What to do if your dog is in anaphylactic shock. What to do if your dog has anaphylactic or pain shock

We know very little about the time when the first domestic animals appeared, there is practically no confirmed information about them. There are no legends or chronicles about that period in the life of mankind when we were able to tame wild animals. It is believed that already in the Stone Age, ancient people had domesticated living creatures, the ancestors of today's domestic animals. The time when a person received modern domestic animals remains unknown to science, and the formation of today's domestic animals as a species is also unknown.

Scientists suggest that every domestic animal has its own wild progenitor. Proof of this are archaeological excavations carried out on the ruins of ancient human settlements. During the excavations, bones belonging to domestic animals were found. ancient world. So it can be argued that even in such a distant era of human life, we were accompanied by domesticated animals. Today there are species of domestic animals that are no longer found in the wild.

Many of today's wild animals are feral animals due to the fault of man. For example, let's take America or Australia as a clear proof of this theory. Almost all domestic animals in these continents were brought from Europe. These animals have found fertile ground for life and development. An example of this is hares or a rabbit in Australia. Due to the fact that there are no natural predators dangerous for this species on this continent, they multiplied in huge numbers and became wild. Since all rabbits were domesticated and brought by Europeans for their needs. Therefore, we can say with confidence that more than half of wild domesticated animals are former domestic animals. For example, wild city cats and dogs.

Be that as it may, the question of the origin of domestic animals should be considered open. As for our pets. Then the first confirmations in the annals and legends we meet a dog and a cat. In Egypt, the cat was a sacred animal, and dogs were actively used in the ancient era by mankind. There is plenty of evidence for this. In Europe, the cat appeared in its mass after the Crusade, but firmly and quickly occupied a niche pet and a mouse hunter. Before them, Europeans used different animals to catch mice, such as the weasel or the genet.

Domestic animals are divided into two unequal species.

The first type of domestic animals are farm animals that bring direct benefit to humans. Meat, wool, fur and many other useful things, goods, and are also used by us for food. But they do not live with a person directly in the same room.

The second type is animal pets (companions), which we see every day in our homes or apartments. They brighten up our leisure, entertain us and give us pleasure. And most of them, for practical purposes, are almost useless in modern world, for example, hamsters, Guinea pigs, parrots and many others.

Animals of the same species may not infrequently belong to both species, both farm animals and pets. A striking example of this, rabbits and ferrets are kept as pets but also bred for their meat and fur. Also, some pet waste can be used, for example, cat and dog hair for knitting. different items or as a heater. For example, dog hair belts.

Many doctors note the positive impact of pets on human health and well-being. We can see that many families who keep some animals at home note that these animals create comfort, calm, and relieve stress.

This encyclopedia was created by us to help pet lovers. We hope that our encyclopedia will help you in choosing and caring for your pet.

If you have an interesting observation of the behavior of your pet or have a desire, share information about some kind of pet. Or you have a nursery, a veterinary clinic, or a hotel for animals near your house, write to us about them at the address so that we add this information to the database on our website.

Michaet S. Lagutchik, D.V.M. answers questions about anaphylaxis.

1. What is systemic anaphylaxis?

Systemic anaphylaxis is an acute, life-threatening reaction resulting from the formation and release of endogenous chemical mediators and the action of these mediators on various systems organs (mainly on the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems).

2. Name the forms of anaphylaxis. Which of them develops the most severe emergency?

Anaphylaxis can be systemic or local. The term anaphylaxis is commonly used to describe three separate clinical conditions: systemic anaphylaxis, urticaria and angioedema. Systemic anaphylaxis resulting from a generalized massive release of neurotransmitters mast cells, represents the most severe form. Urticaria and angioedema - local manifestations immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Urticaria is characterized by blistering or rash, involvement of superficial dermal vessels, and varying degrees of itching. With angioedema, deep skin vessels are involved in the process with the formation of edema in the deeper layers of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Although uncommon, urticaria and angioedema may progress to systemic anaphylaxis.

3. What are the main mechanisms for the development of anaphylaxis?

Two main mechanisms cause activation of mast cells and basophils and hence anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is most often caused by immune processes. Non-immune mechanisms lead to anaphylaxis much less frequently, and this syndrome is called an anaphylactoid reaction. Essentially, there is no difference in treatment, but recognition of the mechanism allows a better understanding of potential causes and leads to a faster diagnosis.

4. What is the pathophysiological mechanism of immune (classic) anaphylaxis?

At the first contact of sensitive individuals with the antigen, immunoglobulin E (IgE) is produced, which binds to the surface receptors of effector cells (mast cells, basophils). Upon repeated exposure to an antigen, the antigen-antibody complex induces calcium flow into the effector cell and an intracellular cascade of reactions leading to degranulation of previously synthesized mediators and the formation of new mediators. These mediators are responsible for the pathophysiological reactions in anaphylaxis.

