Removal of the polyp of the cervical canal by twisting. Removal of a polyp of the cervical canal, types of operations, possible consequences

The operation to remove polyps of the cervical canal today is carried out under video surveillance, which can significantly reduce the risk of injury and relapse. Another thing is that such equipment is not available in all regional clinics. Therefore, today we will consider ways surgical intervention with cervix formations.

Polyps in the cervical canal

Drop-shaped or mushroom-shaped growths can form on any mucous membrane. Yes, in the format female body they are found in the uterus, vagina and cervical canal. Moreover, the first and last visual inspection can be confused if the polyp has reached a size of several centimeters. In this case, having a base in the uterine cavity, it hangs down into the lumen of the cervix. Precise localization helps to establish ultrasound.

It is difficult to say what led to the appearance of such a pathology. But, in general, the reasons are called:

Injuries during childbirth and during operations;
Inflammatory processes;
Infections of the reproductive system;
Endocrine failures;
Inherited predisposition.

Even a provocateur of formations in the cervical canal can become excess weight and vascular diseases such as hypertension. More often, several causes work against the patient in the aggregate.

Clinic of polyps in cervix

The symptoms of the pathology are not unique and only speak of a problem in the female reproductive system:

Pain and cramps in the lower abdomen, and sometimes in the lower back;
Blood after exercise, sexual intercourse, or gynecological examination;
Frequent inflammation with infected yellow discharge;
Abundant and painful periods;
Problems with conception and pregnancy.

Attention! Small formations of a few millimeters do not cause negative symptoms Therefore, they are found by chance during routine examinations.

Why do cervical polyps need to be removed?

There must be good reasons for any operation. Similar pathology not unreasonably solved in such a radical way:

Often growths become the culprits of infertility. They purely mechanically prevent sperm from entering the uterine cavity. In addition, as a foreign body, the polyp leads to spasmodic contractions of the myometrium, which causes the fetus to fall off.
Adenomatous, and some other types of formations can degenerate into a cancerous tumor of the cervical canal. It is believed that this is only a matter of time and circumstances.
The polyp is easily damaged, which is manifested by spotting bloody discharge of red, brown and pink. This is not only an inconvenience for the patient, but also high risk infections. Pathogenic microorganisms are even normally present in the vagina. Their reproduction and penetration into the wound can lead to tissue abscess, sepsis. IN severe cases the issue is resolved by amputation of the cervix, uterus, and sometimes all female organs.
In the presence of a polyp, the surrounding tissues are in a state of permanent inflammation. Over time, they lose elasticity, which can lead to severe injuries cervical canal and cervix during childbirth.

Attention! Small single formations up to 5-10 mm in the absence of rapid growth are not an indication for removal.

How to prepare for the operation?

If surgery is necessary, the doctor will prescribe some examinations:

Vaginal smear. It is studied not only in a simple microscopic way, but also PCR method to identify all viruses, bacteria, fungi that are present in the microflora of the genital organs.
Ultrasound is performed immediately after menstruation. This is necessary for better visualization of the uterine cavity, where the base of the polyp or other formations may be located additionally. At this time of the cycle, the endometrium is smaller and does not hide anything from the doctor's eyes. It is important to determine the localization, where is its base, in the uterus or in the cervical canal, as well as the size. Sometimes a series of studies is carried out to evaluate the dynamics. If the polyp grows rapidly, then the operation is prescribed immediately.
According to the protocol, before removal, an assessment of the general state of health is carried out, an ECG is done, and the last fluorography is applied.
Women with thrombophlebitis and varicose veins should visit a phlebologist. They are at high risk of detachment or advancement of blood clots. It is usually recommended to wear compression stockings for the operation.
If ultrasound does not give a clear picture, it can be prescribed diagnostic hysteroscopy. The same procedure, only for inspection without removal.
General blood and urine tests, biochemistry, tests for HIV, CSR, hepatitis are standard research before the operation.

If an infection is found, full course treatment followed by control tests;
For a week, vaginal sanitation is prescribed with antibacterial suppositories, for example, Terzhinan;
3 days before removal, do not take blood-thinning drugs. This effect has acetylsalicylic acid;
The day before the operation, remove the hair in the genital area;
For 12 hours, if anesthesia is supposed to be used, you can not eat or drink.

Attention! Surgical intervention in the female genital area is usually prescribed in the first half of the cycle, immediately after menstruation. But it is possible to remove polyps on any day, except for menstruation.

General description of the procedure

This operation is called hysteroscopy by the name of the equipment. The difference between all methods is only in the tool that is used to directly separate the polyp from the wall of the cervical canal. Otherwise, all manipulations are the same:

Depending on the severity of the case, the operation is performed either on an outpatient basis or in a hospital. This is determined by the surgeon-gynecologist.
The patient is placed on the gynecological chair and, if necessary, anesthesia is administered, which we will discuss later.
The external genitalia are treated with antiseptics, the vagina is sanitized.
The neck is opened and fixed special device. In some cases, drugs are used to relieve spasm so that the expansion of the channel goes better.
Insert a hysteroscope. This is a complex device equipped with a camera to monitor the progress of the operation, and also allows you to insert tools to remove the polyp.
During manipulations in the uterine cavity, it is filled with saline to straighten the folds. This is not required for cervical canal surgery.
Removal of education is carried out in the chosen way.
Examine the entire cervix mucosa for the presence of other polyps.
In most cases, a complete curettage of the surface layer is performed to prevent recurrence.
All removed materials are sent for histology.
The operating field is re-treated with antiseptics.
Instruments are removed from the cervical canal.
The patient is sent to the ward intensive care before waking up from anesthesia.
In a satisfactory condition, after 2-4 hours, the woman is allowed to go home.

Interesting fact! The whole procedure takes about 30 minutes, and the excision of the polyp itself is about 30-60 seconds.

Methods for removing polyps inside the cervical canal

Today, all such operations are carried out under the control of a video camera. Old-fashioned methods with complete curettage of the cervix blindly are used only in very remote corners of the country, where there is no modern equipment. In this case, the probability of recurrence of polyps is 70-80%. In addition, cervical injuries, bleeding and infection are possible. But fortunately, there are modern methods of removal with a hysteroscope, which are available in all regional and district centers, both in private and public clinics:

Classic polypectomy. Education twist to separation from the wall of the cervical canal. The base is cleaned with a curette or cauterized by current. This method is used for polyps up to 30 mm in size.
by the most best effect has laser removal. Evaporate the tissues of the legs until the complete separation of the body of the polyp. The vessels are sealed at the same time, so no bleeding occurs. The advantage of the method is that during healing after surgery, there is no scarring that can interfere with normal childbirth later.
The radio waves of the Surgitron device are not inferior to the laser in all characteristics. A special scalpel does not cut, but melts tissue with radiation. Surgeons consider such equipment the safest and most convenient to use, in addition, scars after healing also do not form.
Cryodestruction. Liquid nitrogen is applied to the base, which destroys tissues and promotes the separation of the polyp body. Only suitable for small formations. A high level of professionalism is required to calculate the amount of nitrogen and not damage the healthy tissues of the cervical canal.
Diathermocoagulation or diathermoexcision is a method in which a loop is put on the polyp, tightened and current is applied. As a result of cauterization, the growth falls off. The equipment is available in almost every clinic. But during healing, scars form, which is undesirable for women who plan to give birth again.

