Where is stomatitis. Causes of frequent stomatitis in adults. Use of painkillers

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Stomatitis is an inflammatory process in the oral mucosa (stoma is Greek for “mouth”, itis is an inflammatory process). Since the etiology, the causes of inflammation can be different, the clinical picture, the symptoms of stomatitis are also variable and depend on the form, the location of the disease, the degree of prevalence, and many other factors. Factors that provoke stomatitis can be local or general - trauma, allergy, virus, fungal or bacterial infection, irritation of the oral cavity with food, chemicals, beriberi, and a lack of trace elements (most often iron). Stomatitis develops in people of any age and gender, but more often they suffer from children, elderly patients.

In the international classification of diseases, ICD-10, the disease is described in block K12 - Diseases of the oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws.

Stomatitis and its symptoms are classified as follows:

1. By prevalence:

• Superficial inflammatory processes, superficial stomatitis.
• Aphthous (fibrinous).
• catarrhal.
• Deep stomatitis.
• Ulcerative.
• Necrotic.

1. For reasons, etiology:

• Traumatic factors - physical, chemical.
• Infectious stomatitis - viruses, bacteria, fungi.
• Symptomatic stomatitis as a consequence of the underlying disease of internal organs and systems.

1. According to the course of the inflammatory process:

• Spicy.
• Subacute.
• Recurrent, chronic.

1. According to the localization of inflammation:

• Inflammation of the gums - gingivitis.
• Inflammation of the tongue - glossitis.
• Inflammation of the lips - cheilitis.
• Inflammation of the sky (upper and lower) - palatinitis.

Is stomatitis contagious?

Depending on the form, etiology and type, stomatitis can indeed be contagious, that is, contagious. There is still no consensus on how contagious stomatitis is, however, it is quite logical to assume that a viral, bacterial or fungal oral disease can be transmitted from one person to another in the same way as other diseases. Whether stomatitis is contagious is determined by a dentist who reveals the true cause of inflammation.

How can various types of stomatitis be transmitted:

1. Herpetic stomatitis. This type of disease can be infected through household items - dishes, toys, towels, a toothbrush, lipstick, and so on. The herpes virus is transmitted from a sick person to a healthy person and can affect the oral cavity.
2. Candidal stomatitis. Most often it is diagnosed in children under one year old, but adults can also suffer from it. The fungus can be transmitted through untreated eating utensils, an infected breastfed infant can infect the mother's breasts (nipples), just as an infected mother can infect the baby during childbirth - passage through the birth canal.
3. Enteroviral vesicular stomatitis. This species is characterized by a high degree of contagiousness among young children and it is no coincidence that the disease is called “hand-foot-mouth”. The virus is isolated from the feces, vesicles of an infected person and is transmitted in multiple ways - oral (food or water), contact, airborne.

It is believed that the contagiousness of stomatitis is not confirmed by scientifically substantiated facts, but the question of whether stomatitis is contagious can be answered by practitioners, moreover, unambiguously. As a rule, with stomatitis, they recommend as carefully as possible to handle all the items that the patient uses and limit close contact (kissing) in order to avoid infection. In a word, like any other infection - bacterial, viral, mycotic, certain types of stomatitis are still contagious.

Signs of stomatitis

The most typical signs of stomatitis are hyperemia of the oral mucosa, swelling, burning sensation, itching, often ulceration and bleeding. Stomatitis can be localized in certain areas, but it can also affect the entire oral cavity. The generalized form is accompanied by a serious condition - high fever, weakness, difficulty eating.

Symptoms of stomatitis, as a rule, develop within three stages:

1. The first stage of the inflammatory process is manifested in a slight reddening of the oral cavity, a feeling of dryness may appear.
2. A few days later, this zone swells, a characteristic white coating appears, under which developing erosion is hidden.
3. Ulcers under plaque can be multiple or single, superficial or deep, merging with each other.

If the inflammation is not stopped, then the process spreads throughout the mouth, often affecting the corners (jams). Sores covered with white coating are visible on the cheeks, tongue, palate and even on the tonsils.

The specific clinical picture, the symptoms of stomatitis are directly related to the type of disease, its form and causes, and can be as follows:

• The formation of erosion of different sizes - from a millimeter to 10 mm.
• Feeling of dry mouth, frequent swallowing.
• Pain when swallowing food.
• Pain when talking.
• Redness and swelling of the tongue.
• Irritation of the tongue.
• Loss of taste sensations.
• Intensive salivation.
• Characteristic odor from the mouth.
• In the acute form - hyperthermia.
• Lack of appetite.
• Ulcers at the corners of the mouth.
• Plaque on the tongue, cheeks, palate.
• Bleeding.

Odor from the mouth with stomatitis

As in the case of many other diseases of the oral cavity, when bacteria, harmful microorganisms multiply there, the smell from the mouth with stomatitis is a common uncomfortable consequence. Hypersalivation, that is, increased salivation, in itself is a source of an unpleasant odor, but such a symptom is especially typical in the ulcerative-necrotic form of the disease, when stomatitis does not occur in isolation, locally, but affects all the mucous membranes of the cavity up to the tonsils, spreading to the internal organs and on the skin. In addition to headache, hyperthermia, weakness and inability to eat and pain when talking, a characteristic smell of decay emanates from the mouth of a sick person, or, as it is commonly called, halitosis.

A similar symptom in the form of halitosis, an unpleasant odor is typical for almost all types of stomatitis, which occurs in a chronic, recurrent form. The acute form of the disease rarely lasts more than 2 weeks and the bacteria simply do not have time to die and cause an unpleasant odor. Thus, the smell from the mouth with stomatitis can be a completely logical consequence of the course of a catarrhal (chronic), aphthous, vesicular, ulcerative-necrotic, purulent form of the disease. As soon as bacterial raids and the actual cause of stomatitis are eliminated, the unpleasant odor also disappears. In addition, measures aimed at treating diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which are often the root cause of protracted stomatitis, help get rid of halitosis.

Blood with stomatitis

The mucous membrane is always inhabited by a certain number of microorganisms, this directly affects the oral cavity, where the bacterial balance is most vulnerable. The balance between the bacterial microflora and local immunity in the form of salivation is the most important protective function, and if it is disturbed, the mucosa becomes thinner, becomes dry and ulcerates, opening the way for uncontrolled reproduction of bacteria. Blood with stomatitis can be released due to the appearance of ulcers, necrotic areas, and also because the mucous membrane is characterized by its intense blood supply. Thus, local protection in the form of an integral mucous membrane is violated, the composition of saliva changes, where an increased level of lysozyme is noted.

Blood and bleeding in stomatitis are characteristic of herpetic, ulcerative necrotic (Vincent's stomatitis), aphthous (severe recurrent form), and other types of diseases associated with infection and penetration of bacteria and viruses into the oral cavity. Blood is not typical for stomatitis caused by candida, allergies, for a catarrhal, drug-induced and symptomatic form of the disease, although their severe, neglected forms can also be accompanied by bleeding gums.

Pain with stomatitis

A pain symptom when swallowing, chewing food, talking, smiling, and so on is a typical clinical manifestation of many types of stomatitis in an advanced stage.

Even such a simple form as catarrh of the oral mucosa can be accompanied by a painful symptom. Pain in stomatitis is caused by ulceration of large areas of the oral cavity, drying of the mucous membrane and tissue necrosis. In addition, pain can cause total swelling of the gums, palate, swelling and erosion of the tongue. The acute form of many types of stomatitis lasts quite a long time - up to two weeks, and all this time the patient feels pain and burning during such everyday activities as eating, talking. Severe, recurrent forms of stomatitis are also characterized by pain, in addition, a person's body temperature rises and pain is felt not only in the oral cavity, but also in the submandibular lymph nodes, joints, muscles (ache). Pain is also characteristic of the herpetic type of stomatitis, while discomfort is felt constantly, the entire oral cavity itches, herpetic eruptions can spread to the lips, which also hurt, their corners crack and become inflamed. The pain symptom subsides when the main inflammatory process is removed and the identified pathogen - virus, bacteria - is neutralized.

Temperature for stomatitis

Hyperthermia in stomatitis is a phenomenon characteristic of severe forms of the disease, when it is not diagnosed in a timely manner and is not treated at the initial stage.

As a rule, the symptoms of acute forms of stomatitis with proper therapy subside within 2-3 days. If the inflammatory process is not stopped, it develops and becomes widespread, generalized, not only the oral mucosa suffers, pathogens - viruses, bacteria, fungi, penetrate into regional lymph nodes, often into the gastrointestinal tract (enteroviral stomatitis), provoking a reaction from the immune systems.

The temperature during stomatitis can be quite high - up to 39-40 degrees, this is especially dangerous for newborn babies, who are most often diagnosed with candidal and herpetic types of stomatitis. Body temperature directly depends on the severity of the process, its prevalence, if stomatitis occurs in a mild form, hyperthermia does not occur. Moderate forms are accompanied by subfebrile temperature, sometimes reaching 38 degrees. Children under 3 years of age suffer the most from stomatitis, older children cope with symptoms more easily, as they are able to rinse their mouths on their own, and unlike newborns, they understand the importance and are directly involved in the treatment.

The absence of elevated temperature with stomatitis indicates its mild or acute, transient form, when an additional infection does not join the process - SARS, adenovirus, and so on.

Cough with stomatitis

Cough with stomatitis is not a typical clinical manifestation of the disease and cannot be considered a specific symptom.

In dental, pediatric practice, cases have been noted when severe forms of generalized stomatitis may be accompanied by a runny nose, cough, hyperthermia. However, this is rather a manifestation of side symptoms of a concomitant or primary disease, rather than a sign of stomatitis as an independent nosological unit. Even catarrhal stomatitis, despite the origin of the name from the Greek katarreo - inflammation, runoff, is not characterized by cough, rather, inflammation of the entire mucous membrane, its hyperemia, is typical with it.

Cough with stomatitis is a signal of an attached infection, more often of a viral etiology, since bacterial infections are more characteristic of purulent discharge. Cough can be accompanied by a severe form of herpetic stomatitis, but not as a specific symptom, but because herpes weakens the immune system and makes the body vulnerable to various viral and bacterial diseases - influenza, SARS, acute respiratory infections. Adenovirus, parainfluenza often coexists with stomatitis, especially in young children, manifested by fever, cough and discharge from the nasopharynx.

In addition, cough is a typical symptom characteristic of stomatitis, which develops as a result of tuberculosis infection, such a disease is more often diagnosed in adult patients.

Stomatitis on the gum

Stomatitis on the gums is gingivitis, this is the name of the inflammatory processes localized on the gums. The cause of gingival stomatitis can be various etiological factors, however, inflammation is most often provoked by mechanical irritation with dentures, tartar, an unsuccessful filling or an improperly selected toothbrush. In addition, an elementary malocclusion can be the main cause of gingivitis. Rarely, stomatitis on the gums can be caused by beriberi or periodontal disease - a systemic disease of the gum tissue.

Symptoms of the inflammatory process of the gums:

• Swelling and hyperemia of the gums, lower or upper.
• Bleeding gums when eating, brushing teeth.
• Burning sensation, itching in the gums with catarrhal gingivitis.
• Formation of ulcers along the edge of the gums in severe forms of stomatitis.
• Smell from the mouth.

It should be noted that the most rare type of gingival stomatitis is scurvy gingivitis, which develops as a result of a persistent persistent deficiency of vitamin C.

There is also a hypertrophic form of gingivitis, which is a consequence of chronic periodontal disease, when the gum atrophies, necrotic, teeth loosen without pain.

