How to stop heavy bleeding on the arm. How to stop bleeding during menstruation at home. Uterine bleeding with intrauterine "spiral"

Quite often in everyday life, when cooking, sharpening a pencil or performing other manipulations at home, we get a deep cut on the finger. It is always unexpected, painful and annoying, in addition to all this, blood is bleeding from the finger a lot and it needs to be stopped as quickly as possible. At home, you can always find improvised hemostatic agents, even if the blood does not stop. Although speaking of the latter, indeed, the nature and depth of the wound incision plays an important role. It is individual - from one accident to another. You may have to go to the surgeon and put stitches.

This article - "How to stop blood from a finger" - will be useful for adults, parents of children, because often a child may need help at home. Consider how to treat a wound using home, folk and medical remedies.

How to stop bleeding with a deep finger cut at home quickly

Tips for stopping bleeding at home can be as follows, including hemostatic agents should be included in the home first aid kit:

Hydrogen peroxide- an excellent antiseptic. When injuring a child, it is especially preferable to use this solution, since it does not burn or sting the wound. Alternative remedy – chlorhexidine, miramistin . These new generation drugs are in no way inferior to hydrogen peroxide.
Solution potassium permanganate(potassium permanganate) pale pink(not concentrated). It is good for them to water the wound abundantly to remove dirt and pathogenic microbial flora. It will clean the wound, dry it and improve regeneration processes.
Solutions brilliant green(greenery) and iodine are more suitable for treating the edges of the wound than the wound surface itself. They give a painful burning sensation and discomfort when applied, but, nevertheless, sanitize the wound.
Gauze napkins, cotton pads and bandages (plus adhesive plasters) in a sterile form will help close the wound well from an infection flying in the air. It is advisable to change the sterile bandage every three hours for a new one.

Attention! Be sure to align the treated edges of the cut together for better closure and regeneration process, this will speed up the healing and healing process of the wound.

If the bleeding doesn't stop...

If the blood does not stop for a long time, profuse bleeding is accompanied by a pulsation in the wound of the finger, especially since the bone or tendons are visually observed, the injured finger becomes numb - immediately seek medical help.

Which doctor to contact - a surgeon, a traumatologist, an ambulance paramedic.

After all, surgical intervention may be required if the nerve trunks, tendons, muscle fibers are damaged. You need to save your finger and save its functions!

shallow cuts

In everyday life and at work, you can cut yourself with anything: glass, a shard of a mirror, a knife, and any sharp object. Wounds come in varying degrees of depth and severity.

When the wound is shallow, bleeding can be stopped on its own within five to ten minutes. Hematopoietic ability to thicken, form a blood clot, a natural self-preservation mechanism.

What to do: First aid for yourself or your child

However, there are certain rules to be aware of:

do not try to quickly stop the bleeding, because it washes out all bacteria that have entered the wound, foreign bodies and infection;
wash your finger with a gentle stream of cool water, perhaps a light use of soap;
after bleeding from a cut on your finger, raise your hand above your head and shake it for several minutes, you will be amazed at how the edges of the wound close on your own, the blood will stop flowing.
further, treat the wound with hydrogen peroxide to decontaminate the surface, especially if the sharp traumatic object is rusty or just dirty;
apply a gauze bandage (bandage) soaked in hydrogen peroxide on the wound itself, so that when changing the bandage, do not peel off the resulting “crust” in order to prevent re-bleeding;
bandage with a sterile bandage (or just clean from the package) without pinching the vessels tightly so that the bandage holds tightly.

What Not to Do

Do not pour alcohol on the wound - 40% - irritates the skin, but does not kill all germs. 96% alcohol causes a burn and a crust on the wound, but cannot disinfect deep into. Better to use 70% ethanol, but that's just not on young children, because it calls for an intense burning and stinging sensation.
You can not pour a solution of brilliant green (brilliant green) or iodine on the wound itself. They process the edges of the cut.

severe cuts

With a deep - strong cut, bleeding will always be intense. First, process wound surface, remove all foreign objects from it - dust, dirt, etc.

What do we have to do

The algorithm of actions for a deep cut is as follows:

wash the wound under cool water. If the wound is dirty, be patient and use soap;
treat the wound with a solution of hydrogen peroxide - it will clean the cut site well;
alternative washing: a solution of potassium permanganate, furacilin;
raise your hand above your head, shake it to reduce blood flow to the hand, this will reduce bleeding, or even stop it completely;
if the blood does not stop, tightly rewind the base of the injured finger with a thread, this will help to compress the vessels and reduce the flow of blood to the wound, remove the thread after three to four minutes so as not to damage the finger vessels;
apply a sterile gauze bandage on the wound surface, soak it with an antiseptic (furatsilin), if the blood continues to ooze, appears on the surface of the bandage, apply a few more layers of the bandage, the bandage should be changed every three to four hours.

With a deep cut, you must follow a few rules for the rapid healing of the wound:

Not to do active movements injured finger.
Do not wet an injured finger with a cut. If it is not possible to avoid getting wet, use rubber gloves, fingertip. Immediately after contact with water, remove rubber gloves and change the bandage to dry.
Change the bandage at first every 3-4 hours, then at least 3-4 times a day. Each time, treat the wound with an antiseptic, you can apply tetracycline ointment to the wound.