Expert opinion

Olga Yurievna Kovalchuk

Doctor, expert

A competent doctor himself will tell you which method of removal is suitable in your case. And also explain where nearby you can carry it out. But often self-interest leads to unreliable recommendations, so when in doubt, it is better to consult with several specialists. Although laser and radiosurgical removal of cervical polyps is suitable for everyone.

Is anesthesia necessary?

Despite the fact that, according to the law of the Russian Federation, medical workers are required to apply anesthesia to all available means, it often happens that such operations are carried out “live”. Of course, in a paid clinic, the patient will be provided with the most the best anesthesia. IN public institution this possibility should be discussed in advance. Usually, short-term general anesthesia is used to remove polyps in the uterus or cervical canal. It lasts about 30 minutes, the patient quickly recovers and almost does not feel side effects in the form of nausea, confusion, dizziness, etc. Local anesthesia is performed on an outpatient basis.

According to the reviews of patients who underwent surgery under short-term general anesthesia they didn't feel anything. Women who survived the removal of polyps live say that only the opening of the cervix hurts, and the removal of the formation itself is practically not felt. Those who went through the removal with local anesthesia also experienced discomfort during the installation of the equipment.

Attention! For some patients, anesthesia is contraindicated, so a consultation with an anesthesiologist is required.

What happens after polyp removal?

The rehabilitation period usually lasts until the next menstruation, which is about 4-5 weeks. To prevent relapses and complications, the following measures are taken:

Immediately after the operation, vaginal sanitation is prescribed with antibacterial suppositories. complex action. The course depends on the drug from 5 to 7 days.
If, according to the results of histology, an adenomatous or glandular type of polyp is detected, then a plan is developed hormonal treatment. It can last from 3 to 12 months. The medicine is chosen according to the age and plans for pregnancy in a woman.
If cancer cells are found in a polyp, an oncologist's consultation is required.

Also, for the patient, some restrictions are set for the period of rehabilitation after removal. Prohibited:

Sex;
Tampons;
douching;
Carrying weights;
Intense physical activity;
High temperatures. For example, sauna;
Immersion in water;
A lot of ultraviolet radiation from both the natural sun and in the solarium.

Water diving and sauna prohibited

Attention! At the end of rehabilitation, control examinations are carried out every month for six months.

When is the operation not allowed?

There are certain restrictions and prohibitions on the removal of polyps:

Menstruation. The intervention is prescribed for 1-2 days after it;
Pregnancy. In some cases, expectant mothers undergo elimination of formations in the cervical canal after the end of the 1st trimester;
When oncology of the female genital area is detected, the issue with a cancerous tumor is first resolved;
Bleeding from the uterus must be eliminated before surgery;
Infections are necessarily treated before removal;
Inflammatory processes in the genitals of a woman also need to be eliminated before the intervention;
Severe damage to the liver, kidneys, heart and others common diseases require a special approach. In this case, the decision to remove polyps in the cervical canal is made not only by the gynecologist, but also by another specialized specialist.

Cost of the procedure

The compulsory medical insurance policy entitles the patient to receive a service for the removal of polyps in the cervical canal for free. Another thing is what equipment is available in the institution to which the woman is attached. If everything is in order with this, then it should be clarified whether the procedure will be carried out with anesthesia. Which is also included in the scope of free medical care.

Otherwise, you can find a private clinic and choose the method of removal and the option of anesthesia as you wish. Electrocoagulation is the cheapest and costs about 2000-3000 rubles, radiosurgery with the Surgitron apparatus - 5000-7000, laser removal is available only in a few clinics and will cost 15-20 thousand, and even more expensive in complex cases.

Attention! It should be borne in mind that the cost of treatment will include consultations, tests, postoperative monitoring, and not just the removal of polyps. So how much you have to spend depends on many factors.

What complications arise when removing polyps?

Such operations in the cervical canal are carried out strictly according to the protocol, which avoids serious consequences. But there is still a small chance of a problematic outcome of the removal. This might happen:

Adhesions and scars. Occur during cauterization by current or mechanical excision. Dangerous narrowing of the cervical canal, up to complete blockage of the lumen. The connective tissue is not elastic, therefore, during childbirth, severe ruptures occur in such a place, which is dangerous for bleeding.
Infection. When sanitizing before, during and after the operation, this possibility should be reduced to zero, but there are cases. Usually this happens when hygiene and other recommendations are not followed by a woman after the removal of formations.
Bleeding. Even when expanding, the lumen of the cervical canal does not give room for manipulation, so it is easy to damage the delicate mucosa during the operation, which will lead to heavy bleeding, as there are many small and large vessels.
Allergic reaction to anesthesia. Such a risk is prevented by observation after removal in the intensive care unit under the supervision of an anesthesiologist. The problem is quickly stopped by antihistamines.
Hemometer is a complex postoperative condition when the cervix spasms and blood accumulates in the uterine cavity. There is pain when moving, infection with a high temperature may occur. Urgent medical attention required.
Relapse. With the use of modern methods, the risk of recurrence of polyps is significantly reduced and depends on the case and the chosen method of removal.
Oncology. The operation can provoke the growth of a cancerous tumor in the cervical canal. This happens extremely rarely if atypical cells were already present in the formation itself. Therefore, for reinsurance, doctors scrape the entire inner layer of the cervix.

Attention! Bleeding often occurs from physical activity, violations of sexual rest, overheating, so you need to follow the recommendations of the rehabilitation period.

Conclusion

After the polyp of the cervical canal is removed, it is necessary to adhere to some postoperative measures. If bleeding after removal of the polyp of the cervical canal, then you need to prescribe drugs to stop the bleeding. Vedas after resection of the neoplasm, a wound remains at this place, which can bleed.

The most common method of polyp removal is hysteroscopy. It is not only effective, but also popular in recent times. The reason for this efficiency is that the hysteroscope not only removes, but can also diagnose reproductive organ women. If more polyps are observed, then they are immediately removed, but the moment of diagnosis. Also a big plus of this technique is the taking of material for histological examination. This fact increases the chances of making a more accurate and detailed diagnosis.

Reviews after removal of the polyp of the cervical canal are completely diverse. Doctors also recommend laser removal of the polyp. Observed positive results, despite the fact that relapses are observed relatively less frequently. If menstruation is observed after removal of the polyp of the cervical canal, how much blood does it bleed? The duration may be slightly longer than normal discharges. It's due to realignment and healing postoperative wound. Allocations after removal of the polyp of the cervical canal are typical for all women. get scared given symptom not worth it, and you need to see a doctor.

The postoperative period begins from the moment the polyp was resected in the area of the cervical canal or other localization. After the operation, you should follow the subsequent recommendations of the doctor. Only in the hospital they remove polyps in the uterus. Allocations must be observed for several days.