Stomatitis under the tongue

Symptoms that manifest as stomatitis under the tongue indicate that a herpetic form of inflammation of the oral cavity is developing. It is this type of stomatitis that is characterized by ulceration of the area under the tongue, the bottom area. All other signs of stomatitis that concern the tongue refer to glossitis. Glossitis is characterized by inflammation of the surface layer of the mucous membrane, less often deep ulcers can develop that affect the thickness of the tissues. The rarest symptom is a deep perforated ulcer of the tongue, accompanied by purulent discharge in the form of an abscess. Stomatitis sublingualis can develop as a result of a protracted, infectious process, which is characterized as generalized, capturing the entire oral cavity. Most often, the sublingual region suffers from purulent-inflammatory stomatitis. It is difficult for a person to swallow, talk, he develops hypersalivation (increased salivation). If timely treatment is not started, the spread of a bacterial infection captures the mandibular space, maxillary-lingual groove, jaw bones, up to the development of osteomyelitis.

Stomatitis in the mouth

Stomatitis is a common name that unites many types of inflammation of the oral cavity.

The collective description of the inflammatory process, which many refer to as stomatitis in the mouth, is actually subdivided into certain isolated localized (local) inflammations:

• Inflammatory process in the gums - gingivitis.
• Inflammation of the palate - palatinitis.
• Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the tongue - glossitis.
• Inflammation of the border and tissues of the lips - cheilitis, including angular (jams).

Also, stomatitis in the mouth can be generalized, that is, one that literally affects the entire oral cavity, including the tonsils.

The causes of stomatitis are also multiple, the symptoms are directly related to the type of inflammation and its etiology. However, the common signs of stomatitis are:

• Redness of the mouth.
• Swelling of the gums.
• Raids on cheeks, tongue.
• The appearance of a rash in the form of papules, ulcers, aphthae, pustules (depending on the type of stomatitis).
• Smell from the mouth.
• Bleeding.
• Pain when eating.

Diagnosis and treatment of stomatitis in the mouth is carried out differentially according to symptoms and etiological reasons. The prognosis is generally favorable, but relapses and transformation of inflammation into a chronic form are possible.

Stomatitis on the lip

Stomatitis on the lip, in the corners of the lips is cheilitis, often caused by the herpes virus, as well as angular cheilitis or catarrhal cheilitis.

Causes of cheilitis:

• Candidal stomatitis.
• Rarely - catarrhal stomatitis, transforming into a chronic form.
• Herpetic stomatitis.
• Avitaminosis (vitamins of group B).
• Gonococcal stomatitis.
• Bacterial forms of stomatitis caused by staphylococcus, streptococcus.

Stomatitis on the lip most often manifests itself as an angular inflammation, that is, seizures.

The corners of the lips first become inflamed, then covered with pustules containing pus. Pustules burst, forming cracks, which, as a result of the movement of the lips when eating, talking, do not heal for a long time. The skin of the corners of the lips is hyperemic, ulcers may form, periodically recurring and releasing pus. The epithelium of the lips is desquamated (flakes), the lips itch, itch. Stomatitis on the lip is a contagious inflammation, so the patient first of all needs to follow the rules of personal hygiene and use only personal cutlery, a toothbrush, a towel, and so on.

Stomatitis on the tonsils

Stomatitis can spread to the tonsils only in the case of a severe form of the disease, such types of inflammation belong to a serious category - fusotrepanematosis of the oral cavity. The causative agents of such diseases are bacteria of the Treponema or Fusobacterium family. As a rule, the herpes virus, streptococci, staphylococci do not spread to the larynx due to stomatitis, although they may be present in it for another separate reason (independent disease).

Fusotrepanematosis includes the following diseases:

• Gingivostomatitis, Vincent's disease.
• Angina Plaut - Vincent.
• Phlegmon of Ludwig, phlegmon of the oral cavity.

Most often, stomatitis on the tonsils is Plaut-Vincent's angina or Botkin-Simanovsky's stomatitis. Its causative agents are two microorganisms - spirochetes and spindle-shaped bacilli, more precisely saprophytes, which in a healthy person are present in the mouth without causing inflammation. The pathogenicity of microorganisms is associated with such factors:

• Gradual decline in immune defenses (often HIV).
• Violation of elementary rules of personal hygiene.
• Alcoholism, drug addiction.
• General depletion of the body as a result of prolonged chronic inflammation.
• Starvation, poor nutrition.
• Hypothermia, frostbite.
• Intoxication.

Localized on the tonsils, such a sore throat quickly spreads throughout the oral cavity, affecting the gums, tongue, cheeks, and palate. Most often, stomatitis on the tonsils is one-sided, accompanied by ulcers, infiltrates, necrotic areas of the mucosa. The disease can recur if complex adequate treatment is not applied. In addition, adenophlegmon and severe intoxication of the body can be a complication.

Symptoms of aphthous stomatitis

Aphthous stomatitis is divided according to the nature of the course into acute and recurrent, respectively, and the symptoms of the disease are different.

The acute form of aphthous stomatitis has well-defined causes:

• Colitis, enteritis, other diseases of the digestive tract.
• Allergy.
• Viral infection.
• Trophoneurotic disorders.

Symptoms of aphthous stomatitis in acute form are specific:

• A sharp rise in temperature to 39-40 degrees.
• Weakness, weakness.
• On the second day, when aphthae appear, the condition becomes severe, there are all signs of intoxication, inflammation.
• Enlargement of lymphatic regional nodes.
• There is constant pain when eating, swallowing.
• Salivation increases.
• Sharp, specific smell from the mouth.

Aphthous acute stomatitis is characterized by its specific rashes on the mucous membrane - aphthae. These are single painful formations of a round shape, which are formed from small vesicles that, when bursting, turn into ulcers. Ulcers also look characteristic - they are covered with a thin fibrinous film, they have a red rim around the edges. Aphthae are the main symptoms of aphthous stomatitis, they are localized on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, its tip, on the lips (the inner part of the mucosa), on the bottom of the oral cavity, inside the cheeks and in the sky. Aphthae can go away on their own within a week, but this does not mean their complete disappearance, aphthae can recur for many months without proper treatment. Frequent relapses were noted in the autumn and spring season, when aphthous stomatitis is diagnosed 2 times more often.

Recurrent chronic forms of aphthous stomatitis have the following symptoms and are classified as follows:

• A typical course of the disease, a typical form, in which superficial aphthae are periodically formed in the oral cavity. Symptoms of aphthous stomatitis in chronic typical form can be divided according to another differentiation:
  • A generalized form of aphthosis, in which aphthae spread to the oral mucosa, skin, genitals, conjunctiva of the eyes, provoking extensive pyoderma, streptoderma.
  • Isolated recurrent aphthous stomatitis is the most commonly diagnosed type in which ulcers affect the mucous membranes of the cheeks, lips, and sides of the tongue. Aphthae are not multiple, they are grouped in the form of 2-3 ulcers nearby.
• Atypical form, in which deep aphthae are formed, leaving scars (Sutton's aphthae, scarring aphthae).

There is a more dangerous type of aphthous stomatitis - Behcet's disease, when the entire mucous membrane of the mouth, including the tonsils, is covered with aphthae, moreover, aphthae spread to the conjunctiva of the eyes and even to the mucous tissue of the female genital organs. This serious disease was described in the 30s of the last century by Dr. Behcet as a symptom complex, which included ulcerative stomatitis, genital ulcers, uveitis (damage to the conjunctiva of the eyes). Later, symptoms of thrombophlebitis, arthritis, erythema, skin vasculitis, aneurysms of large aortas, and ulcerative processes of the intestine joined this triad. The etiology of this systemic disease is still not clear, but the symptoms of aphthous stomatitis, which quickly spread throughout the body, are one of the characteristic signs of Behçet's disease.

Symptoms of candidal stomatitis

Symptoms of oral thrush, candidal stomatitis are quite specific and manifested. Oral candidiasis is a common disease diagnosed in young children with reduced immune defenses, under the age of 1-2 years.

Symptoms of candidal stomatitis in children depend on the location and form of the process:

• Signs of stomatitis throughout the oral cavity.
• Gingivitis.
• Glossitis.
• Zaedy, cheilitis.

Forms - a mild form of thrush with unmanifested symptoms, a moderate form, when the following phenomena can be signs of candidiasis:

• White, cheesy in consistency, plaque on the tongue, the inner cavity of the cheeks.
• Under the areas of plaque, the eroded surface of the mucosa is hidden.
• Pain when eating, swallowing.
• Decreased appetite, refusal to eat due to pain.
• Weight loss.
• Irritability, insomnia.

In severe, advanced form, the symptoms of candidal stomatitis can spread to the gastrointestinal tract. If the fungus enters the digestive organs, dyspepsia, stool disorder, and dysbacteriosis develop.

Symptoms of oral thrush in adults:

• Burning, dry mouth.
• Characteristic white, cheesy coating primarily on the tongue.
• Swelling and redness of the mouth.
• Bleeding when eating, brushing teeth.
• Loss of taste sensations.
• Difficulties with eating, painful to chew, swallow.
• Characteristic taste of metal in the mouth.

Symptoms of herpetic stomatitis

Herpetic stomatitis is one of the most common types of infectious inflammation of the oral cavity, which is diagnosed in 75% of children. In adults, the herpes virus provokes the formation of vesicular rashes on the lips, less often in the oral cavity. The disease proceeds, as a rule, in a mild form. Children suffer from herpetic stomatitis more severely, with fever, fever.

Symptoms of herpetic stomatitis are as follows:

• Swelling of the oral mucosa.
• A sharp increase in body temperature up to 38, sometimes up to 39 degrees.
• Lymph nodes are enlarged, they are painful on palpation.
• 2-3 days after the fever and reddening of the gums, many small vesicular rashes form in the oral cavity, often so small that they are not noticed against the background of the reddened membrane.
• Vesicles quickly merge with each other, forming larger erosions.
• The erosive areas are covered with a white-gray coating.
• A person often has a headache, nausea develops.
• With herpetic stomatitis, symptoms of catarrhal gingivitis (inflammation of the gums) are often manifested, the gums are swollen, bleeding.

Symptoms of viral stomatitis caused by herpes can manifest themselves depending on the form of the process:

1. Mild form - vesicles are located only in the mouth.
2. Moderate severity - rashes spread to the lips.
3. A severe form of herpetic stomatitis - vesicles quickly spread to the lips, to areas of the body located far from the oral cavity - the nasolabial triangle, the face. This form is most dangerous for newborns, in whom nosebleeds can open, blood appears in saliva, symptoms of general intoxication of the body are noted, blood pressure and pulse drop. Patients with herpetic stomatitis, which is severe, are hospitalized.

Herpetic stomatitis, which acquires a neglected severe form, can transform into an ulcerative-necrotic, intoxicating form.

Symptoms of allergic stomatitis

Stomatitis of allergic etiology according to the clinical picture is divided into the following types:

• Catarrhal allergic stomatitis.
• Hemorrhagic stomatitis.
• Bladder-erosive appearance.
• Ulcerative-necrotic allergic stomatitis.
• Combined view.

Symptoms of allergic stomatitis can be localized, that is, they appear only in a separate part of the oral cavity - the palate, gums, tongue, but the process can also be diffuse, widespread. In addition, the clinical picture depends on the type of immunological response, on morphological changes, which may be as follows:

• Serous allergic stomatitis.
• Hyperemic, exudative stomatitis.
• Erosive and ulcerative drug inflammation of the oral cavity.

