The child's ear hurts - what to do and what are the reasons. What causes pain in the right side, accompanied by diarrhea? Diagnosis and treatment

child's ear consists of the auricle, which captures sound vibrations and directs them to the ear canal, closed by a tightly stretched tympanic membrane. Behind it is the middle ear, which passes into the inner ear. A narrow canal - the Eustachian tube - connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. In babies, it is short and wide, so the infection quickly enters the middle ear and causes inflammation.

What is otitis

Otitis media often develops as a complication SARS in children with a weakened immune system. Its causative agents are pneumococcus bacteria, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella, less often viruses and fungi that multiply in the nasopharynx with a runny nose or sore throat.

This disease is hard to miss. In her first stage otitis media in a child suddenly arises Ear ache(acute catarrhal otitis media). There is no pus yet, but it will appear if the body does not cope with the situation. Most often this happens, so at the next stage (acute medium purulent otitis media in a child) the tympanic cavity is filled with mucus, which increases the pressure on the endings trigeminal nerve located in the membrane, and the pain becomes unbearable. Very young children bring their hands to their ears, but do not touch them - it hurts, they cry, they cannot eat or sleep. At the same time, the body temperature rises sharply, sometimes vomiting and diarrhea open. Older peanuts are already able to complain about interference in the ear - congestion or noise, report that they do not hear well. Pus breaks through the membrane and enters the ear canal, soreness decreases, the temperature drops.

At first glance, it may seem that the child is recovering and treatment can be interrupted. In fact, this is not so - the disease is in full swing, and one must strictly follow the doctor's instructions. The secretions will continue as long as the middle ear remains pathogenic microorganisms. To what otitis media in a child passes, indicates a decrease in the amount of pus up to the complete cessation of discharge.

Why does my ear hurt?

Ear pain in a child easy to confuse with a tooth, especially when the posterior incisors erupt. The symptoms are almost the same: the baby cries, not letting him touch his temple, suffers from a high temperature.

Examine his gums - if they are red and swollen, most likely his ears are fine. Finger pressure on the tragus of the auricle - good way diagnosis, it is best to carry it out when the child is sleeping. If a child has earache, then even a light touch is given to him severe pain in tympanic cavity. The sensations are so unpleasant that the second time the baby will not allow you to touch this place. If he calmly reacted to the actions of his mother, it means that he is about to have a new tooth.

Teething it is also dangerous because it provokes swelling of the nasal mucosa and increases the risk of otitis media. To prevent the baby from getting sick, you should especially carefully clean the nasal passages from mucus. Otherwise, it can get into the middle ear and cause inflammation. Confirmed otitis media requires immediate medical attention. And the sooner you do this, the faster the baby will recover, avoiding complications.

How to treat otitis media

Most often otitis in children are treated with antibiotics. After a 7-10-day course of drugs, the baby recovers. AT recent times some experts use a different scheme, believing that not all cases otitis media in a child require antibiotics. About 60% ear infections have bacterial origin, the remaining 40% are caused by viruses, which means that they cannot be cured by drugs of this group. When a purulent discharge appears in the ear, the appointment of antibiotics is strictly necessary, and hospitalization, most often, is also. In any case, the otolaryngologist should choose the tactics of treatment.

If the child is older than 2 years old, and his temperature is not higher than 37.2 ° C, the symptoms of the disease are mild and the general state of health is good, the doctor may recommend ear drops for a start. In the absence of changes in the eardrum, alcohol is suitable. improve patency auditory tube help vasoconstrictor drops into the nose. The course of treatment includes procedures for the prevention of hearing loss - blowing pipes and pneumomassage. In addition to the basic procedures, PFIs may be prescribed ( ultraviolet irradiation), UHF therapy, as well as warming compresses on the auricle. These manipulations should be prescribed by a doctor; without his recommendation, they cannot be resorted to. For example, when bulging eardrum this method can cause the development severe complications. If a otitis media in a child quickly identified and the treatment is carried out according to the rules, then in a day it will subside, and after a week it will completely subside. But while the disease continues, parents should not relax: it is necessary to continue to follow all the doctor's instructions. It is not recommended to bathe the child, and for a walk he should be in a cap even after the pain in the ear disappears and the temperature subsides.

Other Treatments for Otitis

In children younger age the tympanic membrane is so thick that the pus accumulated behind it cannot always break out on its own. To release it and alleviate the condition of the crumbs, the otorhinolaryngologist performs paracentesis (an incision in the eardrum).

If otitis media in a child happens more than 3 times in six months, ear bypass may be required. Through a tiny incision in the eardrum, the surgeon sucks fluid out of the ear and inserts a tiny tube into the hole, which allows the fluid that has accumulated there to seep out. After 6-12 months, the device goes out on its own or is removed by a doctor.

Unfortunately, this operation does not guarantee that the inflammation of the ear will not recur, so you need to protect the baby from diseases that provoke otitis media and from hypothermia. Nevertheless, there are benefits from manipulation: firstly, otitis media in a child will happen less frequently, and the one that comes will do without high fever and severe pain. Secondly, the disease will be easier to manage - a tiny hole in the eardrum will remain and allow the medicine to enter directly into the middle ear, and it will work faster.

