Hypovitaminosis - causes, symptoms and treatment of hypovitaminosis. Hypovitaminosis in children and adults - causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Young parents begin to be intimidated by a lack of vitamin D even in the maternity hospital, but further prevention of rickets will depend only on the experience and inclinations of the pediatrician. Some of the doctors advise taking vitamin D up to 3-4 years, others cancel it after a year, and only a few are interested in the health of the baby's parents. But according to studies, up to 75% of the entire population of the world suffers from a lack of vitamin D, including residents of developed European countries and those who literally “bathe” in the rays of the generous tropical sun. What is the reason for such a global deficiency of this substance in the body and how to recognize the symptoms of hypovitaminosis in time?

Vitamin D and its properties

Vitamin D is not one substance, but a group of chemical compounds that perform the same functions in the body. So ergocalciferol enters the body with food, cholecalciferol is formed when sunlight hits the skin and in the intestines. Only with a sufficient intake of all these substances, the body does not experience a lack of vitamin D, since both substances are partially interchangeable, but they cannot fully perform the functions of each other.

Moreover, vitamin D performs many functions in the body:

• absorption of calcium and magnesium - the absorption of calcium by the body will depend on a sufficient amount of vitamin D, so with a lack of vitamin calcium is poorly absorbed, which, first of all, affects bones and teeth;
• Phosphorus Metabolism – Vitamin D is essential for adequate absorption of phosphorus from food. But this trace element is needed for normal operation cardiovascular and nervous system, as well as for the complete absorption of calcium;
• strengthening immunity - the body's defense system is also able to work normally only with a sufficient level of vitamin D. It affects those areas bone marrow, which are responsible for the maturation of monocytes;
• Vitamin D is essential for all internal organs and systems, it is especially important for the functioning thyroid gland, genitals, intestines and skin. Often chronic skin diseases are treated with an elementary intake of calciferol or simply by changing the usual diet;
• prevents the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria and malignant tumors - vitamin D also takes part in protecting the body from inflammatory and pathological processes. This substance helps prevent the growth of tumor cells and enhances the processes of apoptosis, as a result of which the "wrong" cells are destroyed by the immune system. According to a study, vitamin D is part of the hormone calcitriol, which protects the body by slowing the growth of malignant cells in the intestine, mammary glands and skin.

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Unfortunately, it is possible to independently determine the lack of vitamin D in the body only at the height of the disease, at initial stages hypovitaminosis, most of the symptoms are not specific and are usually mistaken for signs of other diseases.

Vitamin D deficiency in adults

Most often, vitamin D deficiency occurs in people who spend little time on fresh air limiting themselves in food or often drinking alcohol. Today, with the development of infrastructures and the emergence of many “ office workers”, more than half of all residents of large cities suffer from a lack of vitamin D. After all, ergocalciferol supplied with food is not enough to meet all the needs of the body, and for the formation of cholicalceferol, it is necessary to spend at least 1-2 hours daily in the sun. Moreover, for sufficient insolation, it is enough to “substitute” the sun for the unprotected skin of the face and hands (without creams, tonics, and so on). Pregnant and lactating women, patients suffering from diseases suffer from severe hypovitaminosis gastrointestinal tract and older people.

By what signs can one suspect a lack of vitamin D in oneself and one's loved ones?

• fatigue, bad feeling, headaches, decreased performance and so on;
• joint pain - “bone ache” occurs after physical exertion, at night or for no apparent reason;
• constant problems with teeth - caries easily appears, teeth quickly deteriorate after treatment, enamel loses its whiteness and strength;
• emotional instability, sharp drops mood, nervousness, tearfulness, irritability, aggressiveness;
• blurred vision;
• sleep disorders;
• loss of appetite, weight loss;
• excessive sweating, especially on the scalp.

All of the above signs are not specific, therefore, it is possible to suspect a lack of vitamin D only on the basis of a combination of symptoms or in the presence of risk factors (for example, in people who spend most of the day indoors, pregnancy or breastfeeding). The diagnosis can be confirmed only after a special biochemical study.

Vitamin D deficiency in children

Vitamin D deficiency is the most dangerous for children of the first year of life. Babies who receive only breast milk or formula are at risk of developing hypovitaminosis D. Even the most correct and balanced diet of a nursing mother does not guarantee that the baby will not develop rickets.

More than 90% of all children in the first year of life in past centuries suffered from rickets, and only a few could boast of the correct formation of bones and joints. Nowadays, due to the fact that almost all babies get vitamin D, rickets is very rare. And usually the cause of its occurrence is either social problems or diseases of the internal organs.

Such high risk the development of rickets is explained by the fact that the reserves of vitamin D in the body of a newborn are very small, and from breast milk he gets only 4% of the daily value.

Usually the first signs of rickets in children are diagnosed in the period from 2 months to 2 years. The first signs of vitamin D deficiency in children are:

• excessive sweating - the palms and feet of the baby are always wet, it is covered with sweat when feeding or with any physical effort. The hallmark of rickets is heavy sweating scalp during sleep - the baby wipes the hair in the back of the head, he "goes bald";
• delayed closure of the fontanel - if in healthy children the fontanel closes by 12-18 months of life and significantly decreases in size by 6 months of life, if after six months the child's fontanel exceeds 10-12 mm in size, and its edges are soft and pliable - this should be the reason to contact a pediatrician, to eliminate the lack of vitamin D in the body;
• poor sleep, moodiness, constant crying - increased nervous excitability is also one of the first signs of rickets;
• delayed teething;

If the child did not receive treatment at the first stage, deformities become noticeable. bone tissue:

• the back of the head is flattened, and the frontal and parietal tubercles increase - the forehead of "Socrates", "square head";
• the facial skull changes - the bridge of the nose "falls through", the high sky;
• shape changes chest- the sternum "bulges" forward, "keeled chest", chest "chicken";
• irregularities of the "rosary" appear on the wrists and ankles;
• the shape of the legs changes - “trooper's legs”.