5. What is the pathophysiological mechanism of non-immune anaphylaxis?

The development of anaphylactoid reactions occurs by two mechanisms. In most cases, there is direct activation of mast cells and basophils by drugs and other chemicals (i.e., idiosyncratic pharmacological or drug reactions). The subsequent effects are similar to the classic anaphylaxis described above. With this form of anaphylaxis, prior exposure to the antigen is not required. Less often, activation of the complement cascade leads to the formation of anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a), which cause degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine, increase contraction smooth muscle and promote the release of hydrolytic enzymes from polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

6. Tell us about the mediators of pathophysiological reactions in anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis mediators are divided into: 1) primary (previously synthesized) and 2) secondary. Primary mediators include histamine (vasodilation; increased vascular permeability; contraction of bronchial, gastrointestinal, and coronary arteries); heparin (anticoagulation; possible bronchospasm, urticaria, fever and anticomplementary activity); chemotactic factors of eosinophils and neutrophils (chemotactic for eosinophils and neutrophils); proteolytic enzymes (formation of kinins, initiation of disseminated intravascular coagulation; activation of the complement cascade); serotonin (vascular responses) and adenosine (bronchospasm, regulation of mast cell degranulation).

Secondary mediators are also produced by eosinophils and neutrophils through other mechanisms after being activated by primary mediators. The main secondary mediators are metabolites of arachidonic acid (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) and platelet activating factor. These mediators include prostaglandins E2, D2 and I2 (prostacyclin); leukotrienes B4, C4, D4 and J4; thromboxane A2 and platelet activating factor. Most of these mediators cause vasodilation; increase vascular permeability; enhance the formation of histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes and chemotactic factors; lead to bronchospasm; promote platelet aggregation; stimulate chemotaxis of eosinophils and neutrophils; cause cardiodepression; increase education bronchial mucus; cause the release of platelets; enhance the release of granules of polymorphonuclear cells. Some mediators (prostaglandin D2, prostaglandin I2, and eosinophil products) limit the hypersensitivity reaction.

7. What are the most common causes development of anaphylaxis in dogs and cats?

8. What are the target organs anaphylactic reaction in cats and dogs?

The main target organs depend on the type of anaphylaxis. Local anaphylaxis (urticaria and angioedema) usually causes skin and gastrointestinal reactions. The most common skin symptoms are pruritus, edema, erythema, a characteristic rash, and inflammatory hyperemia. Most frequent gastrointestinal symptoms- Nausea, vomiting, tenesmus and diarrhoea. The main target organs for systemic anaphylaxis in cats are the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts; in dogs, the liver.

9. What are the clinical symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction in dogs and cats?

The clinical manifestations of systemic anaphylaxis in dogs and cats differ considerably.

In dogs, the earliest signs of anaphylaxis are agitation with vomiting, defecation, and urination. As the reaction progresses, breathing is inhibited or disturbed, a collapse develops associated with muscle weakness, and cardiovascular collapse. Death can occur quickly (within about 1 hour). Autopsy reveals severe hepatic congestion with portal hypertension, as the liver is a major target organ in dogs. An appropriate examination of the liver before death to identify this symptom is rarely possible.

In cats, the earliest sign of anaphylaxis is itching, especially on the face and head. Typical manifestations anaphylaxis in cats - bronchospasm, pulmonary edema and, as a result, severe respiratory distress. Other symptoms include laryngeal edema and upper airway obstruction, profuse salivation, vomiting, and loss of coordination. Severe violation respiratory and cardiac activity leads to collapse and death.

10. What is anaphylactic shock?

Anaphylactic shock is the terminal phase of anaphylaxis, which develops as a result of neurogenic and endotoxic changes in many organ systems, especially the cardiovascular and pulmonary. Primary and secondary mediators cause changes in microcirculation, which leads to the accumulation of 60-80% of the blood volume in the peripheral bloodstream. Important factor with anaphylaxis - an increase in vascular permeability and the release of fluid from the vessels. Mediators also cause hypovolemia, arrhythmias, decreased myocardial contractility, and pulmonary hypotension, which eventually lead to tissue hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, and cell death. Clinical signs of anaphylactic shock are not pathognomonic; they are similar to those of severe cardiopulmonary collapse from any other cause.

11. How soon does anaphylaxis develop?

Usually almost immediately or within a few minutes after exposure to the agent causing it. However, the reaction may be delayed by several hours. In humans, anaphylaxis reaches its maximum severity within 5-30 minutes.

