Nephritis signs of the disease. Kidney nephritis - what is this disease. The main types of jade

Headache
Weakness
Lower back pain
Nausea
Loss of appetite
Bloating
Vomit
convulsions
Dry mouth
Diarrhea
Dry skin
Muscle pain
High blood pressure
Brittle nails
intense thirst
General swelling
Decreased urine output
Cloudy urine
yellowing of the skin
swelling of the face

Jade in medicine refers to a whole group of various inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. All of them have a different etiology, as well as a development mechanism, symptomatic and pathomorphological features. Clinicians include local or widespread processes in this group, during which the renal tissue grows, partially or completely destroys.

Classification
Causes
Symptoms
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prevention

The disease can occur in people from different age groups. Jade also develops in children and the elderly, but a little less frequently. This pathological condition can be both an independent disease and develop against the background of already existing diseases in the human body.

Nephrites in medicine are divided into several types, which have their own etiology, symptoms and features of the course. All species are dangerous to health and life, therefore, as soon as a person reveals the first symptoms of the development of the disease, it is recommended to immediately contact a medical institution.

glomerulonephritis. In this disease, the glomeruli are affected. In frequent cases, this type of nephritis develops as a result of previously transferred tonsillitis and other ailments, the occurrence of which was provoked by hemolytic streptococcus. A characteristic sign of glomerulonephritis is hematuria. Edema develops, back pain occurs, blood pressure rises;
pyelonephritis (purulent nephritis). The inflammatory process affects the renal pelvis, calyx and kidney parenchyma. The causative agents of the disease are staphylococci, Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Pathogenic microflora enters the kidneys from other parts of the genitourinary system, but it can also be brought by blood flow from other foci of infection already present in the body. With pyelonephritis, the temperature rises, there is a severe headache and back pain. Urination frequent and painful;
interstitial. The inflammatory process covers the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys. This disease can be caused by taking certain groups of synthetic medicines. Viral infections can also cause development. The first symptoms: edema, blood in the urine, weakness, increased blood pressure, polyuria, pain in the area where the kidneys are located;
ray. The disease develops after prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. As a rule, this leads to the fact that the inflammatory process affects the renal tubules;
shunt. It is characterized by the connection of antibody complexes near the glomeruli of the kidneys;
hereditary. Its appearance in the human body is directly related to the existing congenital pathologies of the kidneys.

Disease classification

In order to attribute the disease to one or another type, in each clinical case, it is first necessary to identify the nature and prevalence of the inflammatory process in the kidneys, the nature of the course of the disease. Clinicians use a specific classification of nephritis for a more accurate diagnosis.

According to the localization and spread of the pathological process, the disease is divided into:

Focal. The inflammatory process "attacks" the renal interstitial tissue;
diffuse. The renal glomeruli are affected.

According to the course of the disease, the following types are distinguished:

Acute nephritis. In this case, there is an acute violation of the functioning of the kidneys. As a rule, this occurs due to the negative impact of pathogenic microflora. But it can also happen under the influence of toxic and immune causes;
Chronic nephritis. With this form of the disease, two kidneys are affected at once. The process is chronic. Damage to kidney cells is associated with immune, metabolic, toxic and infectious factors.
Subacute.
Subchronic.

The structure of a healthy kidney

According to the etiology, the disease is divided into:

primary;
secondary.

According to the absence or presence of kidney function, nephritis is divided into:

an ailment with preservation of the functioning of the kidneys;
ailment with insufficiency of renal functions.

This classification is generally accepted and allows you to more accurately diagnose and prescribe adequate treatment in the future.

Causes

As mentioned above, the disease for developmental reasons can be primary or secondary. In the first case, nephritis is formed due to primary kidney diseases. The primary form occupies about 80% of all clinical cases of morbidity.

The secondary form of nephritis develops against the background of existing pathological processes in the body.

The causative agents of nephritis:

gonococcus;
streptococcus;
Pneumococcus;
meningococcus.

The main causes of nephritis:

autoimmune diseases;
nephropathy during pregnancy;
diabetes;
amyloid degeneration;
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus;
oncological diseases;
diseases of an infectious nature;
some diseases of the female reproductive system;
thrombosis;
urticarial rashes;
long-term use of certain groups of synthetic medicines;
intoxication of the body with poisons or heavy metals.

Symptoms of the disease

Acute nephritis- This is an ailment that often affects young people, as well as children. In most clinical situations, the process developed 10–12 days after a person suffered an infectious disease. The first signs of the development of acute nephritis are hyperthermia, weakness and weakness, and aching pain occurs in the lumbar region.

Main symptoms:

increase in blood pressure;
strong thirst;
dryness in the mouth;
edema appears. First they are localized on the face, mainly on the eyelids. As the disease progresses, edema passes to the whole body. Puffiness in a short period of time can acquire significant volumes. In severe cases, there is a possibility of developing ascites or accumulation of exudate in the pleural and cardiac cavities.

In acute nephritis, not only the kidneys are affected. The cardiovascular system of the body is also affected, in particular, the vessels of the kidneys themselves.

