Enteritis in humans treatment. Treatment of enteritis by traditional methods. Chronic enteritis and its symptoms

Enteritis- an inflammatory disease of the mucous membrane of the small intestine caused by various reasons. Its main manifestation is loose stools.

The disease got its name from a combination of the Greek word "enteron", which means "gut" in translation, as well as the ending "it" - inflammation.

Some statistics

There is not a single person who has never suffered acute enteritis throughout his life.

At the same time, according to WHO, about a quarter of the world's population suffers from some form of chronic enteritis.

Interesting Facts

About digestion and the digestive system:

• Every adult eats about 500 kg of food every year.
• It takes the body about 72 hours to fully digest a hearty lunch or dinner, as well as to carry it through the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT). First, carbohydrates are broken down (sugar, pies, pastries, pasta), then proteins (meat, fish, eggs), then fats (cream, butter, vegetable oils).
• The hormone of joy (serotonin) is produced both in the brain and in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Serotonin is responsible for good mood and cheerfulness, increases muscle tone and so on. That is why after a hearty meal, eaten chocolates or other goodies, the mood improves. As a result, the body remembers the effect obtained, and the person develops the habit of “jamming” troubles.
• Every day, an adult produces up to 1.7 liters of saliva in the oral cavity.
• Main component gastric juice- 0.4% hydrochloric acid, which is able to dissolve the metal. However, plastic, hair, plastic toys, pencils that have entered the gastrointestinal tract are excreted unchanged.
• With pancreatitis, there is an increased secretion of enzymes by the pancreas that enter the bloodstream. Therefore, they devour the human body from the inside, digesting its tissues, which is the cause of pain and intoxication in pancreatitis.
• Liver - laboratory human body. It performs about 300 different functions: it produces bile (about one liter per day), stores nutrients and vitamins (glucose, A, D, B12), synthesizes blood plasma proteins (globulins and albumin), neutralizes various toxic substances and so on.
• On average, the stomach of an adult person holds about a liter of liquid.
• Bloating (flatulence) occurs due to over-education gases in the intestines produced by bacteria. The mixture consists of methane, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide. Or with excessive swallowing of air during meals - aerophagia.
• Average length gastrointestinal tract in an adult is about eight to ten meters.

Anatomy of the digestive tract

The digestive system includes: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, thin and colon, anus, gallbladder.

The main processes of food digestion and absorption of nutrients occur in the small intestine. Its length in an adult is about 4.5 meters, and its diameter is 5 cm.

The small intestine is made up of three parts: duodenal (bile from the gallbladder and pancreatic juice enters it through the ducts), lean and ileum.

The wall of the small intestine is made up of three layers:

1. internal or mucosal

   It has a large number of circular folds, which are especially well developed in the duodenum. There are a lot of folds intestinal villi, and on them - microvilli.

   A lymphatic capillary passes through the center of each villus, digested fats are absorbed through it, and along the periphery - a network of blood vessels through which proteins enter the body.

   Due to this structure of the mucous membrane, the absorptive surface of the small intestine reaches 200 m2.

   The mucous membrane of the small intestine lined with epithelial cells (enterocytes), which quickly wear out and die. Average duration their lives are three to five days. Normally, their replacement occurs due to the rapid division of new cells: at a rate of 1 million cells per minute.

   In the thickness of the mucous membrane are glands, which in an adult are secreted into the lumen small intestine 2.5 liters of intestinal juice per day.

   Along the course of the small intestine in the thickness of its mucous membrane are Peyer's patches- groups of lymphoid nodules (part of immune system). Their functions are to protect the body from foreign substances found in food, as well as from viruses and bacteria.

2. Muscular membrane

   It consists of two layers of muscles (internal and external), closely intertwined. Due to their reduction, the movement of food gruel through the small intestine towards the large intestine is ensured - peristalsis.

   In case of illness or the ingestion of poor-quality food in the gastrointestinal tract, sometimes reverse bowel movements occur, leading to the fact that intestinal contents return to the stomach - and vomiting occurs.

3. Serous membrane - peritoneum

   Covers the outside of the jejunum and ileum, ensuring their easy sliding on the back wall abdominal cavity during peristalsis.

Digestion is regulated by many systems and tied to the human biological clock.

However, if we consider only the passage food bolus on the gastrointestinal tract and its digestion, then The process of digestion is as follows:

• While eating, the blood flow in the vessels of the small intestine increases several times. Therefore, digestion and movement of food gruel throughout the digestive tract improves.
• Digestion of the food bolus begins even in the oral cavity, in which it is crushed and moistened with saliva containing enzymes. Further processing of the food bolus takes place in the stomach hydrochloric acid and nutrients are partially absorbed.

Types of enteritis

• Acute enteritis

  As a rule, with such a course of the disease, a complete recovery occurs if timely and adequate treatment is carried out.

• Chronic enteritis

  Over time, it leads to atrophy (decrease in tissue size with partial or complete loss of function) of the mucous membrane of the small intestine.

• duodenitis - damage to the duodenum
• jejunum - jejunum
• ileitis - ileum

• stomach and small intestine - gastroenteritis
• small and large intestines (colitis) - enterocolitis
• attraction to the process of the small and large intestines, as well as the stomach - gastroenterocolitis

Causes of enteritis

Acute enteritis

They are characterized by an acute onset, with severe symptoms: liquid stool, fever, nausea, vomiting and so on.

Enteroviral infections

The source of the disease is a sick person or a healthy carrier of the virus. Infection occurs when personal hygiene is violated, the consumption of contaminated food and water, or the inhalation of contaminated air.

The virus enters the human body through the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract as well as the gastrointestinal tract. In the mucosa, the virus accumulates and multiplies, affecting its cells and destroying them. This is manifested by the development herpetic sore throat, signs of SARS, pharyngitis, intestinal disorders. Then the virus spreads to organs and tissues, affecting them (kidneys, brain, skeletal muscles, etc.).

