What to drink to stop the bleeding. How to stop bleeding from a cut: universal tips. Disorders due to the use of hormonal drugs

is the discharge of blood from the uterus. Most often it is serious symptom diseases female body. Any uterine bleeding should be diagnosed in time, and the woman should receive medical assistance Ignoring similar symptom leads to serious consequences, up to lethal outcome. It is important to know that normal uterine bleeding includes only menstruation, the duration of which is up to 5 days, with stable interruptions, 28 days long. All other bleeding is a pathology and requires medical supervision.

According to statistics, uterine bleeding, which is pathological in nature, in 25% of cases is associated with organic diseases of this organ or ovaries. The remaining 75% are associated with hormonal disorders and diseases of the genital area.

Menstruation (menstruation) is the only physiologically normal type of uterine bleeding. Usually its duration is from three to five days, and the interval between menstruation ( menstrual cycle) normally lasts from 21 to 35 days. Most often, the first couple of days of menstruation are not abundant, the next two are intensified and, at the end, again become scarce; blood loss these days should be no more than 80 ml. Otherwise, iron deficiency anemia develops.

At healthy women menstruation is painless. In case of pain, weakness and a woman should consult a doctor.

The onset of menstruation usually occurs at 11-15 years of age and lasts until the end reproductive period(menopause). During pregnancy and breastfeeding menstruation is absent, but this phenomenon is temporary.

It is important to remember that the early onset of spotting in girls (before 10 years of age), as well as in women after menopause (45–55 years of age), is warning sign serious illnesses.

Sometimes a variant of the norm can become bloody issues in the middle of the cycle (on the 10-15th day after the end). Their cause is hormonal fluctuations after ovulation: the walls of the uterine vessels become excessively permeable, therefore vaginal discharge may contain blood. Such discharge should not last more than two days. Sometimes the cause of bleeding is inflammatory process Therefore, a woman should definitely consult a gynecologist.

A variant of the norm is also implantation bleeding, which occurs as a result of the introduction of the embryo into the uterine wall. This process occurs a week after conception.

Why are uterine bleeding dangerous?

Uterine bleeding has the ability to increase rapidly, not stop for a long time and hard to stop.

Therefore, depending on what type of bleeding a woman has, it can be dangerous with such consequences as:

With moderate but regular blood loss, varying degrees of severity can develop. It begins if the volume of released blood is 80 ml. Although at similar conditions there is no direct threat to the life of a woman, however, this process cannot be left without attention.

A large loss of blood may be due to simultaneous heavy bleeding, which is difficult to stop. Most often required surgical intervention, with replenishment of lost blood and removal of the uterus.

The risk of progression of the underlying disease. AT this case we are talking about small blood loss, to which a woman does not pay attention and does not go for medical assistance. At the same time, blood loss, even in a small amount, can eventually lead either to profuse bleeding, or to the fact that the disease that caused it will go into a neglected form.

The danger of bleeding in pregnant women or in women in the postpartum period is that it can end in a state of shock. The intensity and severity of this condition is due to the fact that the uterus is not able to fully contract and stop blood loss on its own.

Reasons that can cause uterine bleeding many can be found. In order to systematize them, it should be understood that the resulting blood loss can be a malfunction in organ systems, as well as disorders in the genital area.

Extragenital causes of uterine bleeding, that is, those caused by disorders in the work of non-genital organs include:

Diseases of the hematopoietic system, these are: hemophilia, low level vitamin C and K, etc.

Prolapse of the urethra.

Violations in activity of cardio-vascular system, for example, etc.

decline functionality.

The causes of uterine bleeding are genital, in turn, may be associated with the bearing of a child by a woman.

During pregnancy, the following causes of bleeding from the uterus are distinguished:

Ectopic pregnancy.

Pathologies gestational sac.

The presence of a scar on the uterus.

Placenta previa, her low position or early detachment.

Various processes of destruction of uterine tissues.