After cervical polyp surgery

After the operation, most women gradually return to a normal lifestyle. But some people have certain complications. There are pains of a pulling nature, stagnation of fluid in the area of the cervical canal and an irreversible process of formation of adhesions. These processes arise as a result of violation of certain rules of the operation. Most often, this is the penetration of infection or insufficient removal of the neoplasm. Also, a typical symptom may be the constant discharge of blood from the vagina, which is more and more every time. To stop this process, you need re-holding removal of the polyp that was left there.

In the postoperative period, it is necessary to follow some doctor's recommendations. These are:

It is forbidden to use drugs that thin the blood. This can cause bleeding at the site of the removed polyp.
It is constantly necessary to conduct dynamic monitoring of vaginal discharge. If the bleeding does not stop within 7 days after the operation, then you should think about the complication and consult a doctor.
A categorical ban on lifting heavy objects, as well as playing sports during the first three months.
For about 2 months, it is worth excluding sexual contact with a partner. It is also not recommended to insert tampons into the vagina.

If you follow the above recommendations, you can avoid worsening the general condition. After the operation, removal of the polyp of the cervical canal, it is also necessary to prohibit the use of alcohol and tobacco. Polyps in the uterus - removal, how much to lie? It is advisable in the first days of the postoperative period to observe bed rest. After all, rest will enable the postoperative wound to recover normally.

Therapy after removal of the polyp of the cervical canal is based on the restoration hormonal background and cupping of various discomfort after operation. The most important goal in the postoperative period is to prevent a new formation of neoplasm, both in the cervical canal and in the uterus. Recovery time can vary from 2 to 5 months. This period of time must be used in such a way that later you will no longer return to past problem. Using various drugs, physiotherapy procedures, as well as other doctor's recommendations, then you can quickly recover and live a normal full life. To be able to leave offspring is the main task of the mother.

Also, after the operation, the following drug regimens are prescribed:

Antibacterial and antimicrobial therapy.
Hormonal preparations.
Restorative therapy.
Taking vitamins and minerals.
Diet.

As for drugs and dosages, this is prescribed exclusively by a doctor. Together, these appointments have a good effect on the rate of relief of the disease.

After the operation, every 3-4 months you need to visit a doctor and carry out ultrasound diagnostics. Also, dynamic monitoring of blood counts will make it possible to exclude or confirm the process of inflammation and infection.

Removal of the polyp of the cervical canal and the discharge that is observed should decrease and disappear within 6-7 days. If this does not happen, then it is imperative to notify the gynecologist. As mentioned above, success in the postoperative period is the observance of all doctor's recommendations. After all, such a neoplasm as a polyp is an unpredictable disease. Some polyps do not change their size for years, and some increase several times in a month.

If the polyp does not behave actively, then the question of removal can be left to late deadline. But at the same time, the doctor prescribes conservative therapy. At normal condition you need to see a doctor every 6 months. Such a visit to the doctor guarantees health for you. Indeed, in these terms of deterioration is almost impossible.

The polyp of the cervical canal is benign neoplasm, which is caused due to hyperplasia of the cylindrical epithelium. The main site of localization is the lumen of the cervix. Its attachment to the cervical lumen of the body of the uterus occurs due to the leg, it is equipped with a large number of capillaries and vessels through which its blood supply and nutrition occur.

This disease can be characterized by both the appearance of a single polyp and multiple manifestations. Sometimes, due to the lengthening of the stem, it can protrude into the vaginal lumen. This makes it possible to make a diagnosis during a gynecological examination.

This pathological process is considered the most common neoplasm. It is detected in 23% of women with diseases of the genital organs. Most often, a polyp of the cervical canal is observed in women in a state of premenopause.

Classification of polyps affecting the cervical canal

According to the morphological structure, the following types of polyps can be distinguished:

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It is especially customary to distinguish decidual types of polyps. They arise only during the development of pregnancy, have different morphology, and the stromal surface of an existing neoplasm is chosen as the location.

Also, polyps in the cervical canal can be:

True.
False (pseudopolyps), their characteristic feature is the absence of a leg at the point of attachment to the cervix. They join with the help of a modified endometrium.

Causes of the development of a polyp of the cervical canal

Despite how long this process has been studied, scientists have not been able to establish the exact cause of the appearance of polyps.

There are many risk factors that lead to their pathological growth:

Trauma of the cervical canal. The extent of the injury may be minimal. They result from:
- Diagnostic curettage.
- Conducting frequent abortions.
- Hysteroscopy.
- Biopsies by aspiration.
Changes in the structure of the surface layer. This condition is caused by the development of erosion or leukoplakia.
Frequent sexual infections., . This is an ascending type of infection, moving from the lumen of the vagina through the cervical canal, they contribute to the degeneration and hyperplasia of the mucous membrane.
Infections of a nonspecific nature. These are diseases such as:
- Cervicitis.
- Vaginitis.
Changes in the microflora of the vagina. Bacteria secrete toxins, disrupt the acidic microflora, and as a result of its imbalance, increased hyperplasia of the cell epithelium occurs.
Dysfunction in the work of the ovaries. It is this pathology that is accompanied by the appearance of:
Function disorder endocrine system . This contributes to increased production of estrogens, and they lead to increased hyperplasia and growth of epithelial tissues. Very often it appears with the following diseases:
- Diabetes mellitus of any type.
- Atherosclerotic vascular lesions.
- Overweight.
- Violation psycho-emotional state caused by overwork and stress.

Signs and main symptoms of polyps of the cervical canal

The main signs of polyp growth are:

It is worth noting that the clinical picture in this disease proceeds with a small number of symptoms. It is difficult to recognize this pathological process.

Its diagnosis very often occurs by chance, during routine medical examinations. Or when a woman turns to a gynecologist about a disease that is a consequence of a polyposis change.

Symptoms to watch out for are:

The appearance of vaginal bleeding after sexual contact. They arise as a result of trauma to the polyp.
If an inflammatory process occurs in the polyp, or it becomes necrotic, then between menstruation it begins, sometimes it is profuse.
In the event that the polyp has a large shape, and he became infected, the discharge from the vagina becomes mucopurulent.
Appearance, also indicate the presence of a large polyp, or its multiple growth.

If a polyp occurs during pregnancy, then it poses a real threat of miscarriage, or the onset premature birth. Since it causes a reflex contraction smooth muscle uterus.

The morphological structure of the polyp variety has a significant impact on the manifestation of the symptoms of the clinical picture:

With glandular polyps, there is a large production of mucus, it provokes large volume mucous secretions between periods.
If the structure of the polyp is fibrous in nature, then there will be few symptoms indicating its presence. This is due to the fact that it contains a very small content of blood vessels.
Polyps, which are based on glandular fibrous formations, give the most pronounced and vivid clinical picture, primarily due to their large size and pathological growth. In addition to bleeding, the woman complains of pain pulling nature, which are localized in the abdomen and lumbar region.

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Polyps of the cervical canal during pregnancy

At the heart of this pathology, it is customary to distinguish two factors:

Pathological outgrowths occur as a result of improper abortion, or with frequent diagnostic curettage.
Excessive synthesis of estrogen.

The course of the entire pregnancy depends on the level of mucus production. If it is produced a lot, then the risk of a threatened miscarriage greatly increases.

If the polyp does not interfere, does not tend to grow, and increase in volume, then it is better not to touch it until the end of pregnancy.

