Types of plants with astringent action. Organic binders. Main groups of astringent plants

Diarrhea(from Greek. diarrhoea- expire), or diarrhea, is a stool disorder characterized by the release of liquid stools, which is associated with the accelerated passage of intestinal contents. The causes of diarrhea can be increased intestinal motility, impaired absorption of water in the large intestine, and the secretion of a significant amount of mucus by the intestinal wall. In most cases, diarrhea is a symptom of an acute or chronic colitis, enteritis. Infectious diarrhea is observed with dysentery, salmonellosis, food poisoning, viral diseases (viral diarrhea), amoebiasis, etc.

Diarrhea can be a symptom food poisoning and be formed at malnutrition or if you are allergic to one or the other food products. Diarrhea develops when the digestion of food is disturbed due to a lack of certain enzymes. Toxic diarrhea accompanies uremia, mercury poisoning, arsenic. Drug-induced diarrhea may occur with suppression beneficial bacteria in the intestine and the development of dysbacteriosis. Diarrhea can occur under the influence of excitement, fear (the so-called bear disease).

The frequency of stool with diarrhea is different, bowel movements - watery or mushy. With diarrhea, there may be pain in the abdomen, a feeling of rumbling, transfusion, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and fever.

Diarrhea can be not only various reasons, but also different meaning for the well being of the body. Light and short-lived diarrhea has little effect on general condition patients, severe and chronic - lead to exhaustion, hypovitaminosis, pronounced changes in the organs.

Antidiarrheal drugs include symptomatic drugs that eliminate diarrhea by inhibiting intestinal motility and contraction of its sphincters or weakening irritant effect on the intestinal mucosa of its contents. How pathogenetic treatment consider the elimination of intestinal dysbacteriosis.

To symptomatic remedies plant origin include means better known under the historically established name "astringent", or "fixing".

Astringents are substances capable of coagulating proteins on the surface of the mucous membrane. Coagulated proteins form a film that protects the endings of afferent (sensory) nerves from the effects of local damaging factors. Getting into the intestines, astringents prevent irritation of the sensitive nerve endings, therefore, they cause a decrease in peristalsis, that is, they have a “fixing” effect, while reducing the feeling of pain. In addition, under the influence of biologically active substances that have astringent action, local vasoconstriction, a decrease in their permeability, a decrease in exudation and inhibition of enzymes occur. The combination of these effects prevents the development of diarrhea and inflammatory process, which served possible cause occurrence of diarrhea. Thus, astringents of plant origin also have anti-inflammatory properties.

Astringents of plant origin form insoluble compounds with proteins, alkaloids, cardiac and triterpene glycosides, salts heavy metals, thereby preventing their absorption, so they can be used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances. Astringents also have antiseptic, antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. At high concentrations of astringents, irreversible damage to living cells occurs. This type of action is called cauterizing.

To biologically active substances plant origin, with an astringent effect, include tannins.

The action of astringents is short and reversible, to achieve the result they are used repeatedly (2 to 6 times a day) in the form of infusions or decoctions. To avoid excessive or unnecessary deposition of tannins on the gastric mucosa, they are taken either after meals or in the form of compounds with proteins (tanalbin drug). In this case, they are released only in the middle and lower sections. small intestine and enter the large intestine active drugs. As antimicrobial and astringent agents for diarrhea of ​​microbial etiology, they are prescribed 30-60 minutes before meals.

Astringent preparations used in dermatology for the treatment superficial lesions skin and mucous membranes, for rinsing with diseases of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract.

Medicinal plant materials containing tannins include: badan rhizomes, oak bark, serpentine rhizomes, burnet rhizomes and roots, cinquefoil rhizomes, alder seedlings, bird cherry fruits, blueberry fruits and shoots.

Badan rhizomes - Rhizomata Bergeniae

Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch.

Family saxifrage - Saxifragaceae.

Botanical description. perennial herbaceous plant height 10-50 cm (Fig. 3.7). The rhizome is fleshy, creeping with numerous thin adventitious roots. The leaves are whole, naked, leathery, hibernating, collected in a basal rosette. The leaf blade is broadly elliptical, the apex is rounded, the base is heart-shaped or rounded, the edge with large blunt teeth. The length of the leaf blade is 10-35 cm (usually exceeds the length of the petiole), the width is 9-30 cm. Flowers with a lilac-pink corolla are collected at the top of a leafless peduncle in a dense paniculate corymbose inflorescence. The fruit is a box.