In addition, in the course of its life, the virus produces a toxin that damages the cells of the intestinal mucosa, increasing their permeability. As a result, water and salts (sodium, chlorine) enter the intestinal lumen, which is manifested by diarrhea.

salmonellosis

Salmonella enters the human body by eating contaminated foods (most often of animal origin): meat, milk, eggs, and others. Or if you do not follow the rules of personal hygiene.

The mechanism of development and damage of the small intestine mucosa

Salmonella, once in the small intestine, attaches to its mucous membrane - and begins to multiply intensively. As a result, redness and swelling of the mucous membrane develops locally. Further, part of the Salmonella penetrate the intestinal wall, and from there they are carried throughout the body with the bloodstream. In severe cases, they affect other organs and tissues (lungs, skin, heart, and others), causing the development of a septic form of the disease.

In the course of its vital activity, Salmonella releases Salmonella toxin, which increases the permeability of the epithelial cells of the small intestine mucosa.
As a result, the release of water, sodium and chloride ions into the intestinal lumen increases. Thus, diarrhea is formed with further dehydration of the body and metabolic disorders.

Sometimes the disease becomes chronic - when immunological tolerance develops (the immune system "does not recognize" a foreign bacterium, mistaking it for its own tissues of the body, therefore it does not fight it).

Escherichiosis

The source of the disease is a sick person or a healthy carrier. Escherichia enter the human body by eating contaminated food (mainly vegetables, fruits and dairy, less often - meat products) or in case of non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.

The mechanism of development and damage of the small intestine mucosa

The causative agent is a protozoan of the flagellate family (Lamblia intestinalis). The disease progresses from predominant lesion intestines, and in some patients it is accompanied by neurological (weakness, fast fatiguability) and allergic (skin rash, joint pain, drug intolerance) manifestations.

Giardia enters the human body through the use of contaminated foods (especially thermally unprocessed fruits and vegetables), as well as water and non-compliance with personal hygiene rules.

Giardia exists in two forms:

• mobile (vegetative), which has four pairs of flagella for movement and a suction disk
• immobile (cysts)

Infection occurs with Giardia cysts, which, once in the small intestine (in favorable conditions) develop into a vegetative form.

In the course of their life activity, to obtain nutrients, Giardia with the help of a suction disk repeatedly attaches and detaches from the mucous membrane of the small intestine. As a result, enterocytes are damaged and irritated nerve endings, as well as the suction surface of the villi is mechanically blocked.

Two months after infection, edema appears in the places of attachment of lamblia on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, inflammatory response and areas of atrophy (decrease in tissue size with partial or complete loss of function). Besides, motor function the small intestine is disturbed.

Once in the large intestine, the mobile form of Giardia turns into a cyst and is excreted with feces.

Ascariasis

Helminthiasis caused by Ascaris lumbricoides. Adult female and male individuals are spindle-shaped roundworms from 15 to 40 cm long.

Infection occurs with mature roundworm eggs when eating contaminated food (unwashed vegetables, fruits, berries) or hands contaminated with earth.

From the roundworm egg, which has fallen into the small intestine, a larva hatches within two to three hours. Then it attaches to the intestinal wall, and then with the blood flow through blood vessels enters the lungs (sometimes - in the liver, heart and brain). In the lungs, the larva turns into a small adult, which then rises into the oral cavity, and from there it is swallowed again with saliva and mucus, entering the small intestine.

The mature individual is not attached to the intestinal wall. However, it damages it during movement, resting on it with sharp ends, as well as due to the mobility and elasticity of its body. As a result, the function of the intestines and stomach is disturbed, and the wall of the small intestine is also injured, up to its perforation (violation of integrity).

Enterobiasis

A disease caused by a pinworm (a white worm up to 10 mm long).

The source of infection is a sick person. Infection occurs by ingestion of mature pinworm eggs.

The mechanism of development and damage to the wall of the small intestine

AT lower section thin and upper section large intestine, eggs hatch into larvae. Having reached puberty, they are attached to the intestinal wall with the help of a suction device at the head end. As a result, inflammation develops at the site of attachment, enterocytes die, and the intestinal nerve endings responsible for mechanical and chemical irritation are irritated. Therefore, intestinal peristalsis and the production of intestinal juice are disturbed, as well as abdominal pains and stools are disturbed.

Chronic enteritis

They are secondary diseases.

irritable bowel syndrome

The mechanism of formation and damage to the wall of the small intestine

Quite complex and not fully understood. However, it has been proven that there is a violation of the relationship between the brain and the intestines. Therefore, patients become more sensitive to pain about three times more than healthy people. In addition, the contraction of the intestinal wall and the balance of hormones that regulate the movement of food gruel along the gastrointestinal tract are disrupted: somatostatin, cholecystokinin, motilin, and others.

As a result, the intestine becomes very sensitive to any stimuli: stress, nutrition, medications, infection, and others.

Despite the presence of symptoms of the disease (often very pronounced), quite long time there are no changes in the intestinal mucosa. However, as the disease progresses, the nutrition of intestinal tissues is disrupted. Therefore, foci of detachment of the epithelium appear on its mucous membrane, as well as the formation of fibrosis (compaction connective tissue with the appearance of scars) and foci of atrophy.

Damage to the liver and biliary tract

Inflammation and swelling of the intestinal wall develops, therefore, the physiological ability of enterocytes to renew itself is disturbed: they divide very quickly, but remain immature. Therefore, they do not fulfill their functions and die within a short time. As a result, atrophy of the intestinal mucosa develops.

Chronic / acute gastritis, gastric ulcer and 12-PC

The mechanism of formation and damage to the intestinal wall

Penetrating through the protective layer of mucus, Helicobacter with the help of flagella attached to the epithelial cells of the stomach and intestines. Then they begin to produce enzymes (lipase, protease, mucinase), which dissolve the protective layer of mucus. As a result, gastric and intestinal juice comes into direct contact with the exposed gastric mucosa and 12 PCs. In addition, Helicobacter pylori produce endotoxin, which destroys the epithelial cells of the mucosa.

These mechanisms lead to the development local inflammation mucous membrane, and also often to the formation of erosions and ulcers.

