Study of the respiratory system of animals. Reflexes of mucous membranes. When examining the abdominal wall, its symmetry, moderately rounded shape was observed, the abdomen was not pendulous, without the presence of protrusions. The tone of the abdominal muscles is moderate. Soreness with

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"NOVOSIBIRSK STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY"

TOMSK AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE - BRANCH

DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY AND INTERNAL

NON-CONMITABLE DISEASES

COURSE WORK

for clinical diagnostics

On the topic: a complete clinical study of the animal

Performed: 3rd year student 0261 gr.

Kuhalskaya Nadezhda

Checked: Khokhlova Anna Viktorovna

Tomsk 2005

Study plan

1). Animal background information

1. Registration

2. Collection of anamnesis

2). Animal clinical study

BUT. General study

1. Definition of habitus

2. Study hairline, skin and subcutaneous tissue

3. Examination of visible mucous membranes

4. Examination of lymph nodes

5. Thermometry

B. Special Studies

1. Study of the cardiovascular system

2. Study of the respiratory system

3. Study digestive system

4. Examination of the genitourinary system

5. Study nervous systems s

AT. Additional Research

1. Blood test

2. Urinalysis

3. Examination of feces

Conclusion

Bibliography

one). Animal background information

1. Registration of an animal

Date of animal examination: 03/01/2005

Owner: _______

Owner's address: Tomsk, st._____

Kind of animal: dog.

Animal breed: b/p.

Animal gender: bitch.

Animal age: 8 years.

Animal weight: 10 kg.

Animal color: white.

Animal name: Squirrel.

2. History taking

Anamnesis - This is information about the animal, which is obtained by interviewing the owner. The anamnesis consists of two parts: the anamnesis of life and the anamnesis of the disease.

Anamnesis of life includes information about the origin of the animal, the conditions of its maintenance, feeding, watering, purpose of the animal, past diseases, as well as veterinary treatments and research.

Medical history- This is a set of information that should reflect the development of the disease. It is important to find out when, with what manifestations and under what circumstances the animal fell ill; whether the cause of the disease is known; what medical care rendered to the animal and who; what medications were used. They learn about the general condition of the animal, find out the appetite, the urge to drink, whether diarrhea, cough, shortness of breath and other disorders have been noted.

Anamnesis of life(anamnesis vitae)

The dog was found in January 2001 at about 3 years of age, so the date of her birth and parental couple are unknown. It is also unknown at what age and what the dog was ill with, whether it was vaccinated and from what. All other information about past life dogs before 2001 are also unknown.

Currently, Belka lives in a city apartment, eats from the table and has free access to water. Prevention helminthic invasions held once every half a year. Walks in winter are limited due to the dog's inability to cope with low temperatures, and in warm seasons walks are carried out 2-3 times a day.

In 2002, a litter was obtained from Belka, in the amount of 4 puppies (2 males and 2 females). Shchennost passed well, without deviations. Childbirth took place without obstetrics, puppies were born healthy and strong. Bela fed the puppies with milk for 1 month, then they switched to self-feeding and soon acquired new owners.

Medical history ( anamnesismorbi)

Until 2005, Belka felt well, no deviations from organs and systems were observed.

Approximately at the end of February, deviations from the organs of vision were found: the mucous membrane of the left eye acquired a reddish color, humidity increased, serous outflows appeared, the sclera acquired a reddish color. A white opaque spot was seen on the cornea, which occupied 1/3 of the lower part of the cornea. Help was provided to the dog: during the week, in the morning and in the evening, they dripped eye drops albucid. It didn't give any results.

On the 27th of March, the owner of the dog applied to veterinary clinic. The animal was examined and treated: autohemotherapy was performed (novocaine 0.5% - 0.4 ml plus 1 ml of blood) and hydrocortisone eye ointment was prescribed 2-4 times a day per eyelid. Autohemotherapy only accelerated the course of the inflammatory process and was cancelled.

Later, another treatment was prescribed with the following drugs:

1. Levomycetin eye drops - 2 times a day;

2. Tetracycline eye ointment morning and evening under the eyelid;

3. Vizin (eye drops) - 1 time per day;

4. Taufon (eye drops) - 3 times a day in both eyes.

This treatment didn't work either. By this time, the eyelid was swollen, it became painful, its temperature rose, the sclera acquired a gray-red color.

Deviations from the oral cavity were also found: the mucous membrane of the gums was reddened, painful and swollen. There is plaque on the teeth, there is a hole in the third incisor on the left side, the tooth rots and staggers, an unpleasant putrefactive odor comes from the oral cavity.

The gums, after the removal of the diseased tooth and tartar, were rubbed for 7 days with tincture of calendula and, in parallel, antibiotic therapy with penicillin was carried out in the morning and evening. This treatment gave a positive result, the dog recovered and began to chew food on both sides of the mouth.

2). Animal clinical study

A. General study

1. Definition of habitus

Habitus (habitus) is determined by the aggregate external signs characterizing the position of the body in space, fatness, constitution, physique and temperament of the animal at the time of the study.

The position of the body in space. In healthy animals, the body position is naturally upright or naturally recumbent. A forced lying or forced standing position is considered when the animal cannot easily change it.

Fatness. To characterize fatness, inspection and palpation are used. Distinguish good, satisfactory, unsatisfactory fatness, malnutrition and obesity.

Constitution- a set of anatomical and morphological features of the body that have developed on the basis of hereditary and acquired properties and determine its functionality and reactivity to endo- and exogenous factors. There are 4 types of constitution: rough, tender, dense and loose.

Body type. Evaluating it, take into account the age and breed of the animal. This takes into account the degree of development of the skeleton and muscle tissue, as well as the proportionality of individual parts of the body and the exterior features of the animal. There are strong, medium and weak physique.

Temperament- the speed and degree of reaction to external stimuli. It is determined by observing the behavior of the animal, the expression of the eyes, the movements of the auricles and the assessment of the speed and degree of reaction to external stimuli. Distinguish between lively and phlegmatic temperament.

At the time of the study, the position of Belka's body was natural recumbent.

The subcutaneous tissue contains a significant amount of fat, which smooths out many bony protrusions and depressions, all contour lines are rounded, the ribs and spinous processes are palpable with difficulty, therefore, fatness is above average.

The squirrel is distinguished by a good development of adipose tissue, the neck is short, the torso is round, the chest is deep and wide, the limbs are short. The muscles are voluminous, the skin is thick, the hair is delicate and sparse, on the basis of this we can say that the constitution is loose.

The physique is average, since the degree of development of the skeleton and muscle tissue is good, individual parts of the body are proportionally developed.

The temperament is lively, because the dog is attentive to everything around and quickly reacts to external stimuli, and is also full of energy and strength.

2. Examination of hairline, skin and subcutaneous tissue

The hairline and skin serve as a kind of mirror reflecting the state of the body. The study of the hairline includes determining the length of the hair, its direction, shine, strength, retention in the skin and elasticity. The hairline and skin of the animal are examined in natural light. They are first defined physiological properties(color, humidity, smell, temperature and elasticity of the skin). Then pathological changes are noted. When evaluating skin it is necessary to take into account the conditions of keeping, feeding, regularity of cleaning and breed of the animal.

In healthy animals, with proper maintenance and feeding, the skin is evenly covered with smoothly fitting, shiny, elastic, firmly held hair (except for the period of seasonal molting). AT warm time years, hair is shorter, in winter - longer.

Hairline with shine, short and smooth, evenly covers the entire surface of the skin, no alopecia. When the hair is bent, it straightens quickly, which indicates good elasticity of the hair. When you try to pull out a bunch of hair, only a small amount of them is pulled out, therefore, the hairline is held firmly in the skin.

When collecting the skin in a fold, a slight decrease in turgor is observed, which is noted in old animals. The greasy coating remaining on the crumbs of the fingers indicates a moderate moisture content of the animal's skin. The color on non-pigmented areas of the skin is pale pink, the smell is specific. On palpation of the auricles, nasal mirror and extremities, the skin is moderately warm.

On the surface of the skin in the abdomen there is an accumulation of dead epidermis, the integrity of the skin is not broken.

The subcutaneous tissue is well developed, there are no pathological changes in it.

3. Examination of visible mucous membranes

Visible mucous membranes include the mucous membrane of the eyes (conjunctiva), nasal cavity, mouth and vestibule of the vagina. Their condition is great clinical significance and complements the data obtained in the study of the skin. The procedure is performed in good (preferably natural) lighting.