Consequences of vitamin D deficiency for adults and children

Lack of vitamin D in adults leads not only to deterioration general condition, but also causes serious changes in bone tissue. Prolonged vitamin D deficiency can cause tooth decay and tooth loss, as well as lead to osteomalacia - softening of bone tissue. Especially dangerous is the lack of vitamin D and, consequently, calcium in old age - today everyone has heard about the fragility of bones and the danger of fracture in people over 50.

In children, a lack of vitamin D, frolicking in early age, may lead to even more sad consequences. If the lack of vitamin D was not too pronounced, the child develops mild to moderate rickets. medium degree severity, due to which the bones and joints of the baby will be less strong, and characteristic signs will appear in appearance - “chicken chest” or “O- or X-shaped” legs. But severe rickets can lead to a lag in mental and physical development.

Constant monitoring of the health of the child in the first years of his life will help to avoid such consequences. Attentive attitude to your health and the health of your loved ones throughout your life.

What to do with a lack of vitamin D

If you suspect a lack of vitamin D in a child or adult, it is necessary to biochemical analysis blood and find out the content of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. If the diagnosis is confirmed, then treatment should be carried out only by a doctor, calculating the dose of vitamin D based on the severity of the disease, the patient's weight and other parameters.

• Change your diet - vitamin D is found in large quantities in foods such as: liver, egg yolks, butter, oily fish, milk.
• Eat foods containing vitamins A, E, B - they are involved in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
• At least 2-3 hours a day to be in the fresh air, under direct sunlight - in the cold season it is enough to “irradiate” the face and hands.

If all of the above is not enough for you, we recommend:

• drink fish oil;
• take multivitamins;
• visit the solarium.

For the prevention of vitamin D, children under 2 years old are prescribed one of the vitamin D preparations - a daily healthy full-term baby, who is exclusively on breastfeeding should receive 400 - 500 IU - usually 1 drop. This dosage lasts up to 12 months. After that, it is adjusted depending on the condition of the child.

For pregnant and lactating mothers, it is also mandatory to take vitamin D or enrich the diet with foods containing a large amount of ergocalceferol - cod liver, egg yolks, sour cream, butter, and so on.

When taking synthetic vitamin D, it is very important to be aware of the dangers of overdose.

Hypovitaminosis- this is a pathological condition of the human body that occurs under the condition of an imbalance between the processes of receiving the required amount of fortified substances and spending them.

Of course, vitamins are not a vital structural unit, but their insufficient content affects the health of both an adult and a child, since representatives of one or another group of vitamins are directly involved in the most important physiological reactions of the body. Many vitamin-like substances are included in the structure of vital enzymes and hormonal substances that regulate the physiological processes of the life of the human body.

This pathology is dangerous because in most cases the clinical signs of hypovitaminosis can simulate other diseases, but their treatment will not be effective until the correct diagnosis is established, which can only be diagnosed after the use of high-precision laboratory methods research.

Causes of hypovitaminosis

A whole range of etiopathogenetic factors influences the process of receipt, deposition and intensity of consumption of vitamins, so the impact of each of them individually or together can provoke the manifestation of hypovitaminosis.

All variants of etiological factors are somehow connected with pathological processes passing in the body, namely, insufficient intake of vitamins contained in food, impaired assimilation of fortified substances, bad development normal flora in the intestine, which takes part in the synthesis of a number of vitamins and an increase in the needs of the human body for various kinds vitamins.

Due to the fact that vitamins are a product of organic origin, and only a small group of vitamins can be synthesized in the body, main reason their insufficiency is a violation of the conditions of their intake with food. Alimentary deficiency of vitamins occurs when:

- daily diet human contains a small amount of fortified foods;

- accelerated processes of destruction of vitamins under the influence of improper processing and storage of food (long shelf life or heat treatment using high temperatures);

- a person consumes a large number of products that have an antivitamin effect, for example, egg white interferes with the absorption of biotin);

- there is insufficient intake of animal proteins and complex carbohydrates.

Hypovitaminosis in children is most often provoked nutritional reasons in case of violation of the conditions for the correct introduction of the first complementary foods, the use of unadapted mixtures for feeding a baby who is not breastfed.

Of great importance in maintaining a normal balance of vitamins of various groups is the state of the intestinal flora, since microorganisms in the intestine are directly involved in the synthesis of a number of vitamins and vitamin-like substances. In this regard, resulting from long-term use medicines antibacterial series, in almost 100% of cases is accompanied by the development of hypovitaminosis. They also have an inhibitory effect on the intestinal microflora. various drugs used as chemotherapy for oncological diseases and.

separate group hypovitaminosis constitutes "vitamin deficiency of consumption", which occurs in situations where the human body is exposed to unusual stressful influences (lactation, pubertal intensive growth phase, intense physical and psycho-emotional activity).

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

Despite the fact that vitamin deficiency in the body is accompanied by the appearance of general clinical symptoms in the form of decreased performance, severe weakness, periodic episodes of dizziness, decreased mood and insomnia, these manifestations are not specific and do not even allow experienced doctor suspect hypovitaminosis. However, a pronounced lack of one or another category of vitamins is accompanied by the appearance of typical signs knowing which an experienced specialist will start the examination and treatment of a patient with hypovitaminosis in time.

Hypovitaminosis A

Thus, hypovitaminosis of group A occurs with prolonged balanced diet a patient with inadequate intake of animal products and carrots, since it is this vegetable that contains carotene, which is directly involved in the synthesis of vitamin A. In addition, diseases associated with a violation of the absorption capacity of the small intestine are also often accompanied by hypovitaminosis of this type.

