Treatment of staphylococcus aureus. Respiratory damage. The main signs of pathologies

In nature, there are more than 27 types of staphylococci. Most of them are absolutely harmless to humans. A separate "sad" niche in this variety of staphylococcal bacteria is occupied by Staphylococcus aureus as one of the frequent causes of purulent-septic lesions of the human body at any age.

Facts about Staphylococcus aureus:

ROUTES OF INFECTION

The source of infection with staphylococcal infection can be a sick person or a bacteriocarrier.

Risk factors for staph infection:

• Any damage skin and mucous membranes - cracks, abrasions, punctures, etc.
• Failure to comply with basic rules of personal hygiene.
• Primary or secondary immunodeficiency such as AIDS.
• Prematurity.
• Long-term use of antibacterial, hormonal or immunosuppressive drugs.
• Adverse factors environment.
• Chronic somatic pathology, for example, diabetes, thyroid disease, etc.
• Acute and chronic infectious diseases any localization, as well as others pathological conditions.

SYMPTOMS

Manifestations of infection with Staphylococcus aureus depend on the place of introduction and the aggressiveness of the pathogen, as well as the condition immune system sick.

Staphylococcus aureus can affect almost all tissues of the body - from the skin to the peritoneum and internal organs. It may also cause general infection blood.

The most common diseases caused by S. aureus are:

• Various pustular skin lesions - pyoderma. According to the depth of the inflammatory lesion, folliculitis, boils, carbuncles, abscesses and phlegmon are distinguished.
• Purulent mastitis in lactating women.
• upper respiratory tract- rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, etc. The main sign of Staphylococcus aureus in these cases is the presence of purulent discharge from the nasopharynx.
• Bronchitis, pneumonia and pleurisy. Staphylococcal pneumonia is especially difficult. Expressed intoxication symptoms, pain in chest, since the pleura is often involved in the pathological process. The formation of purulent foci (abscesses) in the lung tissue is characteristic, which can break through into the pleural cavity - empyema.
• This pathogen is the leading cause of purulent lesions of the musculoskeletal system (osteomyelitis and arthritis). Such pathological conditions develop more often in adolescents. In adults, staphylococcal arthritis often develops against the background of existing rheumatism or after joint replacement.
• Damage to the inner lining of the heart - endocarditis. Occurs in approximately one in ten patients with bacteremia. At the same time, in short time there is a destruction of the heart valves with the occurrence of severe complications and a high frequency of deaths.
• The toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus sometimes cause severe intoxication of the human body - food poisoning, TSS and some others.
• The first symptoms of Staphylococcus aureus in food poisoning usually appear within a few hours after eating contaminated food. Appears nausea, vomiting, spastic pain in the abdomen, watery stools. These symptoms usually disappear on their own within a day.

DIAGNOSTICS

It is impossible to reliably state that this is Staphylococcus aureus, only on the basis of clinical manifestations in most cases, since the symptoms of such an infection are nonspecific.

Accurate diagnosis makes it possible to establish bacteriological culture separated from pathological foci, followed by microscopic examination. At the same time, the sensitivity of the microbe to the effects of antibacterial agents is also determined.

On nutrient media, Staphylococcus aureus forms smooth convex cloudy colonies with a diameter of about 4-5 mm. Such colonies are colored in different shades. yellow color, which determines the name of the pathogen.

TREATMENT

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is complex.

Principles of treatment of Staphylococcus aureus:

• Inhibition of microbial growth. Various antibacterial drugs and staphylococcal bacteriophages are used.
• Antibacterial agents form the basis of treatment. It is highly desirable, if possible, to use those antibiotics to which the identified type of Staphylococcus aureus is sensitive.
• The most commonly used drugs are the penicillin group (semi-synthetic, combined with clavulanic acid, etc.). Also widely used are aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, etc.
• Be sure to carry out local treatment with antibacterial drugs in the form of ointments, creams, lotions, etc. Usually, such procedures are prescribed after surgical sanitation of foci of infection and evacuation of purulent contents.
• Correction of violations immune status produced by the appointment of immunomodulators, antioxidants, vitamin complexes, etc.
• For specific immunotherapy, antistaphylococcal immunoglobulins and plasma are used.
• Be sure to carry out a full treatment of concomitant pathology, which reduces the reactivity of the body.

Curing Staphylococcus aureus is a very difficult task. This microbe very quickly forms resistance (resistance) to many antibacterial agents. This is also related to uncontrolled use antibiotics when they are not needed.

It is important to remember that antibiotic treatment staph infection should be carried out only in the presence of its manifestations. A “positive” test for Staphylococcus aureus in an apparently healthy person is not a reason to prescribe antibiotics.