When assessing the condition of the mucous membranes, attention is paid to their integrity, moisture, secretion and color.

For the study of the conjunctiva in dogs impose thumb one hand on upper eyelid, and the other on the bottom. By pressing on the lower eyelid, pull the upper eyelid up. To examine the mucous membrane of the lower eyelid, press on the upper eyelid and pull down the lower one. If the eye is opened correctly, the third eyelid is clearly visible.

When examining the mucous membrane of the eyes, it can be seen that the conjunctiva of the right eye is pale pink, moderately moist, without breaking the integrity, the sclera is white, there are no outflows. The mucous membrane of the left eye is reddened, very moist, without breaking the integrity, the sclera is gray-red. The eyelid is swollen, warm and painful, serous discharges are observed from the eye.

To examine the oral mucosa in dogs, they bring their hand under the lower jaw, cover it and press their fingers on the cheeks. In this case, the animal is forced to open its mouth, and cannot close it, since the cheeks are pressed between the molars.

Having opened oral cavity it can be seen that the mucous membranes of the lips, cheeks, tongue and hard palate are pale pink, the integrity is preserved, the humidity is moderate, and the mucous membrane of the gums is reddened, painful and swollen.

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, due to the slight mobility of the wings of the nose, is inaccessible to direct examination.

Having opened the labia with your fingers, it can be seen that the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina is pale pink in color, moderately moist, without breaking the integrity.

4. Research lymph nodes

Lymph nodes are examined by inspection and palpation. With a significant increase in the lymph nodes, an examination is used. However, the main research method is palpation.

Examine and palpate paired lymph nodes. On palpation, determine the size (not enlarged, enlarged), shape (rounded, oblong), the nature of the surface (smooth, bumpy), consistency (elastic, dense, soft), mobility (mobile, inactive, motionless), soreness (painful, painless) , temperature (without an increase in local temperature, moderately warm, hot, cold).

The size of the lymph nodes in healthy animals varies greatly depending on the breed, age and weight of the animal. In healthy animals, the lymph nodes are smooth, elastic, mobile, painless and moderately warm.

In dogs, only inguinal lymph nodes.

Even the inguinal lymph nodes could not be felt in the studied animal, possibly due to the small size and good fatness of the dog.

5. Thermometry

Thermometry is a mandatory method clinical trial, which allows you to assess the condition of the animal, control the course and predict the development of the disease, judge the effectiveness of treatment and identify complications. Thermometry makes it possible to identify many diseases in the prodromal period.

Body temperature is measured with a mercury maximum thermometer with a Celsius scale of 34 to 42 ° C with a division of 0.1 ° C. An electrothermometer is also used, which can be used to measure temperature quickly and with great accuracy. The measurement is carried out in the rectum. In females, the temperature can be measured in the vagina, where it is higher than in the rectum by 0.5 o C.

Under normal conditions, body temperature is constant and depends on the age, sex and breed of the animal, as well as environmental temperature, muscle movements and other factors. In young animals, the body temperature is higher than in adults or old ones; females are higher than males.

In an outpatient study, body temperature in sick animals is measured once; in animals undergoing inpatient treatment - at least twice a day and, moreover, at the same hours: in the morning between 7 and 9 o'clock and in the evening between 17 and 19 o'clock. In seriously ill animals, the temperature is measured more often.

Before insertion, the thermometer is shaken, lubricated with petroleum jelly and carefully inserted, turning along the longitudinal axis, into the rectum and fixed with a clamp for the wool of the croup. After 10 minutes, carefully remove, wipe, determine the body temperature on a scale, shake and place in a jar with a disinfectant solution.

The temperature was measured for 10 days, in the morning (at 7 o'clock) and in the evening (at 19 o'clock). Norm 37.5 - 39.

B. Special studies

1. Study of the cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system is examined according to a certain scheme: they begin with examination and palpation of the cardiac region, then determine the percussion boundaries of the heart, proceed to its auscultation, examine arterial and venous vessels, and end with functional studies.

Inspection and palpation of the cardiac impulse area. Inspection is carried out in good light, starting from the lower third chest directly in the region of the 4th - 5th intercostal space. Investigating the heart impulse, it is necessary to take into account the fatness, constitution and training experience of the animal.

The heart impulse can be unexpressed (poorly visible), moderately pronounced (well visible), strongly pronounced and not visible at all. In healthy animals of average fatness, the cardiac impulse is clearly visible; in animals that are well-fed, obese, with long hair - weakly or not visible.

On palpation of the heart area in healthy animals in calm state slight fluctuations of the chest are felt. In carnivores, an apex beat is detected, which, in the normal position of the heart in the chest cavity, is noted only on the left.

The method of palpation establishes the heart rate, rhythm, strength, character, location of the heart impulse and pain in the region of the heart. Palpation begins on the left side, and then moves to the right, focusing on the olecranon and humeroscapular joint. Small animals are examined in different poses. They palpate simultaneously with both hands: they stand on the side of the animal and place the palms of both hands with folded fingers on the chest under the olecranon processes on the left and right.

The cardiac impulse can shift forward, backward, to the right, up, and in order to identify the shift, the ribs are counted in the opposite direction, starting from the last (13th).

Belka's cardiac impulse is more intense on the left in the 5th intercostal space below the middle of the lower third of the chest; on the right, the push is weaker and manifests itself in the 4th intercostal space; localized on an area of ​​2 - 3 cm; moderate in strength; rhythmic - heart beats of equal strength against the chest follow at regular intervals. There is no pain in the area of ​​the heart beat.

Percussion of the region of the heart. With the help of percussion, the boundaries of the heart are established, its size, position, and pain in the cardiac region is revealed.

The boundaries of the heart are determined on a standing animal on the left. When examining, there should be silence in the room, the distance from the wall to the animal is 1 - 1.5 m. The thoracic limb of the animal is brought forward as much as possible. In small animals it is better to use digital percussion. When determining the upper limit, percussion beats should be strong or of medium strength, since it is necessary to establish a change in sound in the area where the heart is covered by the lungs; when determining the rear boundary - weak force.

The upper border of the heart begins to be determined along the posterior edge of the scapula from half the height of the chest, percussing from top to bottom along the intercostal space (approximately 4th). At first, a clear pulmonary sound is heard, which later turns into a dull one. This area is called relative cardiac dullness and is the upper border of the heart. Where the heart is not covered by the lungs and is adjacent directly to the chest wall, the percussion sound is dull; this area is called absolute cardiac dullness.

The posterior border is determined with the thoracic limb maximally retracted forward. They begin to percuss along the intercostal spaces up and down from the zone of absolute dullness or from the olecranon towards the upper point of the maklok at an angle of 45 °. Percussion is performed to the point of transition of a dull or dull sound to a clear pulmonary one and by counting the ribs (from the last rib) the posterior border of the heart is established.

In carnivores, 3 percussion borders of the heart are determined: anterior - along the anterior edge of the 3rd rib; upper - 2 - 3 cm below the line of the shoulder joint; the posterior border reaches the 6th, sometimes the 7th rib.

During percussion of the region of the heart in Belka, the anterior border of the heart is marked along the anterior edge of the 3rd rib; the upper limit is slightly below the humeroscapular joint (zone of relative cardiac dullness); the posterior border reaches the 6th rib. The zone of absolute dullness of the heart is located in the 4th intercostal space.

Auscultation of the heart. During auscultation, it is necessary to observe silence in the room; the animal should be at a distance of 1.5 - 2 m from the wall. Animals are listened to before and after exercise; small - in various positions. With mediocre auscultation, the optimal zone for listening to heart sounds is the area located 1 to 2 fingers above the olecranon.

The heart rhythm is characterized by the alternation of the first tone, a small pause, the second tone and a long pause, i.e. correct change of systole and diastole. During auscultation of the heart, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the first tone from the second, which makes it possible to establish in which phase of the cardiac cycle certain sound phenomena occur. To distinguish the first tone from the second, you need to remember that the first tone coincides with the heart beat, with arterial pulse and with pulsation of the carotid arteries.

The mitral valve optimum point is located in the 5th intercostal space above the horizontal line in the middle of the lower third of the chest; semilunar valves of the aorta - in the 4th intercostal space under the line of the scapula shoulder joint, a pulmonary artery- in the 3rd intercostal space on the left and the tricuspid valve - in the 4th intercostal space on the right above the horizontal line in the middle of the lower third of the chest.