But if the diameter of the polyp exceeds 10 mm, this is the reason for the surgical intervention. For its implementation, the method of cryodestruction is used, followed by curettage. The main thing is that the legs of the polyp do not remain, otherwise the chance of a relapse increases. The emergence of this pathological process, sometimes requires the woman to be hospitalized to maintain the pregnancy.

Diagnosis of polyps of the cervical canal

When a woman contacts a doctor, an anamnesis is initially collected - a visual examination of the patient. After a gynecological examination, there may be a thickening of the walls of the cervix, if the polyp has a long leg, it can be seen in the lumen of the vagina.

In addition, the patient is required to undergo cervicoscopy, this is the same examination, but an optical device is used for its implementation.

The advantage of this method is its ability to identify the morphological structure of the polyp, to recognize the presence of not only a large outgrowth, but also small neoplasms. In parallel with this manipulation, you can take the material on.

Assignment takes place:

Ultrasound examination of the organs of the retroperitoneal space.
, which allows you to determine the localization of the polyp.
. By correctly removing the polyp, it helps to establish an accurate diagnosis, study the histology of the polyp fragment and implement a reliable method for subsequent treatment.
The smear must be analyzed using the PCR method.
Bacterial culture also occurs, which helps to identify pathogenic microflora.

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Treatment of a polyp of the cervical canal

Methods that would give a 100% positive effect in the dynamics of the treatment of the cervical canal polyp do not exist today. Medications are prescribed to suppress the negative symptoms that occur after their appearance.

Sick patients are prescribed:

The use of folk medicine recipes for polyps of the cervical canal

The opinion of scientists on the use of medicinal herbs and traditional medicine recipes in gynecology is ambiguous. This is due to the fact that medicinal herbs unable to eliminate the cause of the disease, and by eliminating the symptoms, they smooth out and mask the clinical picture. This creates a problem for establishing an accurate diagnosis.

They can be used after consulting a doctor.

Usually applied:

Grass celandine.
Bloodroot.
Chicory.

A decoction or infusion is prepared from them. Also used for this therapy is aloe, honey, onion, pumpkin seeds, lingonberry fruits.

Surgical operations for the polyp of the cervical canal

There are many methods of surgical removal of polyposis outgrowths. But after applying any of the methods, there is a mandatory curettage of the cervical canal. Only in this case it is possible to achieve good treatment results, and to prevent the reappearance of the polyp.

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Diathermocoagulation

The basis of this method is the use of high temperatures. With the help of an electric knife, the body of the polyp is excised and cauterized. After that, as a result of a burn, it dies off and is excreted from the body of a woman in a natural way.

Contraindications to the use of this technique are:

Carrying a pregnancy.
Women who have not given birth (at a young age).
Diseases in which blood clotting is impaired.

This technique of surgical intervention is well tolerated by patients, but it also has its drawbacks:

As a result thermal burn in the area of the former polyp, connective tissue changes occur, they lead to the appearance of scars, and create problems for the course of pregnancy and childbirth.
The rehabilitation process takes a long time, and can last several months.
Sometimes there is a rejection of the upper crust of the surface of the wound. As a result, bleeding may occur.
During this procedure, women experience severe pain.

This is the exact opposite of the previous technique. To carry out this surgical intervention, liquid nitrogen is used, its temperature can be minus 80 degrees. When the polyp is exposed to negative temperatures, it is frozen and then it is excised.

This technique has become widespread due to the fact that:

That she is less traumatic.
Causes a minimum of side effects.
Does not cause profuse blood loss.
Relatively painless.
It is allowed to carry out to young women who have not given birth.

The disadvantages of this operation include a long period of rehabilitation, on average it is from 2 to 3 months.

When carrying out this method of therapy, the laser point is focused on the polyposis growth. With the help of a hysteroscope, the course of the surgical intervention is controlled, its deep effects and intensity are corrected.

The disadvantages of the laser method include:

The ability to remove only single polyps.
It is impossible to exclude the reappearance of the polyp.
Expensive cost in clinics

The big advantage of this operation is:

Reduced risk of unwanted perforation of the canal walls.
There are no problems with subsequent bleeding. Since the walls of blood vessels are instantly thrombosed.
The recovery process is very fast, vaginal discharge stops after three or four days.
Menstruation begins without failures and delays.

Removal of the cervix

This operation is performed in cases where there is a transition of the tumor from a benign to a malignant state. Or in the event that preliminary methods of treatment led to the appearance of relapses.

Surgical intervention is performed with a laparoscope, a part of the cervix (cone-shaped) and its mucous membrane are removed. The body of the uterus is not affected, which makes it possible for a woman to become pregnant.

This type of surgical intervention is carried out even for women who have not given birth.

The most popular and widely used surgical method elimination of polyposis growths. It does not injure the psyche of a woman (painless), with its use, the occurrence of relapses is unlikely.

The hysteroscope is used for the operation. It is introduced into the lumen of the vagina, with the help of a camera built into it, a visual examination of the cervical canal takes place. After that, a resectoscope or a loop is used to eliminate the pathological outgrowth.

If a loop is used, then the polyp is twisted. And if a resectoscope (scissors) is used, then it is watered, cut off at the very base. After removal of the polyp, curettage is necessarily performed.

The operation is performed only after the completion menstrual cycle.

This technique cannot be performed:

In case of pregnancy.
Excessive narrowing of the lumen of the cervical canal.
Oncological neoplasms.

The most important thing in the postoperative period is to prevent the reappearance of cervical polyps and undesirable consequences.

To do this, a woman must follow the following rules:

Within 3 months, you should not visit baths, saunas, solariums. Increased heat stress can cause vaginal bleeding.
Minimize physical training, this also applies to doing housework.
Be sure to visit the gynecologist, at the time set by him.
Within a month, sex should be completely excluded.
To prevent the development of a concomitant infection, do not swim in open water.
When menstruation occurs, only pads can be used, tampons can injure the fragile walls of the cervical canal.
Douching and washing should be done using antiseptic solutions Miramistin, or potassium permanganate.
If a woman is planning a pregnancy, then this may be, perhaps after six months.
Mandatory use of antibiotic therapy in the postoperative period.
If bleeding occurs, you should immediately consult a doctor.
In the postoperative period, the woman is put on a dispensary record.

You need to be examined by a gynecologist at least twice a year.

The prognosis always depends on the success of the operation, and on the behavior of the woman during the rehabilitation period. The recurrence rate of this pathology is no more than 30%.

What is the danger of polyps of the cervical canal?

The pathological growth of polyps can lead to various complications in the female body:

To avoid the manifestation of undesirable consequences, it is best to remove the polyp of the cervical canal in a timely manner. After that, it is imperative to comply with all the rules and regulations that the doctor prescribes during the rehabilitation period.

What is a cervical canal polyp?

Polyp of the cervical canal- This is a benign formation that grows into the lumen of the cervix. Such outgrowths are formed from connective tissue and can be covered with flat multilayered, high cylindrical or immature epithelium of the endocervix. They are attached to with the help of a leg (thin or thick). The place of their localization is the depth of the external cervical os. If the cervical polyp is located on a long stalk, then it can protrude into the vaginal lumen, then the gynecologist is able to visualize it during a standard examination.