COMPLICATIONS

The main complication of Staphylococcus aureus is the formation of purulent foci of various localization. The entry of the pathogen into the systemic circulation is fraught with the development of serious conditions, seriously health threatening and even life (sepsis, endocarditis, meningitis, etc.).

For example, with the localization of pustular formations on the skin of the face, Staphylococcus aureus with blood flow can be brought into meninges and brain with meningitis or brain abscess formation.

PREVENTION

The basis for preventing the occurrence of staphylococcal infection is to increase nonspecific immunity. Need to lead healthy lifestyle life, observe the rules of personal hygiene, eat right and give up bad habits.

It is important to diagnose and treat all somatic and infectious pathologies in time.

PROGNOSIS FOR RECOVERY

The prognosis depends on the location of the pathological focus of staphylococcal infection, the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

With mild lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, the prognosis is almost always favorable. With the development of bacteremia with damage to internal organs, the prognosis deteriorates sharply, since in more than half of the cases such conditions end in death.

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Staphylococcus aureus (Staphylococcus aureus) is a spherical, immotile and aerobic (able to exist in the air) bacterium with a Gram-positive stain that causes various diseases in children and less frequently in adults.

Staphylococcus aureus received its name from the golden glow that it emits when sown on a nutrient medium. Translated from the Greek slaphyle - "bunch" and coccus - "spherical", staphylococcus under a microscope resembles a bunch of grapes. Staphylococcus aureus is widely distributed in the environment, it can be sown from household items, from toys, from medical instruments, from breast milk and affected skin and mucous membranes of a sick and healthy person.

What is dangerous Staphylococcus aureus

Normally, Staphylococcus aureus lives on the skin and mucous membranes in almost all people. But healthy people With good immunity do not suffer from staphylococcal infection, as normal microflora inhibits the growth of staphylococcus and does not allow its pathogenic essence to manifest. But when the body's defenses are weakened, the microbe "raises its head" and causes various diseases, up to blood poisoning or sepsis.

The high pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is associated with three factors.

• Firstly, the microorganism is highly resistant to antiseptics and environmental factors (can withstand boiling for 10 minutes, drying, freezing, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, with the exception of "brilliant green").
• Secondly, Staphylococcus aureus produces the enzymes penicillinase and lidase, which makes it protected from almost all antibiotics. penicillin series and helps to melt the skin, including sweat glands and penetrate deep into the body.
• And thirdly, the microbe produces endotoxin, which leads to both food poisoning and the syndrome general intoxication organism, up to the development of infectious-toxic shock.

And, of course, it should be noted that there is no immunity to Staphylococcus aureus, and a person who has had a staphylococcal infection can become infected with it again.

Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous for infants located in the maternity hospital. It is in hospitals that the concentration of this microbe in the environment is high, which attaches great importance to the violation of the rules of asepsis and sterilization of instruments and the carriage of staphylococcus among honey. personnel.

The reasons

It is indisputable that the cause of a staphylococcal infection is, as a rule, Staphylococcus aureus. Infection occurs with a decrease in immunity, which is facilitated by a number of factors:

• taking antibiotics and hormonal drugs;
• stress;
• malnutrition;
• hypo- and beriberi;
• infections;
• intestinal dysbacteriosis;
• non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;
• immaturity of the child at birth;
• artificial feeding;
• late attachment to the breast.

Types of staph infection

There are generalized and local forms of staphylococcal infection.

Generalized forms include sepsis (septicopyemia and septicocemia).

Local forms include diseases of the skin, mucous membranes, internal organs, bones, joints, mammary glands and umbilical cord. Also, a separate column should highlight food poisoning with staphylococcus endotoxin.

In addition, staphylococcal infection can be primary and secondary (in the presence of a primary focus). Along the course, acute, protracted and chronic forms are distinguished, and according to the severity of staphylococcal lung infection, moderate and severe.

Symptoms depending on the affected organ

Symptoms of a staphylococcal infection depend on the location of staphylococcus in the child's body and on the degree of decrease in the body's defenses. The main signs of a staphylococcal infection are

• increase in body temperature
• pronounced intoxication syndrome (lethargy, weakness, lack of appetite, nausea).

Omphalitis

Damage to the umbilical wound by a microbe, which is accompanied by swelling of the umbilical ring, purulent discharge from the wound. When the umbilical vein is involved in the process, a compacted and thickened vein is probed. There is also hyperemia, which spreads upward, towards the sternum.