12. How to diagnose systemic anaphylaxis?

Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination and clinical presentation. Constant vigilance for anaphylaxis is necessary for rapid diagnosis and start treatment. key point in the diagnosis of systemic anaphylaxis are the rapid progression of clinical signs of target organ damage in animals of each species and anamnesis data on recent contact of the animal with a substance that causes anaphylaxis.

13. Immediate recognition and treatment is a criterion successful therapy anaphylaxis. What is the differential diagnosis for this?

Conditions that should be ruled out as soon as possible when examining animals with symptoms of severe systemic anaphylaxis include acute diseases respiratory system(asthma attack, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, spontaneous pneumothorax, aspiration foreign body and paralysis of the larynx) and acute cardiac problems (supraventricular and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, septic and cardiogenic shock).

14. What is the initial treatment for systemic anaphylaxis?

Emergency treatment for anaphylaxis includes airway and vascular access, intensive fluid therapy, and adrenaline administration. Depending on the severity of the condition, respiratory care ranges from oxygen therapy through a face mask to orotracheal intubation; sometimes a tracheostomy is required. AT artificial ventilation Animals with severe airway disease, pulmonary edema, and bronchospasm may need it. For the introduction of solutions and drugs, it is important to provide vascular access, preferably central venous. Infusion therapy prescribed based on the severity of shock, but the veterinarian should be prepared to administer shock doses of isotonic crystalloid solutions and possibly colloid solutions. The use of adrenaline Foundation stone in the treatment of anaphylaxis, as it eliminates bronchospasm, maintains blood pressure, inhibits further degranulation of mast cells, increases myocardial contractility and heart rate, and improves coronary blood flow. The recommended dose is 0.01-0.02 mg/kg intravenously. This corresponds to 0.01-0.02 ml/kg 1:1000 adrenaline hydrochloride solution. If venous access fails, a double dose can be administered intratracheally. In severe cases, with persistent hypotension and bronchial constriction, the dose is repeated every 5-10 minutes or epinephrine is administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 1-4 mcg / kg / min.

15. What is adjuvant therapy with systemic anaphylaxis?

Adjuvant therapy for anaphylaxis includes the use of antihistamines, glucocorticoids, and, if necessary, additional supportive measures to treat hypotension, pulmonary edema, bronchoconstriction, and arrhythmias. Although antihistamines and glucocorticoid drugs act slowly enough and may not be useful in initial period anaphylaxis treatment, they play important role in the prevention of late reactions and complications caused by secondary mediators. The most commonly used antihistamine is diphenhydramine (5-50 mg/kg, slowly intravenously 2 times a day). Some authors recommend the competitive use of H2 antagonists (eg, cimetidine 5–10 mg/kg orally every 8 hours). Of the glucocorticoids, dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1-4 mg/kg intravenously) and prednisolone sodium succinate (10-25 mg/kg intravenously) are most often prescribed. Cdopamine (2-10 mcg/kg/min) is often used for support blood pressure and function of the heart. Aminophylline (5-10 mg/kg intramuscularly or slowly intravenously) is recommended in cases of persistent bronchoconstriction.

16. If the initial treatment of systemic anaphylaxis was successful, does this mean that the animal escaped the threat of death?

Of course, it is not safe to let the animal go home. Delayed reactions are often noted in animals that have experienced the immediate effects of systemic anaphylaxis. Such conditions are caused by secondary mediators and occur 6-12 hours after the first attack. To prevent these potentially lethal reactions, careful observation of the animal, intensive treatment of shock and pulmonary complications, use of antihistamines and glucocorticoids. We advise you to hospitalize the animal for at least for 24 hours and monitor closely for signs of possible complications.

Anaphylaxis is an immediate (first) type of hypersensitivity, one of the types of an allergic reaction. Such a reaction is pathological variant immune response to a foreign agent (allergen). The result of this reaction is tissue damage in the body.

Under normal conditions, the first time an antigen enters the body, it provokes a reaction from the immune system. She recognizes it, analyzes its structure, which is then remembered by memory cells. In response to the antigen, antibodies are produced that remain in the blood plasma in the future. So, the next time an antigen enters the body, the antibodies immediately attack and neutralize it, preventing the disease from developing.

Allergy is the same response of the immune system to an antigen, with the only difference that when pathological reaction there is an incommensurable ratio of the strength of the reaction to the cause of its provoked.

There are 5 types of allergic reactions.