All polyps have blood vessels, which germinate in them as they form. It is their number that determines the color of education. The fewer of them, the paler the polyp. With developed vascular network it can have a rich burgundy color. The more fibrous cells in the structure of the polyp, the denser the outgrowth will be. The size of tumors varies from very microscopic to very impressive. The bigger they are, the brighter Clinical signs pathology. The maximum size of the cervical polyp is 40 mm, although formations rarely grow to such volumes. The minimum diameter is 2 mm.

It is not uncommon for this disease to be detected during pregnancy - polyps are detected in 22% of women bearing a child. It is worth knowing about the existence of false cervical polyps or pseudopolyps. They are formed within a few weeks after conception, do not have legs. The structure of the cervical pseudopolyp is represented by a transformed endometrium. If such a formation is diagnosed in a pregnant woman, then she should be under special control by a gynecologist. When a pseudopolyp does not affect the process of bearing a fetus, it is simply observed. If there is a threat of termination of pregnancy, then the formation is subject to removal, which is carried out during gestation, without waiting for delivery. Polyps can be combined into groups, or they can grow singly.

According to available statistics, this pathology is quite common and is registered in women in different ages. However, more often cervical polyps occur after age 40. Among other neoplasms of the cervix, which are benign in nature, polyposis is diagnosed no more often than in 25% of cases. Doctors consider this pathology background. The presence of multiple cervical polyps increases the risk, therefore, requires regular monitoring by a doctor and timely treatment.

Symptoms of polyps of the cervical canal

The latent course of the pathological process is a fairly common characteristic of polyps. Small formations with a wide stem almost do not betray themselves. They are diagnosed, as a rule, by chance, when a woman goes to the doctor about another disease of the genital area. It is worth noting that with polyposis of the cervical canal, 70% of women have concomitant gynecological diseases.

The fact that there is a polyp in the body can be suspected after its damage, infection, ulceration or inflammation.

In this case, the neoplasm manifests itself as follows:

Bloody discharge, which can often be observed after intimacy or gynecological examination. Also, polyps are sometimes injured by sanitary tampons. This is especially true for tumors on a long stalk that extend beyond the boundaries of the external uterine os into the lumen of the vagina;

If the polyp has undergone necrosis or become inflamed, then in the period between the woman may begin. In all other cases, this is not typical for polyps;

When the formation is infected, a woman will find leucorrhoea that has a mucopurulent character. Large polyposis growths are more often subject to such a process;

Drawing pains also occur with large polyps. They are due to the fact that, due to a large outgrowth, the pharynx of the cervix is not able to close properly;

Abundant mucous discharge appears when the polyp presses on the glands of the cervical canal;

If a large formation is found in a pregnant woman, then this may threaten her with a miscarriage, starting from the early period of gestation. Such risks are due to the fact that the polyp causes reflex irritation of the uterus, which causes it to contract involuntarily.

The structure of the formations affects the symptoms of cervical polyposis.

Depending on the cellular composition of the tumor, a woman is dominated by certain signs:

With fibrosis symptoms are extremely poor. This is due to the structural features of such a polyp. It has no glands, which means it does not secrete mucus. The fibrous stroma is dense and weakly penetrated by blood vessels, which reduces the possibility of injury to the polyp and the risk of bleeding;

glandular polyps produce large quantity mucus, which can increase intermenstrual flow. But there will not be too many of them, since fibrous formations most often have a small size (up to 10 mm);

Glandular fibrous tumors are education mixed type, they give the most pronounced symptoms. A brighter clinical picture of the disease is due to the size, which can reach 25 mm or more. In this case, the woman complains of pain, notes contact bleeding and increased discharge between cycles.

Doctors are inclined to believe that the formations localized in the cervical canal are formed under the influence of a number of provoking factors:

Canal injury. Various damages negatively affect the structural state of the epithelium lining the cervical canal. Of particular danger are diagnostic curettage, abortion, aspiration biopsy, hysteroscopy. Often the cervical canal suffers due to improperly installed intrauterine device. In addition, it can be damaged during childbirth, especially if they were accompanied by traumatic obstetric manipulations. After an injury, the epithelium starts the healing process, it is regeneration that causes the growth of polyps. New mucous cells may divide too actively. Moreover, the injury does not have to be extensive at all, sometimes a microscopic wound is enough;

Structural changes in the surface of the cervix. Often the formation of polyps is preceded by pathologies such as true and false erosion, as well as leukoplakia;

Sexual infections. When immune defense women is reduced, the threat to the cervical canal is represented by such diseases of the vaginal epithelium as trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia and many others. Rising from the vagina, microorganisms begin to infect the cervical canal, disrupting the natural composition of the mucus located there. Arises local inflammation, as a result of which the mucous membrane becomes looser and more easily injured. Reciprocal defensive reaction cervical epithelium - an increase in its own area due to cell division. As a result of this process, a polyp or a group of them is formed;

Nonspecific infection. The growth of a neoplasm can be stimulated by such pathologies as vulvovaginitis, endomyometritis;

Violations of the microflora of the vagina. The longer an imbalance of bacteria is observed in the vagina and the more often fluctuations in the level of acidity occur, the more favorable the environment becomes for the growth of the epithelial layer of the cervical canal;

Disorders of the ovaries. It is with ovarian dysfunction in women that polyps in the cervical canal are most often detected. They are accompanied by diagnoses such as endometrial polyposis,. Therefore, doctors suggest that excess estrogen is a powerful stimulator of the growth of the epithelium lining the cervical zone;

Physiological processes. Hormonal surges in a woman's body occur constantly. With the exception of menstruation, they occur during adolescence, at the time of bearing a child and at the time a woman enters.

Unexplained etiology. It is worth noting that polyps are not always formed under the influence of provoking factors. Sometimes the occurrence of such neoplasms cannot be explained by one reason or another. In this case, indicate cervical polyposis of unknown etiology.

An outgrowth localized in the cervical canal, despite mild symptoms, poses a threat to a woman's health.

The danger lies in the following:

Polyps can transform into malignant tumor causing cervical cancer. Although such changes occur infrequently, nevertheless, the risk of rebirth exists. Therefore, doctors recommend removing such formations, regardless of their size and structure;

The risk of developing uterine bleeding increases. This threat is due to the fact that the polyp has its own blood vessels, and it can reach 30 mm in size. When its wall is damaged, blood loss often occurs. Almost always, it ends on its own, however, regular repetitions lead to anemia. The level of red blood cells and hemoglobin falls, which negatively affects the woman's well-being;

The presence of a polyp can affect the course of pregnancy extremely negatively, up to spontaneous abortion. Other threats during gestation against the background of cervical polyposis include isthmic-cervical insufficiency, as well as a low location of the placenta;

Tumor necrosis in case of failure medical care, consisting in surgical intervention, can cause the death of nearby tissues, blood poisoning and the death of a woman;

Hematometra is another danger of a cervical polyp. Due to the fact that the tumor has a large size and the ability to move, as well as its inflammation, the cervical canal can be blocked. As a result, menstrual blood will begin to accumulate in the uterine cavity, as its natural outflow will be disturbed. A complication can be suspected by the absence of menstrual bleeding on time, the blood may leak, but will have bad smell and its volume will be much less than it should be. In addition, the woman will experience pain in the lower abdomen, and the uterus will stretch and increase in size. If timely assistance is not provided, an inflammatory process can begin, up to sepsis and death.