During auscultation of Belka's heart, loud, clear tones are noted, both from the left and from right side. Since the dog is small and very well-fed, it is impossible to listen to the optimum points of the heart valves. Murmurs and other disturbances in the heart are not observed.

Study of the arterial pulse. Vessels are examined by inspection, palpation and auscultation ( large vessels). By inspection, the degree of filling and pulsation of superficially located arteries in the head, neck and limbs is determined. In healthy animals, the pulsation of the arteries is not visible.

The main research method is palpation. Palpation determines the frequency, rhythm and quality of the pulse: tension arterial wall, the degree of filling the vessel with blood, as well as the size and shape of the pulse wave. The pulse is examined on vessels accessible to palpation: the crumbs of several fingers are applied to the skin above the artery and pressed until a pulsation begins to be felt.

In carnivores, the femoral artery (a. femoralis) on the inner surface of the thigh, the brachial artery (a. brachialis) on the medial surface of the humerus above the elbow joint and the saphenous artery (a. saphena) between the Achilles tendon and the deep flexor of the fingers above the tarsal joint are examined.

In healthy animals, the pulse rate corresponds to the number of heartbeats. The pulse rate depends on a number of reasons - age, sex, constitution, conditions of keeping and feeding, muscle load of the animal. A significant increase in the pulse can be observed in nervous and timid animals.

The pulse was measured daily on the brachial artery for 10 days. The pulse is rhythmic, moderate filling, soft in tension, medium size, moderately decreasing in shape.

Measurement of arterial blood pressure. There are 2 methods: direct (bloody) and indirect (bloodless). Blood pressure is measured more often with a mercury or spring pressure gauge connected to a cuff and an inflation device.

The value of arterial blood pressure is proportional to the stroke (systolic) volume of the heart and the peripheral resistance of the arterial bed. The maximum (systolic) arterial blood pressure in animals is in the range of 100 - 155, and the minimum (diastolic) - in the range of 30 - 75 mm Hg. Art. The difference between the maximum and minimum arterial blood pressure is the pulse pressure, which normally ranges from 50 to 100 mm Hg. Art.

When measuring blood pressure in Belka, it was 130 - 40 mm Hg. Art.

Examination of veins. The degree of filling of the veins is determined by the relief pattern of the saphenous veins of the head, limbs and conjunctiva, which, when overflowed, act as a network. In healthy animals, the filling of the veins is moderate, at the base of the neck in the jugular groove a moderate pulsation is visible.

The peculiarity of the venous pulse is determined by the nature of the oscillations jugular vein. There are negative, positive venous pulse and venous undulation.

The degree of filling of the saphenous veins is moderate, at the base of the neck in the jugular groove a moderate pulsation is visible.

Auscultation test with apnea(according to Sharabrin). The animal is artificially suspended for 30–45 s, and immediately after apnea, the heart is auscultated. In healthy animals, the pulse quickens somewhat.

During the test, there is a slight increase in the number of heartbeats, which quickly return to normal.

2. Examination of the respiratory system

The plan for a clinical study of the respiratory system is as follows: the nasal cavity, paranasal cavities, larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, chest in the area of ​​the lungs. Apply inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation.

Study of the upper respiratory tract. The study begins with an examination of the nasal planum and nostrils, paying attention to symmetry, shape and contours. Pay attention to the strength, uniformity and symmetry of the exhaled air stream (both nostrils are compared), as well as its smell, humidity and temperature. They also pay attention to discharge from the nasal cavity, determine their origin. In the future, an examination of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is carried out using lighting devices.

In the study of the upper respiratory tract, no abnormalities were found: the nasal openings are moderately enlarged, the nasal discharge is insignificant. The stream of exhaled air from both nostrils is uniform, odorless, moderate force, humidity and temperature.

Examination of the larynx and trachea. External examination of the larynx and trachea is carried out by inspection, palpation and auscultation. During an external examination, one can notice a lowering of the head, stretching of the neck and difficulty breathing, sometimes swelling is found in the larynx and trachea due to inflammation and swelling of the surrounding tissues. When examining the trachea, a change in its shape, curvature, deformation, fractures and ruptures of the rings are determined.

Palpation establishes sensitivity, temperature in the larynx and trachea, the presence of tangible noises in their lumen.

Auscultation of the larynx and trachea can be carried out by mediocre and direct methods. Normally, they listen to the sound of stenosis, reminiscent of the pronunciation of the letter "X", with auscultation of the larynx, this sound is called laryngeal, and with auscultation of the trachea - tracheal breathing.

When amplifying sounds, you may experience:

1. Increased laryngeal and tracheal breathing in case of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea.

2. Stridor like whistling or hissing with stenosis of the lumen of the larynx and trachea.

3. Wheezing, which, depending on the nature of the exudate during inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and trachea, can be dry or wet.

Internal examination of the larynx is carried out by direct examination of it. It is possible in short-faced dogs, cats and birds. To do this, the animal's oral cavity is widely opened, the tongue is pulled to the side, grabbing it through gauze and fixing it outside with two fingers of the other hand, and raise the larynx.

When examining the larynx, pay attention to the color and condition of its mucous membrane, the condition of the glottis and its ligaments.

Bimanual palpation of the larynx and trachea revealed no enlargement and swelling, no temperature deviations or pain. No extraneous noises were detected on direct auscultation.

Cough study. When assessing a cough, its strength, frequency, duration, soreness and time of onset (at rest, during movement, on fresh air, in room).

If there is no involuntary cough at the time of the study, then it is caused artificially. In dogs, the chest is compressed, or it is strongly percussed, or tapped with the palm of the hand.

Distinguish cough high and low, loud, deaf, wet, dry, hoarse and barking.

The pain of coughing is determined by the behavior of the animal. Empty swallowing movements, stretching of the neck, shaking the head, stamping of the chest limbs, groans and other signs of anxiety are observed.

Thyroid research. In animals, the thyroid gland consists of two flat lobes connected by a bridge, and is located on the sides of the first three tracheal rings. It is examined by inspection and palpation. The gland is palpated simultaneously with both hands, with sliding movements, while paying attention to its size, consistency, mobility and sensitivity.

Changes in the state of the gland include an increase, tuberosity and compaction of its lobes.

During examination, Belka's thyroid gland was not palpated.

Examination of the chest wall. In animals, the chest begins to be examined at some distance in order to see both halves at the same time (in small animals, they are examined from above). They establish its shape and mobility, as well as the respiratory rate (in dogs 14 - 24 per minute), type, rhythm, strength, symmetry of respiratory movements and the nature of shortness of breath. Evaluating these indicators, you need to take into account the type of animal, gender, age, breed, constitution, fatness.

The chest is rounded, moderately elongated, makes symmetrical, uniform and equal movements; chest type of breathing.

Determination of the frequency of respiratory movements. To determine the respiratory rate in animals at rest, count the number of breaths or exhalations in 1 minute. In this case, methods of examination, palpation, auscultation are used. Determined by the stream of air, chest excursions, the movement of the wings of the nose, sighs, along the lower contour of the abdomen. The indicator can be influenced by extraneous noise, pain, insect bites in these cases, the calculation is carried out several times, and then the average value is calculated.

The respiratory rate depends on the type of animal, its sex, age, breed, productivity, muscle work, arousal, pregnancy, fitness and season.

Respiratory rate was measured daily for 10 days.

Breathing study. Dyspnea is shortness of breath that changes in frequency, rhythm, depth, and type. To register shortness of breath, the inspection method is used: they pay attention to the excursion of the chest, the condition of the nostrils, intercostal muscles, abdominal walls, anus, the appearance of the firing chute.

Shortness of breath can be both physiological and pathological, occur only at rest or only during exercise. It is important to determine in which phase of breathing the shortness of breath occurs; depending on this, inspiratory and expiratory dyspnea are distinguished.

There is no dyspnea on examination.

Percussion of the chest. In the study of the lungs, two types of percussion are used: topographic, with the help of which the boundaries of the lungs are determined, and comparative - to identify foci of inflammation, tumors, cavities, accumulation of fluid and gases, and air in the parenchyma.

When conducting topographic percussion, percussion is performed along intercostal spaces legato method along auxiliary lines. The posterior border of the lungs is determined by three horizontal lines: drawn through the maklok, ischial tuberosity, and through the humeroscapular joint. The boundaries are established by the transition of a clear lung sound to a dull, blunted or tympanic sound.

Having determined the boundaries of the lungs, proceed to the percussion of the lung field of the chest. In healthy animals, in all parts of the lung field, the sound is clearly pulmonary with various options. The lung field is percussed staccato, starting behind the scapula, from top to bottom along the intercostal spaces.