Pancreatitis ( inflammation of the pancreas)

Under the influence of causes (stress, alcoholism, malnutrition, diseases of the extrahepatic biliary tract, and so on), enzymes in the pancreas (trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase) are activated. Whereas normally it occurs only in the pancreatic duct. Therefore, edema and inflammation develop in the pancreas, and the process of “self-digestion” starts in it.

As a result, pancreatic enzymes in insufficient quantities enter the intestine. Therefore, abdominal digestion is disturbed (lumps of undigested food, droplets of fat): the food lump irritates the intestinal walls, leading to increased peristalsis and damage to intestinal endothelial cells. Thus, with a long course of the disease, the ability of the intestinal mucosa to recover is disrupted, therefore, dystrophic and then atrophic changes first develop on it.

Enteritis symptoms

• Spasmodic, caused by spasmodic contractions of the small intestine.
• Due to flatulence associated with swelling of the loops of the small intestine with gases.
• Mesenteric, due to inflammation and enlargement of the intestinal lymph nodes. The pains are persistent, not associated with food or gas, do not go away after the use of antispasmodics. Usually accompanied infectious lesions intestines.
• Due to ganglionitis (inflammation ganglion sympathetic nervous system) arising from its defeat by infection or intoxication. The pain is constant, burning, does not go away after the use of antispasmodics, stool or gas.
• Mixed pain is caused by a combination of several causes of pain.

Diagnosis of enteritis

Medical examination

• the nature of the stool (watery, mushy, and so on) and its frequency during the day, the presence or absence of impurities in it
• what is the nature of the pain (dull, cramping), after which they arise or intensify, do painkillers help and what
• when the disease started
• presence or absence of appetite
• whether there is weakness, weight loss, fever and other complaints

• white coating on the tongue and its dryness
• flatulence and rumbling in the stomach
• pallor and dryness skin
• condition of hair and nails
• pain on palpation (palpation) of the abdomen, as well as the location of pain and other symptoms

X-ray examination

On radiographs, characteristic changes for chronic enteritis are revealed:

• expansion and strengthening of the pattern of folds of the intestinal mucosa
• swelling of the mucosal folds and their smoothing - with a pronounced inflammatory process
• change in the tone of the intestinal wall: with its increase, the lumen of the small intestine decreases, with a decrease, it expands
• change in the secretory function of the small intestine
• violation of intestinal motility, as evidenced by the accelerated or delayed passage of the food bolus through it
• the presence of areas of atrophy of the small intestine mucosa

Laboratory research

A study of feces in 20-30% of patients with chronic enteritis does not reveal any abnormalities.

In typical cases, there are the following changes in the coprogram:

• the volume of stool increases (about 300 g per defecation, and up to 1.5-2 kg per day.)
• stool color changes (greenish yellow or straw yellow)
• stool is runny or watery
• there are pieces undigested food and sometimes slime
• undigested muscle fibers (creatorrhoea)
• fatty acid and soap (steatorrhea), while the feces become gray and clayey, having a viscous and smearing consistency
• undigested starch (amilorrhea)
• gas bubbles in fermentative dyspepsia
• the reaction of feces is acidic (below 5.5), which indicates a violation of the digestion of carbohydrates
• in the stool, the level of enterokinase (an enzyme secreted by the cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine) increases, and alkaline phosphatase (digestive enzyme)

Bacteriological examination of feces (sowing)

It is carried out in the laboratory: feces, vomit and food debris are sown on a nutrient medium for bacterial growth. Subsequently (after a few days) pure culture and the number of bacterial colonies is counted.

In chronic enteritis reveals:

• decrease in the content of total protein, iron, sodium, calcium
• increased levels of cholesterol and bilirubin

Serological study

Serological testing is carried out to diagnose many intestinal infections and helminthiases: giardiasis, ascariasis, escherichiosis, salmonellosis, detection of Helicobacter pylori and other diseases.

Treatment of enteritis

How is viral enteritis treated?

You should immediately consult a doctor if you have:

• body temperature above 38C
• chills, frequent vomiting, fainting
• severe abdominal pain that does not go away after passing stools or gas
• bloody or black stools
• severe weakness or fatigue
• stool more than 7-8 times a day

Drinking regime

Lost in enteritis great amount fluids and salts by the body, so they need to be replenished. For this, ready-made pharmaceutical powders for preparation are used, since they already have all the necessary ingredients (Rehydron, Hydrovit and others). One powder - per liter warm water.
In the absence of a pharmacy preparation, the solution can be prepared at home: ¾ teaspoon + 8 tsp. sugar + 1 tsp drinking soda+ 1 liter of warm water.

It is necessary to drink liquid in small portions every 10-15 minutes so that it is well absorbed in the digestive tract and does not provoke vomiting.

First aid

For decreasing discomfort in the abdomen (flatulence, rumbling), removal of viruses, bacteria and their toxins from the intestines It is recommended to use one of the adsorbents:

• Activated carbon - at the rate of three tablets per 10 kg of weight. The entire dosage is distributed for uniform intake throughout the day.
• Smecta: 3-4 sachets per day, previously dissolved in a glass of water.
• Polyphepan or Bilignin are derivatives of wood, therefore they are poorly soluble in water. However, they are still easier to take if you first dissolve a tablespoon of the powder in 100 of water.
• Attapulgite. The initial dose for adults is 4 tablets, then 2 tablets after each stool, but not more than 14 tablets per day. Not recommended for use for more than two days.

How is bacterial enteritis treated?

With timely and adequate treatment, acute enteritis, as a rule, is completely cured.

How is chronic enteritis treated?

For example, when:

• Giardiasis is prescribed Metronidazole.
• Ascaridose - Vermox, Mebendazole, Albendazole.
• gastritis or peptic ulcer stomach caused by Helicobacter pylori - special therapeutic regimens, including two, three or four drugs.
• Irritable bowel syndrome requires consultation with a psychotherapist, identification of a provoking factor, normalization of the daily routine.