Clinical manifestations of allergic stomatitis, depending on the provoking factor, are as follows:

• Allergy to medicines in the form of stomatitis is catarrhal, catarrhal-hemorrhagic stomatitis. The patient feels itching, burning in the gums, the oral cavity is dry, painful, especially when eating. The mucous membrane swells, swells, turns red. The papillae of the tongue atrophy and it looks like "varnished".
• Allergy to fillings, prostheses. Patients complain of dry mouth, increased salivation (saliva is unusually viscous), burning in the gums, on the tongue. Prosthetic bed - the mucosa is inflamed exactly within the boundaries of the prosthesis, the gum tissue is loosened, hyperemic. Against the background of reddened gums, hypertrophied growths of the type of papillomas are often noted. The characteristic symptoms of allergic stomatitis of this type are clear imprints of teeth on the inner zone of the cheeks, swelling of the tongue, palate, pharynx, difficulty in swallowing food, and erosive damage to the mucosa is possible.

A specific difference in the clinic of allergic stomatitis is the withdrawal syndrome of the provoking factor, as soon as the trigger cause is eliminated, the symptoms subside.

Symptoms of viral stomatitis

Stomatitis is often provoked by viruses, among which the herpes virus has been holding the leading position for many years, less often such inflammation is caused by the varicella-zoster virus, parainfluenza and influenza, adenovirus, enterovirus.

According to WHO statistics, herpetic lesions of the oral cavity rank second after influenza diseases, the symptoms of viral stomatitis caused by herpes are as follows:

• Acute onset, a sharp rise in body temperature from 37 to 40 degrees in a few hours.
• Two days later, edema forms on the reddened oral mucosa, hiding the smallest rashes (vesicles). Bubbles can be multiple and merge with each other, they contain exudate. If the vesicles burst, then erosive areas are immediately formed in their place, hidden by a coating, a crust.
• Hypersalivation is noted, while the saliva is very viscous, thick, foaming.
• Vesicles spread to the border of the lips, corners of the lips, even to the nasal mucosa and other organs, if the disease is severe.
• The period of viral stomatitis rarely exceeds 3 weeks, after a week the symptoms subside and recovery occurs, of course, with adequate treatment.

Symptoms of viral stomatitis can be a manifestation of vesicular stomatitis, which is clinically very similar to flu symptoms. The vesicular species is a zoonotic infection that is rare in humans. Most often, signs of vesicular inflammation can be found in employees of zoos, farms, those who often and constantly come into contact with animals.

A person has a severe headache, fever develops, after 2-3 days vesicles form, usually in the oral cavity. The vesicles are filled with a light liquid, when opened, they itch, transforming into ulcers.

Symptoms of stomatitis in the tongue

The inflammatory process in the mucous membranes and tissues of the tongue, glossitis, can be caused by an independent, separate disease, but most often the symptoms of stomatitis in the tongue appear this way. The cause of the development of inflammation are pathogenic microorganisms, both bacteria and viruses. The most common among them are the herpes virus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, candida.

Symptoms of stomatitis in the tongue are as follows:

• Burning, itching in the upper part of the tongue, rarely in the sublingual region.
• Sensation of a foreign body in the mouth.
• Edema, swelling of the tongue.
• Increased salivation.
• Dullness of taste sensations, often loss of taste.
• Sensation of an unusual taste in the mouth.
• Pain in the root of the tongue when swallowing.
• Swelling of the tongue causes difficulty in speaking (slurred, slow speech).

Symptoms of a running inflammatory process in the tongue area:

• Persistent swelling of the tongue.
• Changing the structure of the surface of the tongue, the pattern of the papillae changes.
• Raids are possible, the nature of which depends on the type of stomatitis (white, curdled, white, purulent, and so on).
• Redness and ulceration of the tongue.
• Launched erosions can develop into an abscess of the tongue, which is manifested by pulsation, a strong increase in the abscess zone, swelling of the entire tongue, hypersalivation, and fever.

Symptoms of stomatitis in the throat

Some types of stomatitis can indeed be clinically manifested in atypical places for themselves - the skin of the face, larynx, nasopharynx.

Symptoms of stomatitis in the throat are most likely manifestations of aphthous recurrent inflammation of the oral cavity. It is with this course of the disease that aphthae can spread beyond the cheeks, palate, and gums. A generalized form of aphthous, ulcerative-necrotic inflammation of the oral mucosa is often accompanied by the appearance of characteristic ulcers not only in the oral cavity, but also on the mucous membrane of the palate, pharynx, larynx, but almost never on the tonsils. It should be noted that the symptoms and signs of stomatitis in the throat can be clinical manifestations of the actual diseases of the throat - tonsillitis, tonsillitis, and so on. In this case, stomatitis is a consequence of the primary pathology, and not the root cause.

In addition to aphthous, symptoms localized in the throat can be caused by almost any type of infectious stomatitis in a chronic, advanced form. Streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, fungi and other pathogenic microorganisms easily penetrate deep into the oral cavity if the disease is not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner.

Types of stomatitis

Types of stomatitis are divided into three main classification areas:

Forms - acute and chronic, where the acute form of stomatitis is the primary symptoms of the disease, and chronic is stomatitis untreated at an early stage, characterized by a long course and relapses. Primary stomatitis includes catarrhal, fibrinous proliferative form of the disease. Secondary, chronic stomatitis is erosive, aphthous, ulcerative stomatitis.

Morphology:

• A simple form is catarrhal stomatitis.
• Aphthous stomatitis.
• Ulcerative stomatitis.
• Etiology:
• Traumatic stomatitis.
• Allergic stomatitis.
• Infectious stomatitis.
• Symptomatic stomatitis as a consequence of the underlying disease.
• Specific stomatitis as a result of a specific pathology, such as syphilis, tuberculosis.

In addition, the types of stomatitis may differ in the nature and intensity of the inflammatory process, these are varieties such as:

• Catarrhal, simple stomatitis.
• Catarrhal and ulcerative.
• Catarrhal-desquamative stomatitis.
• Gangrenous.
• Vesicular stomatitis.
• Aphthous.
• Hyper and parakeratotic stomatitis.

Here is a description of the most common types of inflammation in the oral cavity:

1. Catarrhal, simple stomatitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the mucosa without ulceration and the formation of aphthae.
2. Ulcerative stomatitis, which often develops as a result of untreated primary catarrhal disease. Actually, the ulcerative form of stomatitis is the second stage of an undiagnosed catarrhal type. The ulcerative variety is characterized by a rather severe course of inflammation and is diagnosed mainly against the background of chronic gastrointestinal diseases, iron deficiency, and anemia. Ulcers penetrate the entire depth of the mucous membrane, are accompanied by severe pain when eating, talking, body temperature may rise, lymph nodes increase and symptoms of general intoxication may be noted.
3. The aphthous variety of stomatitis is distinguished by special formations in the oral cavity - aphthae. These are specific vesicles that quickly burst and transform into small ulcers. Ulcers have a characteristic appearance - they are covered with a thin fibrous film on top, and have a bright red rim around the edges. Aphthae are usually localized on the tongue, its tip, cheeks and hard palate. The tongue looks burned, edematous, salivation increases. Aphthous stomatitis often recurs in the autumn or spring season, aphthae heal slowly, often merging into one large ulcer.
4. Ulcerative-necrotic type of stomatitis almost always covers the entire oral cavity and even internal organs, skin. Such stomatitis is characterized by a general severe condition, fever, intoxication, headaches, high fever, hypersalivation and a characteristic putrid odor from the oral cavity.
5. Herpetic stomatitis, which, as a rule, proceeds acutely and is characteristic of young children and reduced immunity. Herpetic eruptions are very similar to aphthae, but contain a characteristic serous fluid inside, develop faster, accompanied by intense symptoms - elevated body temperature, an increase in submandibular lymph nodes. The herpetic appearance often transforms into an ulcer without proper treatment and oral care.
6. Candidiasis stomatitis (oral candidiasis, thrush). This is an inflammation caused by yeast-like microorganisms - fungi. Most often, oral thrush affects newborn infants with low immune status, elderly patients with persistent, chronic diseases.
7. A traumatic variety of stomatitis is characteristic of adults, especially those who use dentures. The pitchfork of stomatitis caused by trauma to the oral cavity, as a rule, develops as a catarrhal inflammation and, with timely diagnosis, is treated quickly. More severe cases are associated with the addition of a microbial infection, when ulcers and infiltrates can develop in the oral cavity.
8. The vesicular appearance of stomatitis is very similar to the symptoms of influenza disease. A person begins to have a headache, bones break, muscles ache, a feverish condition develops. Such signs accompany the formation of vesicles, which are visible 2-3 days after the onset of the first symptoms. Untreated vesicles transform into erosive ulcers.
9. Intoxication stomatitis, which is a consequence of poisoning with salts of heavy metals. Ulcers with this form are resistant, poorly amenable to therapy, a person cannot eat because of pain, feels the characteristic taste of metal. With intoxication, a clinic of poisoning very quickly manifests itself - dyspepsia, weakness, a drop in blood pressure, and stomatitis is only one of the signals about the accumulation of toxins in the body.

Simple stomatitis

Simple stomatitis is considered a catarrhal superficial form of the inflammatory process in the oral cavity or simple gingivitis - gingivitis simplex.

Simple stomatitis most often occurs acutely with the following symptoms:

• Redness of the oral mucosa.
• Swelling of the oral cavity, tongue.
• Erosive formations along the edge of the gum, in areas where there is tartar or caries.
• Rounding, smoothing the papillae of the gums.
• There may be a feeling of loosening of the teeth in the alveoli.
• A whitish coating appears on the tongue in the first days, then it darkens.
• The mucous membrane becomes thinner, teeth marks are visible on it.
• Hypersalivation is noted - increased secretion of saliva.
• There is a smell from the mouth.
• Eating can be painful.

The acute form, which is characterized by simple stomatitis, lasts no more than 2 weeks. Further, the development of the disease can proceed in three ways:

• With timely diagnosis and treatment, the symptoms of stomatitis subside, the disease ends and does not recur.
• If catarrhal stomatitis is not treated, it becomes a persistent chronic form, the disease may recur periodically.
• If the chronic form of simple stomatitis is accompanied by an additional infection of the oral cavity and nasopharynx, the disease transforms into a deep form.
• Recurrent catarrhal stomatitis is one of the typical signs of pathology of the digestive tract, as well as helminthic invasion.

Vesicular stomatitis

In terms of symptoms, vesicular stomatitis is very similar to SARS, acute respiratory infections and influenza. Stomatitis, which is not accidentally called Indiana fever or stomatitis vesiculosa contagiosa, since it is diagnosed mainly in the southern American states, as well as in Africa, less often in Europe and Asia. Vesicular stomatitis is an extremely contagious, contagious disease of cattle, horses, and pigs. People rarely get sick with this type of stomatitis and only in the case of constant, close contact with sick animals. The disease has a viral etiology, the causative agent is a specific RNA virus from the Rhabdoviridae family. This virus tends to reproduce in organisms of almost all vertebrates and easily replicates in animal cells.

In humans, the vesicular type of inflammation of the oral cavity is observed very rarely, if such cases are diagnosed, then the treatment is carried out according to the therapy of the influenza virus. The prognosis is favorable in 100%, recovery occurs in 5-7 days.