Sometimes you have to suture in the surgeon's office, then the dressing is done for the first few days in a clinic or hospital, then it can already be changed at home.

Folk home remedies

Use folk remedies, recipes traditional healers if you are far from home and "civilization". However, when returning home, consult a doctor and apply medical preparations.

Decoction chamomile or oak bark – natural antiseptics which can be used together or separately. pharmacy chamomile disinfects, has anti-inflammatory properties, oak bark, due to strong tannins and astringents in its composition, has a good disinfecting and astringent effect.
Infusion or decoction marigold flowers- a natural antibiotic that relieves severe inflammatory processes.
Plantain leaves, burdock- have antiseptic and wound healing properties. Before use, plant leaves should be washed under running water. Before applying to the wound, the sheets must be rumpled in the hands so that the juice stands out.
wood ash – good remedy for the treatment of wounds, deep cuts, burns and abscesses. Better to use in medicinal purposes hardwood ash.
Weak solution table salt (1 teaspoon for one glass of 200 ml of water), although it causes a burning sensation, it well draws out all the filth from the wound.
Curry seasoning- This is an Indian wound treatment recipe that disinfects the wound surface well and kills pathogens.
Products beekeeping – honey with perga, wax, propolis . Honey, like propolis, has a pronounced antimicrobial activity, you can smear the wound, it will heal well.

Anatomy of the uterus

The uterus consists of 3 main layers:

1) perimetry- a layer that covers the outside of the uterus, and passes into the wall abdominal cavity;

2)myometrium- the most massive layer of the uterus, consisting of muscle fibers, containing a large number of vessels supplying the uterus;

3)endometrium- a membrane that lines the inside of the uterine cavity. It is the endometrium that thickens during the menstrual cycle and prepares for implantation. gestational sac.

The endometrium is divided into 2 layers: the main (basal) and functional, which is rejected monthly if the fertilization of the egg has not occurred. The rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium is what we call menstruation. However, if there is a failure in hormonal system rejection of the functional layer may not be effective. As a result, part of the endometrium remains, and with it many dilated glands and vessels that begin to bleed. This is how dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Types and causes of uterine bleeding

Causes that can lead to uterine bleeding great multitude. Therefore, for ease of understanding and simplification of the diagnosis of bleeding, the causes are divided into certain categories. And so the first two big categories are:

1) bleeding as a result of disorders in various organs and systems, 2) bleeding associated with disorders in the genital area.

Non-genital causes of bleeding (extragenital)

Infectious diseases (flu, measles, typhoid fever, sepsis);
Blood diseases (hemorrhagic vasculitis, hemophilia, lack of vitamin K and C, etc.;
Liver disease (cirrhosis);
Diseases of cardio-vascular system(high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, etc.);
Decreased function thyroid gland.

Uterine bleeding as a result of disorders in the genital area (genital).

genital causes bleeding may or may not be related to pregnancy.

Genital causes associated with pregnancy (early)

Disrupted pregnancy (uterine, ectopic)
Disease of the ovum hydatidiform mole chorionepithelioma (malignant tumor)

genital reasons, associated with pregnancy (late terms, childbirth, half-term period):

Reasons for later dates pregnancy
- placenta previa
- Scar on the uterus
- The processes of tissue destruction on the cervix
- Other obstetric causes
Causes during childbirth
- Premature detachment placenta
- placenta previa
- low-lying placenta
- Rupture of the uterus
- Vaginal and vulvar injuries
- Delayed discharge of the separated placenta
- Infringement of the placenta
- Violation of the attachment of the placenta
- Soft injuries birth canal
Causes after childbirth
- Decreased tone of the uterus
- Injuries of the soft genital tract
- Delay parts of placenta
- chorionepithelioma

Genital causes not related to pregnancy

Discirculatory uterine bleeding

Juvenile (during puberty 12-18 years);
Reproductive (during puberty 18-45 years);
Climacteric (menopausal period);

Tumors

Uterus
ovaries

ovarian rupture, ovarian cyst rupture
Injuries of the uterus
Infectious and inflammatory diseases

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

Bleeding that occurs when normal menstruation this is a consequence of the rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium, as a result of a decrease in the level of female sex hormones (estrogens, gestagens).

Normally, the amount of blood loss is 30-40 ml, the upper limit of the norm is 80 ml. With DMC, heavy bleeding occurs more than 100 ml, which may or may not coincide with the time of menstruation.

Allocate bleeding that coincides in time with menstruation - menorrhagia, plentiful and long. As well as bleeding that occurs between periods - metrorrhagia, they have different intensities and are irregular.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding widespread among women, especially those in their 30s and 40s. The main cause of DMC is a violation of the ovulation process.

The impossibility of the ovulation process is caused by a malfunction in the hormonal system of a woman (a change in the level and rhythm of the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormone). As a result, the growth of the mucous membrane of the uterus (endometrium) occurs with insufficient development of the glands and blood vessels, there is an accumulation and stagnation of blood, blood circulation is disturbed, the permeability of blood vessels changes. Thus, they create favorable conditions for bleeding to occur. And when the endometrium is rejected, it is not rejected evenly, which results in the occurrence of bleeding of various severity and duration.