Elimination of flatulence

From medicines the most commonly prescribed is Espumizan, valerian solution or tablets, activated charcoal.

Folk remedies - a decoction or infusion of chamomile flowers, dill seeds, valerian root, calamus rhizomes, oregano herbs.

Stool normalization

Antidiarrheals are prescribed: Imodium, Loperapid and others. Their action is aimed at lowering the tone of the smooth muscles of the intestine and slowing down the passage of food gruel through it.

To fight intoxication

Adsorbents are used - preparations that remove some bacteria, viruses and their toxins, medicinal substances from the intestines.

These include medicines based:

• activated carbon (Carbolen, Karbolong)
• polyvinylpyrrolidone (Entnrosorb, Enterodez)
• lignin and cellulose (Polifepan, Entegnin, Filrum-STI)
• medical clay (Neosmectin, Smecta) and other adsorbents

Pain management

With moderate and moderate pain intensity, antispasmodics are prescribed (drugs that reduce spasm of the smooth muscles of the intestine): Papaverine, No-shpa, Drotaverine, Duspatalin, Neobutin and others.

With severe pain - drugs that block the calcium channels of smooth muscles, preventing their contraction: Ditsetel, Spazmomen.

To normalize the intestinal microflora

The drugs used contain beneficial bacteria for the intestines: Lactobacterin, Bifidumbacterin, Yogurt, Bifikol, Baktisuptil, Lineks and others.

What diet to follow with enteritis?

For the duration of the disease, one should refuse to take solid food and switch to food that restores the intestinal mucosa.

• In the first two or three days of illness, slimy soups and low-fiber foods are recommended: baked potatoes, boiled white rice, white bread crackers, boiled or baked vegetables and fruits.
• From the fourth or fifth day, steamed or boiled meat and fish are added.
• Further, coarser food is gradually introduced into the diet in such a way as not to give a large load on the intestines immediately.

For chronic enteritis

During an exacerbation of the disease, a sparing diet is recommended, which has minimal irritation on the intestinal walls, and also has an enveloping effect. Therefore, in the first day or two, it is recommended to refuse solid food, eat rice or oatmeal broth, kissel.

From the second or third day, diet No. 4 is prescribed for 4-8 weeks.

The goal is to reduce the amount of fats and carbohydrates while maintaining the proportion of protein, as well as mechanical and thermal sparing of the intestinal wall, salt restriction (up to 8 g per day).

Recommended products: white bread crackers or yesterday's white bread, not fatty varieties fish and meat, eggs (soft-boiled or steam scrambled eggs), low-fat cottage cheese, butter, boiled cereals (white rice, buckwheat, oatmeal), vegetables and fruits only boiled.

All fresh vegetables and fruits, carbonated and cold drinks, juices, legumes, strong broths, pasta casseroles, smoking, alcohol, milk are excluded.

Culinary processing. Products are boiled, steamed or baked, used in liquid, pureed or minced form.

Eating fractionally: in small portions 4-5 times a day.

Enteritis refers to acute or chronic inflammatory process in the area of ​​the small intestine . This pathology leads to a violation of the main functions of the body - splitting and assimilation useful substances. This disease causes a change in the structure of the mucosa, which provokes problems with the production of intestinal juice and protective functions organ walls.

So what is enteritis? ? This term refers to progressive inflammation of the small intestine. In some cases, abnormal changes can provoke the appearance of erosion and necrotic process. It all depends on the stage of development of the pathology and the cause of the disease.

There are several classifications of this disorder - according to the characteristics of the course, the degree of intestinal damage, and the causes of development.

In medicine, the following types of pathology are distinguished:

• Rotavirus;
• granulomatous;
• parvovirus;
• coronavirus.

Not all of these species threaten humans. Parvovirus pathology is dangerous only for pets. Is not contagious the form. Because the development of suchenteritis in humansobserved extremely rarely. The coronavirus form of the disease is also characteristic of animals and does not pose a danger to humans.

Rotavirus enteritis is an infectious pathology. It is usually diagnosed in children under 3 years of age and the elderly. Developmentgranulomatous enteritisspecific to domestic animals. In people this species pathology is called Crohn's disease.

Follicular enteritischaracterized by the ingress of pus into the structure of the intestinal mucosa. As the abnormal process progresses, the intestinal follicles . As a result, there is a risk of abscess formation.

Depending on the nature of the course of the disease, 2 main forms of enteritis are distinguished:

1. Acute - it is characterized by pronounced symptoms. Usually disease occurs in young children. With timely and correct therapy has a favorable prognosis.
2. Chronic - develops if the acute form of the disease is not treated. Suchenteritis in adultsmay be congenital or autoimmune pathologies, lesions of the digestive system.

Depending on the localization of the abnormal process, the following types of pathology are distinguished:

• Ileitis - is a lesion of the ileum;
• duodenitis - characterized by inflammation of the duodenum;
• jejunitis - an inflammatory process that affects the jejunum.

It is also possible to developreflux enteritis. With this disease, an inflammatory lesion of the final fragment of the ileum is observed. This condition is associated with cecoileal reflux.

Often, the disease develops against the background of other inflammatory processes in the digestive organs. At gastroenteritis damage to the stomach and small intestine occurs. With inflammation of the large and small intestines, the development ofcolitis and enteritis. This condition is called enterocolitis. Gastroenterocolitis is an inflammation of the stomach, large and small intestines.

With the appearance of pathology, functional disorders in the intestines may occur - a change in the digestion of food, problems with absorption, various enteropathies. With simultaneous inflammatory lesions of the colon, a person is diagnosedenteritis and colitis.

Each form of pathology has its own code according to ICD 10:

1. Radiation noninfectious enteritisassociated with radiation. In the ICD 10 list, it is listed under the code K52.0.
2. The toxic form of pathology is provoked by food poisoning and toxic substances. It is coded under the code K52.1.
3. Allergic and alimentary types of enteritis are caused by the use of certain products. They are coded under the number K52.2.
4. Other non-infectious enteritis. This category can includeeosinophilic enteritis. In the list, they appear under the number K52.8.