Rupture of the uterus during labor.

Injuries birth canal(vagina or vulva).

Infringement or delay of the departed placenta.

Enometritis.

trophoblastic disease.

C-section.

chorionepitheloma.

Genital bleeding can occur in a woman who is not carrying a child. Causes for them include:

Dyscirculatory bleeding, which, in turn, can be climateric, reproductive and juvenile.

Syndrome chronic fatigue, especially enhanced by starvation and exhaustion of the body, can also cause bleeding.

Pronounced hormonal disorders occur during puberty girls, during pregnancy and after childbirth, after abortion.

Sometimes hereditary predisposition and taking certain hormonal pills can affect.

Prolonged bleeding can develop against the background of a medical abortion, which has recently gained momentum in popularity.

For the treatment of bleeding caused by hormonal disruptions required individual approach. It will depend on the cause that caused bloody discharge from the uterus.

Uterine bleeding after cesarean

After operation caesarean section woman should be under medical supervision. Most often, bleeding lasts a little longer than after childbirth. naturally. This is due to the fact that it is formed on the uterus, which makes it difficult to contract. Normally, bleeding stops completely after a couple of months. If it continues, then the woman needs to report this problem to the doctor.

Cause pathological bleeding after the operation, hemostasis is most often. Therefore, to eliminate this problem, doctors must carefully but carefully scrape the walls of the uterus. If bleeding cannot be stopped, extirpation is required.

If the bleeding is hypotonic, then it is not always possible to stop it, since it occurs after the uterus begins to contract. Profuse blood loss can lead to hypotonic shock. Replenishment of blood supplies by transfusion and manual examination of the uterus are necessary in order to detect possible remains of the placenta, determine the contractile function of the uterus and establish the existing rupture.

The critical measure that doctors take to save a woman's life is the removal of the uterus. This method is used if bleeding after caesarean section by other means (electrical stimulation of the uterus, ligation of blood vessels, administration of uterotonics) cannot be stopped.

Types of pathological uterine bleeding

Gynecologists divide uterine bleeding into many types. But there are those that are most common:

Juvenile bleeding. They are characteristic of the onset of puberty in girls. They can be caused by a number of factors, for example, frequent illnesses, increased physical activity, poor nutrition, etc. Depending on the amount of blood lost, such bleeding can lead to anemia of varying severity.

About profuse uterine bleeding should be said if it is not accompanied by painful sensations. In this case, the volume of fluid lost may vary. There are many reasons, it can be an abortion, and vaginal infections, and taking hormone-containing drugs, etc.

Acyclic bleeding characterized by the fact that it appears in the intervals between menstrual cycles. It can be caused by fibroids, endometriosis and other pathologies. If acyclic bleeding is observed regularly, then a doctor's consultation is necessary. Although this type is not always a symptom of any pathology.

Anovulatory bleeding is typical for women who have entered the period of menopause and for adolescents undergoing puberty. It is caused by the fact that the maturation of the follicles and the production of progesterone are disturbed, in the absence of ovulation. This species is dangerous because, without treatment, it can provoke the development of malignant tumors.

dysfunctional occurs when the functioning of the ovaries is disrupted. hallmark is that it occurs after menstruation has been absent for a long time, and blood loss with it is plentiful.

Hypotonic bleeding occurs due to low tone of the myometrium, after an abortion, etc. most often appears after childbirth.

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding includes those that are associated with a violation of the production of sex hormones produced by the endocrine glands. They can appear at almost any age, both during puberty and during menopause, and in the reproductive period of a woman's life. This pathology is widespread.

This type of bleeding is expressed by the fact that the period of menstruation is lengthened, and the amount of fluid lost increases. Without treatment, it always leads to the development of anemia. Main feature - prolonged absence menstruation, sometimes up to six months, and then the occurrence of bleeding, which has a different strength.