Blossoms in May-July, before the appearance of young leaves, the fruits ripen in July-early August.

Geographic distribution. Badan thick-leaved grows in the south of Siberia: in Altai, in the Kuznetsk Alatau, in the Western and Eastern Sayans, in the Tuva Republic, the Baikal and Transbaikalia.

Habitat. Badan is found in the forest, subalpine and alpine belts at an altitude of 300 to 2000 m above sea level on well-drained stony soils. Abundant in dark coniferous forests, where it often forms dense thickets.

Rice. 3.7. Badan thick-leaved - Bergenia crassifolia(L.) Fritsch.:

1 - flowering plant; 2 - rhizome with roots

blank. The rhizomes are dug up in the summer, in June-July, they are cleaned of the ground, the small roots are cut off, the remnants of the aerial part are removed, cut into pieces up to 20 cm long and delivered to the place of drying. Rhizomes left in heaps for more than 3 days rot.

Security measures. To preserve the thickets, it is necessary to leave 10-15% of the plants intact during harvesting.

Drying. Before drying, the rhizomes are dried, and then dried in dryers at a temperature of 50 ° C to an air-dry state.

External signs raw materials. Whole raw material - pieces of cylindrical rhizomes up to 20 cm long and up to 2 cm thick. Their surface is dark brown, slightly wrinkled, with rounded traces of cut roots and scaly remnants. leaf petioles. The fracture is granular, light pink or light brown. On the fracture, the narrow primary cortex and vascular bundles are clearly visible, located in a discontinuous ring around the wide core. There is no smell. The taste is strongly astringent.

Storage. In a dry, well ventilated area. Shelf life - 4 years.

Chemical composition. Tannins (up to 25-27%), arbutin, catechin, catechin gallate, isocoumarin bergenin, phenolic acids and their derivatives, starch.

Application, medicines. Badan rhizome is used in the form of a decoction as an astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent with colitis, enterocolitis, stomatitis, gingivitis and cervical erosion. Badan rhizomes are medicinal vegetable raw materials to obtain a liquid extract.

Side effects. Prolonged use of bergenia rhizome preparations inhibits secretion gastric juice and inhibit development normal microflora in the intestine.

Contraindications. Violation motor function intestines.

Medicinal plant materials affecting the afferent nervous system.

astringent action

Characteristics of PMH of binding action:

The astringent effect of medicinal plants is due to the presence of tannins in them.

Tanning substances - group diverse and complex in composition water-soluble organic substances of the aromatic series containing hydroxyl radicals of a phenolic nature.

Tannins (tannins) are plant polyphenolic compounds with molecular weight from 500 to 3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins and alkaloids and having tanning properties. Tannins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom, have a characteristic astringent taste, they are able to precipitate from water or water-alcohol solution, soluble glue, and iron salts give different shades of green or blue staining and precipitation (inky properties). They accumulate mainly in the underground organs of perennial herbaceous plants (rhizomes of bergenia, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes of burnet), as well as in the bark and wood of trees and shrubs (oak bark), fruits of bird cherry, blueberries, seedlings, alder, less often in leaves of skumpia, sumac, tea. Among lower plants, they are found in lichens, fungi, algae; among spore plants, in mosses, horsetails, and ferns.

According to Chevrenidi minimal amount tannins in the underground organs are noted in the spring, during the period of plant growth, then it gradually increases, reaching the largest amount in the budding phase - the beginning of flowering.

The vegetation phase affects not only the quantity, but also qualitative composition tannins. The altitude factor has a greater influence on the accumulation of tannins. Plants growing high above sea level (bergenia, skumpia, sumac) contain more active substances.

Plants growing in the sun accumulate more tannins than those growing in the shade. Tropical plants contain much more tannins. Plants growing in damp places contain more tannins than those growing in dry places. There are more tannins in young plants than in old ones. In the morning hours (from 7 to 10), the content of tannins reaches a maximum, in the middle of the day it reaches a minimum, and in the evening it rises again.

The biological role of tannins

Hypotheses:

They are reserve substances, because they accumulate in the underground parts of many plants

Possessing bactericidal and fungicidal properties as phenolic derivatives, they prevent wood decay, i.e. they perform a protective function for the plant against pests and pathogens.

They are waste products of organisms

Participate in redox processes, are oxygen carriers in plants.