In connection with such serious threats to the health and even life of a woman, polyps must be removed as soon as possible after they are discovered.

Diagnosis of polyps of the cervical canal

In order to detect the presence of such formations, sometimes only a standard gynecological examination is enough. During its conduct, the doctor detects thickened and hypertrophied walls of the cervix. Outgrowths protrude from the cervical canal, having a characteristic shape and color.

To confirm the diagnosis, a woman needs to undergo a cervicoscopy. In fact, this is a normal examination of the mucous part of the cervical canal. For better view the doctor uses a mirror or expander, as well as binocular optics. The shade of the polyp has an important diagnostic value. So, its cyanotic or purple color indicates the blocking of blood flow in certain vessels and oxygen starvation of the tumor. If the polyp has White color, then this is a sign of keratinization. Such a neoplasm acquires greater strength and elasticity.

Cervicoscopy allows you to visualize not only large, but also small polyps. The technique provides information about their structure, possible inflammation, necrosis or ulcerative processes. In addition, a targeted biopsy can be performed during the procedure. The resulting material is then sent for histological examination.

When tumors are found in the cervical canal, it is imperative to conduct ultrasound, which allows you to determine their presence in the uterine cavity. Due to the fact that the treatment of such formations is always operational, a preliminary examination of the smear using the methods of bacterial culture and PCR is necessary. If a woman has infections, they are first eliminated from the body.

Answers to popular questions

Should a cervical polyp be removed? Education found in the cervical canal is subject to mandatory removal. You should not refuse the operation, even if the polyp has a very small size. The need for resection is due to the tense oncological situation in the world.

Can a cervical canal polyp disappear on its own? The formation cannot self-destruct, which is why there are no drug treatment schemes for such tumors.

How long does bleeding last after removal of a cervical canal polyp? If a low-traumatic method of getting rid of the neoplasm was chosen, then spotting may not be observed at all. Sometimes spotting may continue for up to 48 hours. Gradually, they become less and less, and after three days they completely disappear.

What does heavy menstruation mean after removal of a polyp of the cervical canal? When the formation is removed from the body, menstruation should return to normal. Her character can additionally be affected by the age of the woman and the number of removed polyps. Menstruation after surgery should normally become less abundant and less painful. If, on the contrary, their volume has increased or the cycle has broken, then you should consult a doctor for advice.

Removal of polyps of the cervical canal - 5 methods

When a woman decides on the choice of a surgical technique, it is important for her to remember that after any operation she will have to undergo a curettage procedure for the entire cervical canal. Only in this way will it be possible to get rid of pathological cells that can lead to a relapse of the pathology. There are several methods aimed at removing cervical growths.

Diathermocoagulation

This method has been around for quite some time. During the procedure, excision occurs, as well as cauterization of the polyp. For this purpose, the doctor uses an electroknife. A high-frequency current passes through the device. As a result, the polyp cells get burned and die. At the place of its attachment, a wound is formed, which is covered with a crust from above. It is an additional protection against infection and bleeding. However, this method has certain contraindications. The operation is not prescribed to a woman if she is carrying a child, has not given birth before, and also suffers from a bleeding disorder.

However, diathermocoagulation has undoubted advantage, which lies in the widespread prevalence of the technique, which makes it accessible to every woman.

However, giving preference to such an intervention, it is worth remembering its shortcomings:

After cauterization, a polyp will remain in place, which can complicate future childbirth;

The recovery process can take several months;

With incorrect rejection of the formed crust, bleeding may open;

The procedure is quite painful.

However, the procedure is used everywhere, as it is not only affordable, but also makes it possible to get rid of polyps attached to the cervical canal with a wide stem.

Cryodestruction

To implement this intervention, low temperatures are used, which can reach minus 80 degrees. At the same time, the polyp itself is affected liquid nitrogen. The affected area is frozen, after which it is cut off. In place of the former polyp, a healthy epithelial tissue of the cervical canal is formed. Cryodestruction is a modern way to get rid of polyposis growths, so it has a number of advantages, including the absence of bleeding and pain. In addition, this method is suitable for women who do not have children, since after the intervention on the cervical canal there will be no scar, which means there will be no complications during childbirth.

The only significant drawback of the procedure can be called a long tissue recovery time. It can take up to two months. Also, a woman who decides on cryodestruction may face the fact that in small towns there is no possibility of carrying out the procedure.

Laser polypectomy

The doctor has the opportunity to use a laser to remove a cervical polyp when it is single and not too large. During the procedure, the doctor monitors its progress with the help of a hysteroscope. A significant disadvantage of this technique is that it cannot be used to remove several formations. In addition, the cost laser cautery is quite high, and there is no guarantee that a relapse will not occur in the near future.

However, surgery using a laser beam has its advantages. Firstly, the risk of perforation of the wall of the cervical canal is significantly reduced, since the doctor independently regulates the intensity of the laser exposure and the depth of its penetration into the tissues. Secondly, there will be no bleeding during the procedure, as the blood vessels instantly coagulate. Thirdly, the recovery period is very short, and after a few days the woman will stop any discharge, and menstruation will begin without delay.

Amputation of the cervix

The indication for removal of the cervix, together with the polyps present in it, is a recurrent pathology. In addition, the cervical canal is removed if it is found that the neoplasm has already been malignantly degenerated or has atypical cells. You can perform the procedure in all of the above ways, the doctor gets access to the cervix using a laparoscope. In this case, the cone-shaped part of the neck is removed, as well as the mucous membrane lining the cervical canal. At the same time, the uterus itself does not suffer, and an intact mucous membrane begins to form again in the cervical canal.

Hysteroscopic method

This method of removing cervical formations is the safest, most modern and painless for a woman. To carry out the procedure, a special instrument is required - a hysteroscope. The doctor introduces it into the vaginal cavity, into the desired area of the cervical canal. Having examined each neoplasm with the help of an existing camera, the surgeon removes them using miniature scissors (resectoscope) or a loop for this. She throws herself on the leg of the polyp and unscrews it at the very base. If a resectoscope is used, the polyp is simply cut off. The choice of instrumentation depends on the size of the cervical formation. To minimize the possibility of relapse, the place where the leg was attached is cauterized.

The time that is optimal for performing hysteroscopy is the end of the menstrual cycle. The operation is not carried out later than 10 days from the end of the last menstruation.

Despite the advantages of the procedure, which are its safety, painlessness, and the ability to carry out a thorough curettage, hysteroscopy can not be used in every case. For example, it is not performed if a woman is carrying a child, if she has a pathological narrowing of the cervical canal, infectious, or inflammatory processes.

After the removal of the cervical polyp has been carried out, the treatment does not end there.