The course of the acute form of this disease in most cases is favorable. Treatment can be long (up to three months), but, as a rule, it ends with the complete recovery of the patient. In some cases, a slight increase in pressure may be observed for 6 months. It is not dangerous for health and it is not necessary to treat this condition.

The negative end of the disease is its transition to the chronic stage. This is possible if within 9 months from the onset of the development of the disease, its main symptoms do not disappear. This usually happens if a person has been misdiagnosed or given the wrong treatment. Chronic nephritis is characterized by alternating periods of exacerbation with periods of calm.

chronic nephritis runs for a very long time. The patient himself at the same time feels constant weakness, weakness, fatigue. He also has headaches, a slight increase in blood pressure, and a decrease in appetite. If you conduct a urine test, then it will show red blood cells in a small amount, protein and cylinders.

The danger of chronic nephritis lies in the fact that with each exacerbation of it, more and more renal glomeruli die. The kidneys themselves “wrinkle” and decrease in size. If nephritis is not adequately treated, a significant amount of kidney tissue will die and kidney failure will develop.

The consequences of jade

Other symptoms of nephritis:

hyperthermia;
fragility of hair and nail plates;
dysuria;
severe intoxication of the body;
diarrhea;
bloating;
the activity of the patient is significantly limited;
vomiting and nausea;
the skin is dry, icteric, may peel off;
muscle pain;
convulsions;
paresthesia;
urine is cloudy, flakes can “float” in it.

Diagnostics

In order to correctly diagnose, you should visit several specialists at once - a nephrologist, a urologist and a therapist. For children, you still need to go to a consultation with a pediatrician.

Basic diagnostic methods:

collection of anamnesis of life and complaints of the patient;
blood biochemistry;
urinalysis according to Nechiporenko;
Ultrasound of the kidneys;
radiography;
radionuclide diagnostics.

Treatment of the disease

Treatment of nephritis is carried out only in stationary conditions with strict adherence to bed rest. Without fail, the doctor prescribes a diet for nephritis. The patient during the first two days should drink only 400 ml of water and eat 100 grams of sugar. The dose must not be exceeded! This is the first stage of the diet for nephritis. Next, a diet with limited dietary salt intake is prescribed. It is allowed to eat no more than five grams of salt per knock and drink up to 1500 ml of liquid. Also, animal proteins should be limited in the diet. Fatty broths, spicy and salty foods are completely excluded. All this is replaced by low-fat varieties of fish, which are recommended to be consumed only in steamed form. The patient is also shown to eat fruits, vegetables and dairy products.

With nephritis, it is indicated to eat fruits and vegetables

Conservative therapy involves the appointment of the following groups of synthetic drugs:

antibacterial;
cardiac;
antihypertensive;
diuretic;
antiallergic;
immunosuppressants;
calcium;
routine;
ascorbic acid.

With a complex course of nephritis, treatment should only be comprehensive. Cytostatics and glucocorticosteroids are added to the above drugs. In emergency cases, it is indicated to carry out hemosorption and plasmapheresis. Surgical treatment is also used, which will be aimed at removing the source of infection from the body.

If severe renal failure has developed, then kidney transplantation will be the only correct treatment.

Prevention

Prevention of acute nephritis mainly consists in sanitizing the foci of infection in time. You also need to harden your body and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Preventive measures include:

regular exercise;
avoidance of hypothermia;
strengthening immunity;
avoidance of stressful situations;
timely treat chronic tonsillitis and other infectious diseases.

What to do?
If you think that you have Nephritis and symptoms characteristic of this disease, then doctors can help you: a nephrologist, a urologist.

The Latin name for inflammation of the kidneys (nephritis) allows you to include in the term both the localization and the nature of the pathology. Therefore, special names for diseases are still used in medicine. The term "kidney nephritis" is used by people far from health care. In fact, it is erroneous, there can be no jade of another organ, the addition of "kidneys" is superfluous.

Various types of nephritis account for up to 70% of all renal pathology. Sick in childhood and adulthood. Pathology is dangerous for its complications, the development of chronic renal failure, symptomatic hypertension.

Different types of nephritis are due to the possibility of a selective inflammatory process in the kidney parenchyma and pyelocaliceal apparatus.

Basics of classification

The most common kidney disease is pyelonephritis, which occupies 65-70% of the structure. This variant represents inflammation of the epithelium of the calyces and pelvis.

Glomerulonephritis - accounts for only 1%, but deserves attention due to the severity of damage to the kidneys and internal organs. It is caused by inflammation of the glomeruli in the parenchyma and the initial sections of the tubules.

A similar pathogenetic approach to the definition of species led to the allocation of special rare forms:

interstitial nephritis - localized in the interstitium between the tubules and glomeruli;
shunt - antibodies block the glomeruli.

Depending on the previous condition of the patient, there are:

primary inflammation - if previously a person was completely healthy (80% of all nephritis);
secondary - manifests itself as a complication of another disease (diabetes mellitus, myeloma, lupus erythematosus), impaired immunity plays a significant role here.