Moreover, during such hormonal disorders at the level of the uterus, the function of platelets (the main cells of the coagulation system) decreases and blood thinning processes increase, which further increases bleeding.

Factors that cause disruption of the hormonal system

AT puberty(12-18 years):

Chronic and acute infectious diseases
Reduced amount of vitamins (hypovitaminosis)
Physical overload
mental trauma

At reproductive age:

Emotional and mental stress
Complicated abortions and childbirth
Diseases endocrine glands(thyroid gland, etc.)
Inflammatory diseases genitals

During menopause:

Acute and chronic infectious diseases
Neuropsychic trauma

Symptoms of uterine bleeding

General symptoms:

Weakness, dizziness
Pallor skin
Possibly nausea, vomiting
fainting
frequent and weak pulse
Lowering blood pressure

Local symptoms:

Discharge of blood from the vagina
During menstruation, a large amount of blood clots. The pad or tampon gets wet quickly and abundantly. Frequent replacement of pads at night (every 1-2 hours).
Increased bleeding time (more than 7-8 days). Normally, menstrual bleeding lasts 3-8 days.
Possible bleeding after intercourse
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is virtually painless
Bleeding often does not coincide with the period of menstruation

The main symptoms of uterine bleeding during puberty: long, bloody issues from the vagina (more than 7-8 days); bleeding, the interval between which is less than 21 days; blood loss more than 100-120 ml per day.

Uterine bleeding that appears after a delay in menstruation, as a rule, speaks of their functional character.

cyclical, profuse bleeding often occurs with fibroids, adenomyosis and blood diseases.

First aid for uterine bleeding

Do I need to call an ambulance?
Yes, and as soon as possible! Especially if the bleeding occurred for the first time, the woman is pregnant and the condition is deteriorating rapidly. Do not put off calling an ambulance, every minute can be decisive.

Uterine bleeding a formidable signal of a violation in the body of a woman. And accordingly, it should be taken very seriously. First of all, you need to call an ambulance or see a doctor. Only a doctor is able to adequately assess the situation, since there are many reasons that can cause uterine bleeding and only medical experience allows a holistic view of the problem.

Walkthrough:

What not to do

Apply a warm heating pad
douching
Take a warm bath
Take medications that reduce the uterus, without consulting a doctor.