It is forbidden to visit baths, saunas, steam rooms for two months, as excessive overheating of the body can cause bleeding;

You should not lift weights, you must abandon physical exertion;

A visit to the doctor should be regular, which is associated with the possibility of recurrence of polyps and the risk of their malignancy;

sex life is under ban for the next half a month. You should also avoid swimming in open water to minimize the risk of infection;

The use of tampons during menstruation is prohibited. Within two months it is worth using sanitary pads;

intimate hygiene must be especially careful, which will also avoid infection and infection of the wound. For washing in the first days after the intervention, you can use antiseptics, for example, Miramistin or potassium permanganate solution;

Pregnancy planning should be postponed for the period recommended by the doctor. Most often, the break does not exceed six months, although sometimes it can be somewhat shorter;

Sometimes, in order to avoid infection after the operation (especially after amputation of the cervix), the doctor recommends taking antibacterial drugs;

Upon detection of any pathological discharge from the vagina or heavy blood loss a medical examination is required.

After the removal of polyps, the woman continues to be registered with the gynecologist, since the formations can recur. For this reason, she should be examined every six months, keeping in mind the asymptomatic course of the disease.

In terms of prognosis, cervical polyps recur in about 30% of cases. Any specific preventive measures does not exist. It is only important to exclude any traumatic situations for the cervix and to get rid of endocrine and gynecological pathologies in a timely manner.

As for the effective drug therapy of the cervical polyp, it does not exist. To date, there is not a single remedy that can eliminate such a neoplasm from the body or reduce the severity of the pathological process.

Therefore, if a woman is offered to take medicines with a diagnosis of "cervical canal polyp", then it will be directed only to treatment. comorbidities, which became provocateurs of tumor growth:

So, hormone therapy helps to establish hormonal balance, reduce the number of circulating estrogens, increase the amount of progesterone. This will help reduce the risk of recurrence of polyps after their removal. Doctors appoint either oral contraceptives combined type (Zhanin, Regulon, etc.), or gestagens (Utrozhestan, Norkolut, etc.). Should be tuned in long-term use hormonal agents, since they are not able to have a significant effect on the body at one time. Minimum exchange rate takes three months;

Antibacterial therapy is indicated when polyps develop against the background of infection or inflammation of the genital organs. Drugs are selected on an individual basis, it depends on the specific disease;

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed for background infections such as adnexitis or cervicitis;

Education: Diploma in Obstetrics and Gynecology obtained from the Russian State medical university Federal Agency for Health and Social Development (2010). In 2013, she completed her postgraduate studies at the NMU. N. I. Pirogov.

Content

A polyp of the cervical canal is called a local proliferation of cylindrical epithelium, which has the appearance of a growth of predominantly benign etiology. It is known that polyps of the cervical canal tend to grow in its cavity.

Cervical polyps cannot be attributed to a rare pathological condition. Their detection occurs in 25% of cases. Moreover, polyps of the cervical canal can be detected in women at any age. Despite the fact that cervical polyps are recorded even during pregnancy, they are inherent mainly in women after forty years.

Innovations may have different structure and form. In particular, polyposis neoplasms are located both on the stalk and on the broad base. Polyps can progress in groups and look like a bunch of grapes. Sometimes polyposis has a single character.

Usually neoplasms are about a centimeter in size. However, their size can vary from a few millimeters to two or three centimeters. If the cervical polyp is small, it can progress without symptoms for many years. Large formations often block the lumen of the cervical canal and are accompanied by certain symptoms. In order to prevent complications, large cervical polyps need to be removed.

The causes and factors of the appearance of polyposis are not well understood by scientists. As the main versions, hormonal disorders, inflammation and trauma of the epithelium in history are considered. It was found that in 70% of cases polyposis is accompanied by other gynecological diseases. While in healthy patients, polyposis is practically not detected.

Structure

The cervical canal is located in the inner part of the cervix. The surface of the cervical canal is lined with a single-layer cylindrical epithelium, the cells of which cause the velvety and red tint of the mucosa.

In the cervical canal, many glands of the submucosal layer function. The glands are part of the defense mechanism against infections. They continuously produce mucus that fills the cervical canal like a plug. In addition, slime is different alkaline reaction and its bactericidal properties. Thus, the narrowness of the channel itself and the secret produced prevent penetration pathogenic microflora into the sterile uterine cavity.

From the inside, the surface of the cervical canal is formed by multiple folds. That is why the channel resembles a spindle. The cervical canal forms two constrictions. The narrowing near the base of the cervix is the external os. In this area, the stratified squamous epithelium of the visible vaginal part of the cervix connects to the cylindrical single-layer tissue of the cervical canal. This area is called the transformation zone.

The internal os is formed by a narrowing of the cervical canal in the upper part, which is connected to the uterine cavity. The external and internal pharynx are formed by means of a connective tissue that differs in density. Narrowings are a kind of dampers that do not allow the infection to spread.

Polyps are usually located in the area of the external pharynx, as well as in the middle or at the top of the cervical canal. Most neoplasms have a long stalk and protrude into the vaginal lumen. Such a polyposis can be diagnosed during a general gynecological examination.

The surface of the formation may consist of cylindrical and squamous epithelium. Polyps covered with different types of epithelium differ in color.

Neoplasms contain a significant number of vessels that germinate during the formation of the polyp. This structure leads to bleeding when the surface is damaged.

In most cases, polyposis does not manifest itself. Small formations are often detected by chance. With them large sizes bleeding may be observed.

Polyposis of the cervical canal is detected during pregnancy in 22% of cases. Usually neoplasms are small in size and are not accompanied by clinical picture. In such cases, pregnant women are shown observation, and treatment is carried out after childbirth and finding out the causes of the pathology.

In the process of diagnosing polyposis, several basic research methods are used, for example, ultrasound, colposcopy. Removal of a cervical polyp is not a guarantee complete cure. In 15% of cases, after removal, relapses of polyposis occur. Therefore, treatment after removal is also aimed at preventing recurrence of the pathology.

Causes

Gynecologists point out that exact reason the occurrence of polyposis is unknown. Nevertheless, several factors provoking focal growth of the epithelium are considered as the main causes.

Trauma of the cervical canal. Violation of tissue integrity can occur as a result of abortion, curettage, probing of the uterine body, hysteroscopy, incorrect installation of the spiral, hysteroscopy. Trauma can occur during childbirth. In the process of healing of the epithelium, its excessive growth occurs. Moreover, polyposis can develop even with minor damage to the tissue of the cervical canal.
Structural changes in the epithelium. Pseudo-erosion and leukoplakia can provoke the development of polyposis.
Inflammatory process caused by specific and non-specific microorganisms. Sexual infections with concomitant immune disorders penetrate into the cervical canal. This leads to a qualitative change in the composition of the mucus and tissue edema. Against the background of edema, the epithelium becomes vulnerable and loose. Over time, the inflammatory process leads to the growth of cervical tissue and the formation of a polyp. Among the nonspecific inflammations that cause polyposis are called vaginitis, cervicitis and endometritis.
Bacterial vaginosis. Fluctuations in the acidity of the vagina and a violation of the composition of the intimate microflora are favorable conditions for the activation of opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms.
Violation of the functioning of the ovaries. Often, polyposis is combined with such hormone-dependent pathologies as endometriosis, polyps of the inner layer of the uterus, endometrial hyperplasia. Gynecologists believe that these pathologies can be based on a single mechanism of occurrence - hyperestrogenism, which affects the processes of epithelial growth. However, it should be noted that sometimes hormonal changes can be triggered by long-term stress, obesity, diabetes and thyroid pathologies.
Physiological reasons. IN this case, imply changes that occur during pregnancy and menopause. Hormonal changes cause excessive growth of cellular elements.