Nephritis is an inflammatory disease of the kidneys, according to the clinical course, it differs in forms:

acute;
chronic.

Depending on the involvement of the kidneys, nephritis can be:

unilateral, affecting only the left or right kidney (most characteristic of pyelonephritis);
bilateral.

There is an opinion about the need to add to the classification:

perinephritis - the spread of the inflammatory process to the fibrous capsule;
paranephritis - the transition to the surrounding fatty tissue.

Read more about perinephritis and paranephritis.

How does kidney infection occur?

A feature of kidney damage in pyelonephritis is the onset of inflammation from the epithelium of the pyelocaliceal apparatus (urothelium). Infection mainly occurs by the urogenous route from the lower urinary tract (bladder, ureters) with cystitis with the help of reflux urine with bacteria.

Only in 5% of cases, the spread of infection through the blood from distant chronic foci (maxillary sinuses, adenoids, palatine tonsils, carious teeth) is allowed. In women, such a place can be inflamed appendages, chronic colpitis. Men have prostatitis.

Small pustules are located under the capsule and at the hilum of the kidney in acute pyelonephritis

The prevalence of pyelonephritis, according to statistics, is the highest among young women and girls. In adults, the disease is found in every hundredth person, and in children 2 times more often. Doctors believe that there is an under-detection of pyelonephritis due to its latent course.

The maximum risk of infection in women occurs:

during the neonatal period, if during childbirth the mother's birth canal is infected;
in girls during defloration due to infection with microorganisms of the sexual partner;
in a state of pregnancy - hormonal changes and compression of the bladder contribute to stagnation of urine.

For men, the important factors are:

the presence of congenital anomalies in the structure of the genitourinary organs (phimosis in boys, impaired location of the kidneys, narrowing and torsion of the ureters);
prostatitis;
BPH;
urolithiasis disease.

From the urothelium, inflammation passes to the interstitial tissue, in a severe stage, the glomerular apparatus is affected. It does not go beyond the capsule.

Who is at risk of getting pyelonephritis?

The risk group includes people:

with narrowing of the urinary tract of any origin (congenital, acquired as a result of trauma), they are accompanied by an increase in the volume of residual urine in the bladder;
after surgical interventions, instrumental methods of examination associated with the installation of a catheter, the introduction of a cystoscope;
patients with diabetes mellitus, the disease leads to disruption of the functioning of the bladder, damage to its nerve endings;
after organ transplantation, patients with autoimmune diseases who have to take drugs that suppress the immune rejection reaction for a long time.

Secondary pyelonephritis occurs when:

reduced immune status;
poisoning with household and industrial toxic substances;
chronic alcoholism, drug addiction;
the presence in the body of untreated foci of chronic infection;
pulmonary tuberculosis;
traumatic spinal cord injury.

What causes pyelonephritis?

The cause of pyelonephritis is most often infectious pathogens. At the same time, in 66% of patients during a tank examination, 2 or more species are found at once (E. coli + Proteus, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, less often Candida fungi).

Escherichia coli has the maximum pathogenicity. It is located nearby in the intestines, able to stick to the wall of the bladder.

E. coli is found in 80% of cases of pyelonephritis

The process in the kidneys is directly activated after hypothermia, the flu or ARVI.

How does acute and chronic pyelonephritis proceed?

The severity of symptoms in the acute form of pyelonephritis depends on the previous state of the body:

if the disease occurs as a primary process in a previously healthy person, then strong immunity gives a violent reaction, pronounced general symptoms of intoxication;
with a secondary lesion - clinical signs are localized in the kidney area, less bright, but differ in persistence and duration.

In the first case, the symptoms appear 2-4 weeks after suffering a sore throat, mastitis, purulent inflammation of the skin. The disease develops so suddenly that the patient can indicate the date.

Main features:

the temperature rises to a high level, accompanied by chills, with a decrease - profuse sweating;
headaches, nausea and vomiting are more pronounced, the stronger the intoxication;
at first, no attention is paid to back pain, they are mild, dull, hidden behind the general severity of the condition, and become more significant on the third day of illness.

Pain is most often unilateral, aggravated by movement, can be given to the front wall of the abdomen and inguinal region. There is no dysuria. A small amount of urine is associated with the loss of fluid during sweating. In cases of viral pyelonephritis, blood appears in the urine.

Symptoms of nephritis in secondary inflammation are more pronounced local manifestations and symptoms:

lower back pain is constantly disturbing, quite intense, does not change localization;
the patient complains of severe weakness;
dry mouth and feeling thirsty;
dysuric phenomena in the classic set (restrictions during urination, frequent urge);
blood pressure rises, while headaches, palpitations, pain in the region of the heart of a stabbing character are disturbing.

It is possible to develop symptoms after an attack of renal colic.

With the help of skillful palpation, it is possible to determine the increase and compaction of the kidney.

In chronic pyelonephritis, all manifestations depend on the phase of the disease and the form.