The reasons

Many people are interestedHow is enteritis transmitted?. You can only get infected infectious form diseases. The main transmission mechanism is fecal-oral. Infection can occur by contact, alimentary or water.

The reasons for the development of pathology can be different. The following factors can lead to acute enteritis:

• Infection with pathogenic microorganisms - salmonella, staphylococci, cholera bacillus;
• infection with viruses - the danger is represented by enteroviruses and rotaviruses;
• ingestion of food and drug allergens;
• influence of chemical elements and heavy metals;
• poisoning with toxic substances;
• the use of alcoholic beverages;
• violations in the diet - excessive consumption of fatty, spicy, spicy foods.

The chronic form of pathology can develop for the following reasons:

• Worm infestation;
• intestinal giardiasis;
• the presence of bad habits - smoking, drinking alcohol;
• improper diet;
• harmful working conditions;
• damage to the intestines as a result of the use of certain drugs;
• autoimmune pathologies;
• surgical interventions in the intestine;
• congenital forms of enteropathy and fermentopathy.

There are factors that significantly increase the risk of developing enteritis. These include bad habits traumatic injuries belly, adhesive processes in the intestines, damage to the kidneys and the circulatory system.

Clinical picture

This pathology is characterized by a typical clinical picture. Experts distinguish suchenteritis symptoms:

• Nausea and vomiting;
• liquid stool - bowel movements occur more than 10 times a day;
• dehydration;
• flatulence;
• pain syndrome in the navel;
• a significant increase in temperature;
• intoxication.

The feeling of dryness is especially pronounced in difficult cases of pathology. This violation can cause seizures and severe weight loss.

On a note. For acute form pathology is characterized by the development of tachycardia and a strong drop in pressure up to a state of shock. Loss of fluid leads to thickening of the blood, which can cause blood clots in the vessels.

The chronic form of the disease periodically recurs. Usually exacerbations are the result of a violationdiet for enteritis. In this case, the following symptoms appear:

• The appearance of the urge to empty the intestines after eating - there is a liquid chair with undigested food;
• the appearance of discomfort during defecation;
• constant flatulence and rumbling in the stomach;
• aching discomfort in the navel;
• the appearance of a whitish coating on the tongue;
• vitamin deficiency;
• brittleness bone tissue- due to calcium leaching;
• weakness and dizziness - datasigns of enteritisassociated with iron deficiency.

The chronic form of pathology leads to a weakening of the immune system, which causes various diseases. Sometimes there is a serious weight loss, which entails the development of dystrophy.

Diagnostic methods

Treatment of enteritis in adultsselected individually depending on the results of a medical examination and clinical picture pathology. The specialist necessarily appoints a number of studies.Diagnosis of enteritisincludes the following procedures:

• Coprogram – analysis of a stool sample;
• ultrasound;
• general blood analysis;
• biochemistry;
• radiography;
• endoscopic examination of the small intestine.

Treatment

How to treat pathology, the doctor must decide. Therapy should be aimed at eliminating the cause that caused the onset of the disease. It is also necessary to carry out symptomaticenteritis treatmentwhich helps to alleviate the patient's condition.

Therapy of viral enteritis

Treat enteritis , provoked by a virus, is necessary in the infectious diseases department. AT simple cases therapy can be done at home. Be sure to apply for medical care in such cases:

• Temperature increase up to 38 degrees;
• chills;
• nausea and vomiting;
• loss of consciousness;
• chair black or with bloody impurities more than 7 times a day;
• intense pain in the abdomen.

First aid for this form of pathology is the use of various sorbents:

1. Smecta - shows the use of 3-4 sachets per day. The product is mixed with a glass of water.
2. Activated charcoal - it is recommended to drink 10 tablets per 1 kg of body weight. The specified amount must be distributed throughout the day.
3. Attapulgite - for adults, 4 tablets are prescribed. Then apply 2 tablets after each act of defecation. You can drink no more than 14 pieces per day. The drug should not be used for more than 2 days in a row.

Therapy for bacterial enteritis

In this case, the principle of therapy is the same as for viral disease. An exception is the need for antibiotics.Bacterial enteritiscan be treated with the following drugs:

• Metronidazole;
• Norfloxacin;
• Ofloxacin;
• Ciprofloxacin.

Such medicines prescribed only by a doctor. Self-medication in this case is strictly prohibited.

Symptomatic therapy

To eliminate the symptoms of pathology and normalize general state health, applydrug treatmentand folk remedies:

1. To combat the symptoms of flatulence, you can use Espumizan.Treatment of enteritis with folk remediesmay include herbal decoctions - dill seeds, oregano, valerian, chamomile.
2. Loperamide is used to restore the stool, Enterofuril, Imodium.
3. To cope with the signs of intoxication, you can use Polyphepan, Filtrum, Enterosorb.
4. For normalization digestive process shown enzyme preparations- Creon, Pancreatin, Mezim.
5. To eliminate pain in enteritis, apply No-shpu, Papaverine, Duspatalin.
6. Recovery intestinal microflora you can use Linex, Lactobacterin, Zakofalk.

On a note. Compliance plays an important role in the treatment of pathology. drinking regime. Diarrhea leads to loss a large number liquids. To prevent dehydration, you need to normalize the water-salt balance. This can be done with the help of Regidron, Hydrovit and other medicines.

Nutrition Features

Mandatory part effective therapy is sparingfood for enteritis. During the period of therapy for the acute form of the disease, it is necessary to consume foods that contribute to the normalization of the structure of the intestinal mucosa.

In the first 2-3 days, you should eat mucous soups and dishes that contain little fiber. These include white rice, baked potatoes, boiled vegetables and fruits. For 4-5 days, you can start eating lean meat and fish. Gradually include coarser products in the menu.

Diet for enteritisexcludes the following products:

• Alcohol;
• sweets;
• spicy dishes;
• fatty broths;
• pickles;
• milk;
• smoked meats.

The basis of the diet can be cereals on the water, dairy products, tea without sugar. Be sure to observe the drinking regimen.