Complications of otitis media

Common complications of otitis media two. With mastoiditis ( acute inflammation mastoid process temporal bone) the temperature rises sharply to 39–40 ° C, pain appears, the auricle protrudes, the area behind it turns red and swells. Symptoms of the second danger, otogenic meningitis(inflammation of the soft meninges) is a severe headache, nausea, vomiting, the child is lethargic, lies on his side with his legs pulled up and his head thrown back, almost not responding to the calls of others. If any of the described complications develop, parents should immediately call a doctor. Both diseases are the result of advanced otitis media. From this it follows that the baby's complaints of ear pain cannot be ignored.

Thanks to the ears, a person picks up sounds and maintains balance. At the time of birth, the baby does not hear very well, gradually the perception of sounds improves. Adults know how difficult it is to endure ear pain, so children with such a problem have a hard time. But adults need to deal with this phenomenon. Therefore, they need to know about the causes, treatment and prevention of ear pain.

How to understand that a child has an earache?

Children who can already speak may complain about discomfort in the region of the ears. In diseases of the ear, a feeling of itching, burning, bursting, pulsation can be observed.

But babies under two years old cannot say anything, and here adults have to rely only on their intuition. Children become restless, cry for a long time, they can touch their ears, pull them. They also touch the head. Often babies refuse to eat, because any movement of their jaws gives them pain. Parents may notice redness in the auricle or near the ear canal, sometimes appear yellowish discharge. Ear infections are often accompanied by fever, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Why do children get ear pain?

Our ear is made up of three sections: outer, middle and inner. In children, all these sections are shorter and wider, so they are more likely than adults to suffer from infections. The middle ear connects to the nasal cavity through eustachian tube. That is why ear pain very often appears after colds.

In general, pain is felt due to special receptors, there are a lot of them on the ear. Here the most common causes child ear pain :

Otitis media is an inflammation of the ear. It can be external, middle or internal. Its cause is an infection.

Otitis externa affects the ear canal. The infection can get into a small abrasion, sometimes water gets into the ear or detergents. Children who are involved have fungal or allergic otitis media. An abscess (furuncle) may form in the area of the outer ear.

Otitis media occurs from an infection that enters from the nose. Gradually, pus accumulates in the middle ear, it increases the pressure in this area. That is why pain occurs. The eardrum separates the middle ear from the outer ear. When a hole appears in it, the pus comes out and the pain subsides. But that doesn't mean recovery.

Internal otitis can develop against the background of the average and is called labyrinthitis. Runs hard, although rare. One of the components of the ear is the mastoid process. We define it as a bony protrusion behind the auricle. He, too, can become inflamed and ill.

As a separate point, I would like to note otitis media in infants, which is associated with an incorrect posture when feeding. It is convenient for mom when the baby suckles the breast while lying down, but this is not entirely correct. The mouth is connected to the nose, which is connected to the middle ear. Milk can get into the ear while feeding. It is a good breeding ground for bacteria.

Ear injuries are common in children. After that, blood may appear from the ear canal.

A foreign object in the child's ear also causes pain. It can be not only a bead or a small part of a toy, but also an insect. Pain arises from the pressure of an object on the walls of the ear canal. And the insect can move and irritate the eardrum.

Sometimes ear pain is not related to itself hearing aid. For example, eye diseases and oral cavity(including teeth) may be accompanied by pain in the ears.

Ears hurt ... Treat or cripple?

Mistakes in the treatment of ear pain in children

Most parents treat their children on their own. Many do this until the pain stops. Adults should be aware of the consequences of such "therapy".

Firstly, acute process may become chronic. The pain in the ears will no longer be as strong as the first time, moms and dads will think that everything is much better, but this is not so. Even if the parents gave antibiotics, but did not do it long enough, the infection is not completely eliminated, which will lead to re-inflammation. If the eardrum has been damaged, it should heal on its own. But at chronic otitis media it will not happen. This phenomenon reduces hearing.

Parents love to warm their ears with compresses and a blue lamp. But this is not always correct. With an average purulent otitis media With elevated temperature overheating is dangerous!

You should not experiment on your baby with the help of such " grandmother's recipes", like propolis tincture with honey, tampons with onions, walnut oil. Healers advise setting fire to paper inserted into the ear, making compresses from vodka with honey, dripping a bay leaf decoction into the ear. It is strange, but in the 21st century, parents continue to resort to such methods of treatment, endangering the most important thing in their lives - their own child.

untimely and wrong treatment inflammatory ear may result in complications, such as mastoiditis. The mastoid process behind the auricle will turn red and swell in the baby, the ear itself will protrude, the child will bow his head to the affected side. This is not only painful and unpleasant, but also dangerous.

Meningitis is considered another formidable complication of otitis media. In this case, the infection from the immature structures of the middle ear gets to the membranes of the brain. This process is also facilitated a large number of blood vessels in the ear. The child may experience convulsions, vomiting, loss or clouding of consciousness. Throwing the head back is one of the signs of meningitis.

What should I do if my child has earaches?

The first thing that moms and dads need to remember is that it is necessary to consult an otolaryngologist (ENT doctor). Only a doctor should prescribe treatment for your baby. The outcome of the disease depends on how correct and timely it is. Basically, antibiotic therapy is carried out. Drugs are prescribed for at least 5-7 days. This means that it is necessary to drink them even after the pain subsides. However, there are cases when you can do without the use of antibiotics - again, this should be decided by the doctor after a thorough examination, familiarization with complaints.

I do not want to say anything bad about hot procedures (compresses). ENT doctors often prescribe them, but these measures will only help if the pus has not yet appeared. You won't be able to understand it on your own.