Damage to the skin

• With pseudofurunculosis (damage to sweat, and not sebaceous glands) dense, red nodules appear in skin folds(cluster sweat glands), which then fester.
• Vesiculopustulosis is characterized by the formation of vesicles with liquid contents, which spontaneously open and a crust forms in their place.
• Exfoliative dermatitis (Ritter's disease), or "scalded skin syndrome", is characterized by the formation of large blisters that look like burns, then the skin sloughs off and unprotected wounds form.
• An abscess is a lesion of the deep layers of the skin with visible redness and induration. A cavity containing pus is formed.
• Panaritium - defeat of the extreme phalanx of the finger.
• Phlegmon - in the process, in addition to the skin, subcutaneous tissue is involved, which suppurates.

Eye damage

With damage to the mucous membrane of the eyes, conjunctivitis develops (photophobia, lacrimation, swelling of the eyelids, purulent discharge from the eyes).

Respiratory damage

food poisoning

Develops when eating contaminated or spoiled food and proceeds with symptoms acute enterocolitis. Characterized by fever, nausea, vomiting up to 10 or more times a day, loose stools mixed with greens.

Sepsis

Blood poisoning or sepsis occurs with severe immunodeficiency. The course of the disease is severe, with high temperature, severe symptoms of intoxication, impaired consciousness (from agitation to lethargy).

With the development of infectious-toxic shock, the arterial pressure, the patient loses consciousness and may fall into a coma.

Septicopyemia - the circulation of Staphylococcus aureus in the blood with the formation of purulent foci, both on the skin of the child and in the internal organs.

With septicemia, the development of infectious toxicosis is characteristic. Septicemia can be complicated by the addition of pneumonia, the development of DIC, and so on.

Diagnostics

Differential diagnosis of staphylococcal infection should be carried out with streptococcal infection. In the diagnosis of diseases of staphylococcal etiology, the following serological methods are used, which are characterized by speed and high accuracy:

• Standard in vitro coagulase test, which lasts 4 hours, but if the result is negative, it is extended by a day.
• Latex agglutination, which uses commercial kits of latex particles bound to staphylococcus antibodies (protein A, clumping factor, and a number of surface antigens), making it also useful for species and strain identification of the pathogen

Also use:

• General blood and urine tests (leukocytosis, neutrophilia, elevated ESR are detected in the blood, and protein, leukocytes, and staphylococci are found in the urine).
• Sowing biological material on nutrient media.

Sowing on nutrient media is carried out in order to identify the causative agent of the disease and determine its sensitivity and resistance to antibiotics.

Fecal culture should be done no later than 3 hours after defecation, swabs from the mucous membranes of the mouth and nasopharynx should be taken on an empty stomach, before brushing your teeth and before taking medication.

A smear for staphylococcal conjunctivitis is taken from the lower eyelid with a sterile swab dipped in distilled water and before washing.

At skin diseases smears are taken after preliminary treatment of the skin around the wound with an antiseptic solution and removal of necrotic areas (crusts) from the wound.

• Vidal agglutination reaction

Allows you to determine the dynamics of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment. It is carried out 2 or more times with breaks of 7-10 days. An increase in antibody titer in the blood of more than 1:100 indicates the progression of the infection.

• Phage typing of isolated staphylococci

Allows you to determine the sensitivity of the microbe to phage viruses to prescribe the appropriate treatment.

Treatment

In mild forms of staphylococcal infection, antibiotics are not required.

In moderate and severe forms, semi-synthetic penicillins (amoxiclav) are prescribed, which are effective in the resistance of the microorganism to penicillins and cephalosporins (kefzol, ceftriaxone).

The duration of treatment depends on the severity of the disease and infection of the skin or internal organs (from 7 days to several months).

In case of purulent-inflammatory skin diseases (furunculosis, carbuncle, impetigo), local treatment is prescribed - mupirocin or pleuromutilin derivatives. In their absence, wounds can be treated with antiseptic solutions: brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate and antibacterial ointments(synthomycin, oleandomycin ointment, baktroban).

At conjunctivitis eyes are washed daily with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, and a 30% solution of albucid is instilled 4-5 times a day.

With purulent skin lesions ( abscesses, phlegmon) is a surgical opening of abscesses for the outflow of pus.

In addition, the appointment of an antistaphylococcal bacteriophage, antistaphylococcal plasma and immunoglobulin (for sepsis and severe diseases) is shown.

With staphylococcal food poisoning, antibiotics are not prescribed, anti-staphylococcal toxoid is used. Carry out gastric lavage and replenishment of circulating blood volume intravenous infusions saline solutions(physical solution, glucose solution, rehydron and others).

For the prevention of intestinal dysbacteriosis, the use of antifungal drugs (diflucan, nystatin) in parallel with antibiotics is recommended.

At the same time, immunocorrective therapy is prescribed (vitamins of group B, C, levamisole, Taktivin and others).