Possible Complications

With severe fluid loss effects pathologies may include acute vascular insufficiency. At severe forms diseases there is a risk of developing intestinal bleeding, necrotic changes or perforation of the affected organ.

With allergic or toxic pathology, there is a risk of damage to other organs. So, abnormal changes in the kidneys, liver, heart can be observed.

Forecast and prevention

With timely initiation of therapy, the prognosisintestinal enteritisvery favorable. Recovery in this case occurs literally within a few days. If an acute process has lingering course there is a risk of developing complications.

In the chronic form of the disease, the prognosis is worse. In this case, remissions are replaced by exacerbations. In this case, the inflammation is aggravated, affecting new areas of tissue. If this form of the disease is not treated, everything can end in death from exhaustion.

Prevention of enteritisimplies healthy eating, observance of hygiene rules, good handling products. It is very important to use only clean water, treat on time chronic diseases and eliminate potentially hazardous foods from the diet.

Enteritis in humans quite common and can cause dangerous consequences for good health. In order to prevent the development of complications and chronicity of the process, it is very important to start therapy in a timely manner. this disease. To do this, you need to consult a doctor when the first signs of pathology appear.

Enteritis in children is most pronounced by violations of the functions of digestion, and the symptoms are manifested in the child by diarrhea.
Chronic enteritis can develop after resection of the stomach, with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney failure, various skin diseases(psoriasis, eczema).

Enteritis symptoms

Symptoms of the disease can be called pain different intensity in the middle sections of the abdomen, deepening in the second half of the day, sometimes cramping of the type " intestinal colic”, subsiding with the appearance of a loud rumbling.

Symptoms of enteritis are noted as bloating, a feeling of fullness.

During the period of exacerbation, diarrhea is 3-6 times per knock, feces are abundant, light yellow in color, without admixture of blood, mucus or pus, in severe cases, the stool frequency can reach 15 times a day.

Possible violations of the type of dumping syndrome hypoglycemic phenomena: wolfish appetite, cold sweat 2-3 hours after eating.

Prolonged or severe course of chronic enteritis, symptoms of malabsorption of substances necessary for the body are noted: weight loss, edema, more often lower extremities, signs of hypovitaminosis, iron deficiency anemia, degeneration of internal organs, including the liver, myocardium.

Diagnosis of enteritis

When examining blood, a decrease in the content of potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and protein is possible. Scatological study feces: undigested fats, fiber, lots of mucus and leukocytosis. Dysbacteriosis is revealed. At x-ray examination acceleration or delay of the passage of barium from the stomach through the small intestine, a change in the relief of its mucosa, and spasms of areas are determined.

Treatment of enteritis

Depending on the severity of the disease, eating 5-7 times a day with equal intervals between them, all food is warm and pureed. Animal fats are required. Vegetables and fruits are best mashed.

Not very fatty beef, veal, chicken, fish, eggs and cottage cheese, slimy soups, pureed cereals. Exclude milk, black bread, carbonated drinks, with diarrhea - prunes, grapes, cabbage, nuts, freshly baked flour products. In a hospital, according to the doctor's prescription, "hungry" days are held.

When dysbacteriosis is detected, the issue of prescribing appropriate medications is decided: sulfonamides, antibiotics or drugs (colibasterin, bifikol, bifidum).

In violation of protein metabolism - the introduction of protein drugs. B vitamins, vitamin C in injections. Against frequent profuse diarrhea - astringents. With anemia, iron preparations, vitamin B, folic acid are indicated.

Enteritis - treatment with folk methods

Enteritis is often treated with folk methods, while using herbs, infusions and decoctions in the treatment.

A set of herbs, 10 grams each:

• leaves and flowers of St. John's wort,
• cherry fruit,
• peppermint,
• chamomile,
• fennel seeds,
• cumin,
• gray alder cones
• licorice root naked

2 tablespoons of this collection and brew in a thermos in half a liter of boiling water, leave for 60 minutes. Drink one hundred grams half an hour before meals. Helps with chronic enteritis and dysbacteriosis.

• 40 grams of dill,
• 50 grams of yarrow flowers,
• 30 grams of cumin and oregano.

Pour 5 tablespoons of a mixture of herbs with a liter of boiling water and insist in a thermos for at least an hour. Take a warm infusion of 100 milliliters in small sips with bloating. Dose - four times a day, the course of treatment is 30 days in a row. Do not stop treatment.

1 st. a spoonful of alder cones must be brewed like tea with a glass of water. All day you should take 1 tablespoon of this remedy.

Decoction helps a lot oak bark. 20 gr. raw materials are poured into 150 ml of water as tea. It also needs to be drunk in a day.

• 1/2 tsp bird cherry,
• 1/3 tsp common cumin and chamomile,. peppermint, licorice, snake rhizomes and Hypericum perforatum,
• 5 tbsp lime honey,
• 1 lwater.

Grind dried herbs, stir and pour boiling water. Put on a quiet fire, bring to a boil. After removing from heat, put the infusion in a cool place for 1-2 hours. After that, strain and add honey. Mix well. Drink warm infusion 3-4 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

Hypericum tincture and enterocolitis

• enteritis,
• colitis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract,
• at gallstone disease,
• cystitis,
• rheumatism,
• hemorrhoids

The toilet has become best friend? All the signs are there food intoxication. The diet does not help and, no matter how you want, you have to turn to a gastroenterologist. The diagnosis is frightening - acute or chronic enteritis. There is treatment, but the prognosis is favorable.

How to recognize this disease and whether it is possible to use folk methods treatment? Or will you have to go to the infectious diseases department of the hospital? Let's dot the "i" and make the right decision.

Enteritis can be in two forms: acute and chronic.

is the collective name for a group of pathologies that affect the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum. What is popularly called the intestines.