It is also not recommended to drip alcohol-based drops into the child's ears. They can damage (burn) the delicate skin of the ear canal. Also, do not rinse your ears, clean them with turundas or cotton swabs.

If the cause of the pain is a foreign body in the ear, no drops and heating will help. Parents may not see it in the ear of the crumbs. The foreign body or insect must be removed as soon as possible. Correctly and without consequences, this can be done by an ENT doctor.

First aid for ear pain in a child

And now a little about how parents can help their child if the doctor has not yet come.

Need to improve nasal breathing especially with a cold. To do this, vasoconstrictor drops for children are instilled into the nose. They relieve swelling of the mucous membrane, while opening holes that connect the middle ear to the nose. The contents flow out, the pressure decreases, and the pain decreases. Excess mucus from the nose must be sucked out with a pear.

Before the arrival of the doctor, you can apply a local anesthetic and anti-inflammatory agent (ear drops "Otizol", "Otipax").

Prevention of ear pain in children

Any disease is easier to prevent with the help of prevention. It is not only cheaper than treatment, but also protects babies and their parents from suffering. In order to protect your child's ears, you need to know the following:

If a child has a cold, treat a runny nose! Disinfectants and vasoconstrictor drops will protect the ear from infections.

Harden the baby. The child must be dressed according to the weather.

Breastfeed your baby in a sitting position.

Do not let your child play with small objects. They can get not only into the ear, but also into the respiratory tract.

If the ears are sick, be sure to call the doctor and follow all his recommendations. This is the only way to protect the baby from exacerbations and complications of otitis media.

Victoria Koreshkova for the site

5. If you feel sick, you suffer from severe pain in the pancreas (it hurts in the area a little to the left of the stomach, gives to the back), diarrhea with obvious remnants undigested food in feces, there is bitterness and a whitish coating in the mouth - you need to call ambulance. Pancreatitis during an exacerbation - fatal disease, moreover, quickly leading to complications.

How to eat with different diseases?

When the stomach hurts, one of three diets is prescribed:

For people with damage to the stomach or duodenum of an erosive, mechanical and ulcerative nature, as well as inflammation against the background of increased and normal acidity.
Nutrition for patients with low acidity stomach.
For the treatment of pancreatitis, cholecystitis, in diseases of the liver and gallbladder.

1. Diet with high acidity of the stomach.

It is used in the treatment of ulcers, food and bacterial poisoning, gastritis of all types, except for anacid and hypoacid, and also as a gentle nutrition for any mechanical or chemical damage GIT. Its purpose is to ensure the absence of mechanical and chemical irritants for the mucous membrane. Recommended to eat:

milk-based dishes, boiled milk, subacid dairy products, cottage cheese, cheese - natural antacids. Except in cases of bacterial poisoning and lactose intolerance (for milk);
butter, refined vegetable oil(best olive);
non-sour fruit and vegetable juices, kissels, strong tea, mineral water without gas;
sweet fruits without peel;
boiled liver;
sturgeon caviar (in reasonable quantities).

Excluded from food:

cereals and dishes made from corn, millet, barley and legumes;
rye and bran bread in any condition;
pickled, pickled foods and drinks, mushrooms;
mushroom, meat, fish broths and dishes based on them;
drinks with high acidity, sour fruits, vegetables, vinegar;
carbonated water, kvass, coffee without milk, chocolate.

Exclude salt and fatty recommended foods - eggs, sour cream. If you feel sick from excess acid - outside the period of exacerbation, you can drink Mint tea. If there is a significant loss of electrolytes due to vomiting and diarrhea after food poisoning(without hyperacidity), restrictions on pickles, marinades and sour-milk products are temporarily not applied to the patient.

2. Nutrition with low acidity of the stomach.

It is prescribed for the correction of digestion in patients with anacid or hypoacid gastritis. It is designed to gently stimulate the secretion of the gastric glands in combination with the absence of strong mechanical stimuli. It is recommended to use:

all soft sour-milk dishes, koumiss;
vegetable oils, butter;
tender meat or fish, fried without breading, stewed, baked;
fat-free meat and fish broths and dishes based on them;
ripe soft fruit without rough skin or seeds;
pureed, baked, boiled vegetables;
vegetable, fruit, berry juices, coffee, cocoa, tea with lemon, carbonated mineral water (after consulting a doctor).

You can not eat:

legumes;
whole undiluted milk, milk soups;
raw raw vegetables (except tomatoes);
heavy sweets for the stomach - dates, figs, chocolate.

3. For the treatment of pancreatitis and cholecystitis.

Applies special diet, the most sparing to the liver, pancreas and bile ducts. Its feature is a noticeable prevalence of the protein component over fat and carbohydrates, the maximum exclusion simple carbohydrates. The basis of the diet is lean boiled minced meat or fish, mashed liquid porridge in milk, otherwise it consists of continuous prohibitions. You can eat dairy products whole milk(after allergy testing), baked apples, unsweetened jelly and compotes.

millet, barley porridge, all cereals in a crumbly form, legumes, corn;
any raw vegetables and fruits, mushrooms;
meat broths and dishes based on them;
marinades, fermented foods, spices;
liver, kidneys, brain, heart;
coffee, cocoa, carbonated drinks;
all sweets.

Limit: cucumbers, greens, sweet baked fruits, fats, egg yolks (1 per day), wheat porridge.

The first 2-3 weeks after the exacerbation of pain, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of nutrition and cooking, gradually you can make some indulgences - switch from grated food to chopped, from crackers - to slightly dried bread, introduce coarser foods into the diet. After six months or a year (with an ulcer, sometimes longer), they switch to a less rigid diet, avoiding only food that can cause pain.