The treatment of staphylococcal infections in children is carried out by a pediatric infectious disease specialist.

Methods of treatment are selected depending on the damage of certain organs. The child is hospitalized in a separate ward-box, where a daily change of bed and underwear and a daily shower of the patient are performed.

Complications and prognosis

Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous for children. infancy. Possible complications:

• sepsis;
• infectious-toxic shock;
• coma;
• fatal outcome.

The prognosis depends on the severity of the disease and the effectiveness of treatment.

With mild lesions of the skin and mucous membranes, the prognosis is favorable. Massive infection with Staphylococcus aureus, especially with the development of sepsis in 50%, ends in death.

provokes the development of many diseases varying degrees severity, the diseases themselves and their consequences are especially dangerous for children and the elderly. Timely diagnosis and proper drug treatment will help to avoid complications, and prevention - to prevent the recurrence of pathology.

What is Staphylococcus aureus?

Staphylococcus aureus is a spherical prokaryote, a saturated yellow bacterium that looks like a bunch of grapes, which can be clearly seen in the pictures taken under a microscope.

The microorganism belongs to the group conditionally pathogenic microflora- in a small amount is present in the body of every person, it begins to actively grow and multiply in the presence of provoking factors.

Staphylococcus aureus is a rather tenacious bacterium, tolerates the lack of water, high temperatures, does not immediately die even when boiled, it is not affected by alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, salt, vinegar. But pathogen can be destroyed with ordinary brilliant green.

There is no consensus among doctors about the carriage of staphylococcus, many doctors believe that it is useless to treat it if there are no manifestations of pathology. An exception is pregnant women, expectant mothers need to pass the appropriate tests, if a pathogenic microorganism is detected, urgent treatment will be prescribed.

In children under one year old, Staphylococcus aureus should not normally be in the body.

Why is the bacterium dangerous?

The main danger of Staphylococcus aureus is that the bacterium quickly develops immunity to antibacterial drugs. The most resistant are those that live in medical institutions, they are called methicillin resistant, because they do not respond to antibiotics of the penicillin group, cephalosporins and Amoxicillin.

What diseases can be caused by Staphylococcus aureus:

• staphyloderma - appear on the skin purulent boils, acne, barley, which categorically cannot be squeezed out;
• intoxication with the waste products of staphylococcus, purulent processes in various internal organs;
• staphylococcal pneumonia - dangerous pathology, if the bacteria enters the lungs, a lethal outcome is possible;
• staphylococcal tonsillitis, without proper treatment, an abscess, phlegmon develops;
• felon - inflammation of the roller near the nail, staphylococcus penetrates into wounds, scratches;
• sepsis, coma, death;
• purulent mastitis - staphylococcus penetrates from the skin into the mammary gland.

When internal organs are affected by staphylococcus, cystitis, pyelonephritis develops, the temperature rises, pain in the lower back or lower abdomen, and weakness appear.

In women, Staphylococcus aureus can cause toxic-septic shock when using sanitary tampons during menstruation.

Transmission routes

Clinical picture

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The main route of infection with Staphylococcus aureus is contact-household, airborne. Bacteria can enter the human body with food, most often they live in pastries with rich cream, salads with mayonnaise and sour cream. Infection can also occur in the hospital during the installation of catheters, intravenous manipulations.

For a long time, staphylococci may not manifest themselves in any way, but with a decrease in the protective functions of the body, they begin to actively multiply, which causes the development of pathological conditions.

Reasons for the activation of staphylococcus aureus:

• stress, overwork, chronic lack of sleep:
• hormonal changes in the body puberty, during pregnancy and menopause;
• sedentary lifestyle, addictions;
• regular hypothermia;
• unbalanced diet, deficiency or excess of vitamins;
• frequent infectious and viral diseases;
• non-compliance with hygiene standards.

Adults can become infected with Staphylococcus aureus through sexual contact with a carrier of the infection - the bacteria penetrate the organs through the mucous membranes genitourinary system, provoke the development of inflammatory processes.

Infection of newborns

• rhinitis with copious excretion mucus, which is initially transparent, then purulent inclusions appear in it;
• deterioration of nasal breathing due to severe congestion;
• decreased sense of smell;
• nasality, hoarseness of voice;
• temperature rise to 38.5–39 degrees;
• deterioration in the quality of sleep, weakness, fatigue;
• with the penetration of purulent contents into the nasal sinuses, sinusitis, frontal sinusitis develops;
• children are possible skin rashes.

Due to constant breathing through the mouth with a staphylococcal infection, inflammatory processes occur in the larynx, tracheitis and bronchitis develop.