The main organs in which vitamin A accumulates under normal conditions are the retina, brain and liver, and therefore the deficiency of this vitamin affects the functioning of these particular structures of the human body. The appearance in a patient of any age of complaints of visual impairment, especially the weakening of the so-called "twilight vision" should lead the therapist to think that the person has a vitamin deficiency, since the target organ for hypovitaminosis A is precisely the organ of vision.

In addition, people with hypovitaminosis A are more likely to suffer from inflammatory changes mucous membrane of the conjunctiva, which are bilateral in nature and manifest as a burning sensation, itching, lacrimation and the appearance of purulent discharge in the inner corner of the eye.

Due to the fact that hypovitaminosis A is accompanied by systemic damage to the mucous membranes, changes occur in all organs in the form of a tendency to excessive dryness and peeling of the skin, the appearance of a dry cough and signs of erosive. AT childhood the primary manifestations of this pathology is a tendency to the appearance of stomatitis and candidiasis of the oral cavity. Persons suffering from hypovitaminosis A are more likely than others to have long-term infectious diseases respiratory tract, organs of the genitourinary and digestive systems. It should be borne in mind that the appearance of the above symptoms can only be observed with a decrease in the level of the deposited level of vitamin A, which is extremely rare, because the body needs a daily intake of only 5000 IU of carotene to cover all costs, and during pregnancy this need increases by 30%.

Hypovitaminosis B1

The second most common vitamin deficiency is group B1 hypovitaminosis. This category of hypovitaminosis should not be classified as a nutritional deficiency, like hypovitaminosis A, for example, since thiamine is found in a wide range of foods that are included in the daily diet of every person (vegetables, all types of meat, eggs and yeast). This pathology should be classified in the category of increased consumption and impaired absorption of vitamin B1.

So, a woman during pregnancy needs more thiamine, and patients suffering from a chronic form of enteritis and hypermotility-type colitis simply do not absorb this vitamin. The debut of clinical manifestations of hypovitaminosis B1, as a rule, is sluggish and is accompanied by the appearance non-specific symptoms in the form of increased irritability, night sleep disorders, disability. Attachment to the above symptoms of a feeling of disgust for food, memory impairment, emotional instability, flatulence and a tendency to testify to the progression of the disease.

With severe hypovitaminosis B1, the patient has skin sensitivity disorders and progressive muscle weakness, which has reflections in the external appearance of the patient in the form of an asymmetric muscular atrophy.

Hypovitaminosis B2

Group B2 hypovitaminosis develops when a person has a chronic pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, in which riboflavin is absorbed under normal conditions. To a greater extent, the deficiency of this group of vitamins affects the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the conjunctiva of the eyes. The patient's lips have numerous microdamages, from which blood periodically protrudes, deep cracks are also noted in the corners of the lips, accompanied by pronounced pain syndrome with a wide opening of the mouth. chief specific symptom hypovitaminosis B2 is a lesion of the oral mucosa, which acquires gray shade, against which the red-crimson smooth surface of the tongue stands out. The defeat of the organs of vision consists in photophobia, decreased visual acuity and frequent episodes of purulent.

Hypovitaminosis B6

Group B6 hypovitaminosis is a rare pathology and is more common in pediatric practice in violation of the conditions of breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods and manifests itself in some lag physical development, increased convulsive activity and anemia of the child's body.

In adult patients age category hypovitaminosis B6 affects the structures of the nervous system and skin, and therefore the first manifestations of this pathology are polyneuritis and pustular lesions of the skin. Convulsive seizures are observed only with severe vitamin deficiency in persons suffering from alcoholism.

Hypovitaminosis B12

Hypovitaminosis group B12 in hematology stands out as a separate nosological form, called " pernicious anemia". In the clinical symptom complex of this pathology, three main syndromes are distinguished: anemic, neurological and gastroenterocolitic. Anemia syndrome manifests itself in the form of circulatory disorders in distal parts limbs, headaches and weakness due to hypoxic damage to brain structures. Neurological lesions consist in violation of all types of sensitivity and inhibition of tendon reflexes. Symptoms that indicate the development of gastroenterocolitis syndrome are: a perversion of taste preferences, nausea, It's a dull pain in the upper abdomen, which does not have a clear localization, alternating constipation and episodes of loose stools.

Hypovitaminosis C

Hypovitaminosis group C belongs to the category of alimentary insufficiency ascorbic acid and is observed among people who do not consume enough raw fruits and vegetables, since vitamin C is mainly found in citrus fruits, sauerkraut and berry crops.

Insufficient content of ascorbic acid in children's body causes the development of a whole spectrum clinical symptoms in the form of a lag not only in physical, but also in mental development, the development of bone deformities of various localization, aversion to food. In adults, hypovitaminosis C is manifested by the appearance of multiple subcutaneous hemorrhages, gum bleeding, intermittent fever, hemodynamic and respiratory disorders varying degrees of intensity.

Hypovitaminosis D

Group D hypovitaminosis belongs to the category of pathologies of the pediatric profile, since among the adult population there is a deficiency this vitamin practically never occurs. A feature of vitamin D is that in order to maintain normal level in the body, it not only comes with food, but is also independently synthesized under the influence of ultraviolet rays.

Children suffering from rickets, or hypovitaminosis group D, are easy to distinguish from their peers, as they have characteristic phenotypic manifestations (deformation of the brain and facial parts of the skull, keeled deformity of the chest, curvature of the limbs). In a situation where vitamin D deficiency occurs in an adult, there are signs in the form of a decrease in bone mineral density and a predisposition to the appearance of pathological fractures.