If you delve into medical terms, then depending on the area of ​​​​inflammation inflammatory diseases called duodenitis, jeunitis and ileitis with the addition of "regional". Classification of enteritis depending on the duration of the pathological process:

1. Spicy
2. Chronic

This pathology rarely occurs on its own. Usually this inflammatory process captures all parts of the gastrointestinal tract and therefore the diagnosis sounds "gastroenterocolitis". The disease does not choose the age or sex of the patient. This pathology is equally common in toddlers, and middle-aged patients, and the elderly. The causes of acute or exacerbation of chronic enteritis vary. An acute process is called:

The symptomatology of the disease depends on the form of enteritis. signs acute process different from activation. chronic process.

Acute enteritis proceeds as follows:

• - from 10 times a day
• mouth and tongue
• with localization in the area solar plexus
• , unpleasant sounds in the intestines
• Nausea, vomiting
• Bile impurities in vomit
• Heat

In the future, signs of dehydration, convulsions, headaches, dizziness increase. Thromboforming agents build up in the blood. Arrhythmias occur, in severe cases, shock develops. Chronic enteritis proceeds somewhat differently. At the same time, it is observed:

• after eating
• AT feces pieces of undigested food are observed
• Aching pain in the navel area
• Flatulence and bloating
• White plaque with imprints of teeth in the oral cavity
• Iron deficiency states of unknown origin
• General weakness
• Increasing symptoms of osteoporosis due to a constant lack of calcium and other trace elements
• Weight loss despite increased nutrition

The acute process lasts a maximum of 2 days. After that, the disease begins to spread throughout the gastrointestinal tract and, without timely treatment the patient's condition worsens.

Diagnosis of enteritis

Helikobacter as the cause of enteritis

Diagnostic measures are aimed at confirming the diagnosis, identifying the causes of the disease. What the patient will have to face:

• Inspection - questioning, palpation and percussion of the epigastric region.
• Laboratory studies - general clinical tests of feces, urine, blood, occult blood, adsorption tests - how certain substances are absorbed by the body, stool culture, blood biochemistry.
• Endoscopic methods for examining the small intestine and biopsy of the intestinal mucosa
• X-ray examination using a contrast agent

Treatment of enteritis by traditional methods

An acute process requires a visit to a doctor. To determine the causes and purpose adequate treatment hospitalization of the patient in the gastroenterological department of the hospital is required. Standard treatment for acute enteritis:

• and antimicrobials a wide range actions. If treatment is ineffective, cultures are performed to determine the sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics. The course is at least 7 days.
• Preparations for rehydration
• Digestive enzymes
• Enterosorbents
• Vitamin complexes - preferably intramuscularly
• after a course of antibiotics and antibacterial drugs
• Treatment must be combined with a diet. You will have to adhere to it for a long time - from 1 to 2 months.

Only in this case, a complete recovery is possible. The patient is discharged from the hospital after the symptoms subside.
Treatment of exacerbation of a chronic process is also carried out in medical institution. In this case, antibiotics are not indicated. What doctors prescribe:

1. Diet
2. Vitamin complexes and
3. Preparations for the restoration of cell membranes
4. Astringents, anti-motility drugs, and probiotics
5. Amino acids intravenously to maintain protein balance

If the symptoms of enteritis develop against the background of diverticulitis, a tumor process in the intestine, then surgery is indicated.

Enteritis. What does traditional medicine offer?

Enteritis needs to be treated comprehensively

Methods traditional medicine should be agreed with the attending physician. Since many herbs have contraindications and side effects. And sometimes they do more harm than good. Popular traditional medicine recipes:

• Wiped raw apples– 1500 g per day in portions of 300 g.
• Flowers of calendula or chamomile. Brew 1 teaspoon per 1 cup of boiling water. You can take decoctions separately, or you can take a mixture of herbs in a 1: 1 ratio. Take 1/2 cup several times a day.
• Tansy - the method of admission is the same as for chamomile with calendula.
• Plantain juice relieves inflammation and heals the intestinal mucosa. Take 2 tablespoons of freshly squeezed juice before meals.
• A recipe from deep antiquity - apply dry goat excrement to the intestinal area.
• Some traditional healers copper, silver, graphite are used to treat enteritis.

There are many recipes, but you should not experiment on yourself. By delaying the visit to the doctor, you are doing yourself irreparable harm.

Diet for enteritis

Proper nutrition during treatment is prerequisite for recovery. The diet differs depending on the severity of the process. What is allowed in the acute period:

• White bread croutons
• Soups - pureed, in a weak meat or vegetable broth
• Steamed meat dishes
• Pureed cereals on water or
• fruit
• Fresh cottage cheese, other dairy products are prohibited

The digestive system has a long and versatile structure. A person consumes food daily. She must digest, give her useful elements and the rest go outside. The body does not keep food for itself, does not create reserves, because it needs daily new receipts. And so all my life. It is no wonder that everyone at least once in their life suffered from some kind of gastrointestinal disease ..

What is it - enteritis?

What is it - enteritis? This word is called a disease when inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine occurs, which manifests itself in the main symptom - diarrhea. This disease was ill at least once every person. It appears both in childhood and at any other age. However, some people do not treat it, which provokes a protracted course of the disease.

Types of enteritis

Enteritis has many of its manifestations

According to flow patterns:

• Acute - if the disease is treated, then a quick recovery occurs.
• Chronic - is a secondary disease, leads to atrophy of the mucous membrane and its complete dysfunction

According to the location, the types are divided:

• Duodenitis - damage to the duodenum.
• Ileitis is damage to the ileum.
• Eunit - damage to the jejunum.
• total enteritis.

Involvement of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract:

• Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the small intestine along with the stomach.
• - Inflammation of the small intestine together with the large intestine (colitis).
• Gastroenterocolitis is an inflammation of the small intestine along with the colon and stomach.
• Isolated enteritis.

According to the mechanism of development:

• Primary;
• Secondary.

For reasons of development:

By development process:

• Atrophic with total or focal changes.
• Non-atrophic.

According to the severity of the disease:

• Light.
• Medium.
• Severe with or without complications.

According to the stages of chronic enteritis:

• Aggravation;
• incomplete remission.
• Complete remission.

The reasons

The cause of enteritis is either the appearance of pathologies directly in the small intestine (which makes the disease primary), or another ailment that gave complications (which makes enteritis a secondary disease).