The latent course is difficult to notice, the patient may be intermittent:

unclear periods of temperature rise to a level of no more than 38 degrees;
feeling of chilling;
loss of appetite and the appearance of an unpleasant aftertaste of food;
general weakness;
aches and "chillness" in the lower back.

It is almost impossible to suspect pyelonephritis at this stage. All symptoms do not have characteristic signs pointing to the kidneys. The inflammatory process proceeds albeit sluggishly, but captures all new areas of the urothelium.

The active phase is characterized by pronounced symptoms, as in acute pyelonephritis. Dysuria is manifested, in 25% of patients arterial pressure rises.

After an active period, inflammation enters a remission phase. The duration depends on:

unilateral or bilateral kidney damage;
existing obstruction to the outflow of urine;
the severity of comorbidities;
the therapy being carried out.

What happens to the kidneys with pyelonephritis?

By the type of inflammation in the kidneys in acute pyelonephritis, it is possible:

Serous - more favorable in terms of the nature of the residual effects, is expressed in focal infiltration around the vessels, the entire organ increases in volume due to swelling. Tissue histology shows that such focal nephritis alternates with healthy tissues. Inflammation can move to the perirenal tissue.
Purulent - more severe in terms of distribution and consequences.

There are 3 subspecies:

apostematous (pustular) pyelonephritis;
solitary carbuncle - represented by merging purulent foci;
kidney abscess - inflammation that affects a large amount of tissue, leading to melting with the formation of a cavity inside.

Ulcers are located in the cortex, medulla, pus is released into the cups and pelvis, enters the urine.

As a result of the treatment of serous inflammation, the kidney tissue is completely restored without consequences. With a purulent lesion and a chronic course of the disease, at best, scar tissue remains at the site of the foci, which cannot perform the functions of the kidneys. The organ shrinks. The patient gradually develops symptoms of renal failure.

Up to 70% of patients suffer from hypertension. Renal hypertension is difficult to treat, is accompanied by frequent crises, leads to complications (myocardial infarction, stroke).

What is glomerulonephritis?

Glomerulonephritis in the structure of kidney diseases represents only 1%, but it is the main "supplier" of patients for hemodialysis and transplantation, as it quickly leads to kidney failure and affects both organs.

The disease is considered autoimmune, it begins with infection, and then the main changes in the glomerular apparatus are formed due to complexes of their own antibodies. The main site of the lesion is the basement membrane of the glomeruli, then spreads to the tubules.

Blocking the filtration capacity and reabsorption leads to the loss of protein, erythrocytes, electrolyte imbalance, slagging of the body with nitrogenous substances.

Why does glomerulonephritis occur?

It is customary to distinguish between 2 types of causes. Infectious - the disease is caused by microorganisms with strong allergenic properties. The most common are:

streptococci;
staphylococci;
viruses;
mycoplasma.

The role of viruses is especially important in the cause of glomerulonephritis in children. The nephrotoxic effect of viruses has been proven:

flu;
herpes;
adenoviruses;
cytomegaloviruses;
Coxsackie;
hepatitis B and C;

Non-infectious causes are:

allergens from food, detergents;
industrial pesticides with salts of mercury, lead;
aniline dyes, solvents, varnishes;
alcoholic drinks, drugs;
medicines made from the venom of bees and snakes, vaccines;
radiation therapy.

As a secondary inflammation, glomerulonephritis occurs in patients with:

systemic connective tissue diseases;
metabolic disorders in amyloidosis, gout, diabetes mellitus;
diseases of the hematopoietic organs.

Symptoms of glomerulonephritis

The disease in adults often occurs after a sore throat, erysipelas; for children, the connection with scarlet fever and vaccinations is important. Clinical signs of glomerulonephritis consist of:

urinary syndrome - characteristic changes in the urine;
nephrotic syndrome (edema);
arterial hypertension;
cardiovascular changes.

Changes in the urine are detected earlier than others. An increased content of erythrocytes (microhematuria), protein and cylinders appears in the sediment. In the chronic course of the disease, these manifestations decrease, but do not disappear.

Edema begins with a pasty face in the morning

Puffiness appears under the eyes, on the hands, appear on the eyelids, in the area of the legs and feet, ascites (increased abdomen) is less commonly formed. The decrease in urine output (up to 200 ml per day) depends on the severity of edema.

Loss of protein leads to weight loss, general weakness.

The defeat of capillaries and blood vessels causes an increase in diastolic blood pressure, myocardial dystrophy, which is manifested by headaches, crises, pain in the heart, arrhythmia.

The accumulation of slag substances contributes to intoxication with symptoms:

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea;
severe weakness;
dry skin.

Timely treatment of acute glomerulonephritis can lead to a complete recovery of 80% of patients. In others, the disease becomes chronic.

Chronic glomerulonephritis proceeds sluggishly with periodic exacerbations, crises. The result is kidney failure.

What is used in diagnostics?

Diagnosis begins with a urine test. With glomerulonephritis, the symptoms of the urinary syndrome described above are characteristic. Pyelonephritis is characterized by severe leukocyturia, a high content of bacteria, mucus and transitional epithelium in the urine.