In the throat

The basis of therapy is antibacterial drugs from the group of penicillins and macrolides - Amoxiclav, Ceftriaxone, they are prescribed for any form of staphylococcal infection. The duration of therapy depends on the severity of the disease, but the minimum period is 7 days.

Additionally appoint Nystatin, Diflucan- these antifungal drugs prevent the development of dysbacteriosis against the background of antibiotic therapy. Must be taken vitamin complexes, Levamisole, Taktivin to strengthen the protective functions of the body - this will help prevent the reproduction of Staphylococcus aureus.

Traditional healers recommend using fresh apricots and black currants for staphylococcus infection - for 10 days they should be consumed at least 1.5 kg per day, preferably at bedtime, because after them you can’t eat or drink anything. Rosehip decoction will help to strengthen the body's defenses, eliminate pathogenic bacteria - you need to take it 120 ml in the morning and evening.

More about the treatment of staphylococcus with antibiotics in the article.

Prevention

To avoid staphylococcal infection, it is necessary to strengthen the immune system - eat right, exercise regularly, take vitamin complexes, get rid of bad habits, do not forget about hardening and daily walks in the fresh air.

Basic Precautions:

• get vaccinated against staphylococcus in a timely manner;
• observe hygiene rules, wash hands and face often and thoroughly;
• wash all vegetables and fruits thoroughly;
• buy dairy, meat products only in trusted places, study the terms and conditions of storage on the label;
• do not eat food on the street;
• even minor scratches should be immediately treated with antiseptic solutions;
• do not use other people's toiletries and bedding.

Any contact with people who have signs of a staph infection should be avoided. Women are better off getting tested for pathogenic bacteria at the stage of pregnancy planning to prevent the risk of infection of the child.

Staphylococcus aureus is considered one of the most dangerous representatives of cocci, it is this bacterium that provokes the development serious illnesses throat, nose, eyes, intestines.

If you consult a doctor in time, start treatment, then the disease will pass without any special consequences, otherwise serious complications cannot be avoided.

Video about Staphylococcus aureus:

Staphylococcus aureus is a non-motile gram-positive spherical bacterium. It got its name due to the golden color due to the presence of carotenoid pigments.

The microorganism belongs to the so-called commensal bacteria: it forms whole colonies on the skin and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, vagina, etc. Approximately 20% of the world's population are carriers of staphylococcus, and the bacterium may not manifest itself in any way, since its presence on the skin or in the nasal mucosa does not lead to a response from the body.

According to statistics from the World Health Organization, Staphylococcus aureus is the record holder for the number of infections in medical institutions.

People with weak immunity are at risk, including patients whose immunity is suppressed. artificial way for implant placement or organ transplant surgery.

Staphylococcus is the causative agent of many diseases - from skin (impetigo, acne, phlegmon, carbuncle, furuncle, abscess) to very dangerous, many of which can be fatal (meningitis, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, toxic shock, sepsis).

Often, the bacterium causes postoperative wound infections and purulent inflammation.

The favorite places for the settlement of staphylococcus are the nasal passages, armpits, less often - the larynx (See), the perineal region, hairy part heads, organs gastrointestinal tract(Cm. ).

The most common carriers of Staphylococcus aureus are health workers, as well as patients diagnosed with " atopic dermatitis” and drug addicts.

Causes and possible routes of infection

The infection enters human body in several ways: airborne, household, food.

• Oddly enough, but the likelihood of contracting Staphylococcus aureus is highest in hospitals and other medical institutions.
• The cause of infection can be dirty hands, insufficiently sterile medical instruments and other accessories.
• The risk increases significantly if it is necessary to use an intravenous catheter, devices artificial ventilation lungs, intravenous nutrition, or hemodialysis.
• The likelihood of infection is high when tattooing or piercing without observing the necessary sanitary and hygienic standards.
• Favorable background for the development of pathology are: weak immunity, dysbacteriosis, endogenous and exogenous infections.

Diagnostic methods

To identify staphylococcus, a fecal analysis is performed. A preventive check is prescribed if the presence of staphylococcus aureus is suspected, employees medical institutions including maternity hospitals.

Staphylococcus aureus is the only coagulase-positive pathogenic staphylococcus, for which reason diagnosis is made by means of a coagulase test.

Grades of Staphylococcus aureus

According to accepted standards, staphylococcus aureus of the fourth degree identified as a result of analyzes is considered the norm. In this case, you can limit yourself to preventive measures: strengthen the immune system, compensate for the lack of vitamins, monitor hygiene, prevent heavy sweating, avoid injury.

Staphylococcus 10 in the 4th degree does not represent great danger, however, it certainly requires appropriate treatment, especially since this type of bacterium is the most intractable: the strain quickly develops resistance to a particular antibiotic. Medicines can only be prescribed by a specialist. The assigned course must be completed.