Workpiece:

Harvesting of raw materials is carried out during the period of maximum accumulation of DV. In herbaceous plants, as a rule, the minimum content of active substances is noted in the spring during the period of regrowth, then their content increases and reaches a maximum during the period of budding and flowering (for example, Potentilla rhizomes). By the end of the growing season, the amount of DV gradually decreases. In burnet, the maximum AD accumulates in the phase of development of rosette leaves, in the flowering phase their content decreases, and in autumn it increases. The vegetation phase affects not only the quantity, but also the qualitative composition of the AI. In the spring, during the period of sap flow, in the bark of trees and shrubs and in the regrowth phase of herbaceous plants, hydrolyzable DVs mainly accumulate, and in the fall, in the phase of plant death, condensed DVs and their polymerization products, flobaphenes (reds). During the period of the highest content of tannins in plants, it is necessary to exclude water from entering the raw materials.

Drying conditions:

After harvesting, the raw materials must be dried quickly, because under the influence of enzymes, oxidation and hydrolysis of active ingredients occur. The collected raw materials are dried in air in the shade or in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. Underground organs and oak bark can be dried in the sun

Store in a dry, well-ventilated area out of direct sunlight. general list within 2-6 years, in dense packaging, preferably in its entirety, because in the crushed state, the raw material undergoes rapid oxidation due to an increase in the surface of contact with atmospheric oxygen.

Application:

Raw materials and preparations containing DV are used externally and internally as astringent, anti-inflammatory, bactericidal and hemostatic agents. The action is based on the ability of DV to bind to proteins with the formation of dense albuminates. Upon contact with an inflamed mucous membrane or wound surface, a thin surface film is formed that protects sensitive nerve endings from irritation. Compaction occurs cell membranes, narrowing of blood vessels, the release of exudates decreases, which leads to a decrease in the inflammatory process. These changes determine the anti-inflammatory effect that astringents have. Astringents, unlike cauterizing agents, do not cause cell death and have a reversible effect. Due to the ability of DV to form precipitates with alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, salts of heavy metals, they are used as antidotes for poisoning with these substances. Outwardly, for diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx (stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis), as well as for burns, decoctions of oak bark, rhizomes, bergenia, serpentine, cinquefoil, rhizomes and roots of burnet, and the drug "Altan" are used.

Study Plan for HR and HR

Latin and Russian names of medicinal plant materials producing plants and families.

Plant appearance

Distribution, habitat

Terms, features of the workpiece. Rules and methods of drying

Appearance of raw materials

Chemical composition, active substances

Storage conditions

Application

Cortex Quercus, Quercus robur, Fagaceae. Beech. Oak bark.

Oak ordinary.

A tree up to 40 km high with a wide spreading crown with dark brown bark; oak blossoms from 50 years of age. Blooms at the same time as the leaves open. Leaves obovate, pinnately scapular, with deciduous stipules, leathery, shiny above, light green below, short-petiolate, flowers unisexual, male in drooping racemes, female sessile. The fruit is a single-seeded acorn. The bark of young shoots is smooth, olive-brown, the old ones are brown-gray, fissured.

Widespread in Western Europe and the European part of Russia. Does not currently live in Siberia. The eastern limits of the common oak area are the watershed of the Volga and Ural rivers, as well as the valleys of the Yuryuzan and Sylva rivers.

Appearance of raw materials

The outer surface is shiny, rarely matte, smooth or slightly wrinkled, sometimes with small cracks, often transversely elongated lenticels are visible. Inner surface with numerous, longitudinal, thin, protruding ribs; when broken, the outer bark is granular, even, the inner bark is strongly fibrous, splintery. The color of the bark outside is light brown or light gray, silvery, inside is yellowish brown. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying when the bark is wetted with water. The taste is strongly astringent.

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Harvested during the juice movement (which coincides with bud break) without a cork layer with outer side, and wood with inner.

Drying

Dry under awnings outdoors or in well-ventilated areas. In good weather, you can dry in the sun. Dry bark breaks when bent, while under-dried bark bends. It is necessary to ensure that the bark is not moistened during drying, because. at the same time, it loses a significant part of the tannins contained in it.

Storage

Shelf life of raw materials is 5 years.

Application

Contains protein, tannins, starch, quercete, the action is reduced to an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, based on the ability of tannins to thicken cell membranes.

Fryctus Mirtilli blueberries, Vaccinium myrtillus, Ericaceae birch or Vacciniaceae lingonberries.

Plant appearance

deciduous subshrub, with branched ribbed stems up to 40 cm, leaves short-petiolate, rounded, elliptical or ovate, serrate-toothed along the edge. The flowers are small with pitcher-shaped spherical corolla, located in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is a juicy sweet spherical black-blue berry with a bluish bloom with a flattened top and the remainder of the calyx in the form of an annular rim.