The projection of the lungs on the chest has the form of a triangle, the upper border of which runs horizontally, below the spinal column; the anterior border descends vertically along the line of the anconeus; the posterior crosses the line of the maklock in the 11th, the line of the ischial tuberosity in the 9th and the line of the shoulder joint in the 8th intercostal space.

Auscultation of the chest. Starting to auscultate side surfaces The chest is mentally divided into regions, first by two horizontal lines - into the upper, middle, lower, and then by three vertical lines, of which one passes behind the shoulder blades, the other through the front edge of the last rib, and the third between them.

Auscultation begins with the middle third of the chest, then the middle back region, after which they listen to the upper middle and lower regions and, last of all, the prescapular. At least five or six acts of inhalation and exhalation are heard in each area, comparing the results of auscultation in symmetrical areas.

On auscultation, during inspiration and at the beginning of expiration, a soft blowing noise is heard, reminiscent of the pronunciation of the letter "F". This noise is called vesicular (alveolar).

In dogs, respiratory noise is the most intense, close to bronchial breathing.

Pay attention to additional respiratory sounds: wheezing, crepitus, pleural friction noise, splashing noise in pleural cavity, as well as the noise of a pulmonary fistula, etc.

With instrumental auscultation, the normal alternation of inhalation and exhalation is captured.

Functional method for studying the respiratory organs.

Breath holding test the nasal openings and oral cavity of the animal are covered with a napkin or towel and the time of its calm behavior without breathing is taken into account: in animals with sufficient lung capacity, it is from 30 to 40 seconds.

When carrying out this method of studying the functional ability of the lungs, the time of calm behavior was 21 seconds. Given the size and age, the result is satisfactory.

3. Study of the digestive system

When examining the digestive system, attention is paid to the intake of food and water, the state of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, the abdomen, stomach, intestines, defecation and feces, liver, and additional instrumental, functional and laboratory methods are used.

Appetite determined by the results of the survey and observation of the animal during feeding. At the same time, they use the usual feed, when feeding which they find out how energetically or with what deviations their intake occurs.

Reception of food and water. When studying food intake, attention is paid to how quickly the animal eats it, what movements of the lips, mandible and the language at the same time commits. They note the energy and speed of chewing and swallowing, movements in the pharynx and esophagus, the method of taking water and liquid feed the resulting sounds.

Chewing food. In animals, it has species characteristics and also depends on the physical and taste properties stern.

The appetite is good, the animal eats the food vigorously, practically without chewing it. Pain during chewing is not observed, swallowing is painless. The demand for water is slightly increased.

Examination of the mouth and oral cavity. During an external examination, attention is paid to the condition of the lips and cheeks, the symmetry of the oral fissure, the presence of involuntary movements of the lips, salivation, and itching. To study the organs of the oral cavity, it must be widely opened and illuminated. Examine the condition of the mucous membrane, tongue, teeth, the contents of the oral cavity and smell.

On examination, the mouth is closed, the lips are pressed together. Opening the oral cavity, it can be seen that the mucous membranes of the lips, cheeks, and tongue are pale pink, integrity is preserved, and the humidity is moderate. The mucous membrane of the gums is reddened, painful and swollen. There is a yellowish coating on the teeth, there is a hole in the third incisor on the left side, the tooth rots and staggers, an unpleasant putrefactive odor comes from the oral cavity.

Throat examination. The pharynx is located between the nasal and oral cavities on one side, the entrance to the esophagus and larynx on the other side and lies under the esophagus.

During an external examination without the use of instruments, attention is paid to the position of the head and neck, a change in volume in the pharynx, a violation of the integrity of tissues, as well as salivation, empty swallowing movements, and a painful reaction of the animal when swallowing. Internal inspection is possible without the use of special devices, open the animal's mouth well enough, press down the root of the tongue with a spatula and, in good light, examine the pharynx and tonsils.

External palpation of the pharynx is as follows: the fingers of both hands gradually squeeze the pharynx, while the fingers are placed perpendicular to each other and to the surface of the neck in the area top edge jugular groove, behind the branches of the lower jaw and above the larynx.

During an internal examination, attention is paid to the nature of the mucous membrane, the presence of swelling and overlays, wounds, neoplasms, etc.

The position of the neck is natural, with palpation of the pharynx, pain is not observed. An internal examination of the pharynx was not performed due to the anxiety of the animal.

Examination of the esophagus. The esophagus is used to carry the food coma to the stomach. It is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts. Initial department the esophagus is located dorsally from the larynx and trachea, in the region of the fifth cervical vertebra it goes to the left side of the trachea and goes into chest cavity, through the mediastinum reaches the diaphragm and through it enters the stomach.

Examine the esophagus by inspection, palpation and special methods. Only the cervical part of the esophagus is available for examination by general methods.

Inspection establishes difficult passage of swallowed food, an increase in volume in the esophagus, the presence of neoplasms, etc.

On palpation with the left hand, support the ventral part of the esophagus on the right side, and with the right hand palpate it cervical part along the jugular groove. Establish soreness of the esophagus and surrounding tissues, the presence foreign bodies, detect crepitus, etc.

On examination and palpation of the cervical part of the esophagus, no changes and pain are observed, the food lump passes easily and freely.

Study of the abdomen. General methods are used: inspection, palpation, auscultation.

The abdomen is examined alternately from both sides and behind the animal. Set the shape of the abdomen, its volume, lower contours, symmetry; pay attention to sighs and hungry pits.

Palpation begins from the lateral surfaces and gradually moves to the internal, using all methods of palpation: first superficial, and, if necessary, others. Local temperature is determined by palpation, soreness, increased tension of the abdominal walls, accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity. In small animals, bimanual palpation is used.

Percussion and auscultation are effective in examining the abdominal organs, especially with the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and impaired intestinal motility.

The abdomen is sagging, a little tense, there is no pain.

Stomach research. The stomach lies in the left hypochondrium at the level of the 9th - 12th intercostal space in the region of the xiphoid process.

Examine by deep palpation, establishing the position of the stomach, its filling, reveal soreness, neoplasms and foreign objects. Normal percussion is a dull tympanic sound.

Deep palpation is painless, there is not a large amount of contents in the stomach. Digital percussion reveals a faint tympanic sound.

Intestinal research. Carnivores have thin and large intestine almost identical in diameter.

Duodenum from the stomach it goes to the right hypochondrium and right iliac, then turns to the left, goes around the caecum and goes medially to the left kidney towards the stomach, where it passes into the jejunum, which forms many loops.

Ileum flows into the large intestine at the border of the blind and colon, at the level of the 1st - 2nd lumbar vertebrae.

Cecum forms 2 - 3 bends and is suspended on a short mesentery in the region of the 2nd - 4th lumbar vertebrae to the right of the median cavity.

Colon from the confluence of the iliac, it first goes cranially, like an ascending (right) knee, then from the right kidney it turns to the left, forming a short transverse knee. Behind the left kidney, the intestine turns caudally and, as descending (left), the knee goes into the pelvic cavity, where it passes into the rectum.

Rectum lies in the pelvic cavity between the spine and genitals and ends with the anus.

The main and most effective method external examination of the intestine is palpation. The site of intussusception, coprostasis, tumor is detected by the bimanual method, a foreign object is detected, the degree of intestinal filling, the nature of its contents, etc. are determined.

With bimanual palpation of the intestine, a slight tension of the intestinal loops is observed, there is no painlessness.

Defecation research. Characterize the act of defecation, paying attention to its frequency, duration, posture of the animal, as well as to whether the defecation is free or difficult, painful or not.

Defecation lasts about 30 seconds, frequency 1-2 times a day, painless, natural posture.

Study of the liver. In carnivores, the liver is located on the right and on the left adjacent to the costal wall and is located almost in the center of the anterior abdominal cavity. On examination, pay attention to the area of ​​the hypochondria, comparing their volume.

It is better to percuss the liver in a digital way, holding the animal in a standing position, sitting or on its side. Explore both right and left.

On examination, no protrusion of the right hypochondrium was found. With jerky palpation, the liver is not detected, which indicates that the liver is not enlarged and does not go beyond costal arches. With digital percussion, a dull sound reaches the 13th rib on the right, and on the left in the 11th intercostal space.

Study of the spleen. The spleen is located in the depth of the left hypochondrium, its outer surface is adjacent to the chest, and the inner surface lies on the stomach.