Diarrhea, headache, nausea and dizziness

Often, symptoms such as dizziness with severe headache and loose stools may indicate the presence of enough serious illnesses, which have both an infectious nature and are the result of a physiological violation of the activity of organs. These signs may be accompanied by bloating, nausea, belching, bitter taste in the mouth, and fever. Moreover, the combination of all these phenomena, as well as the degree of exacerbation that has arisen, will depend directly on the type of diagnosis. In principle, dizziness, abdominal pain, diarrhea can be considered as defensive reaction body for infections, toxins, toxins and other poisons that have a negative effect on the body.

Nausea with dizziness with diarrhea may be due to gastroenteritis. This disease occurs against the background of an infection, and the pathology manifests itself quite sharply and sharply. The main symptoms: dizziness and diarrhea, the patient is constantly sick, against this background weakness appears, the temperature may rise. Loose stools occur almost immediately after infection enters the intestine, after about 2-3 hours. Another important symptom of this disease is the presence sharp pains in the abdomen, while the blood and mucus in the feces are absent. For compiling overall picture and identifying the nature of gastroenteritis, laboratory tests are necessary, since such patient complaints as diarrhea, headache, loose stools may be present in many other diagnoses.

The first action that a person should perform against the background of such manifestations is food restriction, as well as an increase in the volume of plain water consumption. This will help prevent dehydration. Effective in the fight against infections is the use of saline (Rehydron powder), however, an effective treatment regimen after diagnostic study prescribed only by a doctor. In some cases, diarrhea, nausea, dizziness may manifest itself too strongly, and dehydration may reach too global a stage, then intravenous administration of drugs will be required.

Dizziness, diarrhea and abdominal pain

Apart from intestinal infection diarrhea, headache, nausea, fever may indicate problems with the autonomic nervous system. In addition, such an ailment may be accompanied by vomiting, general weakness, shortness of breath and nasal congestion. This may be a consequence hormonal changes in the body, which often occur in transitional age. However, often weakness, diarrhea and headache are also manifested against the background of stress, neurosis and organic brain damage. Dystonia can be divided into several types, they should be identified by a professional through laboratory research blood and also general analysis urine.

The treatment of such a disease, which is often accompanied by nausea, diarrhea and headache, occurs through the mandatory normalization of the regimen. First of all, the sleep and rest regimen should be optimized. Such manifestations are sure signs of overwork, however, to normalize the state, only a change in lifestyle is not enough, it is important to correct nutrition and use medications or having vegetable origin. For example, if there is high blood pressure- need sedatives.

If you have a headache and diarrhea, you should also check for gastritis, as these signs may indicate this gastrointestinal disease. FROM medical point vision, it is an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, in which the epithelium is damaged. The main generally recognized symptoms of gastritis: dizziness, fever, stomach pain, nausea, turning into vomiting, diarrhea. Frequent companion acute gastritis, especially if diarrhea and nausea are observed, acts profuse salivation. The mucous membranes are covered with plaque, by which the doctor can easily diagnose the disease. This is very important because symptoms such as diarrhea, dizziness, and headaches often have different causes. At the same time, the abdomen swells significantly compared to ordinary days, when there is no exacerbation, and is very sensitive to palpation. Heat is an optional but frequent companion. Diarrhea with this pathology is always.

Headache, vomiting, diarrhea - symptoms of intestinal flu

In case of intoxication of the body with microorganisms that cause this disease, the following symptoms are possible: fever, nausea and diarrhea. The virus may be accompanied by chills and aching pain in the temples and eyes. Signs of pathology appear in different combinations, for example, patients often feel dizzy and have diarrhea, but there is no fever, or with general body aches, nausea and vomiting are observed, which causes a combination of symptoms that have entered the bloodstream.

Talking about treatment intestinal flu, attention should be paid to the conclusion digestive organs toxins that caused headaches, diarrhea and dizziness. Diarrhea is always accompanied by dehydration, so the use of aqueous saline solutions is a must. If there is no liquid stool, but the stomach hurts, this may also indicate stomach flu. Also, headache and dizziness with diarrhea are also possible with dysbacteriosis, which is also characterized by a constant state of nausea. This pathology is not independent disease. It may arise due to long-term use drugs that destroy the flora, from infection in the body, with malnutrition, and even due to congenital malformations.

Because of whatever disease headache, diarrhea and nausea appear, self-medication is categorically not recommended. First of all, you should contact a specialist so that he reveals what caused the disease. Only then is it possible to select adequate therapy that can permanently save the patient from discomfort.

What causes pain in the right side, accompanied by diarrhea?

Quite often, the reason for patients to visit a doctor is pain in the right side. This symptom indicates the development of one or more pathologies of various organs, and if discomfort is accompanied by diarrhea, vomiting or constipation, then there is Great chance the presence of a serious illness.
An experienced specialist, based on complaints, palpation, laboratory and other research methods, will determine the diagnosis, but a person must independently be able to classify the causes of pain in order to understand the severity of the ongoing processes. This will allow you to accept the right decision about an emergency call for an ambulance, or planning a visit to the doctor in the coming days.

Major diseases

The following diseases, accompanied by pain in the right side and diarrhea, are most common. They have different causes but similar symptoms. For prompt assistance, it is necessary to know the features of their occurrence and development, which will allow you to quickly make a decision on the immediate hospitalization of the patient or the fight against the disease on your own.

Inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Occurs with inflammation of the vermiform appendix of the rectum - the appendix, due to its blockage foreign body, tumor or frequent stool. The disease can provoke an infection, since the response to it is an increase in the process in size.

The main symptoms of appendicitis:

The first symptom is Blunt pain in the right side, which changes to acute when moving;
Nausea or vomiting following the onset of abdominal pain;
bloating, inability to hold back gas;
Lack of appetite;
Increase in body temperature up to 37-38оС;
Diarrhea or constipation with copious amounts gases;
Side hurts when urinating;
Seizures.

Diagnosis of appendicitis is often difficult due to the similarity of symptoms with other diseases. For installation correct diagnosis use the following methods:

Palpation of the abdominal cavity;
Urinalysis to exclude the option of urinary tract infection;
Blood analysis;
Ultrasound and CT;
Determination of appendicular infiltrate or the presence of fluid inside the abdominal cavity;
Rectal examination.

Treatment of appendicitis conservative method impossible. Immediately after the diagnosis is made, surgery- an appendicectomy appendix are removed. The operation is performed through an incision or, in the presence of special equipment and specialists, laparoscopically.

Ulcerative colitis

Is chronic pathology, in which the mucous membrane of the colon is affected, resulting in inflammation, swelling and ulcerative defects are formed.

The onset of the disease is associated with infectious agent, the nature of which is not clear enough, an autoimmune reaction of the body, in which the epithelium of the colon mucosa is affected by its own antibodies, with hereditary and environmental causes.

The starting factors of pathology are the following:

Diet high in carbohydrates and low in fiber
Sedentary lifestyle;
stressful situation or mental trauma;
Dysbacteriosis.

The disease has periods of exacerbation and remission, and its severity varies from mild to moderate to severe.

Light and average degree pathology is characterized by the following symptoms:

Cramping pain in the side of the abdomen, nausea;
Weakness, malaise;
Frequent stools (up to 5 times a day), in which there are blood impurities;
Increase in body temperature up to 38oC.

The severe form of the disease has the following symptoms:

An increase in body temperature above 38 ° C;
Tachycardia (above 90 beats / min.);
Anemia causing pale skin;
Weakness, dizziness;
Stool with blood more often 6 times a day;
Strong cramping pain in the side of the abdomen before defecation.

The disease is diagnosed using the following methods:

Complete blood count, which determines the degree of anemia and the level of blood loss, blood clotting and other indicators necessary for hospitalization of the patient;
Fibrocolonoscopy is a key instrumental method for determining accurate diagnosis, assessing the degree of damage to the mucous membrane. It is carried out using a flexible apparatus inserted into the lumen of the intestine from the anus;
Irrigoscopy - less informative, but more safe method, which is carried out in the presence of contraindications for fibrocolonoscopy. Its essence lies in the fluoroscopic examination with the preliminary introduction of an enema of a barium mixture that envelops the intestinal wall, or air, which also performs the function of a contrast;
Plain radiography without the use of contrast, which diagnoses complications of the disease.

Treatment ulcerative colitis is to achieve a stable remission soon. For this, the following drugs are used:

Anti-inflammatory drugs;
Glucocorticoids;
Hemostatic drugs;
Antispasmodics;
Cytostatics.

At profuse bleeding transfusion of fresh frozen blood plasma or erythrocyte mass. For complications, use antibiotic therapy. In case of severe exhaustion, intravenous administration of the nutrient mixture is prescribed.

Crohn's disease

It affects the entire gastrointestinal tract, while all layers of the intestine undergo an inflammatory process. One of the versions of the origin of the pathology is infectious, since the disease is treated antimicrobial agents. Also, immune disorders and autoimmune disorders in the body play a role in the appearance of the disease.

The provoking factors of Crohn's disease are the following:

food allergic reaction;
The consequences of the transferred viral infection(measles);
hereditary factor;
Nervous strain;
Smoking.

Depending on the location of the focus of inflammation, local, general and extraintestinal symptoms are distinguished:

The stomach hurts with a feeling of heaviness and bloating, nausea, diarrhea with blood;
Loose stools up to 1 time per day, after which the pain decreases;
Violations of the absorption of nutrients due to prolonged inflammation of the intestinal walls, which leads to weight loss and osteoporosis, the deposition of cholesterol stones in the gall;
Purulent complications of the disease cause fever, in which the body temperature reaches 39-40 ° C;
External signs of the disease are caused by immunological disorders and manifest themselves in skin rash, decreased vision, mouth ulcers, arthropathy, sacroiliitis.

There are no specific measures for diagnosing Crohn's disease. Its identification is carried out using a standard examination, which includes:

General and biochemical analysis blood;
Fluoroscopy with barium passage and intestinal endoscopy;
Biopsy of part of the intestinal mucosa for histological examination;
Ultrasound and CT of the abdominal cavity.

Since the pathology covers the entire gastrointestinal tract, its main method of treatment is medication. Surgical intervention carried out exclusively for complications for their correction. Important role plays in the treatment of disease proper nutrition using high calorie foods great content proteins and vitamins, but with the restriction of fatty and coarse fiber foods, as well as the exclusion of alcohol, dairy products, fresh vegetables and spices.

Enteritis

It is a group of pathologies characterized by inflammation small intestine with a violation of its functioning and dystrophy of the mucous membrane. The development of the disease is facilitated by infection in the intestines or aggressive chemical compounds, the presence of helminths there, as well as alimentary violations. Chronic enteritis manifests itself as a consequence of undertreated or not acute enteritis.