I type of - anaphylactic, or allergic reactions immediate type. They arise due to the interaction of antibodies of group E (IgE) and G (IgG) with the antigen and the sedimentation of the formed complexes on the membranes of mast cells. At the same time, as a result of this interaction, a large number of histamine, which has a pronounced physiological effect. The time of occurrence of the reaction is from a couple of minutes to several hours after the antigen enters the animal's body. These include anaphylactic shock, urticaria, allergic rhinitis, atopic bronchial asthma, angioedema.

II type – cytotoxic(or cytolytic) reactions.

III type - immunocomplex reactions(Arthus phenomenon).

IV type - late hypersensitivity, or delayed-type allergic reactions that develop 24 hours or more after the antigen enters the body.

V type - stimulating responses hypersensitivity.

Among the reliably confirmed causes of anaphylaxis in dogs are:

1. Insect stings of the Hymenoptera family - four-winged (bees, wasps, hornets, fire ants)
2. Certain chemotherapy agents, contrast agents, and antibiotics
3. Blood transfusion

Symptoms

In anaphylaxis, the skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems are most commonly involved. Skin and mucous membranes are involved in 80-90% of cases. Most adult patients have some combination of urticaria, erythema, pruritus, and edema—an increase in the porosity of the vessel wall. However, for reasons that are not yet understood, some dogs are more likely to show respiratory symptoms of anaphylactic shock, accompanied by skin symptoms. It is also important to note that some of the most severe cases of anaphylaxis occur in the absence of skin manifestations. Initially, as a rule, itching and redness occur. Further, for a short time, other symptoms develop:

• Dermatological / ophthalmic: lacrimation, urticaria, increased vascular reaction (vessels are sharply injected), itching, hyperthermia and edema.
• Respiratory: Nasal congestion, runny nose, runny nose, sneezing, shortness of breath, cough, hoarseness.
• Cardiovascular reactions: dizziness, weakness, syncope, chest pain, convulsions, tachycardia.
• Gastrointestinal tract: dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bloating,
• Neurological: headache, dizziness, blurred vision, (very rare and often associated with hypotension)

Manifestation of anaphylactic reactions

In dogs, histamine is primarily excreted from the gastrointestinal tract in portal vein, resulting in hepatic arterial vasodilation and increased arterial hepatic blood flow. In addition, the release of histamine into the portal system creates a significant venous outflow obstruction that results in increased resistance. vascular wall up to 220% of the norm within a few seconds. As a result, venous blood flow to the heart decreases. Decreased venous return of blood by the liver to the heart reduces cardiac output and therefore contributes to hypovolemia and decreased oxygen delivery to tissues. Due to reduced oxygen delivery and hypovolemic shock, general Clinical signs include collapse and acute onset gastroenteritis (sometimes hemorrhagic).

General principles of anaphylaxis therapy

Anaphylactic shock in dogs is a medical emergency that requires immediate recognition and intervention. Patient management and prognosis depend on the severity of the initial reaction and response to treatment. Patients with refractory or very severe anaphylaxis (with cardiovascular and/or severe respiratory symptoms) should be observed for a longer period of time in the department intensive care.

Supportive care for patients with suspected anaphylaxis includes the following:

• Airway management (eg, bag or mask ventilation support, endotracheal intubation, if necessary, tracheostomy)
• Oxygen therapy with high-flow concentrated oxygen
• Cardiac monitoring and/or pulse oximetry
• Providing intravenous access (large channel)
• Intravenous fluid stress bolus

Medical therapy: primarily, within emergency assistance for the treatment of acute anaphylactic reactions, epinephrine 0.2-0.5 ml intramuscularly and antihistamines, for example, diphenhydramine 1-4 mg / kg intramuscularly are administered.

The article was prepared by Sitnikova T.D.,

intensive care veterinarian "MEDVET"
© 2018 SVTS "MEDVET"

An anaphylactic reaction or anaphylactic shock is a hypersensitivity reaction to a foreign substance, especially a protein.

What causes anaphylactic shock?

Before anaphylactic shock occurs, the animal must be under the influence of the allergen. A typical example is a dog stung by a bee, which subsequently develops hypersensitivity to bee stings. After the first sting, there is usually a local reaction to the bite, also called the humoral reaction. This reaction causes the immune system to produce immunoglobulin E, which binds mast cells. The massive cells are responsible for the redness and swelling (urticaria) you see at the bite site. The patient is also said to be sensitive to bee toxins. After the dog's second sting, the sensitive mast cells recognize the foreign protein (bee toxins) and start a process called degranulation. In mild cases of anaphylactic shock, there is a local reaction, such as severe swelling at the site of the bite. In severe cases, large numbers of mast cells are released throughout the body, leading to somatic anaphylactic shock. As a rule, local reactions of anaphylaxis are observed, severe anaphylactic shock is extremely rare.