Symptoms of infection

Leather

Depending on the method and place of penetration, Staphylococcus aureus can lead to the development of skin diseases: boils, carbuncles, phlegmon, abscesses.

When the hair follicle is damaged, thickening, redness and soreness of the skin are observed. When the focus of infection spreads to several hair follicles and to sebaceous glands carbuncle develops. Its appearance is accompanied by general weakness and fever. Most often, the inflammatory process is localized on the skin of the face, neck, buttocks and thighs. Squeezing boils or carbuncles entails the spread of infection.

At deep defeat of the skin, a phlegmon or abscess develops, which is characterized by suppuration of the tissue.

External signs of these processes: redness of the affected area of ​​the skin, swelling, pain, local and general fever.

Bones and joints

Staphylococcus can enter the bone marrow during surgery. In this case, it leads to inflammation of the bones (osteomyelitis).

The initial stage of the disease is characterized by the appearance of general weakness, fatigue, muscle and joint pain. As the pathology progresses, a focus of necrosis (pus) appears, which leads to acute, boring pain, aggravated by walking. The temperature rises to 39-40 degrees. In the affected area, the skin becomes red and painful, swelling is observed. Inflammatory process gradually spreads to the periosteum, muscles and subcutaneous tissue, resulting in a passage in the form of a fistula that breaks out.

Respiratory system

When defeated respiratory system staphylococcal tonsillitis may develop. It is characterized by the appearance severe pain in the throat, a significant increase lymph nodes, temperature rise. When examining the tonsils, a purulent plaque is found on them.

Staphylococcus aureus can lead to pneumonia with quite severe course, which is characterized by a high degree of intoxication.

The disease is accompanied by pain in the chest, shortness of breath, the formation of abscesses in the respiratory organs.

Gastrointestinal tract

The bacterium can enter the digestive tract with contaminated food. 2-6 hours after eating, signs of toxicosis begin to appear: dryness of the oral mucosa, nausea, occasional vomiting, diarrhea, and paroxysmal abdominal pain. In some cases, the symptoms disappear after one day.

The severe course of the disease leads to dehydration (as a result of frequent vomiting and diarrhea).

Other symptoms of staphylococcus food infection are: pallor, sharpness of facial features, dizziness, weakness, low blood pressure.

Systemic diseases

One of the most serious diseases caused by poisons of Staphylococcus aureus is toxic shock.

It is characterized by an acute onset: the temperature rises to 39 degrees, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting appear. In patients, blood pressure decreases, heartbeat quickens.

There is hyperemia of the mucous membrane of the nose and mouth, conjunctiva of the eyes.

Separate areas or the whole body are covered with a spotty rash. After 7-10 days, peeling of the skin begins.

In women, toxic shock can be caused by using contaminated tampons. In this case, it gives rise to purulent discharge from the vagina.

As the pathology progresses, the work of the heart and kidneys is disrupted, which causes a decrease in the amount of urine excreted and the appearance of severe edema.

Treatment of staphylococcus

Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus is not an easy task, as the bacterium quickly develops resistance to certain types of antibiotics.

The complex of measures includes the use of sulafanilamide preparations, antibacterial medicines, immunomodulators (drugs based on ginseng, cordyceps, milk thistle, eleutherococcus, echinacea, Chinese magnolia vine, rhodiola). Therapy should also be aimed at normalizing metabolic processes. Patients are prescribed vitamins, dietary supplements, mineral complexes.

It is also provided surgery, which consists in the elimination of foci of pus, the removal of boils, abscesses, etc.

It is strictly forbidden to squeeze out boils or carbuncles on your own. This can cause the spread of infection with the involvement of new sites in the pathological process, and if it enters the bloodstream, the infection can penetrate the brain and lead to meningitis.

CONCLUSIONS:

• The bacterium settles on the skin and mucous membranes and may not manifest itself in any way.
• Staphylococcus is the causative agent of many diseases - from mild skin infections to deadly diseases.
• Symptoms of infection vary depending on the way the bacterium enters and the pathology it causes.
• Treatment is prescribed taking into account a specific disease and includes taking antibiotics, measures to strengthen immunity, removal of skin inflammations surgically

At severe symptoms purulent lesion skin in an adult and a child, doctors do not exclude Staphylococcus aureus, which is required in urgently treat. This dangerous infection can become the main cause of many diseases of internal organs and systems. If the main question arises, how to get rid of Staphylococcus aureus, you need to contact a competent specialist. Otherwise, more and more healthy tissues will be involved in the pathological process.