Dysfunctional bleeding may be ovulatory (concerns women reproductive age) and anovulatory (more common in adolescents and premenopausal women). Cycle disorders in this case are expressed in abundant and irregular periods, with long (more than 35 days) and short-term (less than 21 days) intervals, in the absence of menstruation for more than six months.

The treatment strategy depends on the age of the patient and whether she has concomitant pathology. It can be either medical or surgical. However, in adolescence the operation is resorted to only in emergency cases. Conservative therapy is to take hormones. If left untreated, dysfunctional uterine bleeding can lead to miscarriage, anemia chronic nature, endometrial cancer, shock and even death.

Atonic uterine bleeding

Atonic bleeding is characterized by the fact that it is formed when the uterus becomes unable to contract. Absence contractility in obstetric practice it is called the uterus of Kuveler. A characteristic feature of atonic bleeding is zero tone and a similar reaction to the introduction of uterotonics.

When there is no way to stop the bleeding with specialized preparations, a thick suture is applied to the posterior lip of the cervix, clamps are additionally applied to clamp the uterine artery.

If these methods were ineffective, and blood loss could not be stopped, then they are considered as preparation for an operation to remove the uterus. Mass loss of blood is considered to be from 1200 ml. Before the uterus is completely removed, attempts are made to ligate the vessels using the Tsitsishvili method, electrical stimulation (this method is becoming less popular, and doctors are gradually abandoning it), acupuncture. It is important to constantly replenish the reserves of lost blood.

This type is characterized by the fact that the tone of the myometrium decreases. Such bleeding occurs when the fetal egg is retained in the uterine cavity, during the separation of the placenta, after its release. The reason lies in the uterus after childbirth, when contractions occur rarely and are spontaneous. The critical degree of such a state is referred to as atony, when contractions are completely absent.

The main tasks facing physicians are:

Stop bleeding as soon as possible.

Replenishment of the BCC deficit.

Avoiding blood loss of more than 1200 ml.

Tracking blood pressure and preventing it from falling to a critical level.

Treatment is aimed at ensuring that the motor function of the uterus is restored as soon as possible. If there are remnants of the fetal egg, then it must be removed either by hand or with a curette. When hypotonic bleeding occurs after childbirth, it is necessary to squeeze out the placenta as soon as possible, if it does not work, then it is removed manually. Most often, it is the removal of the placenta that helps restore the motor function of the uterus. If necessary, her gentle massage on the fist is carried out.

As drugs, the introduction of pituitrin or oxytocin is indicated. Effective in some cases is the imposition of a bubble on the abdomen containing ice or irritation of the uterus with ether. To this end, in posterior fornix a moistened swab is inserted into the vagina. If hypotension does not respond to this therapy, then measures are taken that are characteristic of uterine atony.

Acyclic uterine bleeding

Acyclic uterine bleeding is called metrorrhagia. It is not associated with the menstrual cycle, which is normal, it is characterized total absence any periodicity.

This condition can occur suddenly and be associated with the pregnancy of a woman, with an incomplete abortion, with placenta previa, with the development of an ectopic pregnancy, retention of part of the placenta, etc.

Acyclic bleeding, if a woman does not bear a child, can be observed with pathologies such as uterine fibroids, benign tumors. If the tumor is malignant, then metrorrhagia is observed at the stage of its decay.

It is not possible to describe the degree of intensity of blood loss, since the discharge can be spotting, abundant, with impurities blood clots and without them.

It is important to pay close attention to acyclic bleeding for women who are in menopause, both at its initial stage and several years later, after stopping constant menstruation. In no case should they be perceived as renewed ovulation. Metrorrhagia in this period requires careful study, as they are often signs of a malignant process, for example,.

Breakthrough uterine bleeding

Breakthrough uterine bleeding develops against the background of hormonal disorders. They are characterized by an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone. Sometimes bleeding of this type occurs against the background of a woman taking oral contraceptives. In this case, breakthrough bleeding is an adaptation reaction to the drug. If, after taking the prescribed remedy, bleeding occurs that does not correspond to the menstrual cycle, then it is necessary to consult a doctor about adjusting the dose or replacing the remedy.