There may be a congenital form of hypovitaminosis D, which is a consequence of a vitamin D deficiency in the mother during pregnancy and the manifestation of which are gross anomalies of bone formation. In addition to a violation of the regime of walking in the fresh air, congenital rickets can be triggered by a severe form of toxicosis in the third trimester of pregnancy and chronic extragenital pathologies.

Hypovitaminosis RR

Hypovitaminosis of the PP group is a rare pathology and is observed in people engaged in extreme fasting as a way to lose weight, as well as in children suffering from prolonged infectious diarrhea.

Manifestations of vitamin deficiency in this category are progressive cognitive impairment, trophic damage to the skin and symptoms of enterocolitis, which in itself contributes to the progression of hypovitaminosis. A patient with hypovitaminosis PP constantly feels weak, irritable and disturbed at night.

Hypovitaminosis E

Hypovitaminosis group E is manifested by progressive muscular dystrophy and, in connection with which women must definitely eat enough fat plant origin(corn, sea buckthorn oil).

Hypovitaminosis K

Hypovitaminosis of group K is accompanied by a violation of the formation of prothrombin in the liver, which is directly involved in the processes of blood coagulation. The result of an insufficient content of vikasol in the body is a tendency to hemorrhagic phenomena, which are quite difficult to eliminate. The most common source of bleeding is the nasal and oral cavities, however, with a pronounced deficiency of vitamin K, a generalized petechial rash appears throughout the skin and even the phenomenon of intracranial hemorrhage.

Treatment of hypovitaminosis

Among the therapeutic measures for the treatment of hypovitaminosis, the most effective is replacement therapy with the use of fortified preparations, as well as sufficient consumption of food products containing the maximum concentration of one or another vitamin. The key to successful therapy of hypovitaminosis is correction eating behavior, since when using a balanced diet, not only vitamins in their pure form enter the human body, but also the substances involved in their synthesis.

Various pharmaceutical companies offer wide range drugs containing one or a group of vitamins. With hypovitaminosis, most experts recommend the use of multivitamin drugs containing several vitamin components in therapeutic ratios. The advantages of using multivitamin preparations compared with monotherapy are that insufficient content of one group of vitamins can have Negative influence on the balance of other vitamins, as well as the fact that vitamin deficiency in most patients is accompanied by a deficiency of several vitamins.

When appointing a patient with hypovitaminosis of one or another multivitamin preparation, it should be borne in mind that each drug has a different ratio of components and their doses. Elderly people with a wide range of chronic pathologies, as well as patients in the stage of convalescence of severe infectious and inflammatory diseases, it is recommended to use Undevit orally, 2 tablets 3 r / day, for at least 1 month. In a situation where a person is in a period of acclimatization to new conditions, as well as in conditions of increased mental and physical activity, it is advisable to use Aerovit 1 tablet 1 r / day. Patients in the rehabilitation period after suffering a severe form of cardiac, neurological pathology and surgical treatment, it is recommended to use course therapy with the multivitamin drug Decamevit, 1 tablet 2 times a day for 20 days. Patients with hypovitaminosis of group A and vitamins of group B in moderate form it is advisable to use Geksavita 1 tablet 2 r / day.

Application of specific medications in injectable or oral form, containing a high saturating concentration of one or another vitamin, is indicated only after a laboratory blood test and confirmation of hypovitaminosis of a certain vitamin group.

The indication for the use of a vitamin A preparation is the presence of specific clinical manifestations, as well as reduced level serum retinol concentrations less than 0.4 µmol/L. Treatment consists in the use of diet therapy enriched with foods containing a large amount of vitamin A (egg yolk, sea fish liver, carrots, sea buckthorn). The scheme of drug therapy consists in the use of Vitamin A at a dose of 10,000 IU intramuscularly in combination with 20 mg of Riboflavin in a course of 3 weeks.

Treatment of hypovitaminosis D should be started immediately at the first signs of rickets in children, as well as x-ray confirmation of osteoporotic bone tissue restructuring in patients of the adult age category. Diet therapy consists in saturating the adult diet with a sufficient amount of fish oil and butter, and early introduction of the first complementary foods is recommended for infants. Drug replacement therapy is carried out with water or alcohol solution vitamin D in a therapeutic saturating daily dose of 3000 IU for a course of 45 days. Then the dose of the drug is recommended to be reduced to 400 IU and used daily for a year. In order to eliminate the signs of muscle atrophy, patients with hypovitaminosis D are shown to use exercise therapy and massage. With the existing individual intolerance to the synthetic preparation of vitamin D, the patient should be prescribed physiotherapy with the use of ultraviolet irradiation sessions for two months.

Treatment of group E hypovitaminosis is recommended only in a situation where the level of tocopherol in the blood serum drops to 0.8 mg. Medical treatment consists in the use of Tocopherol acetate in a daily dose of 30 mg for a month, followed by a prophylactic dosage of 8 mg.

It is better to start treatment of group C hypovitaminosis with diet therapy, since synthetic vitamin C preparations have a wide range of contraindications for use (pregnancy, nephropathy). For this purpose, the patient is recommended to introduce fresh berry crops and citrus fruits into the daily diet. Drug therapy for hypovitaminosis of this type is carried out by oral intake of vitamin C in a daily dose of 100 mg.

As a rule, hypovitaminosis of group K is accompanied by severe clinical manifestations, therefore, treatment of patients of any age category should be carried out in a hospital setting. medical institution to avoid possible complications in the form of massive bleeding. drug therapy should be carried out under the control of the main indicators of the coagulogram. With a slight deficiency of vikasol, an oral form of the drug should be used at 30 mg per day. A pronounced lack of vitamin K is subject to correction by Fitamenadione in a daily dose of 20 mg subcutaneously.