Theoretically, any foreign substance can lead to an anaphylactic reaction. The most common are food proteins, insect bites, medications, vaccine, contaminated environment and various chemicals.

It is important to note that this is an abnormal reaction of the body. The immune system overreacts to a foreign substance or protein, which leads to a reaction. In most cases, anaphylaxis is thought to be hereditary.

What are the clinical symptoms of anaphylactic shock?

Clinical symptoms depend on the method of exposure (through the mouth, skin, injection, etc.), the amount of antigen, the level of immunoglobulin in the animal.

The most common symptoms of anaphylactic shock are itching, red swelling, swelling of the skin, blisters, swelling of the face or muzzle, excessive salivation, vomiting, and diarrhea. In a severe anaphylactic reaction, the dog will have trouble breathing and his tongue and gums will turn blue.

How to diagnose anaphylaxis?

Anaphylactic shock is diagnosed by identifying recent exposure to an allergen and by characteristic clinical symptoms. Intradermal testing and blood tests for immunoglobulin are also performed to identify specific allergens.

How is anaphylactic shock treated?

An anaphylactic reaction requires immediate medical care and treatment. The first step is to remove the foreign substance, if possible. Further, in order to stabilize the animal, the likelihood of severe anaphylaxis is minimized, airways and blood pressure are controlled. Drugs such as epinephrine, corticosteroids, atropine, or aminophylline are often used. In mild cases, antihistamines, and possibly corticosteroids, may be sufficient, followed by observation of the dog for 24 or 48 hours.

What are the predictions?

The initial forecast is always restrained. It is impossible to know if the reaction will be localized or if it will progress to severe.

The anaphylactic reaction escalates with each subsequent exposure to the allergen, so avoiding re-exposure should be the primary goal.

Fainting, collapse, shock and resorptive fever are often associated with trauma and seriously worsen the condition of the dog. You should know everything about them and be able to provide competent first aid to the dog.

Fainting- loss of consciousness caused by inadequate blood supply brain. In addition to the most traumatic effect, fainting has: physical and mental overwork of the dog, heart disease and chronic diseases lungs.

Symptoms: The dog falls, does not respond to external stimuli, muscle tone is reduced. The pulse is rare, weak, blood pressure is lowered, the skin is cold to the touch, the pupils are constricted. Convulsions that occur during fainting indicate a severe oxygen deficiency of the brain.

First aid: You should vigorously rub the body of the dog with a brush dipped in a solution of turpentine, cold objects are applied to the head. As soon as possible, the dog should be taken to a veterinary specialist, where he will be given intravenous injections of caffeine, cordiamine and adrenaline.

Collapse- a more severe form of vascular insufficiency, with oxygen deficiency brain and oppression of all vital functions organism. Predisposing factors are infectious process, dehydration or poisoning.

Symptoms: weakness without loss of consciousness, frequent, thready pulse, rapid breathing, pallor or cyanosis of the mucous membranes. Extremities and ears are cold, reactions to external stimuli are reduced. Seizures may occur.

First aid: If there is bleeding, it must be stopped. Mezaton is administered intravenously in a glucose solution, diphenhydramine and prednisolone. With a collapse caused by blood loss, a blood transfusion is performed or blood substitutes are administered with ascorbic acid and cocarboxylase, as well as calcium preparations. good effect gives the use of neuroleptics and antibiotics. It should be remembered that in case of collapse, the introduction of cordiamine, caffeine, lobelin, pititon is contraindicated!

Aseptic resorptive fever- an increase in body temperature by 1-2ºС. It occurs after injury and is caused by the ingress of decay products from the damaged area into the blood. It is observed with bruises, wounds, hematomas, fractures, sometimes after complex operations.

There is no specific treatment, perhaps the use of general detoxification therapy and antipyretic drugs. Without treatment, resorptive fever resolves on its own in 2-3 days.

Shock– serious condition, caused by excessive exposure to the body and characterized by a progressive violation of all life support systems. A state of shock requires emergency assistance.

The reasons: blood loss, pain, ingestion of infectious, toxic agents or foreign protein into the blood (anaphylactic shock). It should be said separately about burn shock caused by a sharp loss of blood plasma. When transfusing blood to a dog, one should be aware of the possibility of hemotransfusion shock due to the introduction of not compatible blood.

Shock occurs in two phases: erectile and torpid. The erectile phase takes a little time, as a rule, the dog is delivered to the veterinary specialists already in the torpid phase. The erectile phase is accompanied by an extreme degree of excitement: the dog barks, howls, squeals, breaks out, pupils and nostrils are dilated, blood pressure is increased, breathing and heart rate are rapid.