Except annoying factor, lead to the development of the disease:

Functional disorders in the gastrointestinal tract;
Violations of the enzymatic system;
autoimmune disorders;
Diseases associated with metabolism.

The causes of enteritis are as follows:

The acute form of the pathology develops when exposed to an intestinal infection, poisoning with poisons or toxins, when overeating fatty, spicy food and alcohol, with allergies to food and drugs;
The chronic form is a consequence of the presence of protozoa or helminths in the intestines, a tendency to drink alcohol and unhealthy foods, exposure to caustic substances and heavy metals, long-term use drugs or radiation sickness.

The typical symptoms of enteritis are as follows:

Disorder of the stool, which acquires an ointment-like consistency;
Pain in the navel and to the right of it;
Nausea, impaired well-being;
loss of body weight;
Adrenal insufficiency, hypovitaminosis (with complications).

A specialist can make a primary diagnosis as a result of a thorough survey and anamnesis of the patient, which is confirmed by examination, palpation and percussion. abdominal wall. Additionally, the following diagnostic methods are used:

Blood chemistry;
Coprogram;
Bacteriological analysis of feces;
endoscopy;
X-ray of the intestine with the use of contrast.

Depending on the form of the disease, the methods of its treatment are as follows:

In the acute form, the patient is hospitalized in the department of gastroenterology, and in the presence of infection - in the infectious box. Appoint bed rest, diet food, plentiful drink and carry out symptomatic and restorative therapy. In severe dysbacteriosis, the intestinal microflora is medicated, and in case of diarrhea, it is prescribed astringents;
In the chronic form, treatment is carried out in a hospital, during which bed rest is prescribed and diet No. 4 is prescribed. Except balanced diet prescribed protective drugs that restore work intestinal epithelium, with severe diarrhea, astringents and adsorbents are used, as well as herbal medicine. Neoplasms that appeared against the background of the disease are removed surgically.

Aggravation chronic cholecystitis

The provoking factors of chronic cholecystitis are as follows:

Overeating and abuse of fatty, pickled or smoked foods, or a combination of both;
Long-term use in the diet of food with a lack of fiber and vegetable fibers;
Alcohol consumption.
food allergy.
mental stress.

In most cases, an exacerbation of the disease occurs in people with the following conditions:

Abnormal development of the bile ducts;
In case of biliary dyskinesia;
During exacerbations of diseases of internal organs, colds and hypothermia;
During pregnancy.
With obesity.

The main symptom of cholecystitis is nausea and pain in the right hypochondrium, the intensity and duration depends on the following factors:

From the type of biliary dyskinesia;
From the presence of inflammation of the gall;
From availability concomitant diseases GIT.

At increased tone gallbladder or the movement of a stone in it, an exacerbation of the disease is termed biliary colic, which is characterized by the following features:

Severe pain localized in the right hypochondrium;
paroxysmal character;
The pain gives under the collarbone, shoulder blade or shoulder;
It is facilitated by the application of a warm heating pad;
The pain gets worse after vomiting.

Diagnosis of the disease is carried out by laboratory and instrumental methods. For this, appoint:

Biochemical and clinical analyzes blood;
Fibrogastroduodenoscopy and duodenal sounding;
General urine analysis.
Ultrasound of the abdominal organs.

Treatment of the disease is carried out by the following methods:

Severe pain in the hypochondrium is eliminated by intravenous administration of analgesics, and pain syndrome- antispasmodics;
Severe inflammation in gallbladder with signs of intoxication (fever, nausea) are eliminated with antibiotics with a wide range actions;
Stagnation in the bile is reduced by choleretic agents;
Motility of the gallbladder is improved by the use of drugs that increase its tone;
With acalculous cholecystitis, it is possible to carry out physiotherapy - inductothermy and UHF.

Gastritis

It develops with inflammation of the mucous membrane of the walls of the stomach. Causes pathology bacterium Helicobacter pylori, but contributes to its appearance malnutrition, bad habits and stress.

Symptoms of gastritis are:

Pain in the stomach after eating or on an empty stomach;
Nausea, vomiting with mucus;
Bowel dysfunction causing diarrhea or constipation;
Low blood pressure, weakness;
Lack of appetite, heartburn, bad taste in the mouth;
Tachycardia, dizziness and headache;

Gastritis is diagnosed by the following methods:

The main method is fibrogastroduodenoscopy, during which the gastric mucosa is examined with a probe and, if necessary, a part of the tissue is taken for a biopsy;
A blood test to determine antibodies for the presence of Helicobacter pylori;
In the chronic form of the disease, a fecal occult blood test is performed.

Treatment of gastritis is aimed at eliminating the causes, causing development and provoking an exacerbation of the disease, as well as to stimulate the restoration of the gastric mucosa.

Features of treatment depend on the form of pathology, and therapeutic measures consist of the following components:

Application of a special diet;
medical treatment;
Measures to prevent exacerbation of the disease.

pancreatitis

It is a degenerative-inflammatory process of the pancreas. The occurrence of the disease contributes to alcohol abuse or the presence of gallstone disease. The gland produces food enzymes, which, when inflamed, linger in the ducts and destroy the organ, causing signs of intoxication.