Palpation is carried out on the left side, putting the animal on its side.

In the studied animal, the spleen is not palpable, therefore, it is not enlarged.

4. Examination of the genitourinary system

Status Conclusion urinary system usually done on the basis of the results of the study of urination, kidneys, ureters, bladder and laboratory analysis of urine.

Urination study. Pay attention to the posture of the animal during urination, its frequency (3-4 times a day) and time. Posture when urinating depends on the sex and type of animal.

The posture during the act of urination in the studied animal is typical for females of this species: the dog squats during urination, urine is excreted quickly and painlessly. The frequency of urination is increased 6-8 times a day.

Study of the kidneys. The kidneys are often examined by inspection, palpation and percussion. Special meaning attached to the results of a laboratory analysis of urine. Thanks to the inspection for suspected kidney disease, first of all, you can get an idea of ​​​​the severity of the animal's condition.

With the help of palpation determine the position, shape, size, consistency and sensitivity of the kidneys. It is possible to detect an increase or decrease in their volume, a change in the surface, limited mobility, increased sensitivity, etc. In dogs, the left kidney is located in the anterior corner of the left hungry fossa under the 2nd - 4th lumbar vertebrae, and the right kidney is found only in rare cases under the 1st - 3rd lumbar vertebrae.

Kidneys in healthy animals are not detected by percussion, since they are not adjacent to the abdominal wall.

Palpation was carried out on a standing animal with both hands, while the left kidney was found in the anterior corner of the left hungry fossa under the 3rd lumbar vertebra, a right kidney failed to probe. On palpation, pain and enlargement were not detected.

Study of the bladder. In small animals, the bladder is examined by examination, palpation and percussion in the lateral, dorsal or standing position, determining its localization, volume, consistency, ability to contract, and tumors and stones are also detected.

The study of the bladder was carried out through the abdominal wall by deep palpation in the area of ​​the pubic bones. At the same time, some tension of the bladder was found.

5. Study of the nervous system

The nervous system has a leading function in the life of the body. In clinical practice, due to the imperfection of research methods, as well as due to the characteristics of the animal organism, they can only be of great importance. pronounced changes. Therapy of nervous disorders should be aimed both at normalizing the activity of altered nervous structures and at eliminating the etiological factor.

The nervous system is examined according to the following plan:

1) the behavior of the animal;

2) skull and spine;

3) sense organs;

4) skin sensitivity;

5) motor sphere;

6) reflex activity;

7) vegetative department.

1) Observation of animal behavior. Pay attention to the reaction of the animal caused by the approach of a person (calm or aggressive); exposure to external stimuli: hail, harsh light, noise, etc.

When approaching the dog, the reaction is calm, tail wagging and ear play are observed. When a stranger appears in the apartment, the behavior becomes aggressive.

2) Examination of the skull and spinal column. Apply inspection, palpation and percussion.

Inspection of the skull establish a change in the shape of his bones: protrusions, neoplasms and traumatic injuries. Palpation of the skull determines its sensitivity, temperature, integrity and compliance of the bone plates during their thinning. In small animals, the skull is percussed with a fingertip.

During examination and sliding palpation of the skull, no abnormalities were found.

Examination of the spinal column determine various kinds curvature: up (humpback, kyphosis), down (sagging back - lordosis), in the lateral direction (scoliosis).

Palpate spinal column three fingers right hand(large, index and middle), starting from the cervical vertebrae and ending with the vertebrae of the tail root, paying attention to the pain reaction of the animal and the deformation of the vertebrae.

During percussion of the spinal column with a percussion hammer, inflicting medium-strength blows along the vertebrae, while paying attention to the pain reaction of the animal and the mechanical excitability of the muscles.

Palpation and percussion of the spinal column gave no pain response, no curvature.

3) Study of the sense organs. Determine the state of the organs of vision, hearing, smell and taste.

The study of the organs of vision. Inspection determines the condition of the eyelids, conjunctiva, eyeball - its position, mobility, pay attention to the transparency of the cornea and the media of the eye, the condition of the pupil, mesh and visual nipple.

The reaction of the pupil to a light stimulus is determined by closing the examined eye with a hand for 2-3 minutes. The eye is then opened and the pupil rapidly constricts to normal size.

When examining the cornea, various kinds of lesions are revealed - wounds, inflammations, neoplasms, etc. Corneal lesions include protrusions and opacities. The cornea is a white, opaque spot or scar resulting from inflammation or injury.

A white opaque spot was found on the cornea of ​​the studied animal.

The study of the organs of hearing. At a short distance behind the dog, habitual sounds were created. The dog reacted to these sounds by moving its ears and turning its head.

Study of the olfactory organs. The squirrel was brought to his nose, without touching him, his favorite food (whiskas). She quickly pounced on him, therefore, the sense of smell is preserved.

Taste research. The animal was offered food of good and poor quality. The dog chose the food good quality, and the bad bark was rejected, which indicates the preservation of taste.

4) Investigation of the sensitive sphere. Sensitivity is divided into superficial (skin, mucous membranes), deep (muscles, ligaments, bones, joints) and interoceptive (internal organs).

Tactile sensitivity in the studied animal is preserved: with light touches in the area of ​​the withers, there is a contraction of the skin and playing with the ears.

When the needle is touched to the extremity, its twitching is observed, which indicates the preservation of pain sensitivity.

When pushing the chest limbs forward, Belka gives the limbs a natural position, therefore, deep sensitivity is also preserved.

5) The study of the motor sphere. When assessing the motor sphere, muscle tone and passive movements, coordination of movements, the ability to actively move, involuntary movements and mechanical excitability of the muscles are examined.

The movements of the studied animal are coordinated, coordinated and free. There is no mechanical excitability of the muscles.

6) Study of surface reflections. These include reflexes of the skin and mucous membranes.

The following skin reflexes have been investigated :

Withers reflex: with a light touch on the skin in the withers region, a contraction of the subcutaneous muscle is observed.

abdominal reflex: when touching the abdominal wall, there is a strong contraction of the muscles abdominals.

anal reflex: when touching the skin of the anus, there is a contraction of the external sphincter.

tail reflex: when touching the skin of the tail with inside Squirrel presses him to the crotch.

ear reflex: when the skin of the external auditory canal is irritated, Belka turns his head.

Reflexes of the mucous membranes:

Conjunctival reflex: when touching the mucous membrane of the eye with a finger, closure of the eyelids and lacrimation are observed.

Corneal reflex: when touching the cornea, eyelids close and lacrimation is observed.

Sneeze reflex: snorting is observed when the nasal mucosa is irritated with alcohol.

Study of deep reflexes:

Knee Reflex: with a light blow with the edge of the palm on the direct ligaments of the patella, the limb unbends at the knee joint.

Achilles reflex: when hitting the Achilles tendon - slight flexion of the tarsal joint with simultaneous flexion of the sole.

7) Study of the autonomic nervous system. To identify disorders of the autonomic nervous system, the reflex method is used in clinical practice.

Using the method of reflexes, it is possible to establish the state of the autonomic nervous system (normotonia, vagotonia or sympathicotonia).

Dagnini-Ashner's ocular-cardiac reflex. At the beginning, in Beli, in a state of complete rest, the number of heart contractions was counted, which amounted to 93 beats per minute, then they lightly pressed the fingers of both hands on the eyeballs for 30 seconds and counted the heart contractions again. The heartbeat increased by 7 beats, which indicates sympathicotonia.

B. Additional research

1. Blood test

Kind of animal dog Floor bitch Age 8 years

Suit white Nickname Squirrel

Animal owner _______

Structural features of erythrocytes rounded erythrocytes.

ESR according to the Panchenkov method in 30 minutes was 1.5 mm.

Reserve alkalinity 50 vol. % CO 2 .

Bilirubin 0,12.

Additional Research were not carried out.

Conclusion

A blood test revealed a decrease in the content of erythrocytes and immature forms leukocytes, which indicates the presence of inflammation in the body.

2. Urinalysis

Kind of animal dog Floor bitch Age 8 years

Suit white Nickname Squirrel

Animal owner _______

physical properties.

1. Quantity 100 ml.

2. Color light yellow.

3. Transparency transparent.

4. Consistency watery.

5. Smell specific.

6. Specific gravity 1, 01.

Chemical research

1. pH 6.

2. Protein 0, 30.

3. Albumoses missing.

4. Glucose missing.

5. Blood pigments missing.

6. Bilirubin missing.

7. Urobilin missing.

8. Indican missing.

9. Acetone was not carried out.

10. Bile pigments are present.

Microscopy of sediment.