Treatment of group B hypovitaminosis consists in prescribing oral medications in the middle therapeutic dosage(Vitamin B1 at a dose of 10 mg, vitamin B6 at 50 mg, vitamin B9 at a dose of 1 mg / day).

Isolated vitamin deficiency of the PP group is subject to medical correction using Rutin 0.02 g three times a day for at least 6 weeks.

Prevention of hypovitaminosis

Preventive measures for hypovitaminosis of various types are combined into a single concept of "vitaminization of the body" and the period of their recommended use is the spring and autumn seasons. During these periods, all people are recommended to consume plenty of greens, vegetables and fruits.

It is also necessary to make additional fortification of ready-made dishes immediately before their use. For example, concentrated rosehip syrup can be added to the finished compote.

A preventive measure to prevent hypovitaminosis should be considered the elimination of the causes of vitamin deficiency, namely: timely deworming of the intestine, prevention of dysbacteriosis when taking antibacterial drugs, timely treatment of chronic diseases of the intestine and stomach.

Medical prevention It is used in the case of reliably transferred hypovitaminosis of one type or another in history and consists in the use of drugs in a prophylactic dosage, even in the absence of clinical manifestations of vitamin deficiency. Thus, a history of xerophthalmia, which was a manifestation of hypovitaminosis A, is an indication for the use of a course of vitamin A in a prophylactic dosage of 3300 IU, a course of 1 month twice a year.

Preventive measures to prevent hypovitaminosis D are most often used in neonatal and infancy child and consist in daily insolation, promotion of natural breastfeeding and daily intake of an aqueous solution of vitamin D (Aquadetrim at a dose of 400 IU during the year). Adult category people are generally not eligible for prophylactic vitamin D medication, with the exception of pregnant women, whose third trimester is in winter period time. This category of pregnant women should take vitamin D at a dose of 400 IU before delivery as a prevention of the development of a congenital form of rickets in a newborn child.

Prevention of hypovitaminosis K is used in pediatrics only in a situation where a woman in labor during pregnancy took Difenin. In this case, the prophylactic dose of Fitamenadione is 0.5 mg intramuscularly 1 time immediately after birth and 6 hours later as a prophylaxis for the development of hemorrhagic complications in a child. Prophylactic use of vitamin K preparations for women during pregnancy is not used, since these drugs have an extremely negative toxic effect to the developing fetus.

Prevention of hypovitaminosis group B is timely diagnosis and treatment of chronic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and prophylactic intake of oral multivitamin complexes containing all groups of vitamins in a prophylactic dosage (Neurovitan 1 tablet 2 r / day for 2 weeks).

The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis, questioning and examination of the patient and confirmed by the results. laboratory research. Treatment of hypovitaminosis consists in adjusting the diet or prescribing vitamin complexes in the form of tablets or injections.

Vitamins are extremely important substances for the body.

They take an active part in metabolic processes, contributing to normal metabolism. In addition, they are involved in the synthesis of enzymes and actively affect the functioning of some organs.

In the body, vitamins are synthesized in insufficient quantities, so a person must receive them from the outside, with food. Hypovitaminosis develops gradually and depends on how intensively the body uses the remains of a particular vitamin.

There are three stages of vitamin deficiency:

• prehypovitaminosis - the content of vitamins in the body is at the lower limits of the norm, there are no pronounced symptoms yet, the patient feels tired, weak, apathetic, minor skin problems may occur;
• hypovitaminosis - a pronounced lack of vitamins, which is accompanied by a pronounced clinical picture;
• avitaminosis - there is a complete absence of one or several vitamins at once, which, if left untreated, leads to the development of a number of serious complications.

Causes of hypovitaminosis

The main reasons for the development of the disease are:

1. Nutritional factors:

• early weaning of the child from the breast, feeding him with unadapted mixtures, kefir, animal milk;
• the use of substances that prevent the body from absorbing vitamins (sulfonamides, chemotherapeutic agents, anticoagulants);
• untimely introduction of complementary foods.

2. External factors:

• adverse effect environment(radiation, heavy metals, pesticides);
• bad habits (alcohol abuse, smoking);
• finding the body in difficult conditions (low temperatures, stress, increased physical exercise and so on).

Hypovitaminosis B9. The patient has problems with memory, he complains of constant fatigue, anxiety. The tongue becomes bright red. In children, there is a slowdown in growth and development, in adults, early gray hair.

Hypovitaminosis B12. This form of the disease is atrophic gastritis, anemia, change in gait. The patient's skin sensitivity is disturbed, a characteristic purple rim appears around the cornea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe eyes.

Hypovitaminosis D. Manifested by osteomalacia (softening of the bones), loss of appetite, insomnia, weight loss. Rickets develops in acute hypovitaminosis D.

Hypovitaminosis K. It develops with uncontrolled intake of certain drugs (anticoagulants, salicylates and a number of others), intestinal dysbacteriosis, diseases of the liver and other organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

Manifested given form bleeding disorders. Newborns may experience severe bleeding from the nose, urinary tract, internal bleeding. In older children, hypovitaminosis is manifested by intestinal bleeding, subcutaneous and intradermal hemorrhages.

Hypovitaminosis C. Manifested by a decrease in the immune defense of the body, bleeding gums, the appearance of bruising and bruising on the skin. With a pronounced deficiency of this vitamin in the body, scurvy develops.

Hypovitaminosis E. It is manifested by a violation of sexual function, muscle dystrophy. In addition, a patient with this form of hypovitaminosis develops anemia, the skin becomes dry, brittle nails, and the likelihood of developing obesity increases.

Hypovitaminosis RR. With a lack of this vitamin, pellagra develops in the body. The patient has problems with the skin, which becomes rough, rough, flaky. After some time, some parts of the skin are stained in Brown color. If treatment is not started on time, then the lesions begin to merge with each other. In particular severe cases everything can end in the death of the patient.