In the blood test, leukocytosis is highest in pyelonephritis, eosinophilia is typical for glomerulonephritis. Impaired functions are manifested by a high concentration of creatinine in the blood, residual nitrogen, a decrease in protein, and anemia.

View of an abscess of the left kidney on a CT scan

To clarify the form of inflammation use:

Ultrasound of the kidneys;
voiding cystography to fix the reflux flow of urine from the bladder;
review and excretory urography;
computed tomography;
radioisotope diagnostics is used in specialized centers.

How is nephritis treated?

In order to properly treat the disease, it is necessary to accurately establish the type of inflammation, because the directions of therapy are completely different:

with pyelonephritis - antibacterial agents are needed to eliminate the infection, timely surgical intervention with an abscess formed in the kidneys, transition to the surrounding tissue;
treatment of nephritis of glomerular origin - requires suspension of the immune response, normalization of cell composition with the help of cytostatics.

Both types of inflammation in the acute stage should be treated in a hospital. The patient is shown bed rest, diet food. Dietary restrictions depend on the degree of kidney damage. patients are assigned table number 7 with different options.

spicy dishes;
salinity;
canned food;
smoked and fried meat products;
rich broths from meat and fish;
chocolate;
alcoholic drinks;
strong tea and coffee.

Meat and fish dishes are useful for steaming

The diet is mainly vegetable, allowed:

non-acid fruits;
fruit drinks from cranberries;
milk soups and cereals;
boiled lean meat.

Ask your doctor about the amount of salt and liquid. In case of pyelonephritis, a large volume (up to 2.5 l) is recommended for washing the urinary tract and removing bacteria. Glomerulonephritis will require restrictions.

Medical treatment

With pyelonephritis, to combat inflammation, the following are prescribed:

antibacterial agents (including the selection of optimal antibiotics, according to indications, antifungal and antiviral drugs);
herbal diuretics;
drugs that reduce blood pressure;
preparations with calcium;
medicines to improve blood circulation in the kidneys;
glucocorticosteroids in severe cases;
antihistamines;
vitamins B, C, P to stimulate the immune system.

Glomerulonephritis is treated:

cytostatics to reduce the aggression of autoimmune antibodies;
antihistamines;
ACE inhibitors to restore glomerular filtration;
antioxidants to normalize metabolism in parenchymal cells;
hormonal preparations of a number of corticosteroids to suppress excess synthesis of antibodies;
anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents to normalize blood clotting and fluidity.

The joint combined use of these means is more often used. To remove intoxication, plasmapheresis and hemosorption are used.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment is necessary for:

the presence of an abscess or carbuncle of the kidney - an autopsy is performed through a dissected capsule;
mechanical obstruction of the outflow - operations are possible to remove the stone, plastic surgery of congenital anomalies, excision of the tumor.

For the effectiveness of the operation, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the need to preserve the kidney. The degree of its damage, the performance of the paired organ are taken into account.

In case of irreversible processes, a nephrectomy is performed (removal of the kidney)

Folk remedies in the treatment of nephritis

Folk remedies are approved for use in pyelonephritis in the stage of recovery or remission to consolidate the effect of drugs. Decoctions of medicinal plants with bactericidal properties are used. Suitable:

liquorice root;
leaves of bearberry, sage;
bird mountaineer;
flowers of cornflower, chamomile, linden;
horsetail grass;
corn silk;
Birch buds;
rosehip and juniper berries.

With glomerulonephritis, folk remedies can not be used. Any herbs increase the allergenic mood of the body, can lead to an exacerbation of the disease.

People who have had nephritis need to protect their kidneys all their lives. It is better to maintain food restrictions, prevent hypothermia, monitor physical activity. The child is not vaccinated. Control tests should be taken regularly, according to which the doctor will see the beginning of the activation of inflammation and prescribe therapy in a timely manner.

Nephritis is a kidney disease that is inflammatory in nature. It can manifest itself as a separate disease, or as a complication of another disease. However, you should not despair: nephritis detected in time and its treatment started in a timely manner, as a rule, show a positive result.

Primary and secondary nephritis

Nephritis can manifest itself as a primary or secondary disease. The causes of primary nephritis are various kidney diseases, in particular acute or chronic glomerulonephritis.

The manifestation of secondary nephritis, as a rule, is caused by the following factors:

the presence of autoimmune diseases;
the presence of allergies;
the presence of gynecological diseases;
the presence of diseases of an infectious nature;
pregnancy;
the presence of amyloidosis of the kidneys;
the presence of multiple myeloma;
alcoholism;
the presence of diabetes;
the presence of oncological diseases;
the presence of thrombosis, vasculitis;
poisoning with any poison or heavy metals.

Nephritis can be caused by bacteria such as streptococcus, E. coli, Proteus, staphylococcus and many others. Both adults and children can suffer from jade.

Inflammation of the kidneys: symptoms

The manifestation of one or another symptomatology of nephritis is directly related to the causes of the appearance of the disease itself. And they are not always easy to identify. Signs of kidney inflammation are as follows:

malaise;
severe headaches;
constant feeling of thirst;
increased protein content in the urine;
reduction in the volume of urine;
lack of appetite.