1. Unorganized precipitation crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, tripel phosphate.

2. Organized precipitation a small number of leukocytes and epithelial cells.

Conclusion

Normally, there is a small amount of leukocytes and epithelial cells, crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid and tripel phosphate.

3 .Examination of feces

Kind of animal dog Floor bitch Age 8 years

Suit white Nickname Squirrel

Animal owner _______

physical properties.

Quantity 50 g.

Shape and consistency semi-liquid.

Humidity moderately humid.

Color brown.

Smell fetid.

Grinding average.

digestibility good.

Pathological impurities missing.

Helminths and their parts.

Mature helminths missing.

Chemical research.

pH 5.

Protein was not carried out.

blood pigments missing.

bile pigments missing.

Bilirubin positive.

Microscopic examination.

Feed residues fine.

Inorganic constituents missing.

Pathological impurities missing.

Helminth eggs missing.

Fat missing.

Additional research.

Starch missing.

Slime (+ – – –).

Conclusion.

Conclusion

During the study, the dog showed deviations from the organs of vision: the mucous membrane of the left eye was reddened, very moist, without breaking the integrity, the sclera was gray-red. The eyelid is swollen, warm and painful, serous discharges are observed from the eye.

On the part of the oral cavity, gingivitis was found: the mucous membrane of the gums is reddened, painful and swollen. There is plaque on the teeth, there is a hole in the third incisor on the left side, the tooth rots and staggers, an unpleasant putrefactive odor comes from the oral cavity. We managed to cope with this problem: the tooth was pulled out, the plaque was removed, the gums were cured.

A blood test revealed a decrease in the content of erythrocytes and immature forms of leukocytes, which indicates the presence of inflammation in the body.

When examining feces for bilirubin, a blue-green color appeared, which indicates the presence of bilirubin, which normally should not be present. All other parameters are within the normal range.

No other deviations were found. Everything is vital important organs and systems are fine. We can say that the dog is in good condition.

Bibliography

1. B.V. Usha, I.M. Belyakov " Clinical diagnostics internal non-communicable diseases of animals. Moscow "Kolos", 2003

2. E.S. Voronin "Workshop on clinical diagnosis of animal diseases". Moscow "Kolos", 2003

3. D.G. Carlson, D.M. Giffin's Home Veterinary Guide for Dog Owners. Moscow "Tsentrpoligraf", 2004.

4. I.V. Khrustalev, N.V. Mikhailov "Anatomy of pets" Moscow "Kolos", 1997

5. S.P. Shkil, A.I. Popova “Clinical diagnostics. Guidelines for the implementation of the course work.

6. A. Lineva "Physiological indications of the norm of animals." "Aquarium" FGUIPPV, 2003

7. THEM. Belyakov, M.A. Feldstein "Propaedeutics of internal non-communicable diseases of animals", 1984

The main methods of clinical examination of the patient include: examination, palpation, percussion, auscultation and thermometry.
Inspection best done in daylight. If necessary, you can use strong white diffused light (artificial). The study of the contours of the body and its individual parts is carried out with side lighting. In some cases it may be used lighting(mirror, reflector, endoscope).
The examination is carried out in a certain sequence: first, the head, neck, then the chest, the iliac region, the abdomen, pelvis, limbs, etc. are examined. At the same time, they try to notice the existing abnormalities in the position of the animal, the shape, size, color and properties of the body surface. In the evaluation of examination data obtained by the method of examination, one often resorts to comparing one part of the body with the corresponding opposite.
Inspection can be a very valuable way of mass animal research. So, for example, against the background of a healthy herd, it is easy to notice sick people who usually lag behind others, eat poorly feed, are depressed and show other symptoms or signs of illness.
Palpation(palpation) of organs and tissues establish the nature of their surface, temperature, consistency, shape, size and sensitivity. This method gives objective data in a comparative study healthy side with the patient. It is better to start palpation from healthy areas and from the healthy side, and then move on to the diseased side and to the diseased area. Palpation can be done directly with the fingers and with instruments (eg, trial hoof forceps, probes). There are deep and superficial palpation.
superficial palpation is performed by light touches and sliding on the skin of the palm. It can be used to determine the quality of the heart beat, chest vibration, skin surface temperature, pain response, muscle tension. It is used to study pulsating vessels.
Deep palpation is the palpation of tissues and organs with the ends of the fingers by gradually increasing pressure. This type of palpation is used in the study of organs located in the abdominal cavity (stomach, intestines, liver, spleen and kidneys), especially in small and medium-sized animals. A variety of deep palpation includes penetrating and jerky palpation.
Penetrating palpation is performed with vertically placed fingers with constant but strong pressure in a limited place (according to the topographic location of the organ under study).
Jerky palpation consists of short and strong jolts applied with the fingers. It is used to determine the fluid in the cavities, as well as in the study of the liver and spleen. In the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity, swaying is observed, and in case of disease of these organs, their soreness is manifested.
Percussion(percussion) is the study of animals by the method of percussion. By the nature of the sounds resulting from percussion, it is possible to judge the state of the organs. Distinguish between direct and mediocre percussion.
Immediate percussion consists in short blows to the examined part of the body, applied by one or more fingers folded together and slightly bent.
In this way, the frontal and maxillary sinuses are often examined. It is also used in cases where it is necessary to obtain not only sound, but also tactile impressions. Mediocre percussion can be digital and instrumental.
Digital percussion is performed with a slightly bent middle finger of the right hand along the terminal phalanx of the index or middle finger of the left hand, tightly attached to the corresponding part of the body (it acts as a plessimeter). Blows should be short and jerky.
In veterinary practice, digital percussion is applicable to the study of small animals, calves and long-haired sheep and goats.
instrumental percussion - percussion with a percussion hammer and a plessimeter (Fig. 10). As a plessimeter, plates of various shapes and sizes are used, made of metal, wood, bone and plastic.

General Methods subdivided into inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation and thermometry. They are called general because they are used in the study of almost every patient, regardless of the nature of the disease.

Inspection [lat. inspectare - watch, observe] is carried out with the naked eye in good light or with the use of reflectors, endoscopic devices. Inspection can be group and individual, general and local, external and internal.

Group examination is carried out during the study a large number animals and with its help allocate sick or suspicious individuals for further comprehensive examination. Each sick animal admitted for treatment is subjected to an individual examination. General examination is carried out on the left and right, front and rear, and, if possible, also from above. At the same time, the habitus, the condition of the hairline, skin, the presence of superficial damage, the symmetry of various parts of the body are determined. Local examination allows you to explore the areas of localization of the disease process and can be external or internal (through lighting devices).

Palpation [lat. palpatio - groping]. The touch method is based on touch. Conduct a study first healthy parts of the body, and then the affected. At the same time, palpation should not cause pain to the animal or resemble tickling. Distinguish superficial and deep palpation.

Superficial examine the skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments. By tightly applying the palm, for example, the temperature and humidity of the tissues are established, the state of the heart beat, the presence of tangible noises are assessed. The consistency and soreness of the tissues is determined by pressing the fingertips with increasing force until the animal responds. By stroking with the palm of the hand, the nature of the surface is established, and with the fingers, the shape and integrity of the bones and joints are determined. By gathering the skin into a fold, its elasticity is established and areas of increased pain sensitivity are identified.

Deep palpation examines the organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavity by determining their location, size, shape, consistency, pain. Deep palpation can be external and internal. The deep outer include:

Penetrating, when they press with the fingers or fist on the abdominal wall and examine certain body e.g. liver, scar, etc.

Bimanual, i.e. with both hands, when it is possible to grasp the organ and determine its condition. The most informative in the study of small animals, foals and calves.

Jerking or balloting, when the pushes carried out on one side of the abdominal wall are caught by the palm on the other side. In this case, it is possible to detect the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, to establish the presence of a fetus in the uterus.

Deep internal palpation is carried out in large animals through the rectum (rectal examination) to obtain data on the state of the organs located in the pelvic and abdominal cavities.

Percussion [lat. percussio - tapping] - a research method for determining the state and topography of internal organs by the sound obtained when the body surface is percussed with a hammer or fingers. Striking the surface of the body causes oscillatory movements of superficial and deep-lying tissues, which are perceived by the researcher as sound. It is desirable to carry out percussion in a closed small room with silence. Distinguish between direct and mediocre, as well as digital and instrumental percussion.