Catarrhal stomatitis

Catarrhal stomatitis is the simplest, safest and non-contagious form of inflammation of the oral cavity. The disease rarely lasts more than 2 weeks, has no consequences in the form of mucosal defects - ulcers, infiltrates, aphthae. The etiology of the catarrhal type of stomatitis lies in non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, poor oral care, teeth, in fact, such stomatitis is a disease of dirty hands and uncleaned teeth. Most often, catarrhal stomatitis is diagnosed in young children who put everything in their mouths, but adults can also suffer from a similar disease due to persistent untreated caries, the presence of tartar. In addition, the catarrhal form of stomatitis may be due to intolerance to the filling material in the treatment of teeth, prostheses, or allergies to certain types of medicines.

The main symptoms are manifested in the form of hyperemia of the oral mucosa, tongue, swelling, plaque on the tongue, burning sensation. An unpleasant odor, bleeding gums, loosening of teeth are possible. The acute stage can turn into a chronic form without proper treatment, in such cases, the catarrhal form develops into aphthous and other types of stomatitis with more serious symptoms and consequences.

As a rule, treatment consists in following a diet that excludes irritating foods (spicy, sour, hot foods, foods that have a solid consistency). Intensive sanitation of the oral cavity is also carried out, rinses, vitamins of group B, vitamin C and A are prescribed. Treatment of carious teeth and removal of tartar is mandatory, and personal hygiene of the rules for caring for the oral cavity are considered the main preventive measures.

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Acute stomatitis

The acute form of stomatitis is diagnosed when such manifestations appear for the first time in the patient's history. In the future, if after treatment stomatitis reappears with one or another symptom, it is considered chronic, recurrent, which may be a sign of either inadequate therapy or a missed systemic pathological process in the internal organs.

Acute stomatitis, despite such a formidable name, is considered a fairly safe form in which the disease proceeds quickly and can be treated. Moreover, the acute form of stomatitis is the very initial stage in the development of inflammation, when it can be stopped and the formation of persistent recurrent species can be prevented. Acute stomatitis rarely lasts more than 14 days, accompanied by a burning sensation in the mouth, hyperemia of the mucous membrane, tongue, usually without the formation of aphthous ulceration.

Newborn children endure the acute form most severely, they refuse to eat, lose weight, their general condition worsens every day. Therefore, attentive parents should be alarmed when a white coating appears on the tongue, the inside of the baby's cheeks, pay attention to any atypical behavior - capriciousness, poor sleep, continuous crying.

The most dangerous is acute herpetic stomatitis, the disease is extremely contagious, occurring with painful symptoms. The herpetic type of inflammation of the oral cavity has an incubation period of 2 to 4 days. Symptoms manifest rapidly, acutely:

• Perhaps a sharp increase in body temperature up to 39-40 degrees.
• There is pain in the mouth when eating, talking.
• The mucous membrane of the entire mouth is hyperemic, small vesicles are formed on it, which are often not visible.
• The stage of vesicular vesicles lasts no more than a day, they quickly transform into sores.
• If treatment is not started, erosive ulcers move to the palate, tongue and lips.
• A more severe form, which acute stomatitis of herpetic etiology can acquire, is accompanied by an increase in regional lymph nodes. This form of stomatitis in children is treated in a hospital.
• Despite the acute debut, this type of stomatitis disappears after 2-3 weeks with adequate therapy.

Any acute stomatitis in clinical practice is usually divided into three forms - mild, moderate and severe, and the disease also proceeds in five stages:

1. Incubation.
2. prodromal period.
3. Development.
4. Decrease in symptoms, extinction of the process.
5. Recovery.

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Chronic stomatitis

The chronic form of stomatitis is a typical consequence of either self-treatment, or the absence of therapeutic measures at all during the manifestation of an acute form of inflammation of the oral cavity. Chronic stomatitis can bother a person for many months, and sometimes years, interspersed with short periods of remission. In addition to self-medication, uncontrolled medication or lack of therapy as such, the causes of chronic recurrent stomatitis can be such factors:

• Sluggish, latent pathological processes in the organs of the digestive tract - gastritis, colitis, dysbacteriosis.
• Decreased activity of immunity, immunodeficiency caused either by a sluggish disease of internal organs or systems, or a serious disease, such as tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV. In addition, premature newborn babies can also have extremely low immune activity and suffer from chronic stomatitis for many months.
• Constant mechanical irritation of the oral cavity due to uncomfortable prostheses, braces.
• Diseased teeth, such as chipped, protruding roots, constantly injuring the oral mucosa and opening access to its infection.
• Tartar, caries.
• Avitaminosis, anemia.
• Streptococcal, staphylococcal infection, systemic candidiasis.
• Bad habits such as smoking, nail biting, neurotic habits of holding pens, matches, and other objects in the mouth that can bring a bacterial or fungal infection into the mouth.
• Persistent non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, including the oral cavity, the habit of using other people's toothbrushes, utensils, cosmetics.

Chronic stomatitis, depending on the type, may be manifested by periodic reddening of the oral mucosa or its ulceration. Often there is a subfebrile temperature, which is not associated with other specific diseases - colds, inflammation, and so on. The constant formation of ulcers, aphthous erosions that cannot be treated, enlarged lymph nodes, paroxysmal edema of the tongue - this is not a complete list of signs of a chronic course of stomatitis.

Despite the variety of symptoms, they are united by one thing - systematic repetition and relapses.

The treatment of chronic stomatitis has a specific goal - the elimination of the root cause, therapy is carried out using both local procedures and by prescribing drugs per os (orally).

Ulcerative stomatitis

Ulcerative stomatitis is, as a rule, a consequence of an untreated catarrhal form, but it can also be an independent disease associated with chronic pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, infections or intoxication.

Ulcerative stomatitis is very different from a simple catarrhal type of inflammation, since with catarrh only the upper layer of the mucous membrane is damaged, and with an ulcerative form, the entire tissue of the membrane is eroded. Ulcers penetrate so deeply that the superficial epithelium becomes necrotic, merges and forms rather large erosions. Ulcers can even spread into the jawbone and cause osteomyelitis.

Symptoms of ulcerative stomatitis:

• The beginning is similar to a catarrhal form - hyperemia of the mucous membrane, swelling of the tongue, burning.
• There is a characteristic putrid odor from the mouth.
• Ulcers develop quickly and cause symptoms typical of general intoxication - weakness, fever (subfebrile temperature), headache.
• After 2-3 days, white-gray plaques form on the cheeks and under the tongue, covering the eroded mucous membrane.
• Lymph nodes increase from the first days of the disease.
• Eating, talking, smiling cause acute pain.

The earlier the treatment of ulcerative stomatitis is started, the less the risk of penetration of the erosive process deep into the tissues. Local treatment is usually combined with etiotropic drugs prescribed orally. The pain is stopped with the help of powders, anesthetic ointments, rinses with antiseptic solutions, applications, baths are also prescribed.

Timely initiated therapeutic measures can reduce the period of erosion epithelialization to one week. After the painful symptoms subside, systemic sanitation of the oral cavity is prescribed.

There is ulcerative stomatitis in a more serious form, this is ulcerative necrotic inflammation. Vincent's stomatitis, named after a French doctor who at the beginning of the last century first described the syndrome of acute ulcerative process of the oral cavity in soldiers fighting at the front. The disease has many synonyms - "trench mouth", Vincent's tonsillitis, Vincent's gingivitis, Botkin-Simanovsky's stomatitis, and so on. The disease is provoked by a combination of a spirochete and a fusiform rod, which is also present in healthy people. Under the influence of various factors, microbial symbiosis causes an acute erosive generalized process. The causes of the development of Vincent's disease can be such factors:

• Hypothermia.
• Starvation.
• Hypovitaminosis.
• Alcoholism.
• Intoxication with salts of heavy metals.
• Calculus (tartar).
• Systematic irritation of the oral cavity with prostheses, fragments of molars.
• Unsanitary conditions.
• Severe viral infection.
• Mononucleosis.
• exudative erythema.
• Oncology.
• A consequence of the treatment of oncoprocesses is chemotherapy.

Vincent's stomatitis affects mainly young men, it begins as an inflammation of the tonsils, then the tongue becomes inflamed and the process spreads to the entire oral cavity, reaching the deep layers of the mucous membrane, up to the jaw bone.

Symptoms of the disease are specific:

• Bleeding gums even without traumatic irritation - eating, brushing your teeth.
• Pain in the gums, inability to chew food.
• Halitosis (smell from the mouth).
• Ulceration of the edges of the gums, tissue necrosis.
• Bleeding ulcers in the mouth.
• Uncontrolled salivation.
• Thickening of the lymph nodes.
• General intoxication, nausea, weakness, dizziness.

Ulcerative stomatitis of this type is treated in a complex manner, first of all, anesthesia, pain relief are performed, then detoxification appointments, sanitation of the oral cavity are indicated. With timely intensive treatment, the prognosis is favorable, ulcers heal within a week. A chronic, neglected process needs longer therapy, in addition, it is often accompanied by periodontitis, which requires systematic monitoring of the state of the oral cavity throughout the year.

Angular stomatitis

Angular stomatitis is called what in everyday life it is customary to call jams. The name comes from the Latin word angulus or angle, that is, inflammation in the corners of the mouth.

Also, the disease in dental practice can be called infectious cheilitis.

Angular stomatitis is a typical process in young children, in whose body a staphylococcal, streptococcal infection or candidiasis is found.

In addition, the cause of angular stomatitis can be vitamin deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, chronic diseases of the throat, nasopharynx (tonsillitis, sinusitis).

Stages of the angular process:

• Hyperemic corners of the lips.
• Maceration of the skin, mucous (softening).
• The formation of pustules (purulent vesicles) in the corners of the lips.
• The pustules burst and form erosions.
• Movement of the lips, mouth when eating, talking, smiling provokes cracking of the corners.
• Cracks regularly bleed, crust over.
• Failure to follow the rules of treatment can lead to the spread of pustules throughout the face (impetigo).

Angular stomatitis is considered a contagious type of inflammation of the oral mucosa, when streptococci, staphylococci can be transmitted through household items, dishes, toothbrushes from a sick person to a healthy one.

The angular appearance of stomatitis can also be caused by candidiasis, then the lack of treatment can provoke the spread of the process throughout the entire oral mucosa inside. The disease can last for many months, periodically subside and recur again. It is with etiological variability that the important role of accurate diagnosis is associated, which should include laboratory microscopy methods to identify a specific pathogen. In addition, angular cheilitis should be differentiated from cheilitis caused by syphilis or tuberculosis.

Purulent stomatitis

Purulent stomatitis or pyostomatitis is a type of inflammation of the oral cavity caused by a microbial, bacterial infection. The most common cause of purulent stomatitis is microtrauma of the oral mucosa. Injuries, in turn, can be provoked by gross mechanical damage (scratches, cuts), as well as thermal burns from eating excessively hot food, improperly positioned molars, fragments of untreated teeth, and so on. The thing is that every year the oral mucosa becomes more vulnerable, the saliva of an adult contains many times less antibacterial protection than in childhood - lysozyme. When wounds form in the oral cavity, this means that the risk of infection and the development of bacterial stomatitis increases. In addition, purulent stomatitis may be the result of chronic inflammation of the nasopharynx - tonsillitis, otitis media, sinusitis.

Symptoms of a purulent type of inflammation are nonspecific, purulent pustules can form on the lips, that is, outside, but purulent sores can also be located inside - on the gums, on the cheeks and even on the tongue.

In addition, in dentistry, dermatology, a separate definition of purulent stomatitis has been identified - vegetative pyostomatitis. This disease is described under the heading of skin and venereal diseases as pyostomatitis vegetans - a purulent inflammatory process of the oral cavity. Symptoms - small vegetations with purulent contents, similar in appearance to an abscess. Pyostomatitis is characterized by multiple abscesses, which quickly transform into deep ulcers, eroded areas. Pustules open within a day, ulcers also quickly epithelialize, leaving scars on the mucous membrane, and later papillomatosis.