Distribution habitat

Distributed in the European part of the CIS, western and eastern Siberia, the Caucasus and the Far East, grows in coniferous and mixed forests. Fruits well under the canopy of not too shady forest on moist soil.

Diagnostic features of raw materials

The fruits are strongly wrinkled, small, after soaking they take on a spherical shape, black, with a bluish bloom, up to 10 ml in diameter. on the top of the fruit, the remnant of the calyx is visible in the form of a small annular rim. In the red-violet pulp of the fruit are numerous small ovoid seeds, the smell is sweet, the taste is sweet and sour, slightly astringent. When chewing, saliva turns dark red, teeth and oral mucosa turn blue-violet.

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In the period of full maturation in the morning or in the evening. It is not allowed to wash the berries and transfer from one container to another.

Drying

The fruits are laid out thin layer in the sun for 2-3 days, and then dried in Russian ovens, fruit and vegetable or other heated dryers, stirring occasionally. Dry until the berries stop getting their hands dirty and sticking together in lumps.

Chemical composition

Blueberries contain up to 12% tannins of the pyrocatechin group.

Storage condition

In sacks on undercarriages, on a constant draft, tk. berries are easily affected by berry moth. Shelf life 2 years.

Pharmacological properties

Preparations of blueberry leaves have a cardiotonic, diuretic, choleretic, astringent, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic effect.

Medicines

Fruits in packs, decoction, "Arfazetin" collection, "Difrarel" preparation.

Rhizomata Berginae, bodanus rhizome, Bergenia crassifolia thick-leaved bodanus, Saxifragaceae saxifrageous

Perennial herbaceous plant up to 50cm high. the rhizome is creeping, fleshy, thick, reaching up to several meters in length and 3.5 cm in diameter, from which a large vertical root departs. The stem is thick, leafless, pink-red, 15-50 cm high.

Leaves in a dense basal rosette, with an almost rounded blade, large, broadly oval, entire, glabrous, leathery, shiny. The leaf blade is broadly elliptical or almost rounded, rounded or heart-shaped at the base, obtusely or indistinctly dentate.

The flowers are small, regular, five-membered, in a paniculate corymbose inflorescence. Calyx campanulate, lilac pink. The fruit is an elliptical capsule with small seeds.

Distribution and habitat

It has a South Siberian range, covering the mountains of Adtai, the Kuznetsk Alatau, the western and eastern Sayans, the Baikal and Transbaikalia, and enters the mountainous forest regions of Mongolia.

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The rhizome is located almost at the surface of the earth. They are harvested during the summer growing season, dug or pulled out of the soil, cleaned of earth and petioles, cut into pieces of various lengths.

Drying

First, the rhizome is dried. Dry slowly in dryers. Rapid heat drying reduces the amount of tannins. The raw material dries within 3 weeks. The yield of dry raw materials is 30-35%.

Appearance of raw materials

Pieces of rhizomes are cylindrical in shape, about three cm in diameter. Dark brown on the outside, light brown in the fracture with dark dots of vascular bundles in a discontinuous ring around the fleshy core. The smell is not characteristic. The taste is astringent.

Chemical composition

Storage

In a dry place, in a well-packed container. Shelf life 4 years.

Application

The drugs have hemostatic, astringent, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.

Fructus Padi cherry fruits. Padus avium bird cherry, Rosaceae rosaceae

Plant appearance:

A small tree or shrub with black-gray bark, pronounced lenticels, alternate, petiolate, elliptical leaves with a serrated edge. The leaves are dark green, short-petiolate. The flowers are white, collected in drooping brushes, have strong smell. Calyx and corolla five-membered, many stamens. One pestle. The fruit is a black drupe with an abundant grayish coating. Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in August-September.

Spreading: distributed in the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of the country, in Western Siberia it reaches the Yenisei, is found in the mountains of the Caucasus and Central Asia. Often cultivated in gardens as an ornamental plant. Habitat: along the banks of rivers, in riverine forests, along forest edges, in bushes.

Workpiece: harvested in the phase of fruit ripening, for which the brushes are cut with a knife, put in baskets or buckets. Before drying, they are dried in the sun for 1-2 days.

Drying: in dryers or Russian ovens, then dry fruits are placed on sieves and separated from twigs and stalks by rubbing.

Appearance of raw materials: raw materials should consist of spherical wrinkled drupes covered with a whitish-grayish bloom, with one large hard bone inside, sweetish - astringent taste ...