Breakthrough bleeding can also be observed when the uterine wall is damaged by a spiral. This cannot be ignored, the spiral must be removed immediately.

The most common blood loss breakthrough bleeding minor, however, a visit to the doctor should not be postponed.

Anovulatory uterine bleeding

These bleedings occur during the break between menstruation, their causes are varied, including they can be a manifestation of any disease. Most often, anovulatory bleeding is prolonged in time, lasts more than 10 days, and is acyclic. Women suffer such blood loss either during fading reproductive function or during its development.

This bleeding is also called single-phase, during its opening the corpus luteum is not formed, the development of the follicle occurs with disturbances, and there is no ovulation.

This bleeding can be hyperestrogenic, when the follicle matures but does not rupture, and hypoestrogenic, when several follicles mature but do not fully mature.

Rarely, anovular uterine bleeding occurs during the reproductive period of a woman's life. Similar phenomena are associated with violations of the hypophozotropic zone, after suffering, poisoning, infections.

Among adolescents, according to statistics, this type of bleeding is quite common. Such violations account for up to 12% of all gynecological diseases. In this case, malnutrition can be a decisive factor, mental trauma, physiological overload.

Discirculatory uterine bleeding

The occurrence of discirculatory uterine bleeding is caused by impaired ovarian function. Sometimes the impetus is external factors, like past viral infections, stress, etc. Blood loss is not great, it is observed after menstruation has been absent for a long time.

Often, women observe the presence of clots in uterine bleeding. Most often, doctors explain their appearance by the fact that the uterus during prenatal development, has undergone certain anomalies. Therefore, the blood stagnates in its cavity, forming clots.

Most often, menstruation causes more pronounced discomfort in such women, especially when it occurs with increased hormonal background. Sometimes just like this congenital anomaly can cause increased bleeding and the presence of numerous clots in the secretions.

In addition to the fact that anomalies are congenital in nature, they can be acquired during life. Similar phenomena are associated with professional features women and abused bad habits. Often, during menstruation with blood clots, women experience severe cutting pains. In order to rule out the presence pathological process, it is important to consult a gynecologist.

Sometimes changes in the hormonal background can also lead to the formation of clots. To clarify the cause, you need to pass a series of tests, including hormones. thyroid gland, and on adrenal hormones, to examine the level of progesterone and estrogen.

The presence of clots severe pain lower abdomen, profuse blood loss during menstruation, acyclic mini-bleeding - all this most often indicates endometriosis. Such a diagnosis is established after a thorough diagnosis and requires appropriate treatment.

Sometimes the cause can be poor blood clotting and some complications that have arisen after childbirth.

Uterine bleeding during pregnancy

The most common causes of uterine bleeding during pregnancy are miscarriage, uterine disease, ectopic pregnancy, and damage to the placenta.

A miscarriage is accompanied by strong cramping pains in the lower abdomen, bleeding is intense, the color of the blood is from bright scarlet to dark. In ectopic pregnancy, bleeding is accompanied by deterioration general condition, malaise, nausea, sweating and. Blood is dark in color and usually comes out in clots.

Damage to the blood vessels of the cervix during pregnancy can occur during sexual intercourse or gynecological examination. This bleeding is usually not heavy or prolonged.

If the placenta is damaged or previa, uterine bleeding may occur in the second or third trimester. The bleeding is usually very heavy. It poses a serious threat to the life and health of the expectant mother and her child.

It should be remembered that uterine bleeding in pregnant women is very dangerous, so a woman must definitely call medical team who will provide immediate assistance.

First aid for uterine bleeding is to call an ambulance as soon as possible. This is especially true in the case when a woman is carrying a child, her blood loss is plentiful, her condition worsens sharply. In this case, every minute counts. If it is not possible to call a team of doctors, then it is necessary to take the woman to the hospital on her own.