What to do

Help steps, what to do?	How to do it?	What for?
What can you do yourself at home?
Bed rest	Lay on the bed (lying on your back), raise your legs, put a roller, pillow under your legs.	This will allow the blood to wash the vital organs (brain, liver, kidneys) and, with significant blood loss, the risk of loss of consciousness and serious complications is reduced.
Cold in the lower abdomen	You can use an ice pack only after wrapping it in a cloth in order to avoid frostbite. Or you can put a heating pad, a bottle filled with cold water etc. Put ice on for 10-15 minutes, then take a 5-minute break, repeat for 1-2 hours.	Cold constricts blood vessels, thereby reducing bleeding.
Replenish fluid loss from the body	With blood loss, it is necessary to replenish the lost volume of fluid from bloodstream. Not being able to put a drip, will do plentiful drink. Water, sweet tea, rosehip tea, etc.	Water will reduce the amount of fluid lost along with the blood. Glucose will nourish tissues and mainly nerve cells brain. Tea with rose hips (which contains a large amount of vitamin C), the walls of blood vessels, which also reduces bleeding.
Medicines(hemostatic drugs) To drug treatment should only be used after consulting a medical specialist or emergency situations.	Dicynon inside 0.25 gr. 4 times a day Calcium gluconate 3-4 times a day, 1 tab. inside. Aminocaproic acid- inside 30 ml 3-5 times a day; Vitamin C up to 1 gr. per day. Vikasol - inside 0.015 g 3 times a day Nettle, water pepper in the form of tinctures inside, 100 ml 3 times a day. Means increase the tone and activity of the muscles of the uterus.	The use of hemostatic drugs requires consultation with a specialist doctor, especially if the woman is pregnant. In addition to the hemostatic effect, drugs can cause various side effects.
Medical assistance used in the hospital:
Stop bleeding hormonal drugs (with DMK)	As hormonal agents, monophasic combined oral contraceptives(COC): Regulon, Jeanine, Non-ovlon, etc. Mode of application: On the first day, 3-6 tablets are used until bleeding stops. Then, every subsequent day, the dose is reduced by 1 tablet from the original amount. So if 5 tablets were used on the first day, then 4 tablets are taken the next day. And so they reduce it to 1 tablet per day, it should be taken for 21 days. Also, gestogens (norethistirone 5 mg, linestrenol 10 mg, dydrogesterone 10 mg) can also be used as a hormonal stop of bleeding. But this species stopping bleeding is slower and is not used in women with severe anemia. Mode of application: 3-5 tablets per day until bleeding stops. Then every 2-3 days the dose is reduced by 1 tablet. The total period of use is not more than 10 tablets, 2 tablets per day.	To whom, and under what conditions, it is possible to stop uterine bleeding with the help of hormonal drugs: Young women who have not given birth and are not at risk for the development of tumor processes in the endometrium. If curettage for the purpose of diagnosis was carried out no more than 3 months ago, and it did not reveal pathological processes in the endometrium.
Hemostatic drugs	Aminocaproic acid: Application: inside 30 ml 3-5 times a day or intravenously drip 100 ml 5% solution. Dicynon(etamsylate sodium) intramuscularly 2 ml 1-4 times a day for 7 days or inside 0.25 g. 4 times a day; Tranexam: with profuse bleeding 1000-1500 mg, 3-4 times a day, 3-4 days. Vikasol i / m 1% -1 ml or inside 0.015 g 3 times a day, for 3 days; Askorutin inside 0.25 g 3 times a day, for 7 days, strengthens the vascular wall; Preparations that increase the tone of the uterus: Oxytocin(pituitrin) - 5ED - 1ml, i / m; IV drip 1 ml in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution per day, up to 7 days; Ergotal- 0.05% -1 ml / m It is impossible with uterine myoma!	Aminocaproic acid: It has a hemostatic effect mainly due to the inhibition of processes that provide blood thinning. The drug can dramatically increase blood clotting due to the massive release of substances from the tissues that activate the coagulation system. Therefore, the drug is contraindicated in DIC. Dicynon (etamsylate): has a fast hemostatic effect. Increases the activity and number of platelets. Does not cause increased blood clotting, can be used for a long time. It is effective both when administered intravenously and when taken orally. Oxytocin: a hormonal preparation derived from the gland of the brain (pituitary gland) of cattle. It has a direct stimulating effect on the muscle tone of the uterus, causing it to contract. It also constricts blood vessels and reduces diuresis. In obstetric practice, it is usually used to reduce the tone of the uterus, bleeding in the early postpartum period and to encourage labor activity. The drug is contraindicated in myocarditis, increased blood pressure, improperly located fetus, thrombophlebitis, kidney pathology in pregnant women, etc. Tranexam- a drug that has a pronounced hemostatic effect, and also has an anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-infectious and antitumor effect. With simultaneous use with other hemostatic drugs, the risk of blood clots increases.
Surgical methods to stop bleeding	- scraping uterine cavity and cervical canal. -Cold treatment (cryolysis), use special devices with liquid nitrogen to destroy the upper altered layer of the uterus. - Endometrial ablation, removal of the endometrium using a laser, loop or ball electrode, as well as using electromagnetic energy. When exposed various types energy endometrium "evaporates".	Scraping is the most effective and main method of stopping bleeding in women of the reproductive and menopausal period. Cryodestruction- The procedure has no contraindications. Gives a lasting healing effect. Ablation of the endometrium performed in patients who are not interested in the birth of offspring.
Folk recipes to stop bleeding Important! Traditional medicine recipes should be used as an addition to the main treatment and be discussed with a specialist doctor.
Compound:	Method of preparation and use	Effect
Nettle	1 tbsp dried leaves pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Take half a glass 3 times a day.	Contains large doses of vitamin C, which helps strengthen blood vessels. Increases blood clotting, increases the tone of the uterus.
Viburnum bark	1 tbsp crushed bark pour 200 ml of boiling water, heat for 10 minutes. on fire, strain. Take 3-4 times a day for 2 tbsp.	It has a vasoconstrictive, analgesic and antiseptic effect.
Horsetail	Prepare an infusion: 2 tsp. for 200 ml. boiling water. 1 table. spoonful every 2 hours.	It has a hemostatic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, diuretic effect.
water pepper	1 tbsp cut grass pour 200 ml of boiling water. Insist 60 min. 1 tbsp. take 3 times a day.	Accelerates the processes of blood coagulation, reduces the permeability and fragility of blood vessels, has an analgesic and wound-healing effect. Good antiseptic.
Highlander	3-4 tsp herbs pour 200 ml of boiling water. Insist 60 min. 1 tbsp. take 3 times a day half an hour before meals.	It has a strong hemostatic effect.
Shepherd's bag	10 gr. herbs pour 200 ml of boiling water. Take 3 times a day for 1 tbsp.	It is used for reducing the tone of the uterus and bleeding. It increases the tone of the muscles of the uterus, helps to reduce the uterine muscles.
yarrow	1 des.l. herbs pour 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 60 minutes. Take 3-4 times a day for 1/3 cup half an hour before meals.	Drink tea after bleeding stops, for prevention.