The torpid phase is characterized by a decrease in blood pressure, pallor of the mucous membranes, a thready pulse, and cooling of the skin. The pupils dilate, the reaction to light is weak. The dog generally reacts poorly to external stimuli. The animal cannot stand on its paws, urine ceases to be produced.

First aid consists in stopping bleeding and replenishing blood loss with a transfusion of compatible blood or polyglucin, if the shock is caused by bleeding. The next stage is anesthesia: immobilizing bandages on injured limbs, administration of analgesics. A single injection of prednisolone at an antishock dose of 4 mg per 1 kg of dog body weight.

Not a fracture, not a wound, but still an injury. What's this?

it closed damage soft tissues, which manifests itself in a variety of variations, in the form of bruises, lisphoextravasates, hematomas, ruptures, sprains, concussions and squeezing. So people who are sure that if there is no blood flow, then the injury is trifling, they are categorically wrong.

Injury can occur when an unsuccessful fall, hit with a stick, the side of a car or a thrown stone. Most often, bruises are received by dogs walking without the supervision of their owners, paying for human irresponsibility. There are 4 degrees of injury: 1 - ordinary suffusion, colloquially "bruise", 2 - the formation of swelling due to subcutaneous hemorrhage, 3 - necrosis of the bruised tissue due to the destruction of the supply vessels and 4 - complete crushing of tissues, with the obligatory involvement of microbes, for which a nutrient medium is created in the focus of injury.

Symptoms: soreness, swelling, bruising on the skin and impaired function of the bruised part of the body. Soreness is limited to the site of the bruise, the pain is aggravated by the movement of the dog, so the animals prefer to lie down. A bruise of muscles, joints or bones on the limbs is accompanied by lameness, with a bruise of the nerves, paralysis may occur. The general condition does not change, only bruises of the 3rd and 4th degrees lead to depression and loss of appetite.

Hematoma- hemorrhage with the formation of a blood-filled cavity. Arteriosclerosis, hypovitaminosis K and C, as well as hemophilia and coumarin poisoning contribute to the formation of hematomas with the slightest traumatic effect. Leaking from damaged large vessels blood pushes the tissues apart and forms a cavity in them.

After some time, the blood coagulates, non-infectious inflammation occurs, the blood breaks down under the influence of enzymes, and gradually the hematoma resolves. Sometimes an encysted hematoma is formed - in the case of a prolonged absence of blood clotting. Encapsulated hematomas do not go away for a long time, they gradually germinate connective tissue, in which calcium salts are deposited and a dense, bone-like substance is formed.

Symptoms: A hot swelling that has arisen immediately after the injury and is rapidly increasing in size. In the first days, its contours are clearly defined, fluid fluctuations are felt during palpation, there are no painful sensations. With the onset of inflammation in the tissues surrounding the hematoma, its boundaries are smoothed out, and on palpation, a sensation of crunching snow is created - this indicates blood clotting and fibrin loss. In dogs, hematoma of the auricle is most often observed.

Hematoma is treated by a veterinarian.

Lymphoextravasate- outflow of lymph into any part of the body upon rupture lymphatic vessels. Lymph has poor coagulability, so it seeps into the surrounding tissues, forming numerous pockets.

Symptoms: In the first hours after the injury, an unexpressed, almost painless swelling of the tissues appears. After inflammatory edema resolves, a swelling becomes noticeable with a sharply defined border, with a wave-like movement of the liquid when pressed on it. The swelling grows slowly and does not go away for a long time. With lymphoextravasates, cold, heat and massage should not be used! All of these methods can increase the flow of lymph.

An attempt at self-treatment of lymphoextravasate can only worsen the condition of the dog.

Stretching and tearing. Sprain is an injury partial break tissues, while maintaining the anatomical integrity of the organ. Most often, sprains of the articular ligaments and ruptures of ligaments, tendons, muscles and nerves are observed in dogs. As a rule, injuries of this kind occur during a fall, an unsuccessful landing after a jump, slipping on the run. The main symptom is lameness.

To distinguish between sprains and ruptures, an examination by a veterinarian is required; in case of a rupture, surgical intervention is necessary for treatment.

Concussion (concussion) – a rare event that occurs when exposed to a blast wave. Most often, service dogs that work in the police, border troops and in the earthquake rescue service suffer. Symptoms: impaired function of the shell-shocked organ, general serious condition, shock.