Gonococcal stomatitis

Gonococcal or gonorrheal stomatitis is currently very rare, since it mainly develops in utero and when the child passes through the infected birth canal of the mother. When registering for pregnancy, every woman undergoes a comprehensive examination, so gonorrhea is detected and treated before the baby can become infected with it.

Rare cases of infection with gonococcal stomatitis are observed when a sick person contacts a healthy person, usually oral. Nevertheless, gonococcal stomatitis occurs in dermatological practice and is worthy of a brief description.

In most diagnosed diseases, gonococcus affects not only the oral cavity, but the entire nasopharynx. Diagnosis of gonococcal stomatitis can be difficult, since the initial stage of the disease is asymptomatic, moreover, gonorrhea is, in principle, prone to episodes of false self-healing and remission. When the patient enters the doctor's field of vision, the process is already spread throughout the pharynx, tonsils, and in the oral cavity.

This type of stomatitis is most often diagnosed in the following categories of the population:

• Newborns whose mothers do not register with obstetrics and gynecology and lead an asocial lifestyle.
• Persons entering into orogenital contacts (often non-traditional homosexual orientation).

Symptoms of gonococcal stomatitis are lethargic, worn out, and can manifest themselves with such non-specific signs:

• Subfebrile body temperature.
• Transient sore throat.
• Hyperemic oral mucosa.
• Small erosive areas in the mouth.
• Isolation of a viscous, purulent secret along with saliva.
• The appearance of ulcers on the inside of the cheeks, gums, tongue is a symptom of a severe form of the process.

Histological examination of the contents of eroded, ulcerated areas helps to differentiate the type of stomatitis. Extragenital gonorrhea is treated in the form of stomatitis in the same way as the genital form - with the help of antibiotics, in addition, aseptic lotions and applications are locally prescribed.

Herpetiform stomatitis

Herpetiform stomatitis is a very rare form of aphthous recurrent stomatitis, which is outwardly similar to the viral version of inflammation of the oral cavity, herpes. With herpetiform stomatitis, as well as with herpes, multiple rashes are formed in the form of tiny sores that cover the entire mucous membrane. Aphthae are very small and this differs from the typical rather large aphthae (rashes) in the classical form of aphthous stomatitis. Ulcers are not clearly limited, have a grayish tint, the mucosa around them is not hyperemic. One of the specific signs of this rare species may be the localization of aphthae - under the tongue, at the bottom of the oral cavity. Herpetiform stomatitis is prone to recurrence and periodic remissions. Ulcers heal fairly quickly - within a week.

This form of the disease is more common in young women under the age of 28-30 years. The etiological reasons have not been fully elucidated.

Consequences and complications of stomatitis

The consequences and complications of stomatitis depend on the age of the sick person, the period of detection of inflammation, the degree of neglect of stomatitis.

Stomatitis is in vain considered a safe disease, its complications can seriously affect the state of health.

As a rule, catarrhal stomatitis proceeds most simply and quickly, but even without proper treatment it can transform into an ulcerative necrotic process that affects not only the soft tissues of the gums, but also the bone tissue of the jaw (osteomyelitis). More severe complications may look like gangrenous inflammation, such pathologies are diagnosed with gonococcal stomatitis, stomatitis caused by tuberculosis, syphilis.

In addition, the consequences and complications of stomatitis in an advanced form are a potential threat of tooth loss, since inflammation quickly flows into a chronic form, provoking periodontal disease.

The main danger of any stomatitis is its transformation into a recurrent form, which is treated for a long time, difficult and quite expensive due to the use of many drugs aimed at systemic effects on the body.

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There are no specialized tests or samples for stomatitis, diagnosis usually takes place in several stages: 1.

1. Collection of anamnesis, medical history.
2. Visual examination of the oral cavity:
   • The appearance of the mucosa.
   • Appearance of aphthae, ulcers, their shape, quantity, structure.
   • Determination of the halo, erosion boundaries, characteristics of the edges.
   • The presence of plaque on ulcers.
   • The presence of plaque on the mucosa.
   • Characteristics, color, plaque structure.
   • Localization of ulcers, plaque.
3. Identification of concomitant symptoms - body temperature, pain, nausea, and so on.

The main parameter that helps in the diagnosis of stomatitis is external, visual signs, that is, an external examination is the most important in a diagnostic sense. Additional smears on the tank sowing, blood tests, and so on only confirm the initial assumption of the doctors. In addition, stomatitis must be differentiated according to the types associated with different etiological factors, the success and timing of treatment depends on the definition of a specific type - infectious, traumatic, allergic, symptomatic.

• CBC - complete blood count.
• Blood chemistry.
• Blood sugar level.
• Blood for antibodies to treponema, gonococci with suspected venereal etiology of stomatitis.
• Immunoenzymogram to clarify the activity of immunity.
• Bacteriological culture of saliva to determine the bacterial infection and the specific pathogen.
• Cytology, histology of smears from the inflamed mucosa.
• Virological study of nasopharyngeal swabs and fluid contained in vesicles, vesicles.

The final conclusions depend on the combination and general picture of the examination, the collection of anamnesis, the data of analytical studies.

Stomatitis is a name that combines diseases of the oral mucosa, which can have a different origin and nature of manifestations. Often, pathology occurs in children due to a weak immune system, but adults are also susceptible to it. It is characterized by inflammatory processes, swelling and redness of the mucous membranes.

Stomatitis - causes in adults

What is stomatitis?

The term unites a large group of diseases of the oral mucosa. The mechanism of formation of stomatitis has not yet been studied. According to one theory, it occurs as a special reaction of the immune system to stimuli. When nonspecific molecules appear, the immune system provokes their attack, which leads to the formation of ulcers and redness. A similar situation arises in organ transplantation.

There are several forms of the disease that can have completely different symptoms and signs:

• catarrhal;
• ulcerative;
• aphthous;
• candidal;
• herpetic.

Most often, the pathology is caused by the accumulation of a large number of pathogenic microorganisms on the mucous membranes or the teeth themselves. This process becomes especially intense with the abuse of sugar and sweets, which create comfortable conditions for the reproduction of bacteria.

Most people have experienced stomatitis at least once in their lives, despite the fact that it is not contagious. The development of pathogenic microflora in the oral cavity, which causes stomatitis, occurs due to a decrease in immunity, hormonal changes, or when hygiene is banal.

Important! Bad habits, malnutrition, stress increase the risk of developing stomatitis, as they directly affect the state of the body and lead to its weakening.

Diagnosing stomatitis is quite difficult. In medicine, there are no tests and studies that would help in making an accurate diagnosis. The doctor must visually assess the situation and refute the presence of more serious diseases that may have similar symptoms. To do this, study the patient's card and prescribe a series of tests.

Video: What is stomatitis?

The reasons

Both external and internal factors can lead to the development of pathology. The disease appears due to:

• non-compliance with hygiene;
• the appearance of stone and plaque on the teeth;
• use of low-quality brushes and pastes;
• the presence of caries;
• dental procedures performed with violations;
• dysbacteriosis.

In adults, stomatitis often occurs with dental problems. After all, one carious tooth can cause an acute inflammatory process, which becomes not only the cause of stomatitis, but also more serious diseases. That is why it is so important to treat oral pathologies in time and follow the rules of hygiene.

Important! According to studies, the occurrence of stomatitis is greatly influenced by heredity, the state of immunity and microflora.

Pathology occurs in people with diseases:

• stomach and intestines;
• heart and blood vessels;
• helminthic invasion;
• endocrine and immune systems.

Usually worries people with reduced immunity. Almost any bacterium entering the oral cavity can cause stomatitis. Regardless of the type of disease, you can only protect yourself from pathogenic microflora by observing the rules of hygiene and strengthening the immune system.

Important! Hygiene products containing sodium lauryl sulfate can cause stomatitis, as they have a dehydrating effect on the mucous membranes.

Toothpaste EDEL + WHITE "Active gum protection" does not contain harmful substances sodium lauryl sulfate, low abrasive and does not harm the enamel

Violations can be caused by the following types of influences:

• chemical;
• thermal;
• radiation;
• traumatic.

The use of hot liquids, biting the soft tissues of the mouth, damage to solid food negatively affect the mucous membranes and can cause inflammation. As a result, ulcers, redness and erosion are formed, in severe cases, the body temperature rises.

Other causes of stomatitis:

• low-quality dentures;
• taking drugs to reduce salivation;
• HIV infection;
• hormonal fluctuations;
• avitaminosis;
• anemia;
• the presence of malignant tumors in the neck and face.

Until now, scientists have not been able to identify why, under the influence of certain factors, stomatitis occurs in some people, while others do not. It is also not clear why the immune system begins to recognize its own cells as foreign, therefore, the main cause of stomatitis is recognized as a malfunction of the immune system, and external and internal causes serve as factors provoking the disease.

Video: Causes of stomatitis in adults

Symptoms and signs

Symptoms of the disease depend on its form and may vary. So, the main features are presented in the table.

Table. Symptoms of various types of stomatitis.

The onset of the disease is characterized by the formation of a slight redness, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bwhich is sometimes observed burning and slight swelling. In the case of the catarrhal form, the mucous membranes gradually turn red, begin to bleed and plaque appears on them. If aphthous or ulcerative stomatitis develops, a small round or oval ulcer appears.

With weakened immunity and other pathologies of the body, the number of ulcers increases every day and they are particularly painful. In such a situation, you have to move your tongue less and sometimes refuse to eat in order to avoid a pronounced pain syndrome.

Candidiasis and herpetic stomatitis are contagious. They are not an independent disease, but serve as a manifestation of the main one. These forms require immediate assistance, since every day the unpleasant symptoms will only increase, and the herpes virus or fungus with candidiasis will spread throughout the body. Other forms arise due to the development of pathogenic microflora, which is not contagious.

Important! After a person has had stomatitis once, the risk of recurrence increases. The disease can become chronic or occur several times a year.

Mild forms of stomatitis go away on their own in about 10 days. If the disease is caused by the herpes virus or a fungus of the genus Candida, medical treatment is required. Complex forms of stomatitis also require medication, as the disease can become chronic.

Treatment

Depends on the form of the disease and should be carried out under the guidance of a specialist. Therapy includes a list of the following measures:

• disinfection of the oral cavity;
• removal of the inflammatory process and pain syndrome;
• suppression of the development of pathogenic microflora;
• healing of damaged areas.

The most commonly used antiseptics are:

• Chlorhexidine.
• hydrogen peroxide.

It is necessary to rinse after each meal with the utmost care. Decoctions of herbs based on:

• chamomile;
• calendula;
• sage;
• cinquefoil.

Mild forms of stomatitis can pass on their own, and when using antiseptic solutions and decoctions, recovery can occur within 3 days from the onset of the disease. In addition, the risk of developing the disease in the future will decrease.

Important! Ulcerative stomatitis requires antibiotics and antihistamines, which must be prescribed by a doctor. In severe cases, urotropine and calcium chloride are used as injections.

In the case of candidal stomatitis, antifungal drugs are used for 10-14 days:

• Nystatin.
• Levorin.

Herpetic stomatitis has the most severe course, and the duration of treatment can be up to 21 days. In this case, the herpes virus will still remain in the body and will manifest itself with a decrease in immunity. Treatment includes the use of antiviral drugs, such as Amexin or Viferon.