Prevention of dyscirculatory uterine bleeding

Reinforcing activities: correct mode work and leisure, healthy eating avoiding stressful situations and negative emotions.
Taking for the first time 1-2 monthly anti-inflammatory drugs (mefenamic acid 50 mg, 3 times a day; nimesulide 100 mg 2 times a day).
For the first time 1-2 months, taking hemostatic drugs (aminocaproic acid and its derivatives).
Treatment with hormones (estrogen-progestin preparations, progestogen preparations). Average duration treatment 3-6 months. The ineffectiveness of hormone therapy may indicate an incorrectly identified cause of bleeding or an incorrect selection of the drug or its dose, individual sensitivity, premature termination of the course.
Vitamins: vitamin C 1 gr. per day from the 16th day of the cycle, for 10 days; folic acid 1 tab. in knocks from the 5th day of the cycle for 10 days; tocopherol acetate for 2 months, multivitamin and mineral preparations containing iron and zinc.
Calming and stabilizing drugs nervous system(tincture, valerian, novopassitis, etc.).
Physical education, fitness, swimming, jogging, yoga, dancing, etc. are useful.

Acute pathological uterine bleeding is a common problem faced by practicing gynecologists. Even one-time such cases sometimes require immediate medical intervention. The causes of this pathology are numerous. To solve the problem and understand how to stop uterine bleeding, it is necessary to take into account the woman's age, her menstrual function and medical history, risk factors for endometrial pathology and blood coagulation.

Etiology of acute abnormal uterine bleeding

The etiology of uterine bleeding can be multifactorial. This pathology is classified as associated with structural abnormalities of the uterus and disorders in the blood coagulation system. This happens for reasons:

polyp;
hyperplasia;
adenomyosis;
leiomyomas;
cancerous processes of the body and cervix;
coagulopathy;
ovulatory dysfunction;
endometriosis;
pregnancy;
iatrogenic factors.

Determination of the most probable etiology has importance in choosing the most appropriate and effective way stop bleeding for a particular patient and is achieved by taking an anamnesis, physical and gynecological examination and blood tests.

Clinical examination of hemostasis disorders in a woman with excessive menstrual bleeding

Initial screening for an underlying disorder of hemostasis in such women should be based on their medical history. Positive result research includes the following:

heavy menstrual bleeding, starting with menarche;
postpartum hemorrhage;
operations accompanied by blood loss;
violations of the coagulation system in the treatment of teeth.

In this case, the following conditions must be taken into account:

hematomas once or twice a month;
frequent nosebleeds;
persistent bleeding from the gums;
symptoms of coagulopathy in close relatives.

History or anamnesis

Obtaining a thorough anamnesis is necessary to focus on the circumstances of the bleeding. This takes into account concomitant symptoms and past causes of menstrual disorders, details of gynecological and medical history and data from relevant laboratory and radiological tests.

Up to 13% of women with heavy menstrual bleeding have a variant of von Willebrand disease and up to 20% of patients may have bleeding disorders. Other causes of coagulopathy, such as decreased clotting factors, hemophilia, and platelet dysfunction, can occur in any age group. In addition, at systemic diseases such as leukemia and liver failure, and when taking medications such as anticoagulants or chemotherapy drugs, clotting may decrease and this may cause bleeding. All this is taken into account in the development of tactics for solving the upcoming question: how to stop uterine bleeding.

Physical examination

The physical examination of a patient with uterine bleeding should begin with an assessment acute blood loss and the main symptoms, which are hypovolemia, anemia, and results that suggest the etiology of the disease. The woman's condition should be assessed so that the doctor can determine that she has uterine bleeding and not bleeding from other areas of the genital tract. In this way, gynecological examination, which includes examination of the cervix in the mirrors and bimanual palpation, should be performed by a gynecologist in order to identify any injuries to the genitals, vagina or cervix. All this allows us to draw conclusions, which was the cause that caused vaginal bleeding. A gynecological examination will also determine the volume, intensity of bleeding, the condition of the uterus, internal genital organs, or structural lesions. reproductive organ(leiomyoma).

Laboratory research

Laboratory evaluation of patients with this disease is necessary. All adolescents and women are carefully examined for hemostasis disorders. Taking into account clinical picture it is required to take into account the pathology of the thyroid gland, liver dysfunction, sepsis, leukemia, etc. Endometrial tissue sampling should be performed in all women. This is especially true for patients over 45 years of age. Endometrial biopsy should also be performed in women younger than 45 years of age with a history of exposure to unconjugated estrogens (eg, observed in patients with obesity or polycystic ovary syndrome), a primary bleeding event, or with persistent such manifestations. The decision as to whether to perform a pelvic ultrasound should be based on clinical assessment data.

Initial laboratory testing requires:

determination of the group and Rh factor;
pregnancy test;
registration of activated partial thromboplastin time;
prothrombin time;
determining the amount of fibrinogen;
initial testing for von Willebrand disease;
determining the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone;
identifying serum iron, total iron-binding capacity and ferritin;
liver function tests;
detection of chlamydia trachomatis.

Control of acute abnormal uterine bleeding in non-pregnant women of reproductive age

The initial assessment of a patient with acute abnormal uterine bleeding should be to test her for signs of hypovolemia and potential hemodynamic instability. Measures to stop bleeding are intravenous administration conjugated estrogens, combined oral contraceptives, oral progestins and tranexamic acid. Decisions should be based on the patient's medical history and contraindications to therapy. Surgery should be considered for those women who are not clinically stable. Choice surgical intervention should be based on the presence of underlying comorbidities in the patient and the desire of the woman to have children in the future. Once an acute episode of bleeding has been resolved, transition to long-term maintenance therapy is recommended.