Chemical composition: organic acids, tannins up to 15%.

Leaves, flowers, bark and seeds contain glycosides: amygdalin, prulaurazine, prunazine. Amygdalin during enzymatic cleavage gives benzaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid and glucose. The aroma of the plant is due to the presence of prunazine glycoside.

Storage: packed in bags, boxes. Store in a draft, shelf life - 3 years.

Application: as an astringent for enteritis, dyspepsia of various etiologies, as well as an adjuvant for infectious colitis and dysentery.

hypericium perforatum (St. John's wort) quadrangulum (tetrahedral) St. John's wort family: Hypericaceae

Plant appearance: perennial herbaceous plant, branched stems, with two ribs, 30-60 cm high. Leaves and branches are arranged oppositely. The leaves are oblong-oval in shape, obtuse, entire, smooth, with translucent scattered over the leaf blade, and black dotted receptacles along the edges. They appear to be pierced with a needle, hence the name "perforated". The flowers are free-petal, regular, with a five-leaf falling calyx, a five-petal corolla; petals are bright yellow, oblong-oval, with black-brown dots (on the underside). Stamens 50-60, fused at the base into 3 bundles. The inflorescence is a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a three-celled multi-seeded boll that opens with three wings. Blooms from June to August, fruits ripen in September.

Spreading: the whole European part of the country, the Caucasus, mountains Central Asia and Western Siberia.

Workpiece: flowering tops are harvested, cut with a knife or sickles during the period of mass flowering, 25-30 cm long, without coarse stems. Uprooting of plants is not allowed.

Drying: in rooms with good ventilation. The raw materials are rubbed with a thin layer (5 cm) and periodically turned over. In dryers with artificial heating at a temperature of 35-40 degrees. In good weather, the raw material dries in 4-5 days, and in dryers in 1-2 days.

Appearance of raw materials: stems are oppositely branched, cylindrical, with two longitudinal ribs, glabrous, 23-30 cm long, glabrous, with flowers, buds and partly unripe fruits. The leaves are sessile, opposite, 0.7-3.5 cm long, up to 1.4 cm wide, glabrous, oblong, entire, with a blunt apex, numerous translucent receptacles in the form of light dots; dark (pigmented) receptacles are also noticeable. Stems and leaves are dull green. The flowers are golden yellow, collected in a corymbose panicle. The fruit is a trihedral multi-seeded capsule. Seeds are small, cylindrical, dark brown. The smell of raw materials is weak, fragrant. The taste is bitter, slightly astringent.

Chemical composition: contains a variety of biologically active compounds. The main active ingredients are photoactive condensed anthracene derivatives (hypericin, pseudohypericin, protopseudohypericin, rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin). Tannins up to 10%

Storage: in a dry place protected from light, shelf life - 3 years.

Application: used as an antispasmodic, astringent, disinfectant and anti-inflammatory agent, the presence of vitamins complements the therapeutic effect.

Medicines: the drug Novoimanin is included in the fees.

Poligonum bistorta (highlander snake), Rhizomata Bistortae (serpentine rhizome), Polygonaceae (buckwheat)

Plant appearance: perennial herbaceous plant up to 50-70 cm tall, with a straight fistulate unbranched hollow stem. Stem leaves small, narrow, few in number emerge from brownish bells. Basal leaves on long petioles, oblong-lanceolate, large, sometimes with a heart-shaped base. The flowers are small, pinkish, fragrant. Collected in a dense oblong spike-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a trihedral dark brown shiny achene in the form of a nut. Blossoms in May - June, fruits ripen in July.

Spreading. Habitat: grows almost everywhere.

Harvesting: rhizomes are harvested after mating or in early spring. Cut the stems and small thin roots. Washed in water.

Drying: dried in the air, it is possible in the sun, dried, the final drying of the raw materials is carried out in dryers with heating at a temperature of 50-60 degrees, or in attics under an iron roof. With slow drying, the rhizome turns brown inside.

Appearance of raw materials: the rhizome is solid, has a serpentine shape, with transverse folds on the upper side, with traces of cut roots on the lower side, dark brown on the outside, brown-pink on the break. Length 5-10 cm, thickness 1-2 cm. The taste is strongly astringent, bitterish, there is no smell. An aqueous decoction of rhizomes with iron ammonium alum gives a black-blue color (tannins of the pyrogallic group).

Chemical composition : tannins (15-20%). Free polyphenols (gallic acid and catechin)

Storage: in a well-checked room, a shelf life of 6 years.