Occasionally, swelling, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may occur. Urinalysis may reveal hyperlipidemia or hypoproteinemia.

Some cases of nephritis are marked by its long course, which causes a person to have a feeling of numbness, sometimes a slight tingling of the skin.

Seizures are very rare. Why is this happening? The fact is that a person in the process of developing the disease loses most of the necessary substances, such as potassium, chlorides.

In addition to the above, a person may experience shortness of breath, which is associated with the development of hydropericardium or hydrothorax. Hydropericardium is the accumulation of fluid in the pericardium. With hydrothorax, fluid accumulates in the pleural region.

Very often, the presence of severe edema becomes an obstacle to the normal physical activity of a person. As a result, a full life is difficult.

A person begins to peel off the skin, some of its pallor appears, the body temperature decreases, it becomes inactive, brittle nails are noted, as well as dryness and dullness of the hair.

The clinical course of renal nephritis is marked by acute and chronic forms. Acute nephritis manifests itself in the form of:

the presence of chills;
a strong increase in body temperature;
increased sweating.

Chronic nephritis is characterized by frequent urination, excessive sweating, especially at night, and the appearance of a yellowish skin tone. Urine in this case is slightly cloudy, and blood pressure is elevated.

In chronic nephritis, its undulating course is observed. And usually exacerbations provoke the development of glomerular necrosis of the kidney. It becomes difficult for the human body to remove toxic substances and, thus, it becomes poisoned itself.

This process is called uremia. Chronic nephritis usually results in kidney failure.

Varieties of jade

There are the following types of jade:

glomerulonephritis;
interstitial nephritis;
pyelonephritis;
radiation jade;
hereditary nephritis.

Glomerulonephritis is a disease that has an immunoinflammatory nature, and involves a violation of the integrity of the renal glomeruli. It often manifests itself after a sore throat or those diseases caused by hemolytic streptococcus.

Symptoms of glomerulonephritis:

puffiness;
the presence of blood in the urine;
oliguria;
lower back pain (sometimes);
increased blood pressure.

Glomerulonephritis has an acute, subacute and chronic form.

Pyelonephritis is a disease in which there is damage to the parenchyma of the kidneys, renal pelvis, calyces. Of the pathogenic bacteria, E. coli, staphylococci and many others should be noted. How do they enter the body? Either from other parts of the genitourinary tract, or together with blood from already existing foci of infection. Symptoms include:

severe headache;
pain in the lumbar region;
painful and frequent urination;
elevated body temperature;
excretion together with urine of a huge number of leukocytes, occasionally erythrocytes and various bacteria;
weakness.

It occurs in acute or chronic form.

Interstitial nephritis is a disease of the kidneys, in which their interstitial tissue and channels are damaged. It can develop as a result of taking certain diuretics, antibiotics, as well as the presence of viral infections. Of the symptoms characteristic of interstitial nephritis, edema, blood in the urine, and increased blood pressure can be noted.

The disease usually manifests itself as chronic and can last for a long time. Since the clinical picture of interstitial nephritis is characterized by a violation of the renal canals, there may be other names - tubulointerstitial nephropathy or tubulointerstitial nephritis.

Radiation jade appears as a result of exposure to the human body of ionizing radiation. In this case, inflammation in the kidneys causes disruption of the renal tubules. The chronic form of leakage, as a rule, becomes the cause of arterial hypertension or renal failure. Symptoms are similar to glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis.

Hereditary nephritis appears at an early age, and usually several family members have this disease. Signs include severe myopia, deterioration of kidney function, hematuria, leukocyturia, development of renal failure, hearing loss.

Therapy for inflammation of the kidneys

The presence of almost any inflammation in the human body involves treatment with medications. As a rule, a positive result is shown by the use of uroseptic agents, diuretics, antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics.

How is nephritis treated? It should be noted that treatment involves the use of first one and then other drugs. The very cause of the disease is affected by antibiotics and uroseptic drugs, and such treatment has a rather long period - about 1.5 months.

At the initial stage of therapy, antibiotics are administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Then they are taken inside. After a certain period of time, uroseptics begin to be administered, and they must be administered for several more weeks after all symptoms have disappeared.

In some cases, the treatment of inflammation of the kidneys involves the combination of antibiotics and uroseptic drugs.

Symptomatic treatment of nephritis is characterized by detoxification of the body, as well as the use of drugs that reduce blood pressure. To eliminate intoxication, the following drugs are prescribed:

enterosorbents;
diuretics;
laxatives;
fresh frozen plasma.

In addition to the above, a mandatory measure is the intake of various vitamins and those drugs that help increase immunity.

Often in the treatment of nephritis is the use of herbal medicine, ie. decoctions and infusions from various plants. In this case, it is necessary to use those herbs that have not only a diuretic, but also an anti-inflammatory effect. These are plants such as St. John's wort, succession, horsetail and many others.

An excellent effect is given by beetroot juice, radish juice.