Diagnosis of hypovitaminosis

If hypovitaminosis is suspected, it is necessary to contact a specialist (therapist or gastroenterologist) and undergo an examination. Today, in almost all major cities of our country there are special laboratories where you can take a blood test and determine exactly which vitamin is lacking in the body.

If the doctor suspects that hypovitaminosis is caused by any concomitant pathologies, then the patient may be prescribed additional examinations (esophagogastroduodenoscopy, ultrasound, MRI, CT, fecal analysis, and so on).

Treatment of hypovitaminosis

Before starting treatment, the doctor must determine the cause of the disease. Otherwise, the treatment will be ineffective and some time after the end of taking vitamins, hypovitaminosis will occur again.

In addition, taking vitamins by mouth may be ineffective in violation of digestion and absorption of any particular vitamin.

The main stages of therapy for hypovitaminosis are:

• if the cause of the disease lies in malnutrition, then the diet is adjusted, vitamins are prescribed orally to quickly replenish their deficiency;
• in case of hypovitaminosis caused by a particular disease, the main pathology is treated first of all, at the same time vitamins are prescribed in the form that will be better absorbed by the body in this particular situation;
• in violation of the absorption of the vitamin in the gastrointestinal tract, intravenous or intramuscular administration of vitamins is indicated with a special therapeutic course with simultaneous treatment underlying disease;
• with congenital hypovitaminosis, the doctor develops a special treatment regimen, individually for each patient;
• if the cause of the development of the disease is the intake of certain drugs, the doctor evaluates the possibility of replacing drugs or prescribes the missing vitamins in additional quantities.

It can be difficult even for a doctor to make a diagnosis based on the clinical picture. To detect hypovitaminosis, you need to take tests, and only according to their results, the doctor prescribes a treatment regimen. In addition, it is not enough to identify hypovitaminosis itself, you need to find out the causes of its occurrence. And this is only possible for a certified specialist. Self-medication is unacceptable and can lead to the development of a number of serious complications.

Prevention of hypovitaminosis

The main measures for the prevention of hypovitaminosis are:

• avoidance of stress;
• proper nutrition- you need to eat fractionally (5-6 times a day, in small portions), so it is better absorbed, the diet should be balanced and contain everything necessary for the body nutrients, including vitamins;
• rejection of bad habits;
• normalization of the regime of work and rest;
• weight control, prevention of obesity;
• refusal of uncontrolled intake of medicines, only a doctor should prescribe treatment;
• timely treatment of diseases that can lead to the development of hypovitaminosis;
• regular sanitation of foci chronic infection in the body;
• refusal of a sedentary lifestyle - physical education, hiking in the fresh air;
• hardening of the body, strengthening the immune defense;
• preventive intake of multivitamin complexes (especially in spring and autumn, when the body is as weak as possible);
• in the cold season you need to take natural vitamin cocktails- salads, freshly squeezed juices, decoctions of berries;
• prevention of hypovitaminosis in children who are breastfed, is to normalize the diet of a nursing mother;
• when the first symptoms of hypovitaminosis appear, you should immediately consult a doctor and undergo an examination - timely treatment will help to quickly replenish the supply of vitamins and avoid the development of complications.

For each person, health should always remain in the first place, because both the quality of life and its duration depend on it.

Therefore, it is very important to take care that the body does not suffer from a lack of D, and for this it is necessary to study the main symptoms. But before that, it is worth finding out some more useful information.

The importance of vitamin D for the body. Why is there too much and too little?

Nature has given a person everything that is necessary for a full-fledged existence, and vitamin D is no exception. He plays important role not only in children, but also adulthood, because only thanks to him, such processes as:

• absorption of calcium and magnesium, helping to maintain strong teeth and bones throughout life;
• constant development and growth of cells. This process reduces the risk of developing cancer,
  supports intestinal health and is responsible for good skin condition;
• strengthening the basic functions of immunity;
• production of insulin.

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency are most common in patients over 50 who spend most of their time indoors and very rarely go outside in sunny weather, thus preventing the development of vitamin D3 in the body.

Pregnant women, young mothers who are breastfeeding and residents of the northern regions can also be among the “victims”. That is why, in these situations, vitamin complexes replenishing the missing trace elements.

Note! During treatment, you should strictly adhere to the prescribed dosage. Otherwise, instead of a lack of vitamin D, you will have to treat its excess.

In this arrangement, there is an increase optimal amount calcium in the body, which leads to disruption of the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs and other vital important organs.


In this case, there is occasional vomiting, loss of appetite, constant thirst, sudden weight loss. It also rises arterial pressure, mood changes, skin integuments (in particular on the face) peel off and there is a problem of bowel movement.

Lack (deficiency) of vitamin D in adults

Vitamin D deficiency, the symptoms of which are monitored at the earliest stages, occurs primarily due to insufficient insolation, frequent use sunscreens and malnutrition.

People who refuse to include in their diet such products fall into the risk zone:

• chicken eggs (raw or boiled);
• oily fish (or fish oil);
• liver;
• homemade dairy products (in particular milk and cottage cheese).

If there are no problems with this, and beriberi is still observed, the kidneys that process vitamin D and the intestines should be examined, as there are diseases that prevent the absorption of beneficial trace elements.

The first signs of the development of beriberi are:

• the appearance of sweat in the back of the head;
• the appearance of caries;
• insomnia;
• loss of appetite, and sudden unhealthy weight loss;
• pain in the joints;
• problems with posture (slouching);
• complaints of weakness even after a good rest.

In the absence of treatment, the shape of the teeth begins to change (curves), vision decreases and bone tissue softens. After such changes, it is almost impossible to fully recover.