The causes of acute enteritis are the following factors:

• Infection with bacteria or viruses.
• Damage from an allergic reaction to food or medicine.
• Alcohol irritation.
• Food poisoning.
• Exposure to chemicals and harmful substances.
• Excessive eating of spicy, fatty and other foods.

The causes of chronic enteritis are the following factors:

• Defeat by worms.
• Exposure to nicotine or alcohol.
• Excessive eating of coarse, fatty, spicy foods.
• Giardiasis.
• Autoimmune diseases.
• Intoxication with chemical, heavy substances, radiation exposure.
• Overeating.
• Hereditary pathologies and predisposition.
• The impact of certain drugs.
• After bowel surgery.

Additional factors that provoke enteritis are:

• Abdominal injuries and surgeries.
• A sedentary image.
• Circulatory disorders.
• Diseases of the kidneys.
• Spikes.
• Liver diseases: cholangitis, hepatitis, etc.
• Pancreatitis.

Symptoms and signs of enteritis of the mucous membrane of the small intestine

Let's start the consideration of the symptoms and signs of enteritis of the mucous membrane of the small intestine with the general picture:

• Disorder of the stool, when the urge to defecate occurs immediately after eating. The stool becomes mushy, liquid, slimy, with pieces of undigested food. Everything is accompanied by increased heart rate, trembling hands, lowering blood pressure.
• Bloating (flatulence) and rumbling in the abdomen. With flatulence, pains appear throughout the abdomen, which pass after the emission of gases.
• Pain in the abdomen, which often occurs due to eating.
• Vomit.
• Periodic rise in temperature.
• Anoresia.
• The loss muscle tone and strength.
• Lactose intolerance occurs.
• Lowering blood sugar.
• Osteoporosis develops, cramps and pain in the muscles of the limbs, trunk and face appear.
• Decreased appetite.
• Brittle hair and nails, dry skin.
• Decreased memory, drowsiness, fatigue, coldness in the extremities and crawling (as with endarteritis), bleeding gums, tingling of the tongue.
• Weakness, frequent urination, skin pallor.
• Decreased libido. In men, ejaculation is accelerated and urination becomes more frequent. Women are disturbed menstrual cycle and infertility develops.

Consider the symptoms of enteritis according to the forms of its course:

• Diarrhea.
• Vomit.
• Pain.
• Rumbling and bloating.
• High temperature up to 39ºС.
• Malaise.
• Coating of the tongue.
• Pain in the head.
• Signs of dehydration: anorexia, dry tongue, seizures.
• Shock, coma.

Chronic - manifests itself mildly and lasts for months:

• Weak pains.
• Diarrhea after eating.
• Stool frequent, watery, yellow with undigested food.
• Rumbling and bloating.
• Discomfort during defecation, decreased pressure.
• Development of osteoporosis and anemia.
• Coated tongue with imprints of teeth.
• Hypovitaminosis.
• dystrophy of the body.

Enteritis in a child

A child may develop enteritis due to food poisoning or infection with food. Since children often put objects and dirty things into their mouths, the infection affects either the small intestine or the stomach along with the intestines.

Enteritis in adults

Adults often develop enteritis with parallel inflammation of neighboring sections of the gastrointestinal tract. In men, this is often associated with bad habits, work harmful production and the wrong menu. In women, it occurs due to poisoning, as well as constant dieting, which thins the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of enteritis begins with finding out the symptoms that bother the patient, and a general examination, by which the gastroenterologist identifies characteristics illness. Additionally, tests and procedures are carried out in order to clarify the diagnosis:

• X-ray examination using barium suspension.
• Coprogram (examination of feces).
• Blood analysis.
• Endoscopy.
• Ultrasound of the liver and pancreas.
• Exclusion of thyrotoxicosis, ulcerative colitis, Addison's disease.
• Virological research.

Treatment

Treatment of enteritis takes place in two directions: elimination of the root cause and symptoms. Mostly patients are hospitalized in order to monitor the development of the disease under the influence of certain manipulations.

As a first aid, one of the adsorbents is suitable:

1. Smekta.
2. Activated carbon.
3. Attapulgite.
4. Bilignin.
5. Polyphepan.

How to treat enteritis? The gastroenterologist prescribes a number of medications:

• Antibiotics.
• A solution of sodium chloride and glucose.
• Reopoliglyukin, gemodez.
• enzyme preparations.
• Sorbent drugs: smecta, rice water, enterosgel.
• Vitamins.
• Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone.
• Loperamide and Imodium to correct intestinal motility.
• Astringent preparations.
• Probiotics and biological products: lactobacterin, bifidobacterin, narine.
• Metronidazole for labliosis.
• Albendazole, Mebendazole and Vermox for ascariasis.
• Espumizan.
• From folk remedies: decoctions of dill seeds, chamomile flowers, calamus rhizomes, valerian, oregano.
• Antispasmodics.

Diet

In the treatment of enteritis, an important emphasis is placed on the diet that the patient adheres to at home and in hospital:

• Drinking as much fluid as possible as dehydration occurs. This is done every 15 minutes in small portions.
• Refusal of solid foods, dairy products, fresh vegetables and fruits, muffins, juices, soda and cold drinks, strong broths, beans, alcohol.
• Switching to baked potatoes, soups, boiled vegetables and fruits, white rice, bread, boiled or steam fish and meat, jelly, oatmeal, low-fat cottage cheese, soft-boiled eggs.
• Meals are taken in small portions up to 5 times a day.
• Any dishes should be puree and boiled.
• Exclusion of spicy and fatty.

life forecast

How long do patients live with enteritis? If the disease is treated, then the prognosis of the patient's life is favorable. The disease does not kill, unless the patient refuses treatment or treats the disease poorly. In this case, we are talking about atrophy of the mucous membrane and complete failure small intestine from the process of digestion. This leads to death.

Other complications are:

• vascular insufficiency.
• Bowel necrosis.
• Intestinal bleeding.
• Perforation.
• Damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, etc.