In this case, the following symptoms are observed:

Intense constant pain, which, if left untreated, can turn into pain shock. In most cases, its location is left hypochondrium, but the head of the gland is on the right, and when it is inflamed, the right side hurts;
Increased body temperature, high or low blood pressure;
Paleness of the skin, eventually acquiring a grayish tint, sharpening of facial features;
Nausea, belching, dry mouth, hiccups;
Vomiting of bile without relief;
Constipation or diarrhea with frothy, offensive stools from undigested food;
Shortness of breath caused by loss of electrolytes due to vomiting, the appearance of copious yellow plaque on the tongue and clammy sweat;
Distention of the abdomen with no tension in the abdominal muscles;
Jaundice of the skin and sclera.

Diagnosis of the disease is carried out by a gastroenterologist, who, after listening to the patient's complaints and studying the anamnesis, as well as prescribing the following additional research, will establish an accurate diagnosis:

Fecal analysis showing the level of elastase and table fat, and will also determine the existence of steatorrhea:
Conducting a pancreatic test with the help of special preparations;
Blood test for the detection of diabetes mellitus;
Ultrasound and CT.

Treatment of pancreatitis is carried out only in a hospital, as the disease is classified as very dangerous. Emergency assistance during an attack consists of intravenous administration of saline, taking an antiemetic, painkiller and antisecretory agent.

In the hospital, saline is administered intravenously, diuretics are used to reduce swelling of the gland, painkillers, antiemetics and antispasmodics are used. In case of complications of the disease, antibiotics, enzyme inhibitors are used, vitamins of groups B and C are prescribed. For the first 4-5 days, the patient does not eat, but only drinks warm water. After a while, nutrition is gradually restored, bringing to a 5P diet.

Intestinal infections

salmonellosis

This is a group of diseases. infectious origin, with a common pathogen - bacteria of the genus Salmonella, which affect the gastrointestinal tract, causing intoxication and diarrhea, leading to dehydration. The source of infection is farm and domestic animals, carriers and patients. The infection is transmitted through food and contact household method.

From the penetration of the pathogen into the body before the onset of symptoms, it takes from 6 hours to 8 days, but more often this period is 12-24 hours. In the gastrointestinal tract, bacteria reach the small intestine and are introduced into the mucous membrane by adhesion.

Symptoms of salmonellosis depend on the form of the disease:

With the gastrointestinal form, the development of the disease is characterized by suddenness with the presence of the first signs: nausea, severe pain in the abdomen, which can radiate to the hypochondrium, dizziness and headache, as well as loss of consciousness;

In the enterocolic form, the symptoms resemble the previous type of the disease. For 2-3 days, fluid loss with feces decreases, while blood and mucus are found in it. The act of defecation becomes painful;
The generalized form is rare. It is divided into a typhoid-like variant, characterized by an acute onset with the onset of chills, an increase in temperature, lethargy and weakness. After the diarrhea disappears, but remain heat, weakness and dizziness increases, and after a few days a pale pink rash appears on the stomach round shape. In the septicopyemic variant, the infection enters the body with weak immunity. The onset of the disease is characterized by chills, fever, increased heart rate and sweating. After the condition worsens, and are affected internal organs. Apart from liquid stool impaired consciousness progresses with symptoms of meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, which most often ends in death.

Suspicion of salmonellosis is determined by the characteristic stool and high white blood cells in a blood test. The diagnosis is confirmed by the following additional studies:

Feces and vomit;
Blood and urine;
The contents of abscesses and washings.

Treatment of pathology consists of the following stages:

rehydration;
reception maximum doses sorbents;
Antibacterial therapy

Dysentery

An infectious disease that affects colon and there is a general toxicosis of the body. The causative agent of the disease is a bacterium of the genus Shigella, related to enterobacteria and producing toxins. Infection occurs by food, water and contact.

Symptoms of the disease:

The first signs are chills, diarrhea, fever and high temperature;
Defeat nervous system- weakness, apathy, headache, failures heart rate, lowering blood pressure;
Cutting pain in abdomen iliac areas, more often on the left side, but can also be felt in the right hypochondrium;
Tenzymes and lack of emptying. Emptying itself does not bring relief;
Nausea, dry mouth, gastrointestinal dysfunction.

The disease is diagnosed on the basis of characteristic complaints and symptoms, as well as the following additional studies:

General blood test and serological study for specific antigens and antibodies;
Urinalysis;
fecal studies;
Sigmoidoscopy.

A mild form of the disease is treated at home, severe - only in a hospital.

Treatment of dysentery is carried out by the following methods:

sparing diet;
Bed or semi-bed rest;
Medical treatment.

Botulism

Acute infectious-toxic pathology associated with the ingestion of Clostridium botulinum toxin or the pathogen itself into the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by muscle paralysis and the development of paresis due to the blockade of acetylcholine in nerve synapses. The source of infection is the soil, animals, birds, fish and the person himself. The disease is transmitted by the fecal-oral route.

Symptoms of the disease, depending on its variant, are as follows:

With a gastroenteric variant, there is a cramping pain in the epigastrium, less often it hurts in the right hypochondrium, nausea and vomiting after eating, diarrhea, difficulty in passing food through the esophagus;
With the "eye" variant, visual disturbances are observed - fog, "flies", the clarity of the contours of objects disappears, sometimes "acute farsightedness" is manifested;
Acute respiratory failure is the most dangerous option botulism with rapid onset respiratory failure, which in the absence of emergency assistance after 3-4 hours leads to death.

Diagnosis of botulism is carried out using two main methods:

Collection of anamnesis and objective data;
Microbiological diagnostics;
Blood analysis.