Despite some relationship between some factors and the development of polyposis, sometimes the cause of the pathology cannot be identified.

Symptoms

Small neoplasms are not accompanied by a clinical picture and are found when a woman contacts her for another reason. As a rule, these are polyps located on a wide base.

Often, signs of polyposis develop with the appearance of various complications. IN gynecological practice somewhat more often accompanied by complications of education, which are attached to the mucosa by means of a thin stalk. This type of polyps is distinguished by the exit of the surface beyond the external pharynx directly to the cervical surface. Thus, pedunculated polyps can easily be injured, for example, during the use of tampons, examination by a doctor, intimacy, douching.

The clinical picture of cervical polyposis usually includes.

Acyclic selections. This symptom is characteristic of the development of necrosis or inflammation.
Mucus secretions. Mucopurulent discharge appears with a concomitant inflammatory process. As a rule, this occurs with the growth of large polyps that narrow the lumen of the cervical canal. As a result, favorable conditions for the development of inflammation. The appearance of mucous secretions can be noted with pressure on the glands of the cervical canal.
Pain syndrome. Pain often occurs with large formations that interfere with the closure of the external pharynx. If the pain is intense, accompanied by cycle disorders, endometriosis or fibroids may be present.

When characteristic symptoms you should consult a doctor and conduct a differential diagnosis.

Types and diagnostics

Due to the fact that polyps are often located on a thin stalk and go beyond the external pharynx, they are well defined by visual examination of the cervix. It is noteworthy that neoplasms are distinguished by a variety of external characteristics:

size from a few millimeters to 2-3 millimeters;
mushroom-shaped, leaf-shaped, oval or round shape;
long stem or wide base.

Polypous formations of the cervical canal contain many vessels that usually shine through the epithelial canal, causing a dark pink color. This is what polyps look like, whose surface is covered with a cylindrical epithelium. Whitish polyps are formed with the participation of stratified squamous epithelial tissue.

bluish color of the polyp may indicate torsion of the leg or injury, which leads to impaired blood circulation.

The consistency of the polyps of the cervical canal can be both soft and dense. It depends on the amount of fibrous tissue in the neoplasm. Dense polyps have a significant amount of fibrous tissue in their composition.

If the doctor visualizes polyposis during the examination, he recommends that the patient undergo a colposcopic examination, which allows you to examine the formation in detail, study the structure and exclude the possibility pathological conditions epithelium.

However, accurate information about the structure of the polyp of the cervical canal can be obtained only after a histological diagnosis, which is always performed after the direct removal of the formation.

According to histological analysis, polyposis can be of several varieties.

The glandular type develops in relatively young women, for example, in the reproductive cycle. These are polyps with a size of 1 cm. The structure of glandular neoplasms suggests the content of glands localized in a chaotic manner.
The fibrous type is typical for older women. Polyps include dense fibrous tissue with a small number of glands. The difference from the previous variety lies in the ratio of types of fabric. For example, fibrous polyps are more dense.
Glandular fibrous type called otherwise mixed. The ratio of the two types of tissue is equivalent. Such polyps can reach large sizes.

The greatest danger is represented by adenomatous polyps, which are a precancerous form. After their removal, the patient is recommended a course of chemotherapy.

The choice of treatment tactics depends on the polyposis structure. If the polyp is located high, it is not possible to detect it during visual examination and colposcopy. In such cases, ultrasound is used, which is performed using a vaginal probe. Usually, with polyposis, there is a deformation of the lumen of the cervical canal.

If concomitant gynecological diseases are suspected, additional research methods may be carried out.

Treatment tactics

Treatment in a medical way ineffective, since the polyp can only be eliminated by removing it. However, in some cases, small lesions are treated conservatively with anti-inflammatory drugs. With the complete disappearance of polyposis, it can be concluded that the diagnosis was incorrectly made. In this case, they speak of a pseudopolyp, that is, the formation of an inflammatory nature.

If, against the background of anti-inflammatory therapy, the neoplasm decreases, this means that the inflammatory process has been eliminated. Subsequently, the pathology is treated with removal.

Drug treatment of polyposis before removal is required only in the presence of an inflammatory process. In such cases, removal is performed after prior antibiotic therapy.

Removal of polyps of the cervical canal is not performed during menstruation. Removal is advisable to carry out in the first half of the cycle. Can be used when removed different techniques, after which the material is sent for histological examination. Moreover, not only the neoplasm, but also the surrounding tissues are subject to research. Histological examination is necessary to exclude a precancerous and malignant process.

Treatment after removal is prescribed in accordance with the results of the histological analysis. after removal do not need additional therapy. Fibrous polyps cervical canal grow in elderly patients and have a high risk of malignancy. That is why usually when this variety is detected, it is carried out additional examination and the issue of subsequent therapy is being decided.

Mixed cervical polyps are often the result of hormonal disorders. After their removal, hormone therapy is prescribed to prevent the occurrence of relapses.

If removal is not possible The patient is prescribed anti-inflammatory and hormonal treatment.

Does not exist special methods prevention. To avoid the development of polyposis, women should maintain hormonal function at the proper level, treat inflammatory pathologies in time and avoid abortions.

Removal techniques

Before removing the polyp, the patient is usually hospitalized. Removal is performed under anesthesia. Polyps growing on a stalk are unscrewed, and then the bleeding is eliminated. After removal, curettage of the cervical canal is shown. Removal of cells from surrounding tissues helps prevent recurrence. In addition, all material is sent for histological examination in order to identify a possible precancerous and malignant process.

Removal of polyps can be performed in several ways.

Diathermocoagulation. The formation is removed with a special electric knife. Removal resembles cauterization, after which a scab remains on the mucous membrane, covering the wound. Under this crust, epithelial tissue heals and regenerates. After the end of regeneration, the crust is rejected over time. Removal by diathermocoagulation is effective for small neoplasms that grow on a wide stalk. After such removal, scar tissue may remain.
Cryodestruction. Removal with liquid nitrogen involves exposing the polyp to low temperatures, which leads to its freezing. Then the neoplasm is cut off. After such removal, there is no scar. However, the healing process takes about two months.
Laser polypectomy. This is a classic removal, during which the polyp is captured with a laser loop, and then eliminated with a laser scalpel.
Hysteroresectoscopy. This is the safest and most painless removal, which is performed using a hysteroscope. Removal has a number of advantages, for example, the ability to visualize the mucous membrane of the canal and the uterine cavity. This allows you to carry out the removal with maximum accuracy.

After removal, the tissue is sent for histological examination. Despite the fact that the polyp refers to a benign pathology, in some cases signs of malignancy are revealed. To prevent the development of precancerous and malignant diseases, gynecologists perform conization or amputation of the cervix, depending on the specific diagnosis.