Direct percussion is carried out with the tip of one or two (index and middle) fingers bent in the second phalanx. Impacts are applied directly to the surface being examined. The sound in this case is weak and fuzzy. Therefore, this type of percussion is used only in the study of air cavities limited by bones (frontal, maxillary sinuses). Sometimes these cavities are tapped by applying light blows with the butt of the percussion mallet.

With mediocre percussion, blows are applied not to the surface under study, but to a finger or pessimeter pressed against the skin. In this case, the sound turns out to be louder and clearer, since it consists of a blow to a finger or a plessimeter, vibrations of the chest or abdominal wall and a column of air in the organ under study.

Small animals and young animals are examined with mediocre digital percussion. The index or middle finger of the left hand is firmly applied to the skin, and jerky blows are applied with the fingers of the right hand.

Mediocre instrumental percussion is carried out in large animals using a plessimeter and a hammer of various sizes and shapes. The plessimeter is tightly applied to the examined area of ​​the body. The hammer is held with the index finger and thumb of the other hand without pinching the end of the handle. The blows are applied to the plessimeter perpendicularly, while they must be paired, short and jerky.

With topographic percussion, the blows should be of medium or weak strength, and the hammer is somewhat delayed on the plessimeter. The study is carried out, as a rule, along auxiliary lines.

When percussion to establish pathological changes in organs and tissues, percussion is carried out with strong, short and abrupt strokes. At the same time, the plessimeter is moved in the area of ​​the organ projection onto the body surface from top to bottom and from front to back.

auscultation [lat. auscultatio - listening] - a method of examining internal organs by listening and evaluating the sounds generated during their work. Auscultation should be carried out, if possible, indoors and in complete silence. Listening is carried out directly by the ear or by means of special instruments.

With direct listening, the ear is applied to the body of the animal covered with a sheet, and safety precautions must be strictly observed. Thus, it is possible to auscultate large animals in a standing position. Listening to small and large recumbent animals is quite difficult.

Mediocre auscultation is carried out using stethoscopes, phonendoscopes or stethophonendoscopes. These instruments create a closed speaker system that makes sounds appear louder and more distinct. Listening begins from the center of the projection of the organ on the surface of the body (during auscultation of the lung - in the middle of the percussion triangle behind the scapula, the heart - in the place of the greatest severity of the cardiac impulse), and then sequentially assess the sounds in other areas.

thermometry [gr. thermos - warm + metreo - measure] - a method based on measuring the body temperature of an animal. Thermometry is mandatory when examining sick or suspicious animals. Carried out by means of thermometers of various designs (mercury, electric, registering infrared radiation of the body).

In veterinary practice, they mainly use the maximum veterinary mercury thermometer with a division scale from 34 to 44 ° C (medical one has a division scale up to 42 ° C). They measure the body temperature of animals in the rectum (in birds - in the cloaca) for 5-7 minutes. After each examination, the thermometer must be cleaned and disinfected.

Special (instrumental) methods require the use of various instruments. Among the methods of this group in veterinary practice, the following are most often used:

Endoscopy is a method of visual examination of abdominal and tubular organs devices with optics and electric lighting. The method is increasingly used in animal research, especially after the advent of fiber-optic flexible endoscopes.

Probing is a method of examining channels and cavities with special rubber or other (plastic, PVC) tubes called probes. They are administered to animals through the oral cavity or nasal passages. Probes also examine wound channels, fistulas, abscess cavities, etc. Probing allows you to establish the patency of the body, the presence of foreign bodies, as well as to get the contents, such as the stomach. In some cases, probes are used for therapeutic purposes - to extract metal foreign objects from a mesh and a scar in a large cattle, restoring the patency of the esophagus, gastric lavage.

Catheterization is carried out with special flexible or rigid tubes - catheters made of various materials. So, when examining the organs of urination by catheterization, the patency of the urethra is established, urine is obtained, the bladder is washed, etc.

Graphical methods involve obtaining a document, it can be a graph, photograph, radiograph, etc. Rhinography (recording of a stream of exhaled air) and pneumography (recording of respiratory movements of the chest) allow you to determine the frequency of respiratory movements in an animal, their strength, rhythm, which is important for recognizing shortness of breath. Gastrography and rumenography are used to assess motor function stomach and scar, respectively. Sphygmography (arterial pulse wave recording) is important for diagnosing arrhythmias. With the help of electrocardiography (recording of biopotentials of the heart), the functional state of the heart is assessed and almost all types of cardiac arrhythmias are recognized. With phonocardiography, sound phenomena are recorded in a beating heart. These and some other graphical methods, their diagnostic significance, are discussed in more detail in the sections devoted to the study of individual systems and organs.

X-ray methods are based on the use of electromagnetic oscillations of a certain wavelength - x-rays. Depending on the receiver used for these rays, a distinction is made between fluoroscopy (obtaining a shadow image of a body area on a fluoroscopic screen) and radiography (an x-ray image on a special photographic film, which, after development, is called a radiograph). There are also types of radiography - fluorography, electroroentgenography, X-ray photometry, etc.

Operative-surgical methods allow obtaining material for subsequent laboratory and other studies. Among them, the most commonly used biopsy and puncture. Biopsy is the excision of a piece of organ tissue in vivo. Puncture - a puncture of a body cavity or vessel in order to obtain biological fluid or tissue cells. Operative-surgical manipulations are carried out with special needles with mandrins or trocars of a certain design, with strict observance of the rules of surgical intervention.

It should be borne in mind that the list of special methods for studying animals is constantly expanding with the development of science and technology. Veterinary specialists successfully use echography in clinical practice (obtaining an image of organs and tissues by means of ultrasonic waves), biotelemetry (recording information at a distance from the object of study), radioisotope research(study of the function and structure of organs with the help of radioactive substances introduced into the body) and many other methods.

Laboratory methods involve the study of blood, urine, feces, expiration, punctures, secrets. A general clinical blood test consists of determining the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, hemoglobin concentration, counting the number of erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets, removing the leukogram and calculating color indicator. A biochemical study of blood includes the determination of indicators characterizing protein, carbohydrate, lipid, mineral, vitamin and other types of metabolism. Laboratory analysis urine, faeces, effusions, etc. carried out in the following areas: the study of the physical properties of the material (quantity, color, consistency, smell, impurities, relative density, etc.); chemical research to determine the presence of certain substances; microscopic examination.

Functional methods are used to assess the function of the body systems as a whole or its individual organs. They are usually used when the animal shows a decrease in productivity or performance, and the clinical laboratory study fails to detect any serious changes. In addition, knowledge of the functional capacity of the system is necessary to formulate the prognosis of the disease. In veterinary medicine, the most developed methods functional research cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous systems, urinary organs (kidneys), endocrine organs and hematopoietic organs.

Respiratory diseases are widespread among animals, especially young animals. In their study, first of all, the respiratory rate is set in 1 min, type, rhythm and symmetry, the presence or absence of shortness of breath and cough. In a calm state in adult animals, the respiratory rate in 1 min is: in cattle 12 - 30, in a horse 8 - 16, in a sheep and a goat 16 - 30, in a pig 15 - 20, in a dog 14 - 24, in a cat 20 -thirty.

Increased breathing is observed in many diseases accompanied by impaired gas exchange (edema, inflammation and emphysema of the lungs, rhinitis and bronchitis, anemia, cardiovascular insufficiency and etc.).

In most animals (with the exception of dogs), the chest and abdominal wall take the same part in the respiratory movements (chest breathing). Shortness of breath is a frequent manifestation of a respiratory rhythm disorder. Distinguish between inspiratory, expiratory and mixed dyspnea.

When examining the upper respiratory tract, the nature of nasal effusions is established, the nasal cavity and accessory cavities of the nose, larynx and trachea are examined. In clinical practice, examination and palpation of the chest, percussion and auscultation of the lungs are usually performed. An important indicator pathological condition of the respiratory system is cough. In the presence of a cough, its nature, frequency, strength, duration, and soreness are determined. Chronic bronchitis often accompanied by bouts of painful coughing, lasting several minutes. Palpation of the chest checks the integrity of the ribs, the degree of soreness of the chest and the localization of the pain focus.

In the study of the lungs, comparative percussion is used. Topographic percussion is performed to determine the posterior borders of the lungs.

Auscultation of the lungs allows you to compare the nature of respiratory sounds (wheezing, splashing, friction noise, etc.) Wheezing different nature appear with bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, hyperemia and pulmonary edema. Noises occur during inflammation of the pleura with fibrin deposits on it, the formation of connective tissue scars, adhesive processes.