Treatment of the disease is always complex and urgent, and is carried out by the following methods:

Gastric lavage;
Reception of sorbents;
Carrying out siphon enemas;
The use of anti-botulinum serum.

Heart disease

Abdominal myocardial infarction occurs during a diaphragmatic infarction and is characterized by symptoms atypical for the disease, similar to poisoning. The cause of the pathology is an abnormal decrease in vascular patency in atherosclerosis due to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in them.

The following reasons contribute to the development of the disease:

Excess body weight.
High cholesterol.
Hypertension and angina.
Pericarditis.
Regular drinking and smoking.
hereditary predisposition.

Symptoms of the pathology are manifested by severe pain in the epigastrium, less often it hurts in the right hypochondrium. The nature of the sensation is sharp and burning, while taking nitroglycerin does not bring any effect. In addition, seizures are accompanied by:

Nausea and vomiting.
Bloating and indigestion.
Tachycardia and rising blood pressure.
Paresis of the gastrointestinal tract.

Atypical symptoms of the disease necessitate differential diagnosis with pancreatitis, perforated ulcer, cholecystitis, appendicitis, food poisoning, intestinal obstruction. Physical examination, history taking and complaints allow the doctor to establish a preliminary diagnosis.

The final conclusion is made after the following additional studies:

General blood test.
MSCT and coronography.
Echocardiography and ECG.

Therapy of abdominal infarction is carried out in a hospital for constant control for the patient's well-being. Treatment is a combination of therapeutic and medical method. Application folk remedies prohibited, so as not to lubricate the symptoms. Therapeutic method is based on complete restriction of movements and avoidance of stress, as well as adherence to rest and nutrition.

Medical treatment includes:

The use of analgesics and nitrates for the relief of pain in the side.
Use of sedative sedatives;
The use of calcium antagonists to change the heart rate.
The use of beta-blockers that dilate blood vessels.
The use of thrombolytics that destroy blood clots.
Application ACE inhibitors and beta blockers.
The use of antiplatelet agents that thin the blood.

With late diagnosis of the disease and the difficult situation of the patient, surgical intervention, which takes the form:

Coronary angioplasty, expanding the vessel for normal blood flow.
Coronary artery bypass grafting, in which a vein bypass is formed in the necrotic area, restoring blood flow.

So, pain in the right side and diarrhea can occur in many diseases, some of which were discussed above. Lack of emergency care or delay in visiting a doctor if present characteristic symptoms can cost a person both health and life. To avoid such an outcome, you need to monitor your own well-being, lead healthy lifestyle life and when alarms contact a doctor immediately.

The ears of children are one of the most vulnerable organs. Their structure is quite complex, and they develop as the child develops. As a rule, the ears begin to hurt due to the development in them inflammatory processes. There are several types of inflammation, which, in turn, indicate the place of their localization: otitis externa, otitis media and internal (the most severe).

The following symptoms are characteristic: redness around the ear canal, sometimes even swelling, body temperature rises to 39 degrees, and sometimes higher, there is no appetite.

It manifests itself with completely different symptoms: throbbing ear pain in a child, high fever, diarrhea, vomiting. Soreness of the ear increases with swallowing and pressure on the tragus (a tragus is called a tubercle of the ear, with its help the external auditory meatus opens). Sometimes pus appears from the diseased ear, which indicates the deformation of the eardrum and the need for urgent medical intervention. Even if the pain subsides significantly, you should not postpone going to the doctor. If a child has an earache, only an otolaryngologist will tell you how to treat him.

At otitis media the patient develops dizziness, vomiting, nausea, hearing loss and imbalance. If you notice similar symptoms your child, call your doctor immediately. In the treatment of otitis media, antibiotics are usually used to help avoid complications. In addition to treating a sick ear, you will also have to treat your nose in parallel to clear the nasal passages of mucus. The method of treatment and drugs will be selected by the attending physician, and in each case individually. Self-medication can lead to disastrous results, up to hearing loss.

If a child has earache, what should I do?

In the treatment of otitis, undoubtedly, a doctor's consultation is necessary, but what if this insidious ailment took you by surprise, and there is no way to immediately consult a doctor? If the night is in the yard, and it is unlikely that it will be possible to endure until the morning. To do this, parents should take into service a few tips that can somehow alleviate the suffering of the child. Some parents use grandmother's method"and bury the child in sore ear boric alcohol. This is strictly prohibited.

When a child is in this situation, the old and proven method will tell you. In case of emergency, there will be a warm compress. To prepare it, you need a piece of gauze or another soft tissue fold in five layers, wetting with a solution of water and vodka in a ratio of one to one. Children's nourishing cream or vaseline to lubricate the skin around the auricle and attach the squeezed gauze to the sore ear so that the ear canal itself and the auricle remain open. Cut out a circle from thick paper, and make a small incision inside it and put this circle on your ear. Put a large layer of cotton wool on top and carefully fix everything with a bandage. It is recommended to keep such a compress for about an hour. If it is not possible to make such a compress, you need to warm the sore ear in another way. Can be applied to the ear big piece cotton wool and tie your head with a scarf. But if there is a temperature or purulent, then warming procedures and compresses are strictly prohibited. And if the child's ears hurt at the same time, what to do in this case? You can wet a swab boric alcohol and insert it into the sore ear, apply cotton wool on top. At the same time, alcohol cannot be heated, since there will be no benefit. After that, the pain should subside a little, and you should see a doctor as soon as possible.