Prevention

You can protect yourself from the occurrence of stomatitis if you follow simple recommendations. Preventive measures include:

• protection against oral injuries;
• rejection of stress and nervous tension;
• timely treatment of diseases of the teeth and gums;
• careful brushing of teeth;
• to give up smoking;
• inclusion in the diet of foods rich in vitamins;
• timely treatment of the main diseases that cause stomatitis.

If a person once encountered stomatitis, the disease is likely to recur, but this does not mean that it can be left to chance. Compliance with the rules of hygiene will avoid the spread of pathogenic microflora, viruses and fungi that cause stomatitis.

Stomatitis is not a dangerous disease, but it can cause a number of unpleasant symptoms that significantly impair the quality of life. Treatment should be timely and under the guidance of a qualified specialist. A healthy lifestyle, hygiene and proper nutrition will help to avoid stomatitis in the future. read on our website.

Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous epithelium that lines the oral cavity. With its help, our body provides an immune response to adverse factors. As a rule, stomatitis is a disease associated with childhood. However, at the moment this disease is increasingly pursuing adults.

Where does stomatitis occur?

The localization of this process can be different: stomatitis most often appears on the inner surface of the lips, cheeks, and palate. The appearance of stomatitis in the tongue in adults is also not excluded. Sometimes there is stomatitis under the tongue. The reasons for this phenomenon can be both a deterioration in the general state of the environment, and a widespread decrease in the body's immune abilities. In this article, we will tell you how to recognize and treat stomatitis.

Causes

• infectious agents. A variety of bacteria and viruses, of course, are directly related to damage to the oral mucosa. However, opportunistic flora is present in everyone, but not always manifested. For active growth and implementation of pathogenesis, the causative agent of infection requires the presence of stimulating factors that undermine the protective ability of the body.
• Unbalanced nutrition. A rich and complete diet is designed to provide the body with the vitamins and minerals necessary for normal functioning. The lack of these substances leads to an increased likelihood of stomatitis.
• Oral damage. Often, stomatitis is preceded by some, sometimes a slight violation of the integrity of the oral mucosa. These include lip bites, mucosal injuries due to dry and hard food, burns on the tongue in adults.
• Failure to comply with hygiene standards. Insufficient processing of vegetables and fruits, violations of the hand washing regime lead to stomatitis.
• Dental intervention. When installing dentures, especially with the use of poor-quality materials or by an unqualified doctor.
• Improper oral hygiene. If you brush your teeth too often or brush with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) pastes, salivation is reduced, which contributes to dehydration of the mucous membrane and the formation of plaque. This effect leads to increased susceptibility of the epithelium of the oral cavity to external factors, resulting in stomatitis.
• Taking medications that reduce salivation. These drugs include, among others, diuretics.
• Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
• Chronic diseases.

Often, stomatitis in a person signals the presence of any hidden disorders in the body. For example:

There are several types of the disease, depending on the nature of the damaging effect. The type of stomatitis largely affects the methods of treatment. Thus, it is impossible to answer the question of how to treat a disease without knowing its nature.

Symptoms of stomatitis

What are the external manifestations of stomatitis? As a rule, the signs of stomatitis are similar regardless of the cause of the disease. They are easy to identify when examining the oral cavity. Acute intoxication syndrome, fever and other serious symptoms are extremely rare. However, to prevent recurrence and the development of concomitant diseases, it is necessary to consult a doctor if these symptoms appear:

• The disease begins with reddening of the affected area of ​​the mucosa, accompanied by swelling and pain.
• With a disease caused by a bacterial infection, the next day a small rounded sore with smooth edges forms at the site of the lesion. Redness forms around it, the wound itself is covered with a thin white film.
• Upon contact with the ulcer, pain and burning appear. In some cases, discomfort in the wound area interferes with eating and normal speech.
• The onset of the disease is accompanied by an increase in salivation, bad breath. In some cases, bleeding occurs due to damage to the gum tissue.
• In difficult cases, an increase in body temperature up to + 39 ° C and an increase in lymph nodes are possible.
• Most often, ulcers form on the inner surface of the lips, as well as the cheeks, palate and tonsils. Stomatitis on the tongue in adults is rare. The same applies to the formation of ulcers under the tongue.

How to treat stomatitis

The catarrhal form of the disease usually occurs if the patient does not observe proper oral hygiene. This type of disease is an inflammation of the oral mucosa without the formation of aphthae. Treating catarrhal stomatitis is quite simple, it can be done at home. Usually therapy takes about a week. For a speedy recovery, you should temporarily abandon aggressive foods (containing a large amount of acids, salt, seasonings, solid, too hot or cold), and also try to rinse your mouth more often with disinfectants. Frequent rinsing helps to reduce the number of microbes on the mucous membrane.

If the disease is severe and has signs of a serious infectious lesion, then it is imperative to contact a dentist or therapist who can tell you how to treat stomatitis. Treatment should include measures to get rid of pain as soon as possible, heal the mucosa, as well as prevent the progression of the disease with the transition to a chronic disease with constant relapses.

Painkillers

If the pathological process interferes with eating, speech and creates serious discomfort for the patient, the doctor may prescribe topical painkillers.

Natural remedies (kalanchoe juice, decoctions of chamomile, calendula, sage) also have antibacterial, soothing effects, have a beneficial effect on the edematous mucous membrane and relieve inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory drugs, antiseptics

Most often, stomatitis is treated with antibacterial drugs. These preparations can be used in the form of rinses, ointments, gels, sprays, lozenges, etc.

• Sprays: Ingalipt, Geksoral, Lugol;
• Cholisal is a drug in the form of a gel, which is actively used in dental practice as a complex antibacterial, anesthetic and anti-inflammatory agent;
• Kamistad - a gel based on lidocaine - a powerful pain reliever and chamomile - an effective natural antiseptic;
• Ingafitol, Evkarom - means for inhalation and rinsing the mouth, which include eucalyptus leaves and chamomile;
• Stomatidine (hexetidine) - an antiseptic drug that effectively disinfects and provides a slight anesthetic effect;
• Cameton is a drug based on essential oils, has an antimicrobial, methnoanesthetic and anti-inflammatory effect. Available in the form of an aerosol and spray;
• Eucalyptus M - lozenges for resorption, the composition includes herbal ingredients. Antiseptic, does not contain sugar;
• Actovegin - used in the early stages, promotes the healing of affected tissues.

Antiviral, antifungal, antihistamines

For each specific type of disease, whether fungal, viral, or allergic, it is necessary to use its own drug.

Drugs that accelerate the healing of the mucous membrane

In addition to eliminating the cause of mucosal damage, the following drugs are used:

• Solcoseryl is a drug that is often used in dental practice. Available in the form of a paste. Helps to improve the cellular nutrition of tissues and accelerates the process of their recovery.
• Carotolin is an oily liquid, applied externally. The active substance of the drug is Betacarotene - an antioxidant similar to retinol, has a protective effect on cells.
• Sea buckthorn and rosehip oils are excellent natural wound healing agents.
• Vinylin (Shostakovsky's balm) is an antiseptic. Envelops wounds, cleansing them and promoting epithelialization and accelerated healing of ulcers.
• Proposol spray is a product based on propolis. It has anesthetic, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Allergic form of the disease

Currently, about a third of the world's population are allergic in one way or another. However, manifestations of allergic reactions can be completely different. In some people, allergic reactions are associated with the oral mucosa. This can happen after installing a new denture or as a result of using a previously unfamiliar medication.

Since the appearance of ulcers on the mucous membrane of the mouth is a symptom of an allergy, the treatment consists, first of all, in identifying and excluding the allergen, and then taking antihistamines. Drugs for the treatment of this type of disease can be taken in the form of tablets or applications.

Herpetic form

Among all the viruses that can cause disease, the herpes simplex virus is perhaps the most common. Most people experience herpes for the first time in childhood. After the first contact, the virus remains in the body for life. But a healthy immune system suppresses its manifestations, so a person may not even know that they are a carrier of the herpes simplex virus. Difficulties begin at a time when the immune system weakens as a result of various negative influences, and damage to the oral mucosa occurs.

Those adult patients who suffer from herpetic stomatitis, as a rule, do not develop an intoxication syndrome. The formation of vesicles in the palate, tongue or mucous membranes of the cheeks occurs abruptly, a large number of closely spaced vesicles are immediately formed. Soon they burst, forming a painful erosive area.

Treatment includes the following steps:

• Elimination of pain syndrome with the help of topical painkillers (Anestezin, Lidochlor).
• The use of anti-inflammatory and wound healing agents (Solcoseryl, Cholisal, vitamin A preparations, Kamistad, sea buckthorn oil).
• Taking antihistamines (if necessary, applying applications).
• Taking antiviral drugs (Zovirax, Oxolin, Viru-Merz Serol, Acyclovir). Please note that you should not start taking antiviral drugs without a doctor's prescription.
• Restoration of the body's immune system - a course of multivitamins, with the appointment of a doctor, it is possible to use immunomodulators (Immunal, Polyoxidonium, Cycloferon).

Treatment of the aphthous form of the disease

The nature of this type of disease has not been fully elucidated. Some doctors argue that stomatitis of this variety occurs as a result of infection with staphylococci. Others that the disease is exclusively viral in nature. Perhaps the aphthous form is atypical, associated with the herpes simplex virus. The trigger for its appearance is the weakening of the body's defenses. A distinctive feature of this type of disease is the occurrence of so-called aphthae on the mucosa. These are small round sores with a white or yellowish center and redness around the edges. The disease can last for years, accompanied by fairly frequent, but not acute relapses. In some cases, aphthae may not heal for weeks, then the disease becomes ulcerative-necrotic. This severe degree of pathology is probably the result of severe disorders of the patient's health, such as immunodeficiencies, heavy metal poisoning, leukemia, exposure to ionizing radiation.

Despite the fact that the etiology of the disease is not precisely defined, it is well known how this form should be treated. The treatment method includes the following stages:

• Rinsing the mouth. Processing can be done with a mixture of 4 g of boric acid dissolved in 1 glass of cooled chamomile broth, a weak solution of potassium permanganate, diluted in equal proportions with hydrogen peroxide and water, a solution of furacilin. It is also useful to use sea buckthorn, peach oils or Kalanchoe juice.
• Purification of the body from toxic substances (in/in injections or ingestion of 2-3 g of 10% aqueous solution of sodium thiosulfate).
• Increasing the resistance and adaptive abilities of the body with the help of drugs such as Lysozyme, Pyrogenal, etc.
• Taking vitamin preparations, it is especially important to eliminate the possible deficiency of B vitamins, Fe and Zn ions.
• A method of treatment, including taking antihistamine drugs and drugs that relieve swelling of the mucosa.
• Prevention of relapses with the help of the drug Decaris.
• Strict adherence to the diet: the exclusion of food with a lot of salt, sugar, acids, spices, hard foods, alcohol, tobacco.
• In case of a recurrent disease, it is necessary to conduct a complete examination of the patient, since there is a high probability of the presence of undetected chronic diseases.

Candidal form

This type is caused by pathological reproduction in the oral cavity of a fungus such as Candida. This species is determined in all people in the oral cavity, however, under certain circumstances, it can pass into the stage of active reproduction, leading to the development of pathology.

Candida fungi, as a rule, infect people with a very weakened immune system, long-term therapy with powerful antibiotics or steroid drugs, infected with HIV or tubercle bacillus, and diabetics.