Vitamin D deficiency in women: symptoms and features

Female representatives are more likely to experience depression and mood swings. Lack of vitamin D only exacerbates this condition and can lead to a nervous breakdown.

In addition to the development of mental illness, beriberi in women is fraught with the development of breast cancer and infertility. After all, it is the D vitamins that are responsible for a sufficient amount of this element in the egg during the period of fetal development.

When successful conception lack of vitamins, studies have shown, can lead to deformation of the children's skull.

It is worth noting that a striking symptom of the lack of vitamin D in the body in women is the lack of desire to do anything, a terrible mood and frequent breakdowns because of the little things. Added poor appetite, deterioration of the skin, hair and nails. There are bags under the eyes and pale skin.

Signs of deficiency (lack) of vitamin D in men

Men are more likely than women to suffer from obesity, which can be one of the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in the body. In this case, the patient is more likely to suffer from uncontrolled cramps, muscle weakness, fatigue and joint pain.


It is observed in the blood low level calcium and sugar problems. The body is susceptible various diseases due to reduced functions immune system and lack of sufficient movement.

Vitamin D is also responsible for the speed and quality of spermatozoa, so that if left untreated, beriberi can develop male infertility without the possibility of recovery (in advanced situations).

Vitamin D3 deficiency: main symptoms

With a deficiency of D3 in the human body, irreversible processes occur over time, in particular, the weakening and destruction of bone tissue. Symptoms that indicate a problem include:

• light sleep, turning into insomnia;
• sweaty palms and heels;

• intestinal obstruction and constipation;
• deterioration of the heart muscle;
• The main symptom of vitamin D deficiency is the development of osteoporosis.

What causes a lack of vitamin D in the body. Effects

In order for the body to work smoothly, it is necessary to replenish it with all the necessary vitamins and useful trace elements.

If these conditions are not met, then quality of life deteriorates significantly the opportunity to fully develop, do quality work and even have a normal rest disappears. Not to mention the fact that life expectancy can be reduced by at least two times and there is a significant chance of becoming a burden for relatives and friends.

Many women and men do not pay attention to the lack of vitamin D, the symptoms that accompany it, but this leads to very serious illnesses.

What disease can be caused by vitamin D deficiency?

The unwillingness to make up for the lack of vitamin D leads to dire consequences. For example, a person often gets sick with colds, acute respiratory infections and influenza.

Develop over time cancerous tumors, vision falls sharply and irreversible changes begin in the spine, that is, the posture is strongly bent. The bones also weaken and it is very easy to get a fracture even after a normal fall, and healing in such a situation is much slower.


Asthma, tuberculosis and diabetes develop (most often in patients with overweight), pressure surges occur, which leads to a deterioration in the work of the heart. An increased risk of multiple sclerosis, loss of teeth and periodic affective disorders.

When secondary hyperparathyroidism develops against a background of vitamin D deficiency

Hyperparathyroidism is a disease endocrine system, in which the parathyroid gland secretes a large amount of hormones that affect the state of the skeletal system.

There is an increase in calcium in the body, the bones lose their strength and become a cause of concern.

Secondary hyperparathyroidism has its own causes of development and, in addition to a lack of vitamin D, these can be:

• renal failure in a chronic form;
• disruption of the intestines, namely poor absorption;
• primary tubulopathy;
• renal rickets.

In the first stages, this disease has no symptoms - it can be detected by chance during a comprehensive examination by a doctor.

But if this did not happen, then over time the first alarming signals appear. These include: poor retention of urine, thirst, kidney stones, and soon their inflammation, confusion, nausea, the development of diseases of the digestive tract.

Treatment requires medical supervision special diet, the correct daily regimen and the adoption of vitamin complexes. AT advanced cases surgical treatment is used, which in most cases is successful, without subsequent complications.

Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in adults

Mandatory with a lack of vitamin D are daily 10-minute walks in the sun. If this is not possible, you should take care of compiling proper diet, which will include the necessary products.

To begin with, fermented milk products should always be in the refrigerator, in particular hard cheese and cottage cheese. But in milk, vitamin D is much less, besides, its absorption is hindered by a large amount of phosphorus.

The essential trace element is also found in raw chicken yolks, butter and seafood. Experts recommend paying special attention to cod liver, fish oil, tuna, mackerel and mackerel.


During the diet, several times a week, you should have breakfast with oatmeal.- it does not have too much vitamin D, but this will be enough to replenish its reserves in the morning. Boiled potatoes can also do this well.

In one glass orange juice contains half the daily value of vitamin D for an adult. The same can be said about one serving of mushrooms.

How to make up for the lack of vitamin D folk methods and vitamin complexes

Vitamin complexes with vitamin D deficiency are rarely used - most often they are needed by pregnant women or bedridden patients. Most often, doctors prescribe products from trusted companies and at an affordable price.

Vitamin complex	Advantages
Duovit	They protect against stress, support sexual health, have an optimal composition and a price not exceeding 180 rubles.
Calcium-D_3 Nycomed	It has a pleasant taste and is widely available. Suitable for the prevention of osteoporosis, in the shortest possible time compensates for the lack of vitamin D, the symptoms of which quickly disappear. Price from 230 rubles.
Complivit Calcium D3	Strengthens bones, helps maintain the health of the fetus and expectant mother during pregnancy, has virtually no contraindications and side effects. The cost does not exceed 165 rubles.
Natekal D_3	An excellent remedy for prevention, taken with meals. It has a pleasant taste and a convenient shape. The average price is 500 rubles.

Note! The presented vitamin complexes are equally well suited for both men and women, but drinking them on their own or exceeding the period of their use without consulting a doctor is strictly prohibited!

If there is a desire to turn to traditional medicine, it is best to use parsley, nettle (fresh or dried) or dandelion greens.