Antibiotics do not give a positive result in all cases, i.e. the cause of nephritis can be eliminated only by surgery. As a rule, nephritis in this case is caused by diseases such as a tumor of the prostate, ureters, kidneys, torsion of the ureters, as well as an abnormal structure of the urinary system itself. Often, nephritis can be caused by urolithiasis.

If a person has at least one of the above pathologies, then specialists prescribe an operation to restore the patency of the urinary tract. It will also be necessary with a constant exacerbation of inflammation of the kidneys. Removal of the kidney may be prescribed if the inflammatory process causes the appearance of other diseases.

Symptoms and causes of the disease
Elimination of the disease

Nephritis is a disease that is characterized by the presence of inflammatory processes in the kidneys. With this disease, damage to the renal glomeruli is observed. There are two forms of the disease: diffuse and focal. The first is divided into acute form and chronic, characterized by inflammation of both kidneys. As for the second form, inflammation occurs in a certain area of specific renal glomeruli.

The acute form has the following causes. This can be sudden hypothermia, such as wearing wet clothes.. This form often affects adolescents and children. It also occurs against the background of another disease caused by infection with streptococci.

Symptoms of nephritis do not begin to appear immediately, but after a certain period, which is 10-15 days. The patient's condition is characterized by fatigue, fatigue, a slight increase in body temperature and frequent back pain. However, the main symptoms of the disease are edema, increased blood pressure and changes in the urine.

The first symptom of the acute form is edema. Appearing on the face, swelling gradually spread throughout the body, which cannot but attract the attention of the patient. The face changes shape and color, becoming pale and puffy. Edema can reach a noticeable size, which is associated with the accumulation of fluid in the subcutaneous tissue. The accumulation of water is also observed in the cavity of the pleura, abdominal cavity and heart shirt.

The acute stage of kidney nephritis is not only a manifestation of problems with these organs. The vessels of the body are especially affected, which immediately affects the vessels of the kidneys. As a result, the main manifestation in this part is an increase in blood pressure and, as a result, the occurrence of hypertension. During studies of the fundus, vasospasm is often found, and hemorrhages from small vessels in the retina are present.

The disease has another important symptom, which is expressed in a change in urine. This may be a decrease in its amount during urination, since a large volume of fluid is not excreted from the patient's body, but remains, which is characterized by the occurrence of edema, the presence of blood in the urine or the presence of protein in it.

Kidney nephritis proceeds favorably in most cases of the onset of the disease. The disease goes away after 1-3 months, the patient recovers completely. In some cases, there may be residual effects that are expressed by increased pressure or urination with blood in the urine. An unfavorable course of the disease is its transition to the next stage - chronic nephritis.

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Complications and prevention of the disease

Often complications occur even in the acute form of the disease. The most common are eclamptic seizures and heart failure. At first, heart failure often manifests itself, which leads to shortness of breath, an increase in the size of the heart, and a cough with sputum. The latter indicates congestion in the lungs, which can develop into more dangerous stages, up to edema.

As for eclampsia, its cause is a spasm of cerebral vessels and edema developing there. Severe headache, often accompanied by vomiting, is considered some harbinger of the onset of an attack. It is rather difficult, but after its completion, the patient experiences noticeable relief.

Another complication of the acute form is chronic nephritis. If after 6-9 months the main signs of the disease do not disappear, we can assume the beginning of the transition of the disease to the next stage - chronic nephritis. The course of this form is described as an alternation of two periods, calm and exacerbation. The patient may not experience anything, but as soon as he gets sick with any infection, the stage of exacerbation begins.

The disease is long-term. During the calm stage, the patient may experience general weakness, sometimes there are pains in the head, appetite decreases, the patient quickly gets tired. In the urine there is a small proportion of protein and blood, blood pressure is slightly increased. During an exacerbation of the disease, symptoms similar to the acute stage are observed.

In especially severe cases, each exacerbation leads to the death of some part of the renal tangles, as a result of which the kidneys are filled with connective tissue and decrease in size. The death of a large number of tangles can cause kidney failure, which leads to a delay in the removal of toxins from the body and, as a result, poisoning, that is, uremia. Uremia can lead to death.

The focal form of the disease is represented only by the so-called urinary symptoms - the presence of protein and blood in the urine. Those symptoms characteristic of the described forms, that is, edema, high blood pressure and others, are not observed.

The treatment of nephritis is more difficult than its prevention, so the importance of prevention is great. Preventive measures are aimed at combating infectious diseases that can cause nephritis. An important part is the hardening of the body. In addition, if there is tonsillitis, that is, inflammation of the tonsils, it is necessary to take all necessary measures to eliminate it. In order not to get a chronic form of the disease, even at the stage of acute nephritis, all the doctor's instructions should be followed and the disease should be carefully treated.

Jade in medicine refers to a whole group of various inflammatory diseases of the kidneys. All of them have a different etiology, as well as a development mechanism, symptomatic and pathomorphological features. Clinicians include local or widespread processes in this group, during which the kidney tissue grows, partially or completely collapses.