A distinctive sign of damage to the oral mucosa by fungi is the appearance of a white coating on the palate, the inner surfaces of the cheeks, and the root of the tongue. Mechanical removal of fungal colonies from the mucosa leads to the appearance of painful foci of inflammation. The epithelium under the layers of fungal cells swells and turns red. In advanced cases, when layers of fungal colonies are layered on top of each other, erosive areas of tissue are formed under them. In addition, a fungal infection of the oral mucosa is accompanied by the appearance of cracks in the corners of the mouth (jam), a decrease in salivation, unpleasant burning sensations and pain during eating and talking.

The treatment strategy includes the following measures:

• Oral use of antifungal drugs in the form of tablets and capsules (Fluconazole or Diflucan, Irunin, Primafungin, Nystatin, Levorin, Candide or Clotrimazole).
• Local use of ointments and gels against fungal infections (nystatin and levorin ointments, Miconazole-gel).
• Disinfection of the oral cavity and dentures (if any). The treatment is carried out using a solution of sodium bicarbonate, 2-4% glycerin solution of borax, glycerin iodine-containing solutions (Lugol, Iodinol).
• Since mushrooms are heterotrophs, the main source of nutrients for them is fast carbohydrates or, in other words, simple sugars that we consume with food. For the best effect, it is recommended to temporarily exclude from the diet foods high in simple carbohydrates (confectionery, flour products, etc.).

When fungal infections of the oral cavity appear, you should visit an endocrinologist and a gastroenterologist, since such infections are often preceded by more serious systemic pathologies.

Stomatitis, which means “mouth” in ancient Greek, is the most common name for a group of diseases of the oral mucosa. Do not confuse the disease with glossitis (tongue damage), cheilitis (lip damage) and palatinitis (palate damage). Stomatitis is not contagious, but almost every person has directly or indirectly encountered one or another type of disease. Once having been ill, the chance of recurrence of the disease is very high.

Correctly diagnosing stomatitis is difficult. The doctor often assesses the situation only visually - in medicine there are no special tests for this disease. The difficulty in diagnosing stomatitis also lies in the fact that it can be a symptom of more serious diseases.

Causes of stomatitis

The mechanism of the occurrence of stomatitis, unfortunately, has not yet been fully identified, so there are a lot of causes of the disease:

pathogenic microorganisms that act directly on the oral mucosa;

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;

diseases of the cardiovascular system;

general weakening of the immune system;

avitaminosis;

metabolic disorders;

nervous disorders;

malignant tumors;

hormonal fluctuations;

various injuries in the form of abrasions of the oral mucosa;

• heredity.

Among the causes of stomatitis, there are local factors. Elementary non-observance of oral hygiene, caries, dysbacteriosis, poorly made or poorly installed dentures, the consequences of the use of medications, the use of nicotine and alcohol, as well as allergic reactions to products. Of particular note is the use of toothpastes containing sodium lauryl sulfate. Various studies have shown that they provoke the occurrence of stomatitis and its exacerbation.

Symptoms of stomatitis

Slight redness of the oral mucosa are the first symptoms of stomatitis. Over time, they swell and burn. If you do not start treatment at this stage, redness is replaced by small oval or round sores, grayish or white, with a red halo and a film on top. Moreover, the tissue around them looks absolutely healthy. Mouth ulcers are very painful and make eating difficult. They appear on the inner surface of the cheeks and lips, under the tongue. In most cases, mild stomatitis is manifested by one sore.

The appearance of several ulcers of a larger size and depth, which sometimes merge into one, are signs of more severe forms of stomatitis. The appearance of ulcers is accompanied by fever, inflammation of the lymph nodes, a general deterioration in well-being, headache, loss of appetite and constipation. Acute stomatitis is accompanied by severe pain in the mouth, which makes it difficult to eat and speak. In addition, there may be excessive salivation, plaque on the tongue, a bright red mouth, irritability, vomiting after eating.

Types of stomatitis

There are many types of oral stomatitis.

Catarrhal stomatitis

The most common type of stomatitis. With this unpleasant disease, the oral mucosa becomes swollen, painful, hyperemic, it can be covered with a white or yellow coating. There is an increased secretion of saliva. All this can be accompanied by bleeding gums and halitosis. Causes of local factors: poor hygiene, caries, tartar, oral candidiasis. Catarrhal stomatitis also occurs as a result of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and worms.

More severe disease than catarrhal. It can develop independently or be a neglected form of catarrhal stomatitis. Most often it develops in people suffering from gastric ulcer or chronic enteritis, diseases of the cardiovascular system and blood, infections and poisoning. With ulcerative stomatitis, the entire thickness of the mucosa is affected, there is an increase in temperature to 37.5 0C, weakness, headache, enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes. Eating is accompanied by severe pain.

Causes of the disease: gastrointestinal tract, allergic reactions, viral infections, rheumatism, as well as heredity.
Aphthous stomatitis has symptoms:

• the appearance on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity of single or multiple aphthae - small sores (3 - 5 millimeters) of a gray-white color with a narrow red rim;
• bad feeling;
• fever and pain of ulcerative lesions.

The disease can be acute or chronic with periods of exacerbation and remission, the so-called chronic recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

Candidal stomatitis

It is a fungal disease that most often occurs in young children (stomatitis in children) and the elderly. This type of stomatitis is caused by a fungus (usually of the genus Candida) and develops mainly with a decrease in the body's immune forces, as a result of long-term treatment with strong antibacterial drugs, and also against the background of another chronic disease. Candidiasis stomatitis has the following symptoms:

• burning sensation in the mouth and throat,
• white coating on the tongue and mouth,
• hyperemia and bleeding of the mucosa,
• bad taste in the mouth or loss of taste.

This type of stomatitis is considered contagious and can be transmitted both domestically and sexually.

Herpetic or herpes stomatitis

Occurs in both adults and children. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus and can be acute or chronic. Symptoms of herpetic stomatitis:

with a mild form, small bubbles appear, resembling aphthae;

the severe form is characterized by multiple rashes on the mucosa;

swelling and inflammation of the oral cavity;

increased salivation;

general malaise;

toxicosis;

elevated temperature;

enlarged lymph nodes;

burning sensation and pain when eating.

A feature of herpetic stomatitis is that the herpes virus remains in the body forever.

Allergic stomatitis also occurs, read more about the disease in the article.

Allergic stomatitis

It is an allergic disease that can occur in both adults and children. Its etiology is different: if in childhood, foods most often introduced into the child’s diet for the first time act as an allergen, then in adult patients, weakening of the immune system against the background of taking certain medications, rejection of dentures or running inflammatory processes of the oral cavity.

The characteristic signs of allergic stomatitis are:

itching in the mouth, increasing after eating;

severe swelling of the oral mucosa;

secretion of a large amount of thick saliva;

hyperthermia;

unbearable pain;

bad breath.

For the treatment of allergic stomatitis, in addition to contacting a dentist, it is recommended to consult an immunologist and an infectious disease specialist.

How to treat stomatitis?

Possible Complications

If left untreated, stomatitis in the mouth will certainly lead to negative consequences, starting with gum disease and ending with tooth loss. That is why it is extremely important in the treatment of stomatitis to strictly adhere to the recommendations given by your dentist. The list of major potential complications includes the following diseases.

• Chronic stomatitis. According to statistics, this is the most common complication. An untreated inflammatory process acquires a chronic relapsing character, which means that an infectious focus will always be present in the body.


• The appearance of scars. Such a symptom as bleeding gums can be a manifestation of many diseases, but with stomatitis, due to constant non-healing cracks in the oral cavity, scar tissue forms, which in the future may not allow the patient to open his mouth wide.


• Laryngitis. If the infection spreads up the respiratory tract, the patient's voice becomes hoarse, a cough appears.


• Vision problems. With advanced herpetic stomatitis, not only the gums, but also the mucous membranes of other organs become the object of the lesion. Most often, these are the eyes and genitals.


• Loss of teeth. The most dangerous complication of stomatitis. The main threat is the fact that the destructive process can drag on for many years and at first may be invisible to the patient. First, periodontal disease will develop - a serious lesion of periodontal tissues. And only then, as its consequence, the teeth will gradually loosen until they fall out.

Stomatitis and home treatment

Treatment of stomatitis at home primarily involves the use of various herbal decoctions and infusions of antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and immunostimulating effects. For example, even doctors recommend rinsing with calendula - it has a strong antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect, promotes healing. An excellent antiseptic is chamomile - this is one of the most popular remedies that are widely used in folk and official medicine.

Stomatitis is treated using folk remedies not only for rinsing, but also for ingestion. For example, a rosehip decoction is a real storehouse of vitamins and other substances necessary for the human body. It improves immunity, prevents the development of inflammatory processes, and also contributes to the destruction of harmful bacteria. Despite the miraculous power of herbs, it should be remembered that candidal and herpetic stomatitis will not be eliminated by such alternative treatment, since fungi and viruses are not affected by antiseptic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodifying agents.

Prevention of stomatitis

The basis for the prevention of stomatitis is the observance of the rules of oral hygiene. Brushing your teeth twice a day with an ultrasonic brush and visits to the hygienist every six months are a must. It is important to monitor the general condition of the teeth. Wearing braces or dentures will require special attention, as they can injure the oral mucosa.

For the prevention of stomatitis, it is very important to pay attention to the diet. With the help of special tests, it is recommended to identify and eliminate foods that cause allergies from the diet. You should not eat foods with a traumatic or irritating effect on the oral mucosa: crunchy, salty, spicy and spicy. Tomato and orange juices, alcohol are not recommended. The diet should be sufficiently balanced, since a lack of vitamins and trace elements can cause an attack of the disease. Remember that stomatitis is always recurrent, that is, periodically occurring during periods of general weakening of the body.

If at least once in your life you had stomatitis, then there will always be a risk of its recurrence. Therefore, prevention comes first. Avoid bad habits, stick to a diet, try not to be nervous and, of course, keep your oral hygiene!

How to treat stomatitis in adults: effective drugs and medicines

Treatment of stomatitis in adults lasts 4-14 days, depending on the type and extent of the disease. The healing of sores, as a rule, takes place calmly, and practically no traces remain at the site of the wounds. People who have had stomatitis at least once in their lives are at risk of re-infection. The frequency of occurrence of the disease is very variable.

Some patients suffer from this disease 3-4 times a year (typical case), in others - after ulcers that have not yet fully healed, new ones immediately appear, which allows us to position stomatitis as a chronic disease.

What it is?

Stomatitis is a disease of the oral cavity, inflammation of the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the cheeks, gums, tongue. The disease is accompanied by the formation of wounds-ulcers. The disease is infectious, so the symptoms of inflammation do not go away on their own.

Stomatitis in adults can be cured quickly at home, for this you need to use effective drugs. What exactly? Read the article in the "treatment" section.

The mechanism of development of stomatitis and the causes of occurrence

The mechanism of occurrence of stomatitis has not yet been fully identified, but most likely this is due to the reaction of the immune system to stimuli. It is believed that stomatitis occurs when, for unknown reasons, the human immune system reacts to the appearance of molecules that it cannot recognize.

The appearance of such molecules provokes an attack by the lymphocytes of the immune system (a kind of white blood cells), in much the same way that the human immune system reacts, for example, to an organ transplant. The “attack” of lymphocytes on these unidentified molecules leads to the appearance of ulcerative formations in the mouth, which are called “stomatitis”.

The cause of its occurrence is also considered local factors: non-compliance with oral hygiene. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, such as, as well as, can be the cause of catarrhal stomatitis. With this disease, the mucous membrane of the mouth becomes edematous, painful, hyperemic, it can be covered with a white or yellow coating. Hypersalivation (increased secretion of saliva) is noted. Bleeding gums may be noted, bad breath may appear.