They can be used in the preparation summer salads, as well as from nettle and dandelion, you can brew a healthy herbal tea.

Vitamin D plays an important role in the human diet when we are talking on maintaining health and maintaining full life. Its deficiency can lead to serious illnesses, but if you follow the advice of nutritionists, you can avoid many troubles.

Lack of vitamin D. Symptoms in children, women, men:

The benefits and necessity of vitamin D:

The pathological condition causes disturbances in the functioning of the body. Faced with such a disease, it should be remembered that self-medication with it is unacceptable and threatens with many negative consequences. Find out what clinical manifestations are characteristic of a particular form of the disease. Familiarize yourself with the schemes and methods of treatment of this disease.

General information about hypovitaminosis

In medicine, this term is commonly understood as a state of vitamin deficiency. Manifestations of a deficiency of essential substances depend on which nutrient is lacking in the body. However, all forms of hypovitaminosis are characterized by common signs. These include: fatigue, drowsiness, loss of appetite. Without adequate treatment Nutrient deficiency can lead to beriberi - the complete absence of certain substances.

On the territory of Russia, children and the elderly suffer from a lack of necessary elements. Hypovitaminosis of vitamins B6, B1, C is common. Uncontrolled intake of nutrients required by the body can cause intoxication. It is only a doctor who can determine for certain which substances have developed a deficiency by prescribing laboratory tests to the patient.

Causes of hypovitaminosis

The pathological condition is one of the polyetiological diseases. Nutrient deficiencies can occur for a variety of reasons. General deficiency factors are considered to be malabsorption of trace elements and their destruction during heat treatment. In addition, beriberi and hypovitaminosis may occur due to a restrictive diet or the predominant consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates. Other causes of nutrient deficiencies are:

• Hypovitaminosis C - a pathological condition develops in patients due to limited protein intake.
• Lack of vitamin B1 - hypovitaminosis occurs with severe stress, alcoholism, diabetes.
• Lack of riboflavin (B2) - a pathological condition is often caused by taking anti-tuberculosis drugs.
• Hypovitaminosis of vitamin A - deficiency of nutrients occurs due to malnutrition, infectious diseases.
• Deficiency of cyanocobalamin (B12) - a pathological condition develops due to insufficient consumption of animal products.

Forms

Favorable dietary changes that have taken place in recent decades have unexpected consequences in the form of widespread among the population of the phenomena of insufficiency of nutrients. This fact is explained by the fact that products undergo deep processing, as a result of which they lose a certain proportion of useful substances. Depending on the deficiency of which nutrient has developed, the following forms of hypovitaminosis are distinguished:

Symptoms of hypovitaminosis

The clinic of insufficiency of this or that nutrient is peculiar. Meanwhile, there are symptoms common to all forms of hypovitaminosis: fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, poor appetite. These manifestations of the pathological condition acquire a pronounced character with a significant lack of a certain nutrient. In most cases, polyhypovitaminosis of several vitamins develops.

Diagnosis of vitamin deficiency

If there is any suspicion of a nutrient deficiency, a consultation with a gastroenterologist is prescribed.. During the initial visit, the doctor conducts an examination, analyzes the patient's complaints, clarifies the anamnesis of life. Based on the information received, the specialist makes a preliminary diagnosis. With a modern laboratory, it is possible special study, allowing to identify the deficiency of which vitamins has developed. In addition, the plan diagnostic measures to identify nutrient deficiencies include:

• general analysis urine, blood;
• EFGDS;
• blood chemistry;
• intragastric pH-metry;
• stool analysis.

Treatment of hypovitaminosis

In cases severe insufficiency nutrient replacement therapy with the use of medications is prescribed. There is a large selection of such products on the pharmaceutical market. Experts recommend taking multivitamin complexes. In order to avoid the occurrence of nutritional deficiencies, it is appropriate for the elderly and persons in the period of convalescence (recovery) after suffering infectious and inflammatory diseases to take Undevit 2 tablets three times a day for a month.

In the case of a person staying in the period of acclimatization, conditions of mental or physical overstrain, it is advisable to use 1 Aerovit pill in a course of 2 weeks to 2 months. Patients during the period rehabilitation period after severe neurological or cardiac pathology, surgical intervention, it is recommended to take Decamevit 1 tablet twice a day for 20 days. It is advisable to eliminate the lack of vitamins of groups B, A in a moderate form by taking Hexavit at a dose of 1 tablet 2 times a day.

Hypovitaminosis D in children requires separate consideration. Elimination of insufficiency of this nutrient must begin at the first sign of rickets.. Replacement therapy is carried out with alcohol or aqueous solution vitamin D at a dose of 3000 IU for 45 days. Then it is recommended to reduce the intake of the drug to 400 IU. At this dosage, the nutrient should be taken every day for a year. In a situation where hypovitaminosis D cannot be treated with medications due to individual intolerance, ultraviolet irradiation sessions are prescribed.

Vitamin therapy with food

The key to successfully overcoming the phenomena of nutrient deficiency is the correction of eating behavior. With a balanced diet, the body receives not only vitamins, but also the substances necessary for their full assimilation and synthesis.

Diet therapy for hypovitaminosis involves the inclusion in the daily diet of products containing the maximum concentration of nutrients missing from the body.

Prevention

Get greens, vegetables and fruits in season for your diet. In spring and autumn, take multivitamin complexes. They provide daily requirement body in nutrients, preventing the occurrence of deficiency phenomena. Drug prevention of hypovitaminosis is indicated in the presence of a history of reliably transferred nutrient deficiency. In addition, drug replacement therapy is indicated:

• during pregnancy, breastfeeding;
• during a period of mental or physical overstrain;
• after infectious diseases, surgical interventions;
• when adapting to new environmental conditions.

Video