nutritional, digestive, infectious, or, for example, in response to a drug. Five leading factors take part in the inflammatory process: histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes and complement. Some of them help the body, while others do not bring benefits. Foods that help or counteract these factors are listed.

The body's response to high body temperature

• Reaction
• temperature rise
• Rapid breathing
• Rapid pulse
• sweating
• Meaning
• Reduced activity of bacteria that multiply at normal temperatures.
• Increasing the supply of oxygen to the body.
• Pumping blood to the site of inflammation, delivering more nutrients needed to heal.
• Accelerated removal of toxins and slags through the skin, thermoregulation.

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