Uterine bleeding is defined as bleeding from the body of the uterus if it is abnormal in regularity, volume, frequency, or duration and occurs in the absence of pregnancy. This pathology can be acute or chronic. Acute bleeding is a situation that requires immediate intervention to prevent further blood loss. Acute process may occur spontaneously or in conditions of chronic spotting or bleeding. The overall assessment of the patient who has this pathology must go through three steps:

determination of the amount of blood loss;
clarification of the most probable etiology;
choosing the right treatment.

Treatment

Limited evidence, expert opinion and recommendations decide how to quickly stop uterine bleeding. The choice of the method of therapy in this case depends on the clinic and etiology, taking into account the main medical problems. The two main goals of management are to stop bleeding and control to reduce menstrual blood loss in subsequent cycles. Medical therapy is considered the preferred primary treatment option. However, certain situations may necessitate prompt surgical intervention.

Basic drugs

How to stop uterine bleeding? The drugs that are used for this purpose are hormonal agents. They are considered the first line drug therapy for patients with acute bleeding. Treatment options include combined oral contraceptives and oral progestins.

Antifibrinolytic drugs such as tranexamic acid are used to prevent fibrin degradation and are effective in treating patients with any form of bleeding. Tranexamic acid effectively reduces the rate of intraoperative blood loss and removes indications for blood transfusion in surgical patients.

Patients with coagulation disorders or those who are suspected of bleeding may develop unpredictable reactions to hormonal and non-hormonal treatments. For such patients, consultation with a hematologist is recommended, especially if the bleeding is difficult to control or the gynecologist cannot cope with this pathology on his own. Desmopressin may help treat patients with von Willebrand's disease if the woman is known to respond to this drug. It can be administered as an intranasal inhalation, intravenously or subcutaneously. This remedy should be used with caution due to the risk of fluid retention and hyponatremia. It should not be given to patients with massive bleeding receiving intravenous resuscitation. Recombinant factor VIII and von Willebrand factor are also available and may need to be monitored serious bleeding. Other disadvantage factors may require factor-specific substitutions.

Patients with bleeding disorders or platelet dysfunction should avoid non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs because of their effect on platelet aggregation and their interaction with substances that can affect liver function and the production of blood clotting factors.

Surgery

How to stop uterine bleeding with endometrial hyperplasia or with myoma? Need surgical treatment based on the clinical stability of the patient, the severity of bleeding, the presence of contraindications for therapeutic treatment, lack of response to medications and comorbidities. Surgical Options include dilatation and curettage of the endometrium, its ablation, embolization uterine arteries and hysterectomy. The choice of the method of surgical intervention is made on the basis of the above factors plus the desire of the patient to maintain fertility in the future.

Specific procedures such as hysteroscopy, polypectomy, myomectomy may be required if structural abnormalities are suspected as the cause of the identified pathology. And so the question of how to stop uterine bleeding with myoma or polyposis is decided in favor of surgical methods. Dilation and curettage alone (without hysteroscopy) is an inadequate tool for evaluating uterine disorder and may provide only temporary relief from bleeding. If they are carried out with concomitant hysteroscopy, then this may be of importance for those patients in whom intrauterine pathology is suspected, or it is desirable to obtain a tissue sample to identify certain processes. Case reports of uterine artery embolization and endometrial ablation have shown these procedures to be successful in managing bleeding. Endometrial ablation, although readily available at most centers, should only be considered if other treatments have failed or are contraindicated. This procedure should only be performed when the woman has no plans for future childbearing and uterine cancer has been reliably excluded as the cause. Hysterectomy is used as final method treatment to control excessive bleeding, which may be necessary for patients who do not respond to medical therapy.

Thus, it was listed in what ways and how to stop uterine bleeding in the hospital.

Special cases

In most cases, a woman does not know why she has bleeding, and does not suspect that she has certain predisposing factors for the development of this uterine pathology. But sometimes there are diseases that the patient knows about, and it is her information, as well as additional methods Examinations help in clarifying the diagnosis and choosing a specific treatment strategy.

Bleeding during pregnancy

During perimenopause, most common cause abnormal bleeding is a change hormonal background which prevents ovulation. Regular but much more severe periods are very common in the years leading up to menopause. For women in their 40s, low-dose birth control pills can also help control heavy uterine bleeding. How to stop it and deal with other perimenopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, night sweats, premenstrual syndrome and headaches? This will help the use of tableted contraceptives when used on permanent basis. After the age of 50, with hormone replacement therapy (which consists of lower doses of estrogen and progesterone than pills), it is possible to eventually wean the patient off hormones altogether if the menopausal symptoms gradually decrease.

In perimenopause, some choose not to take birth control pills, so they can be used in this case other conservative methods stop bleeding. The progesterone-IUD is one such option, and it provides a great opportunity for birth control that can last five years. The device secretes progesterone, a hormone that works in the lining of the uterus, resulting in menstruation without complications. An IUD is the preferred option for women who need reversible methods of contraception.