Application : as a good astringent for gastrointestinal diseases. As well as inflammatory diseases of the ENT organs.

Astringent medicines

For astringent medicines(from lat. adstringentia- viscous) include drugs that, when applied to an inflamed area of ​​the skin or mucous membrane, as well as a wound surface, cause effective dehydration (dehydration) and partial coagulation (coagulation) of proteins and, in addition, have local anti-inflammatory and weak local anesthetic effects. As a result of dehydration and coagulation of proteins, a protein film is formed on the inflamed surface, which mechanically protects the underlying tissues and the endings of the afferent nerve fibers from exposure to irritants. This entails suppression of glandular excretion, constriction blood vessels, reducing the feeling of pain. In addition, as a result of the dehydrating action medicines of this group, the underlying protein layer, losing water, becomes denser, the permeability of cell membranes decreases, which ultimately results in a decrease in local inflammatory processes.

Typically, astringent drugs are classified depending on the sources of raw materials.

1. Astringent herbal medicines(organic binders drugs): decoction of oak bark; tannin(tannin - gallotannic acid, obtained from growths of Asia Minor oak); tanalbin(tannin with casein); infusion of sage leaves; infusion or decoction of bird cherry fruits; infusion or decoction of blueberries; calamus rhizome and etc.

2. Synthetic astringents(inorganic binders drugs): bismuth compounds (basic bismuth nitrate, bismuth gallate basic - dermatol, bismuth tribromophenol basic - xeroform and etc.); aluminum compounds ( aluminum-potassium alum, burnt alum); zinc compounds ( zinc sulfate, zinc oxide); copper sulfate; lead acetate.

Astringent medicinal products of plant origin are mainly used in gastroenterology, dermatology, dental and ENT practice.

In gastroenterology, infusions and decoctions of astringent herbal medicines are used for symptomatic therapy gastritis, enterocolitis and colitis. For diseases lower divisions Gastrointestinal tract they are used in enemas. In some cases, a drug is used to treat diarrhea tanalbin.

For treatment peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum combined medicines containing both organic and synthetic astringents are used. Drugs are an example vicair and vicalin, which also include bismuth nitrate basic and calamus rhizome powder.

Astringent drugs of inorganic origin are currently in clinical practice used quite rarely. However, basic bismuth nitrate has been shown to be used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers.

In dermatology, these drugs are used for inflammatory diseases skin, superficial ulcers, minor burns and other injuries by application to skin surface in the form of solutions, decoctions, ointments. For example, drugs dermatol and xeroform used in dermatology in the form of powders and ointments for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. In addition, xeroform is part of balsamic liniment according to Vishnevsky.

In ENT practice, astringent herbal medicines are used for rinsing and inhalation in the treatment of stomatitis, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, etc. Some of them, for example decoction of sage, in addition to astringent, they also have a certain antimicrobial activity.

Astringent of plant origin - tannin- has the ability to form insoluble compounds with salts of heavy metals and some alkaloids, therefore, its 0.5% solution in a volume of 2 liters is used to wash the stomach through a tube in case of poisoning with atropine, cocaine, morphine, nicotine, physostigmine, copper salts. However, after washing the stomach with a solution of tannin, it is necessary to rinse it well with water, since the complexes that tannin forms with these compounds are unstable, and their release from the bond with tannin is possible.

Alum aluminum-potassium used both in the form of aqueous solutions for rinsing, lotions, washes and douches in inflammatory diseases of the mucous membranes, and in the form of crystals to stop bleeding with small cuts, for example, when shaving.

Astringents when applied to mucous membranes cause coagulation of proteins; the resulting film protects the mucosa from annoying factors. Vasoconstriction and "contraction" of the mucosal surface leads to a decrease pain, weakening of inflammatory processes.

Such an effect is exerted by many substances of plant origin (from St. John's wort, blueberries, oak, etc.), as well as weak solutions of salts of certain metals (silver, aluminum, zinc, etc.).

Brief description of drugs

Bismuth nitrate basic is part of the medicines Vikalin, Vikair, Almagel, widely used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.

Dermatol used as an astringent, antiseptic and drying agent, externally in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the skin, mucous membranes (ulcers, eczema, dermatitis) in the form of powders, ointments, suppositories.

Hypericum herb used as an astringent and antiseptic in the treatment of colitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, burns.

Neo-anuzole used as an astringent and disinfectant in the treatment of hemorrhoids, anal fissures.

Tannin (gallotannic acid) used as an astringent and local anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, throat.