What is Staphylococcus aureus

This simple golden infection can provoke such dangerous diseases as furunculosis, sepsis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, meningitis, abscess, panaritium, tonsillitis, osteomyelitis. The microbe is localized on the mucous membranes and top layer epidermis, is able to penetrate deep into healthy tissues. It is not easy to cure Staphylococcus aureus, because the pathogenic microorganism is resistant to environmental factors, the action antibacterial drugs. Treatment of inflammatory diseases involving staphylococcus requires an integrated approach.

If purulent inflammation occurs, it is necessary to be tested for Staphylococcus aureus. The occurrence of such an infection in the body is possible in childhood and adulthood, with inflammation of the membranes it is clearly impossible to do without additional intake antibiotics. Microbes release toxins, thereby causing inflammation. The body suffers from symptoms of acute intoxication, and this condition progresses rapidly as the pathogenic flora grows.

How is it transmitted

If staphylococcus from the nasopharynx with a blood stream enters the lungs, pneumonia develops rapidly. To exclude the appearance of purulent foci, it is necessary to find out in advance how a dangerous infection is transmitted to healthy body. There are several ways of transmitting the microbe - oral, airborne or contact-household. Often preceded by a relapse weakened immunity, a long-term illness with the use of potent medications. Microbes penetrate in different ways, so the task of parents is to take responsibility for their own health and the health of their own children.

Symptoms

The attending physician tells in detail how the relapse stage of staphylococcus may look like. Symptoms increased activity globular bacteria are completely dependent on the alleged focus of pathology, they are frightened by their intensity. Pathogenic microbes produce enzymes that cause numerous purulent inflammations. The focus of pathology can be identified clinically and laboratory way, but prompts thoughts about serious illness the following symptoms:

1. When the skin is damaged, extensive spots are observed in the skin folds and small rash(pseudofurunculosis), fluid vesicles (vesiculopustulosis), open wounds like burns (Ritter's disease), a cavity with purulent masses (abscess) and a violation of the subcutaneous tissue (phlegmon).
2. Staphylococcal infection in the throat contributes to the development purulent tonsillitis, laryngitis and pharyngitis. The patient complains of dry mucous membranes and acute attack pain when swallowing, which in the absence of timely response measures only intensifies. Additionally, there is a high body temperature, visible inflammation of the tonsils can be detected.
3. Respiratory diseases are accompanied by the presence pathogenic bacteria in the nose. Habitual breathing is immediately disturbed, congestion, dry paroxysmal cough. Rhinitis with a discharge of pus is the first sign of how Staphylococcus aureus manifests itself in the nose.
4. When staphylococcus produces in the mouth, the lesion becomes the mucous membrane oral cavity. Painful sores appear in its structure, and when bacteria multiply clinical picture aggravated. Staphylococcus immediately affects the mucous membranes, so you need to pay attention to this sign of the disease first.
5. With eye damage, acute conjunctivitis develops, supplemented by increased swelling and soreness of the eyelids, lacrimation, and photophobia. To serious complications staphylococcal infection in such a clinical picture can be attributed to a sharp landing of vision, a spasm of accommodation.
6. If Staphylococcus aureus infects the system urinary tract, the patient complains of frequent urination, pain when going to the toilet, back pain, the appearance of blood impurities in biological fluid. Alternatively, pyelonephritis, cystitis, or urethritis develop with acute symptoms.
7. When the central nervous system is affected, the patient's body temperature rises sharply, there are pronounced signs of intoxication of the body. These include bouts of vomiting, partial dehydration, skin rashes, and migraine attacks. As a complication, doctors distinguish progressive meningitis and brain abscess.

In adults

The presence of a focal infection of the skin must be treated in a timely manner, otherwise the dermis changes its structure, and the pathological process spreads to healthy organs, systems. Common symptoms intoxication are pronounced signs of dyspepsia, vomiting, severe attacks migraines, skin rashes and high fever. The presence of skin infections is complemented by hyperemia of the upper layer of the epidermis, itching and swelling. If there is internal infection and the spread of infection, the clinical picture is complicated and requires immediate medical attention.

Symptoms in children

Infection during abnormal functioning of the immune system is accompanied by high body temperature, a violation of the intestinal microflora and common features body poisoning. With stable immunity, the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus is asymptomatic. The patient and his parents may not guess about the localization of the pathogenic flora, but they find out by chance - during a planned medical examination.

Causes

Frequent causative agents of dangerous diseases in childhood and adulthood are Staphylococcus aureus, which in most cases affect the nasopharyngeal mucosa and skin. Before treating a characteristic ailment, it is important to identify the etiology pathological process. The highly undesirable penetration of Staphylococcus aureus is preceded by the following pathogenic factors:

• violation of the rules of personal hygiene;
• penetration of infection food poisoning(poor quality food);
• non-observance of asepsis rules when working with a medical instrument;
• body piercings and tattoos;
• dysbacteriosis;
• weakened immunity;
• the result of infection from the environment;
• with lesions of the skin of thermal or mechanical origin;
• use of special devices for indoor installation.