The treatment of an animal should not cause him concern. Excitable animals should be accustomed to their presence for some time, since their excitement, especially carnivores, piglets, sheep, leads to an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, etc., which does not allow obtaining objective clinical and physiological data. Contact with an animal should be built in accordance with the characteristics of its state of health and disposition.

When calm, affectionate treatment of an animal does not provide necessary conditions for full-fledged medical work, use coercive measures of taming.

Common methods for clinical examination of animals include: inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation, and thermometry.

Inspection- the simplest and available method research. It is carried out in good daylight or using artificial sources. For a more thorough local inspection, headlamps, magnifiers, and reflectors are used. However, under artificial lighting, it is more difficult to recognize the intensity and nature of the discoloration of unpigmented skin and mucous membranes.

A general examination begins with the head, then they examine successively the neck, chest, spinal column, abdomen, limbs on the left and right, front and back, paying attention to general state, fatness, development and correctness of physique, integrity and symmetry of individual parts of the body. During a local examination, the nature, intensity, prevalence, stage of development and other features of possible pathological changes on the body of the animal are studied.

Palpation is based on the use of the sense of touch and stereometric sensation when touching individual areas of the body. Gives an idea of ​​the size, shape, consistency, temperature, sensitivity, mobility, homogeneity, elasticity and some functional manifestations (frequency and quality of the pulse, respiration, rumenation, etc.).

Superficial palpation carried out with one or both hands without significant pressure on the tissue. Allows you to recognize minor pathological changes in the surface of the body, neoplasms on the skin, violations of integrity, changes in moisture, greasiness of the skin and hairline; strength and prevalence of cardiac impulse, chest movement; temperature, skin sensitivity.

It is used in the study of the main vessels (arteries and veins), the abdomen in small animals; joints, bones and ligaments.

deep palpation used to study the localization, size and shape of internal changes.

It is carried out with one or more fingers, depending on the elasticity of the tissues and their sensitivity to pressure, using the methods of sliding, penetrating, bimanual and balloting palpation.

sliding palpation used in the study of abdominal organs in small animals.

The fingertips are gradually advanced deep into the abdomen, successively palpating the adjacent tissues.

At penetrating palpation vertically to the surface of the body with fingers or a fist, a gradual and strong pressure in a limited area. This method, in particular, determines the filling of the scar and the consistency of its contents, soreness in the mesh area in cattle. During bimanual palpation, the area under study is held with one hand, and the pharynx, esophagus, pregnant uterus in small animals, kidneys, intestines, liver, etc. are palpated with the other.

Balloting (jerky) palpation carried out with fingers pressed to each other, as well as with a half-closed or clenched fist. Jerky movements explore the spleen, liver; they are used in the diagnosis of deep pregnancy, ascites, massive tumors and other neoplasms (echinococcosis). Internal palpation is carried out in large animals and consists in a manual examination of the cheeks, gums, teeth, palate, pharynx, larynx, tongue with a hand inserted into the open oral cavity of the fixed animal.

Percussion (percussio - tapping) allows you to determine physical properties and the boundaries of the internal tissues, organs and cavities of the body projected onto the surface of the body in terms of amplitude, frequency and duration of sound. The acoustic properties of percussion sounds in normal and pathological conditions depend on the massiveness, elasticity, tissue tension, the amount of gas in the cavities, on the method and force of percussion, the distance of the substance under study from the surface of the body, the thickness of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the thickness of the hairline, fatness, age , live weight of animals, as well as on the intensity, stage of development, physical form, focus of the pathological process.

The results of percussion are evaluated by the strength, pitch, duration, and nuances of the sound (tympanic, atympanic, boxy, metallic, cracked pot sound, etc.).

The study is carried out by direct and mediocre percussion. With direct percussion, tapping is carried out with the tips of one or two (index, middle) fingers bent in the second phalanx. Jerky blows are applied to the surface of the skin of the area under study, bending and unbending the carpal joint. Direct percussion is used in the study of the frontal, maxillary sinuses, air sac in horses, as well as in the study of small animals, especially with low fatness. With mediocre percussion, percussion is applied not to the skin, but to the index or middle finger of the other hand (digital percussion) or a percussion hammer weighing from 60 to 250 g according to the plessimeter (instrumental percussion).

When examining organs and parts of the body that are dense and homogeneous from a physical (acoustic) point of view (heart, liver, muscles), topographic percussion is of practical interest, and when examining physically heterogeneous tissues (lungs), qualitative (comparative) percussion also acquires important diagnostic value. . When pathological changes in tissues are detected, staccato percussion- jerky, short, relatively strong hammer blows on the plessimeter, and when determining topographic boundaries - leggato- slow blows but to the pessimeter with a delay of the percussion hammer on it.

Rice. 1. Graphic representation of percussion sound:
1 - loud; 2 - quiet; 3 - long; 4 - short; 5 - high; 6 - low.

With deep percussion, tissues are involved in the acoustic process to a depth of up to 7 cm and a radius of up to 4-6 cm, and with superficial percussion - to a depth of up to 4 cm in a radius of 2-3 cm. When determining the boundaries of organs (for example, absolute and relative dullness of the heart) use " threshold percussion”, acoustic phenomena in which occur at the “boundary of auditory perception” (a person perceives sounds in the frequency range from 16 to 20,000 Hz). Percussion sounds qualitatively differ in loudness (strength), pitch, duration and timbre (Fig. 1).

Auscultation (auscultatio) is based on the auditory perception of sounds and noises arising in the body.

According to the place of occurrence, intensity, prevalence, time, the nature of the manifestation of sounds and noises and their acoustic properties, anatomical and morphological and functional state individual bodies and systems. The perception of internal sounds can be carried out by the ear through a napkin applied to the surface of the body (direct auscultation), or mediated through stethoscopes, phonendoscopes and stethophonendoscopes of various designs.

The positive side of direct auscultation is that the sounds perceived by the ear are almost not distorted during transmission. However, it is not always applicable, especially in the study of small animals, as well as topical diagnostics. Rigid and flexible stethoscopes are made. A solid stethoscope is a tube with a double-edged funnel-shaped extension of different diameters: the narrow part of the stethoscope is applied to the surface of the body of the animal under study, and the wider part - to the ear of the researcher. To obtain objective data during stethoscopy, it is necessary that the cavity of the stethoscope between the ear of the researcher and the skin of the animal forms closed space. A flexible stethoscope is usually made in combination with a phonendoscope.

Phonendoscope - one of the most common and sensitive devices for auscultation.

The use of a pelota makes it possible to capture sound phenomena that occur in a small area, which is especially important in topical diagnostics, including the differentiation of heart defects. The frequency response of sound phenomena is affected by the degree of pressing the head of the phonendoscope to the surface of the body. The stronger the head is pressed, the clearer the high-frequency components stand out. At the same time, the thicker the membrane, the weaker the “low-frequency” components are reproduced and the higher frequencies stand out more strongly. Thus, the black membrane of the M-031 phonendoscope, having a thickness of 0.5 mm, provides the greatest suppression of low-frequency components, and the transparent membrane 0.12 mm thick is designed for operation without a pilot and makes it possible to perceive the studied sounds with maximum intensity. You can also listen to sound phenomena using amplifying devices - audiometers (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Clinical audiometer AK-02.

Thermometry (thermometria) in animals- obligatory method of clinical research.

Changes in body temperature are often noted even before the appearance of other signs of the disease, and the dynamics of temperature in the course of the disease objectively characterizes the trends in its development and the effectiveness of treatment.

Body temperature in animals is usually measured rectally. mercury or electronic thermometers. Before inserting the thermometer into the rectum, it is shaken, disinfected, lubricated with petroleum jelly and fixed. The thermometry lasts at least 5 minutes, after which the thermometer is removed, wiped with a cotton swab and the result is read. Pure mercury thermometers stored in a bottle with disinfectant. Digital Thermometer treated with antiseptics before use and after thermometry.

If rectal thermometry is not possible, vaginal temperature is measured. Normally, it is 0.3-0.5 ° C lower than the rectal one.

It should be noted that the skin temperature in animals is significantly lower than the rectal one and is not the same in different parts of the body (Fig. 3). This should be taken into account in studies requiring maximum accuracy.

Rice. 3. Pig skin temperature in various parts of the body.

In addition to general methods, many other methods are used in the study of animals. special methods- electrocardiography, oscillography, gastroenterography, pneumography, x-ray methods, functional tests etc.