Tissue compression occurs during earthquakes, landslides and other disasters, as well as when falling into a trap. The compressed tissues look pale, bloodless, and subsequently die off. Dogs have been observed traumatic shock and severe intoxication, often accompanied by acute insufficiency excretory organs: kidneys and liver.

As a first aid, cooling of damaged tissues is carried out, antishock therapy, prescribe diuretics and drugs that support the functioning of the kidneys and liver.

Practical recommendations: Injuries with no external bleeding require serious treatment. Far from always outward signs it is possible to correctly assess the severity of the injury, so the symptoms of a tendon sprain are no different from a rupture. Therefore, having provided first aid, you should immediately contact a veterinary specialist - a traumatologist.

After all, there were battle wounds!

The dog is a predator, with an active life position, so all sorts of injuries they have is not uncommon. A wound is called an open deep damage with violation of the integrity of the skin. Superficial lesions are called abrasions. The wound is almost always accompanied by fever and general intoxication.

Symptoms: bleeding, gaping wound edges and pain. Severe pain occurs when richly innervated organs are damaged: skin, periosteum, peritoneum or pleura. Muscle injuries are slightly painful. In fact, dogs are quite sensitive to pain, their pain sensitivity is much higher than that of farm animals and poultry.

There are several classifications of wounds. So, in relation to the damaged organ, it is customary to divide wounds into:
- through with inlet and outlet;
- blind, having only an inlet;
- tangents running along the surface of the organ.

According to the nature of the damage:
Stab wounds caused by sharp thin objects (needle, nail, bone, wood chips). With a characteristic narrow long wound channel and a small external opening.
Incised wounds are inflicted by a sharp wounding object (knife, glass, razor). They have smooth edges and heal relatively easily. It is customary to distinguish between linear and patchwork wounds.
Chopped wounds are inflicted heavy sharp object(axe, machete), they have great depth the lesions are wide open and very painful. Often such wounds are accompanied by crushing of soft tissues and bone fractures.

Lacerations occur when a moving object is stretched and torn by a sharp protrusion (animal claws, tree branches, pins sticking out of the ground, sharp fence bars). The wounds are often patchy in shape, the walls are uneven, the gaping is pronounced, there may be pockets and cracks in the wound.

crushed wounds is a combination of injury and severe bruise. Such an injury can be obtained when colliding with vehicle or when a heavy object falls on the dog. These lesions are the most difficult to heal.

Bite wounds- a consequence of the bite of domestic or wild animals. Most often found in hunting dogs. According to signs, a bitten wound combines a lacerated, bruised and crushed wound. Bite wounds are always infected, there is great danger rabies infection.

gunshot wounds characterized by a small inlet and extensive tissue damage in the depth of the wound. They rarely become infected, since the hot bullet decontaminates the tissues, but if the bullet remains deep in the tissues, it is possible to develop chronic poisoning lead.

Practical recommendations: By appearance wounds can not always be judged on the severity of damage: they may be accompanied by internal bleeding, penetrate into body cavities and become highly infected. Therefore, it is recommended to spare no effort and time for a thorough examination and treatment of even the most trifling-looking wounds. This is especially true for stab wounds.

In all cases of pronounced gaping of the wound, careful debridement with suturing is recommended. This reduces the risk of developing wound infection and significantly reduces the healing time of the wound.

bitten wound applied to animals not vaccinated against rabies or with an unknown immunological status, in addition to surgical debridement, requires emergency vaccination of the affected dog and careful observation of its behavior for several months. Remember that the annual rabies vaccination is the only way protect your dog from this incurable disease.

At gunshot wounds X-ray examination is necessary, according to the results of which the surgeon decides on the operation.

The burn is very painful. Even a dog.

It doesn't matter what causes a burn with a temperature effect or a chemical, it is always accompanied by severe pain. Moreover, the pain does not stop after the elimination of the traumatic effect, the burned receptors continue to be stimulated by edema, tissue decay products and microbial toxins. It is associated with severe unceasing pain severe course burn disease.

If a burn occupies more than 10% of the body surface, the composition of the blood changes and metabolism is disturbed. In the first 2 days, the blood is thickened due to the loss of plasma, then intoxication develops, a deficiency occurs in the blood. shaped elements, the content of chlorides decreases, acidity increases.

Thermal burn symptoms:
A 1st degree burn in dogs most often remains undetected, as it is manifested by reddening of the skin and slight swelling.
A 2nd degree burn is characterized by the formation of a blister several hours after the injury.
3rd degree burn accompanied by drying and induration damaged skin, subsequently dead tissue is torn away, the wound suppurates, heals for a long time with the formation of a scar.
A 4th degree burn leads to necrosis and charring of tissues, resembling a fragile black mass. With extensive burns, the dog dies immediately or in the first hours after the injury.