Diagnostics

A characteristic microbe provokes inflammation when the immune system is weakened, however, Staphylococcus aureus can only be detected laboratory methods. The following measures implemented in a hospital will help to cope with pathogenic pathogens:

• standard in vitro coagulase test;
• latex agglutination;
• general blood tests, urine, feces;
• Vidal agglutination reaction;
• seeding of biological material;
• biochemical analysis blood;
• smear from the eyelid with suspicion of conjunctivitis.

Culture for Staphylococcus aureus

biological material a swab from the nose or pharynx for laboratory research becomes more common. He fights in adult patients or infants with suspicion of the presence of golden strains in the body. After that, the doctor for a certain time interval observes the natural growth of pathogenic flora (if any) in laboratory conditions as close to natural as possible. If bacteria are not detected during the specified period, this is the norm, and the patient is considered healthy. Characteristic manifestations The disease is first diagnosed and then treated.

Treatment

The spread of signs of the disease is required to be treated in a timely manner, mainly conservative methods. Toxic microbes are able to develop resistance to antibiotics, so it is required A complex approach to a health problem that includes several pharmacological groups. The following medicines will help overcome resistant strains:

• staphylococcal toxoid;
• bacteriophages;
• antistaphylococcal immunoglobulin;
• bacterial lysates;
• staphylococcal vaccine;
• aloe preparations;
• immunoglobulin preparation;
• chlorphyllipt solution.

Ointment

The affected membrane of the nasopharynx is recommended to be treated medicinal ointments with antibiotics mupirocin. Such a pharmacological appointment is appropriate for skin diseases, boils, staphylococcal sepsis. With a severe degree of a characteristic ailment, such local medicines low efficiency, mediocre action. At chronic infection the following medications are appropriate for external use: Levomekol, Baneocin, methyluracil ointment.

Medicine

Staphylococcus aureus can infect newborns, so symptomatic treatment small child should be done in a timely manner. The first step is to determine where staphylococci live, what are the features of the pathological process, and then individually determine the features of intensive care. In order for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus to be as productive as possible, effective medicines from acute and chronic diseases are presented below.

bacteriophage

These are pharmacological agents with viruses that can infect staphylococcus aureus. After penetration into the body, the resistance of pathogenic flora is reduced. Viruses are assembled medical preparations, for example, the staphylococcal bacteriophage, produced in the form of a solution, suppositories, ointments or tablets for oral use, has proven itself well. In the affected organism, it demonstrates a stable antibacterial effect, productively exterminates epidermal staphylococci.

Antibiotics

bacteria staphylococcus aureus can be destroyed with the right antibiotics. Such pharmacological prescribing should not be unauthorized, especially if we are talking about the health of the child. Otherwise, among the potential complications, doctors distinguish pneumonia, brain abscess, staphylococcal sepsis and other fatal diagnoses. If staphylococcus aureus is found in the body, the appointment of antibiotic therapy should not become a shock for a patient at any age. It:

1. Amoxiclav is a representative of the penicillin group, to which staphylococci show particular sensitivity. Take orally shown 1 tablet 3 times a day for 7-10 days.
2. Methicillin, Oxacillin - representatives of semi-synthetic penicillins, are intended for oral use for 7 days, according to the instructions.
3. Clarithromycin is a semi-synthetic broad-spectrum macrolide antibiotic. Take 1 capsule twice a day.
4. Vancomycin is a tricyclic antibiotic from the group of glycopeptides, therapeutic effect which is provided by inhibition of the biosynthesis of the cell wall of staphylococcus aureus.
5. Lincomycin is a member of the lincomycin group, which is available in the form of a bitter white powder, taken orally for 5-7 days.

Effects

The characteristic microbe is especially dangerous for the younger generation, infants. The child’s immunity is weakened, and among the potential health complications, doctors distinguish the following diagnoses:

• coma;
• infectious-toxic shock;
• fatal outcome;
• sepsis;
• meningitis.

Forecast and prevention

The clinical outcome depends entirely on the severity of the characteristic ailment, requiring a timely response of the patient to the initial symptoms. On the early stage the disease can be finally cured, and at a later stage, the death of a clinical patient is not ruled out. To avoid a dangerous relapse, it is important to avoid contact with infected people in every possible way, carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene and adhere to other preventive measures. After past infection acquired immunity does not develop.

Photo of a staphylococcal infection on the skin

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