How to stop uterine bleeding surgically? Removal of the endometrium is a minimally invasive procedure that has proven effective in treating severe perimenopausal bleeding and may even help some patients avoid hysterectomy. Ablation procedures have been used quite successfully to reduce the amount of bleeding, in some cases leading to a complete cessation of the menstrual cycle. This procedure is not a method of birth control and is used only for women who have completed childbearing.

For patients who have not responded to drugs and less invasive options, this perimenopausal surgery may be the best option to address the issue of how to stop uterine bleeding. For endometriosis, fibroids, hyperplasia, polyps, hysterectomy is the most preferred method for women with such changes. At the same time, amputation of the uterus is possible with the help of various options. The doctor should know the concomitant diseases of such a woman.

How to stop uterine bleeding at home

Bleeding in any case requires a visit to a doctor to determine the cause and purpose adequate treatment. Before the arrival of the ambulance, you must take horizontal position and raise your legs. You can put a heating pad with ice on the lower abdomen. Compresses and warming procedures are strictly contraindicated. How to stop uterine bleeding at home, what decoctions and preparations can be used? This is well known to older women. "Vikasol", "Ditsinon", "Oxytocin", "Tranexamic acid" - these are the drugs that should be in every woman's first aid kit. These medicines help in deciding how to stop uterine bleeding at home.

Folk remedies

Traditional medicine recipes are used in the treatment of many diseases. How to stop uterine bleeding folk remedies? This question interests both young girls and older women. Most often, in this case, a decoction of nettle leaves, yarrow, shepherd's purse, tincture of water pepper is used. Decoctions are also prepared from cucumber lashes, yasnotki, pepper mountaineer. However, this treatment can only be used as helper method and only after consulting a doctor.

Bleeding appears when the integrity of the vessels is violated. It can be both external, when blood enters from the wound to the surface of the skin, and internal, when it flows into the body. The main reasons for this pathological condition- injuries, as well as diseases of various organs (, malignant tumor) or blood clotting disorders ().

Types and causes

With rapid blood loss, the amount of blood circulating in the body decreases. At the same time, the supply of oxygen to tissues, especially the brain, kidneys and liver, suffers. If blood loss is not so significant, but continues for a long time (for example, during or heavy menstruation), a person occurs. The most dangerous blood loss in children and elderly people.

The consequences of blood loss also depend on the size of the injured vessel. When small arteries and capillaries are injured, blood clots quickly form in them, and the outflow of blood stops on its own. When damaged major artery the blood stream is very strong, which within a few minutes can cause the death of the victim.

When different vessels are damaged, one of the forms of bleeding occurs:

capillary;
venous;
mixed;
arterial.

Capillary bleeding is not intense, blood is released over the entire surface of the injury. When venous, it forms a uniform stream of cherry color. An arterial wound is manifested by a strong rushing stream of scarlet blood, pulsing in accordance with the contractions of the heart. With mixed damage, signs of both arterial and venous blood loss are visible.

The discharge of blood from the mouth may accompany the following processes:

bleeding from the lungs with or tuberculosis (scarlet foaming blood);
gastric bleeding with an ulcer or or esophagus (vomiting blood or clots, often similar to coffee grounds).

Blood during urination is a sign of diseases of the urinary system.

Internal bleeding can be assumed based on the deterioration of the victim's well-being. With the accumulation of blood in the abdominal cavity, there is a frequent weak pulse, pallor, thirst, drowsiness, fainting. complements these signs with bleeding into the pleural cavity. With the accumulation of blood in the skull, there are signs of compression of the brain - loss of consciousness, respiratory failure, and others.

First aid

If the bleeding from the wound does not stop, you should immediately consult a doctor. The same applies to cases of trauma to the abdomen, chest or head, when damage to organs inside the body is not ruled out.

external bleeding

For minor bleeding small wound on the limbs it is necessary to apply a sterile bandage of cotton wool and gauze in several layers. From above it should be well fixed with a bandage or adhesive plaster. However, care must be taken that the bandage does not pinch intact vessels, and the limb below the bandage does not turn blue.

With intense bleeding from an arterial vessel, the bandage will not be able to stop it. You need to try to find a point above the wound where you feel arterial pulse, and press it firmly with your fingers or fist. The flow of blood almost completely stops.

However, even the most strong man will not be able to squeeze the artery for more than 15 minutes. That is why immediately after pressing the vessel, you should look for other ways to help the victim. For this, a hemostatic tourniquet is used. It can be replaced with improvised means - a tie, a scarf, and so on, but not with wire. Such strips of fabric are tightened with some hard object, such as a stick, and the twist is strengthened with a separate bandage.

If the leg is damaged below the knee, the tourniquet is applied to the thigh, if the arm is injured below the elbow - at the level of the upper or lower part of the shoulder. A tourniquet is not applied to the middle of the shoulder, since nerves pass close under the skin here. They can be easily injured.

Limb wrap soft cloth or clothes without folds. The tourniquet is brought under the limb, taken by the end and middle and stretched, after which it is wrapped around the thigh or shoulder until the bleeding stops. Turnover should gradually weaken. They need to be done next to each other so that the fabric between them is not infringed. The harness should not be overtightened.