Tansal used as a binder and disinfectant in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (colitis, enteritis).

Brief description of the pharmacological group. Astringents, when applied to mucous membranes, cause coagulation of proteins; the resulting film protects the mucosa from irritating factors. The vasoconstriction and “tightening” of the mucosal surface leads to a decrease in pain sensations, a weakening of inflammatory processes.

State budget educational institution

Higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Medical University"

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation

(GBOU VPO NSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia)

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany

COURSE WORK

Medicinal plants and medicinal herbal raw materials,

astringent

Completed by: Volkova Alina Sergeevna

student of the 3rd year of the 1st group

Faculty of Pharmacy

Checked by: teacher

Novosibirsk 2011

Introduction ______________________ ______________________________ ___3

Main part of work:

• Classification of tannins _______________________ ___5
• Physical and Chemical properties ______________________ ____9
• Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role __________________________ ________________________12

Characteristics of LRS

• Oak bark ______________________________ _______________14
• Badana rhizomes _____________________ __________________17
• Rhizome serpentine ______________________________ _______19
• Burnet rhizomes and roots _________________________ ___21
• Bird cherry fruits ______________________________ ___________23
• Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ________________________ ____25

Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ______________________ __33

Conclusion ____________________ _____________________________ 35

List of used literature ____________________ _________36

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. “Currently, the range of herbal medicines in Russia is more than 40%. Medicinal plant raw materials (MPR) containing tannins are widely used to obtain drugs that have astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory effects.

Shredded HR containing tannins is dispensed from pharmacies without a prescription for the preparation of infusions and decoctions at home. MPS must be standardized and comply with high standards pharmacopoeial requirements.

Relevant is the development and improvement of methods for the identification of VP, including crushed and powder, determination of the content of active substances; creation of drafts of modern regulatory documentation for VP containing tannins.”

Objective. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main body of work

General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds

Tannins are a group of plant high molecular weight polyphenols with a molecular weight of 500-3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins, alkaloids and salts of heavy metals, precipitating them, and also having an astringent effect.

"The name "tannins" has developed historically, thanks to the ability of these compounds to tan the raw skin of animals, turning it into a durable skin that is resistant to moisture and microorganisms." This ability of tannins is based on the interaction with the skin protein - collagen, leading to the formation of structures that are resistant to decay processes. Polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of less than 500 do not have tanning properties, but are precursors of tannins. They are called tannins. "They are found in vegetables and fruits and give them an astringent taste." In order not to confuse such substances with genuine tannins, they are often referred to as "food tannins" or "tea tannins". And polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of more than 3000 do not tan the skin, since they do not penetrate between the fibrils.

The term "tannins" has 2 hypotheses of origin: from the French. "tanner" - "to tan the skin" and from the alleged word "tan" - tanning bark. Initially, this was the name of a mixture of substances extracted with water from the bark and oak wood, at present, the term "tannins" is used to name hydrolysable tannins, as well as especially industrially significant Chinese and Turkish tannins.

“Tanning, characteristic of all tannins, is a complex physical and chemical process in which the phenolic groups of tannins interact with collagen molecules. The final stage of this process is the formation of a stable cross-linked specific structure due to the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between collagen molecules and phenolic groups of tannins. But such bonds can only form when the molecules are large enough to attach adjacent collagen chains and have enough phenolic groups to cross-link."

Classification of tannins

Tannins are derivatives of pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, phloroglucinol and other phenolic compounds.

There are 2 classifications of tannins:

1. According to G. Procter (1894) - based on the nature of the decomposition products of tannins at 180-200 degrees Celsius

• Pyrrogallic
• Pyrocatechin

1. According to G. Povarnik (1911) and K. Freidenberg (1920) - based on the chemical nature of tannins and their relationship to hydrolyzing agents

• hydrolysable
• Condensed

hydrolysable tannins

These are mixtures of esters of phenolcarboxylic acids with sugars and nonsaccharides. AT aqueous solutions hydrolyzed under the action of acids, alkalis and enzymes on fragments of phenolic and non-phenolic nature (phenolic fragments are gallic, metadigallic, ellagic, hexahydroxydiphenic, quinic, chloragenic, etc. acids, and the non-phenolic fragment is most often glucose monosaccharide)

"Hydrolysable tannins are in turn subdivided

• Gallotannins
• Ellagotannins
• Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids

Gallotannins are esters of hexoses (usually D-glucose) and gallic acid. There are mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and polygalloyl ethers.