Stomatitis itself is not contagious. With herpes, stomatitis can occur as a consequence, but this is already one of the options for a person's reaction to the herpes simplex virus.

Classification

Mouth ulcers, causes and treatment are determined, first of all, depending on the causative agent of the disease. There is a certain classification of the disease, depending on which pathogen caused the white spots to appear. What stomatitis looks like in the mouth also depends to a certain extent on the pathogen.

Also, depending on concomitant diseases, syphilitic, streptococcal stomatitis is isolated.

Symptoms of stomatitis in adults

With any type of stomatitis, the symptoms are almost the same (see photo). In adults, the disease usually begins with a slight reddening. It may be single, it may be multiple. Then around the hearth, the area swells, becomes painful. The next day, an ulcer with smooth edges and a red halo around is formed in this place. If there are several sores located nearby, then they can merge with each other. The central area of ​​the sore is covered with a grayish or whitish coating.

The ulcer itself is very painful, but the patient is worried about increased salivation, bleeding gums and bad breath. The pain from stomatitis can be so severe that it interferes with chewing food. Ulcers mainly appear on the inside of the lips, on the cheeks, on the tonsils, on the soft palate. Sometimes they can appear on or under the tongue.

The disease passes for a period of 4 days to a month. There are no traces left behind.

What does stomatitis look like: photo

The photo below shows how the disease manifests itself in adults.

Allergic stomatitis

As the name implies, this type of stomatitis is caused by allergic reactions of the body. Provoke the development of the disease can: fillings, dentures, contact and food allergens, antibiotics.

Clinical manifestations of allergic stomatitis: swelling of the mucous membranes of the pharynx, soft palate, tongue, cheeks and lips, which interferes with the process of chewing and swallowing food, and also makes breathing difficult. The oral mucosa is irritated, hemorrhage and the presence of erosive areas are noted. The tongue is coated, enlarged in size. Salivation is weak.

If you are allergic to the prosthesis, there is a burning sensation at the site of the delivered structure. General symptoms: insomnia, irritability, fever to critical levels.

Aphthous stomatitis

- the symptoms primarily consist in the appearance on the oral mucosa of aphthae (erosions) of a round or oval shape, 5-10 mm in size. Usually only one aphtha is formed, less often two or three. Aphthae are surrounded by a bright red rim of inflamed mucosa, and they themselves are covered with a whitish-gray fibrinous coating. Aphthae, as a rule, are sharply painful when touched, and therefore it can be difficult to eat. The duration of clinical manifestations is about 8-10 days.

The chronic course of the disease in adults with frequent relapses indicates the presence of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or liver. Manifested by such symptoms: multiple lesions of the lips, cheeks, tongue; pain that interferes with eating; an increase in body temperature to 38. Treatment of stomatitis at home includes a set of measures associated with symptomatic signs, strengthening immunity.

Candidal stomatitis

The causative agent - Candida fungus - is always found in the human body on its mucous membranes. Its growth and reproduction is inhibited by lactic acid bacteria (bifido, lacto). Under certain conditions, the balance of microorganisms is disturbed, bifidobacteria die and Candida multiplies uncontrollably on the mucous membrane. The most common cause of candidal stomatitis (thrush in the mouth) is the use of antibiotics.

In the initial stage of the disease, symptoms of precursors appear:

• dryness;
• burning sensation in the mouth;
• mucosal edema;
• redness of the mucous membrane;
• white or gray coating;
• thick white discharge;
• bad breath or bad breath;
• pain when chewing and talking.

White plaque in the mouth can lie on the mucous membranes completely or in spots. If the plaque is carefully removed (wiped with a cotton swab), then under it there will be a red inflamed oral mucosa.

Signs of herpetic stomatitis

The incubation period does not exceed 4 days. Most often, the first manifestation of the disease occurs in childhood, after which the disease periodically recurs and upon reaching adulthood. As a rule, the development of herpetic stomatitis is due to a decrease in the body's defenses caused by a malfunction of the immune system, overwork, stress, or other factors.

Characteristic formations in the form of fluid-filled bubbles form on the cheeks, palate and tongue. After bursting, singly located bubbles merge into painful erosions. In adulthood, the reaction of the body is rarely accompanied by symptoms of severe intoxication, but in some cases, muscle and headaches, fever are possible (especially if the initial symptoms are ignored).

Ulcerative stomatitis

Ulcerative stomatitis proceeds relatively easily. Signs of inflammation appear in the oral cavity: the mucous membrane turns red, becomes swollen, burning occurs in the gum area. After a few days of such manifestations, single ulcers appear on the inside of the cheeks, on the gums, on top of which there is a white-dirty coating. At the same time, patients complain of increased salivation, bad breath. Fever may appear. With ulcerative stomatitis, there is a sharp pain, which intensifies at the time of contact of the inflamed areas with food, teeth and tongue.

Ulcerative necrotic stomatitis of Vincent is manifested by extensive inflammation of the oral mucosa with a rapid increase in symptoms. In a few days, the tissues become covered with ulcers with uneven edges, on top of which there are dense gray-green films. Around them are hyperemic tissues, and the ulcers themselves often spread to the tongue. Inflamed foci can merge, affect the deeper layers of the mucous membrane. If you try to remove the plaque, then a red bleeding surface will appear under it.

Traumatic stomatitis

It occurs as a result of a mechanical violation of the integrity of the mucosa due to careless prosthetics, in case of injury. The affected area becomes inflamed, swells, the vessels are full of blood. After a while, erosion appears, then a non-healing sore. In severe cases, the disease is complicated by a fungal infection.

How to treat stomatitis in adults?

The basis of the treatment of any form of stomatitis in adults is pain relief and the removal of inflammation with the help of effective drugs. First of all, irrigation of the oral cavity or applications of local anesthetics are applied. It is especially important to clean the mouth of children before eating. To stimulate healing and fight microbial infection, herbal solutions are used (oak bark, linden blossom, chamomile, St. John's wort, calendula), furacillin or miramistin solution.

Catarrhal stomatitis, caused by a banal violation of oral hygiene, with a mild course, can be treated at home on its own, and a person forgets about its appearance after a week. In this case, you should use antiseptic mouthwashes, follow a diet that excludes spicy, hard, too salty or sour, too hot or cold food.

With the viral nature of stomatitis, antiviral ointments are used. In order to create a protective film over the sores, vaseline, rosehip or sea buckthorn oil, aloe juice are used. They help in the regeneration of the epithelium.

With fungal stomatitis, antifungal drugs are used - candide for local treatment, miramistin, hexoral.

Preparations for the treatment of stomatitis

Sometimes the soreness of the ulcers greatly prevents the patient from leading a habitual lifestyle, eating. Therefore, the doctor may recommend the use of some effective anesthetic drugs, such as:

In addition, treatment must necessarily include mouthwashes, ointments, sprays, gels, absorbable tablets, lozenges with antimicrobial action.

Here is a list of topical and effective drugs for the treatment of stomatitis at home:

• "Actovegin" - a gel that is used for the initial treatment of ulcers.
• "Eucalyptus M" - lozenges.
• "Kameton" - spray and aerosol.
• Cholisal is a dental gel with a combined analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial action.
• Vinylin Gel, Lugol Spray, Hexoral Spray, Ingalipt Spray.
• Hexetidine (Stomatidine) is an antiseptic with a weak analgesic and antimicrobial effect.
• "Evkarom", "Ingafitol" - a collection for rinsing the mouth and inhalation, consists of eucalyptus leaves and chamomile flowers.
• "Kamistad" - dental gel with anesthetic and antiseptic action, the composition includes chamomile and lidocaine.

Antiviral, antifungal, antihistamines are used depending on the cause of stomatitis, with herpetic stomatitis in adults, treatment consists in the use of antiviral agents in ointments, tablets, with a fungal origin of stomatitis () use antifungal agents, should be used for allergic stomatitis, and for other types of lesions of the oral mucosa.

• Antihistamines - in tablet form "Fenistil", "Claritin", "Loratodin", "Tsetrin", "Suprastin", "Tavegil".
• Antifungal - Mikozon, Daktarin, Miconazole gel, Levorin, nystatin ointment.
• Antiviral - oxolinic, bonafton ointment, interferon, tebrofen ointment, Zovirax, Acyclovir, Viru-Merz Serol.

Means that accelerate the healing of the epithelium:

• Rosehip oil, sea buckthorn has a healing effect.
• Carotolin is an oily solution intended for external use with an antioxidant effect, vitamin A.
• Propolis spray is an additional remedy for the treatment of stomatitis in adults, which has a beneficial effect in the presence of various skin lesions, with herpes, ulcers.
• Shostakovsky's balm, or "Vinilin" - helps cleanse wounds and accelerates the regeneration and epithelization of tissues, has an antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effect.
• Solcoseryl is a dental paste that improves tissue trophism and stimulates epithelium regeneration in stomatitis.

Folk remedies

Treatment of stomatitis at home should be performed according to the doctor's prescription, which will take into account the causes of the disease, the general condition of the body. After eliminating the cause, he will prescribe rinses, ointments, gels, multivitamin preparations.

1. Hydrogen peroxide. Rinse the oral cavity diluted with the same amount of water with 3% hydrogen peroxide 2-3 times a day for one to two weeks.
2. Blue iodine. Dilute blue iodine in a 1:1 ratio with warm water. Rinse your mouth with a glass of water 3 times a day. For 5 minutes, apply gauze bandages moistened with blue iodine to the affected areas. Treat stomatitis in this way 3 times a day.
3. Propolis tincture. After eating, rinse your mouth with hot water, then with hydrogen peroxide, to properly rinse the sores. Some additionally dry them with warm air using a hair dryer. Then lubricate the affected areas with propolis alcohol tincture diluted with water and dry again with warm air so that a film forms sooner.
4. Myrrh oil. According to legend, the ancient Greek warriors did not go on a campaign without myrrh resin paste. Thick oil prevents the spread of infection, treats various skin lesions, helps with coughs and colds, has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic effects in bacterial and viral lesions.
5. Silver water. Used to treat stomatitis in children and adults. Rinse your mouth with warm water several times a day. To prepare silver water, a silver thing is placed in water at room temperature for a day.
6. Honey. Brew 1s.l. green tea with a glass of boiling water in a teapot, leave for 45 minutes, strain. Melt in a water bath 1s.l. honey, add to green tea infusion. Rinse the mouth several times a day with warm infusion to treat stomatitis.
7. Blueberry. Brew 0.5 l of boiling water 3-4s.l. blueberries, cook for 15 minutes over low heat with the lid closed, let cool. Rinse your mouth with a decoction for stomatitis, irritation of the mucous membrane.
8. Get 1 tsp. freshly squeezed onion juice, 1 tsp. Kalanchoe juice, add 3 sl. water. Rinse your mouth several times a day.

Prevention of stomatitis

Stomatitis in adults is considered a recurrent disease, that is, it is prone to return, relapse. In order to prevent a recurrence of the disease, it is necessary to adhere to the rules of prevention:

• timely treat caries;
• timely treat the gastrointestinal tract;
• wash hands before eating;
• remove tartar and plaque in a timely manner;
• choose the right toothpaste and rinse solution for the oral cavity;
• provide yourself and loved ones with a healthy diet, with a balanced combination of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, microelements.

Stomatitis is not a terrible, but very unpleasant disease of the oral cavity. Its occurrence can be effectively prevented. And timely treatment helps to quickly rid yourself of painful symptoms.