A note is placed under it, indicating the hour and minute when the tourniquet was applied. It can remain on the human body in a warm room for up to 2 hours, and in winter - no more than an hour and a half. If the victim has not yet been taken to the hospital, it is necessary to temporarily loosen the tension. The first assistant presses the artery above the injury site, and the second one slowly loosens the tourniquet for 5 minutes, after which it is again applied higher previous place but as close as possible to the source of blood loss.

To stop bleeding in case of injuries of the limbs is sometimes obtained with their increased flexion. When a hand or forearm is injured, a roller of cotton and gauze or fabric is placed in the elbow bend, the limb is bent and the shoulder and forearm are pulled together using a bandage or belt. If the shoulder is damaged in the upper part or the area under the collarbone, both hands are brought behind the back and pulled together by the elbows. In case of injuries of the foot and lower leg, the roller is placed under the knee, the limb is bent and the thigh and lower leg are pulled together. Finally, in case of damage to the thigh, the roller is placed in the groin area, the thigh is bent and pulled to the body.

The injured limb is lifted and urgently seek medical help.

Other types of bleeding

When blood appears from respiratory tract, vagina, oral cavity should be called immediately ambulance. These conditions can threaten the life of the sick person. First aid measures:

bleeding from the lungs and hemoptysis: seat the patient reclining, place a heating pad with cold water or ice on the chest, advise not to move or talk;
gastric bleeding: complete rest, cold on the abdomen;
: rest, drink plenty of water.

seat the patient reclining;
insert into the nostrils gauze swab moistened with hydrogen peroxide;
put a handkerchief moistened with water on the bridge of the nose;
if ineffective, you can apply cold to the back of the head.

You can’t tilt your head back, because in this case, blood can enter the throat, giving the impression of stopping the bleeding.

If home measures are ineffective, an ambulance should be called.

After stopping the discharge of blood from the nose, the sick person needs rest. He is not recommended to make sharp inclinations, there is hot food, blow your nose. In case of recurring bleeding, you should consult a doctor, as they often accompany serious illnesses internal organs or blood system.

Which doctor to contact

With the development of bleeding, it is necessary to urgently contact the surgeon, since it is possible to stop blood loss only after the treatment and suturing of the wound or surgery on internal organs. With prolonged bleeding, you may need to consult a specialized specialist: pulmonologist, ENT doctor, gastroenterologist, gynecologist, proctologist, urologist or oncologist.

Pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky talks about emergency care for nosebleeds:

Deep types of cuts occur when careless handling sharp objects. To stop the bleeding deep cuts, you need to know the correctness of first aid, which we learn from the material.

Deep cuts: what to do

The bigger the cut, the more profuse bleeding and therefore blood clotting in such cases is very low. Initially, the wound is treated to eliminate its contamination. To stop the blood with deep cuts, the victim is positioned so that the wound is above the level of the heart. If foreign particles (glass, metal) remain in the wound, they must be removed. If it is not possible to remove the substances, then this should be told to the doctor after the arrival of the ambulance.

If foreign substances have been removed from the wound, then you can begin to treat it and stop the bleeding. deep wounds must be processed to exclude the possibility of bacteria ingestion and the development of tetanus disease. Processing is carried out using the following means and methods:

hydrogen peroxide;
soapy water;
washing the wound with running water.

After treatment of the wound, measures are taken to temporarily stop bleeding with deep cuts. With such cuts, venous or arterial bleeding occurs. Venous bleeding is stopped by applying a bandage, and arterial bleeding only by applying a tourniquet. Before bandaging the wound, its edges must be treated with brilliant green to eliminate the negative consequences of the penetration of bacteria into the wound.

After that, a bandage or sterile cloth soaked with peroxide is applied. If there is no bandage, then you can use improvised means: clothes, a handkerchief. Over the applied matter, the wound is bandaged. If the wound continues to bleed, then a gauze pad should be applied on top, re-bandaging the wound.

If venous bleeding is due to severe damage to the vessels, then in addition to the bandage, you will need to apply a tourniquet. At venous bleeding tourniquet is applied below the wound. and with arterial - higher.

Important Points

With self-stopping of bleeding, the likelihood of complications is not excluded. Complications can be detected by the following signs:

delayed wound healing;
discharge from the wound of pus;
persistent burning or redness of the wound site.

These signs indicate the penetration of the infection into the body. Infection leads to the development of negative consequences, such as the appearance of infectious diseases, blood poisoning. If there is the slightest suspicion of infection in the wound. need to go to the hospital immediately.

For cuts that cause a violation motor functions also need to go to the hospital. After all, the cause of such a violation is damage to muscles, tendons and nerve endings.

Deep cuts require surgery. To speed up the healing of the cut site, it is necessary to carry out a procedure for sewing up the damaged area of the skin.

For timely and qualified first aid to the victim, you should always have a first aid kit with you, which contains the main drugs to save human lives. These drugs include bactericidal, antiseptic, antiviral agents, as well as bandages and cotton wool. Hepoglos helps to quickly and effectively stop any bleeding. This is a medication that helps to clog the damaged vessel, thereby stopping external hemorrhage.

January 17th, 2017