During a burn, many dogs experience pain shock, in the following days, complications such as toxemia, blood poisoning and wound exhaustion should be feared.

First aid: To relieve pain shock and prevent plasma loss, a 0.25% solution of novocaine is injected intravenously at a dosage of 1 ml per 1 kg of animal weight. After that, a solution of sodium chloride is injected intravenously and subcutaneously, and compatible blood is transfused. Burn needs to be treated 5% alcohol solution tannin, which will protect the damaged surface from moisture loss and infection.

chemical burn arises from contact with the skin of acids, alkalis, salts heavy metals, phosphorus, quicklime. Degree chemical burn difficult to determine due to the fact that it is impossible to establish the depth of tissue damage. Acids and salts of heavy metals coagulate proteins, forming a dense scab. As a rule, such lesions are superficial.

Alkalis, on the contrary, dissolve the protein and penetrate deep into the tissues, forming a soft white scab, with the surface bleeding under it. Phosphorus burn is even more profound, since this element burns when it comes into contact with the skin. In fact, phosphorus burns are classified as thermochemical.

A chemical burn rarely causes metabolic changes, sepsis or intoxication, but it is distinguished by a longer healing of local damage.

First aid: Remove the chemical with a strong water jet. Burning phosphorus is extinguished with dry sand. After that, the burned areas are treated with a solution of potassium permanganate, colloquially "potassium permanganate".

frostbite

Most often, stray dogs or lost thoroughbred animals suffer from frostbite. short hair. The most susceptible to frostbite are the ears, mammary glands in lactating females, as well as the scrotum, prepuce and penis in males. The most dangerous is not severe frost, but cold windy weather when high humidity air.

Symptoms: appear only after the cold ceases to act on the frostbitten area. At the time of exposure to cold, the frostbitten area is devoid of sensitivity and cold to the touch. There are 3 degrees of frostbite:
Grade 1 - there is swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the skin is painted in blue-red color. Frostbite resolves on its own after a few days without any treatment.
Grade 2 - edema is pronounced, blisters filled with bloody-serous contents are formed. After spontaneous opening of the blisters, weeping ulcers form in their place, which are easily colonized by microorganisms.
Grade 3 - tissues become necrotic, wet gangrene develops, with superficial damage development of dry gangrene is possible. Subsequently, dead tissues are torn off and ulcerative surfaces form in their place.

With frostbite of 2 and 3 degrees, the dog is depressed, purulent-resorptive fever occurs, sepsis and disorders of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems may develop.

First aid: The dog is brought into a warm room, the frostbitten organ is washed cool water with soap and wipe with alcohol. Then the frostbitten area is placed in warm water, the temperature of which is gradually raised to 40 degrees, adding hot water. To restore blood circulation, the organ is easily massaged. After the skin becomes pink and warm, the affected area is again wiped with alcohol, and then a weak bandage with a thick layer of cotton wool is applied to it.

If signs of frostbite of the 2nd or 3rd degree appear, the skin is treated with a 5% alcohol solution of tannin and a bandage is applied with a solution of carotene in sunflower oil or Vishnevsky's ointment. Dressings should be changed rarely, once every 2-3 days, until complete healing.

Frostbite 3 degrees require additional treatment. At the time of rejection of necrotic tissues, they should be removed surgically, followed by the imposition of an alcohol antiseptic dressing, which should be changed 3-4 times a day for 2 days in a row.

Sometimes, with severe frostbite of an organ (ear, penis, paw), its amputation is performed. In all cases of frostbite of 2 and 3 degrees, antibiotics and antishock therapy are prescribed.

Traumatic effects of electricity

Dogs, especially puppies, love to chew on wires, so electrical injuries are not uncommon. Danger can also lie in wait for a dog during a walk, since it is possible to step on a bare live wire or into a puddle in contact with it.

Symptoms: The dog can die instantly from respiratory, heart or brain paralysis. With a severe electric shock, the animal falls into a coma, with rare pulse and broken breathing. With lighter injuries, the dog is depressed or, on the contrary, excited, coordination of movements is impaired. A place in direct contact with an electric discharge receives a third-degree burn.

First aid: It is necessary to stop the effect of current on the dog. Best way- turning off the electricity with a knife switch, but you can divert the wire with a dry wooden cane, a branch, or pull the dog out of the current impact zone, after putting on rubber boots and gloves.

The dog is given injections of caffeine and camphor, and heart massage is done. If breathing is weak, lobelin is injected subcutaneously and artificial respiration is performed.

Material prepared specially
for the website of dog breeders
veterinarian Kalashnikova O.V.