Representatives: 1) D-glucogallin isolated from rhubarb root and eucalyptus leaves 2) Chinese tannin obtained from galls (growths) of Chinese sumac 3) Turkish tannin isolated from Turkish galls formed on dyed oak leaves.

“Ellagotannins are esters of D-glucose and hexahydroxydiphenic, hebulic and other acids that have a biogenetic relationship with ellagic acid.

They are complex in structure and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical plants.

Found in pomegranate fruit peel, eucalyptus bark, walnut peel, oak bark, alder seedlings.

Gallotannins and ellagitannins can occur simultaneously in plants.

"Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids are esters of gallic acid with quinic, hydroxycinnamic (chlorogenic, coffee, hydroxycinnamic) acids, as well as flavans."

Representatives: 1) galloyl esters of quinic acid were found in the bark of angustifolia oak.

2) Esters of gallic acid and catechins are found in tea leaves, for example - catechin gallate. Theogallin has been isolated from green tea leaves.

Hydrolysable tannins are found in the leaves of sumac and skumpia, in the fruits of alder, in the rhizomes of burnet, bergenia.

This group of tannins is widely used in medicine, but it is a good breeding ground for microorganisms.

condensed tannins

"These are compounds that form condensation products that do not decompose under the action of acids, alkalis, enzymes." Under the influence of acids, they are even more compacted and form more complex water-insoluble, amorphous compounds - flobaphenes.

These substances are mainly polymers of catechins (flavan-3-ol) or leucocyanidins (flavan-3,4-diol) or copolymers of these two types of flavonoid compounds. All fragments are connected to each other C-C ties. Unlike hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins contain few carbohydrates.

There are 2 hypotheses of the mechanism of formation of condensed tannins.

1. According to K. Freidenberg

Condensation is accompanied by rupture of the heterocycle (-C 3 -) and leads to the formation of linear polymers or copolymers of the "heterocycle ring - ring A" type with a large molecular weight. In this case, condensation is considered not as an enzymatic process, but as a result of the influence of heat and an acidic environment.

1. According to D. Hathway

Polymers are formed as a result of oxidative enzymatic condensation, which can proceed both in the head-to-tail (ring A - ring B) and tail-to-tail (ring B - ring B) type. It is believed that this condensation occurs during the aerobic oxidation of catechins and flavan-3,4-diols by polyphenol oxidases, followed by the polymerization of the resulting o-quinones. For example, tail-to-tail polymerization.

Most often in plants, oxidative polymerization of catechins occurs in dead parts (bark, wood), as well as condensation under the action of enzymes (in leaves).

Condensed tannins are found in the bark of oak, chestnut, blueberries, bird cherry, in the needles of coniferous trees, in the rhizome of the serpentine, cinquefoil.

It is possible to speak about the division of plants according to the indicated classification only with some approximation, since only very few plants contain one group of tannins. Much more often, the same plant contains condensed and hydrolysable tannins together, usually with a predominance of one or another group. In addition, the composition of the mixture of these tannins includes simple phenols: resorcinol, pyrocatechin, free phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, ellagic).

Often the ratio of hydrolysable and condensed tannins changes greatly during the vegetation of the plant and with age.

Physical and chemical properties

Tannins are amorphous compounds of yellow or yellow-brown color, odorless, astringent taste, hygroscopic.

1. They dissolve well in water with the formation of colloids, in ethyl and methyl alcohols, acetone, ethyl acetate, butanol, pyridine.

2. Insoluble in non-polar solvents: in chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether.

3. Optically active

4. Easily oxidized in air

5. Able to form strong intermolecular bonds with proteins and other polymers (pectic substances, cellulose).

6. Under the action of the tanase enzyme and acids, hydrolysable tannins break up into parts, and condensed ones become larger.

7. Easily bind to alkaloids, salts of heavy metals, cardiac glycosides.

8. Precipitated by solutions of protein and alkaloids.

Description

Objective. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Collect and analyze information about medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
Explore characteristics raw materials,
chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main part of work:
General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds __________4
Classification of tannins ________________________________5
Physical and chemical properties ________________________________9
Distribution in the plant world _______________________ 10
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role
Characteristics of LRS
Oak bark _____________________________________________14
Badana rhizomes _____________________________________________17
Rhizome serpentine _____________________________________19
Burnet rhizomes and roots ____________________________21
Bird cherry fruits _______________________________________________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ____________________________25
Alder seedlings (alder cones) ____________________________30
Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ____________________________33

Conclusion_________________________________________________35
List of references _____________________________36