Kinds

. In this disease, the glomeruli are affected. In frequent cases, this type of nephritis develops as a result of previously transferred and other ailments, the occurrence of which was provoked by hemolytic streptococcus. A characteristic sign of glomerulonephritis is hematuria. Edema develops, back pain occurs, blood pressure rises;
(purulent nephritis). The inflammatory process affects the renal pelvis, calyx and kidney parenchyma. The causative agents of the disease are, and other bacteria. Pathogenic microflora enters the kidneys from other parts of the genitourinary system, but it can also be brought by blood flow from other foci of infection already present in the body. With pyelonephritis, the temperature rises, there is a severe headache and back pain. Urination frequent and painful;
interstitial. The inflammatory process covers the tubules and interstitial tissue of the kidneys. This disease can be caused by taking certain groups of synthetic medicines. Viral infections can also cause development. The first symptoms: edema, blood in the urine, weakness, increased blood pressure, polyuria, pain in the area where the kidneys are located;
ray. The disease develops after prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation. As a rule, this leads to the fact that the inflammatory process affects the renal tubules;
shunt. It is characterized by the connection of antibody complexes near the glomeruli of the kidneys;
hereditary. Its appearance in the human body is directly related to the existing congenital pathologies of the kidneys.

Classification

In order to attribute the disease to one or another type, in each clinical case, it is first necessary to identify the nature and prevalence of the inflammatory process in the kidneys, the nature of the course of the disease. Clinicians use a certain classification of nephritis for a more accurate diagnosis.

According to the localization and spread of the pathological process, the disease is divided into:

Focal. The inflammatory process "attacks" the renal interstitial tissue;
diffuse. The renal glomeruli are affected.

According to the course of the disease, the following types are distinguished:

Acute nephritis. In this case, there is an acute violation of the functioning of the kidneys. As a rule, this occurs due to the negative impact of pathogenic microflora. But it can also happen under the influence of toxic and immune causes;
Chronic nephritis. With this form of the disease, two kidneys are affected at once. The process is chronic. Damage to kidney cells is associated with immune, metabolic, toxic and infectious factors.
Subacute.
Subchronic.

According to the etiology, the disease is divided into:

primary;
secondary.

According to the absence or presence of kidney function, nephritis is divided into:

an ailment with preservation of the functioning of the kidneys;
ailment with insufficiency of renal functions.

This classification is generally accepted and allows you to more accurately diagnose and prescribe adequate treatment in the future.

Causes

The secondary form of nephritis develops against the background of existing pathological processes in the body.

The causative agents of nephritis:

gonococcus;
streptococcus;
Pneumococcus;
meningococcus.

The main causes of nephritis:

autoimmune diseases;
nephropathy during pregnancy;
amyloid degeneration;
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus;
oncological diseases;
diseases of an infectious nature;
some diseases of the female reproductive system;
urticarial rashes;
long-term use of certain groups of synthetic medicines;
intoxication of the body with poisons or heavy metals.

Symptoms

Main symptoms:

increase in blood pressure;
strong thirst;
dryness in the mouth;
edema appears. First they are localized on the face, mainly on the eyelids. As the disease progresses, edema passes to the whole body. Puffiness in a short period of time can acquire significant volumes. In severe cases, there is a possibility of developing ascites or accumulation of exudate in the pleural and cardiac cavities.

In acute nephritis, not only the kidneys are affected. The cardiovascular system of the body is also affected, in particular, the vessels of the kidneys themselves.

chronic nephritis runs for a very long time. The patient himself at the same time feels constant weakness, weakness, fatigue. He also has headaches, a slight increase in blood pressure, and a decrease in appetite. If you hold it, then it will show red blood cells in a small amount, protein and cylinders.

Other symptoms of nephritis:

hyperthermia;
fragility of hair and nail plates;
dysuria;
severe intoxication of the body;
diarrhea;
bloating;
the activity of the patient is significantly limited;
vomiting and nausea;
the skin is dry, icteric, may peel off;
muscle pain;
convulsions;
paresthesia;
urine is cloudy, flakes can “float” in it.

Diagnostics

In order to correctly diagnose, you should visit several specialists at once - a nephrologist, a urologist and a therapist. For children, you still need to go to a consultation with a pediatrician.

Basic diagnostic methods:

collection of anamnesis of life and complaints of the patient;
urinalysis according to Nechiporenko;
radiography;
radionuclide diagnostics.

Treatment

Conservative therapy involves the appointment of the following groups of synthetic drugs:

antibacterial;
cardiac;
antihypertensive;
diuretic;
antiallergic;
immunosuppressants;
calcium;
routine;
ascorbic acid.

If a pronounced one has developed, then in this case, the only correct method of treatment will be kidney transplantation.

Prevention

Prevention of acute nephritis mainly consists in sanitizing the foci of infection in time. You also need to harden your body and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Preventive measures include:

regular exercise;
avoidance of hypothermia;
strengthening immunity;
avoidance of stressful situations;
timely treat chronic tonsillitis and other infectious diseases.

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