Any uterine bleeding is a serious threat to life and health, so the reaction must be appropriate.

It is strictly forbidden to apply a hot or warm heating pad to the stomach in case of dysfunctional bleeding, douching with any compositions, take a bath, use drugs that promote uterine contraction.

Independently, at home until the ambulance arrives, a woman can be helped as follows:

The woman must be put to bed, preferably on her back, and her legs placed on some kind of elevation. To do this, you can put a pillow or a roller from a blanket. Thus, it will be possible to preserve the consciousness of the patient, especially if the blood loss is impressive.

Something cold should be applied to the stomach. If there was no heating pad at hand, then the ice can be wrapped in a regular cloth. You can replace ice with an ordinary bottle filled with cold water. Cold exposure time - up to 15 minutes, then a break of 5 minutes. This will achieve vasoconstriction, and therefore somewhat reduce bleeding.

The woman needs to drink. Since it is not possible to put a dropper at home, it is necessary to offer the patient plentiful drink. Suitable ordinary water and sweet tea. This will contribute to the loss of fluid along with the blood, glucose will provide nutrition nerve cells brain.

To the reception medications should be treated with extreme caution, especially if a woman is carrying a child. Before taking them, you should always consult with your doctor, but sometimes it happens that there is no such possibility. Therefore, it is necessary to know the names of hemostatic agents and their minimum dosage. These include Vikasol (taken 3 times a day, at a dosage of 0.015 g), ascorbic acid (maximum daily dose 1g), Dicyon (taken 4 times a day, at a dosage of 0.25), calcium gluconate (1 tablet up to 4 times a day). Before use, it is important to remember that all drugs have side effects.

How to stop uterine bleeding?

When the ambulance arrives at the scene, its actions will be as follows:

A bubble containing ice is applied to the woman's stomach.

If the bleeding is heavy, then the woman should be taken to the car on a stretcher.

Hospitalization of the patient with transfer directly to a specialist.

The introduction of a solution of sulfate, with a threat or the onset of a miscarriage. Or if a spontaneous abortion occurs, the woman is given intravenous calcium chloride, and ascorbic acid diluted with glucose. An injection of Etamzilat can be made.

Doctors in the hospital use hormonal drugs to stop bleeding, in the event that a woman has not yet given birth, she does not have a suspicion of a tumor. To hormonal drugs include Jeannine Regulon, etc. On the first day, they give an increased dose (up to 6 tablets), in the following days, one tablet less, bringing up to 1 piece. Sometimes gestogens are used, but it can be used only in the absence of severe anemia.

Hemostatic agents can also be used, for example, Dicinon, Vikasol, Askorutin, Aminocaproic acid.

Sometimes surgery is used, such as curettage of the uterus (an effective method to stop blood loss), cryosurgery (a method without contraindications), laser removal endometrium (used in those women who do not plan to have more children).

Treatment of uterine bleeding largely depends on its causes and the age of the patient.

Adolescents are most often prescribed drugs that reduce the uterus, drugs that stop blood and strengthen the walls of blood vessels. It is also recommended to take, herbal medicine, less often - hormonal drugs that regulate the menstrual cycle. Women of reproductive age are prescribed hormonal drugs, sometimes surgical operations(with fibroids, endometriosis of the uterus, etc.) After menopause, uterine bleeding most often indicates oncological pathologies of the uterus and ovaries, so treatment requires mainly surgical intervention, including the removal of the uterus and its appendages.

In treatment, it is most important to diagnose the causes of bleeding in time, so sick women should seek medical help without delay.

Education: Diploma in Obstetrics and Gynecology obtained from the Russian State medical university Federal Agency for Health and Social Development (2010). In 2013, she completed her postgraduate studies at the NMU. N. I. Pirogov.

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In everyday life are not excluded various injuries with damage skin. And often they are accompanied by bleeding. Cases like this create a need for correct rendering first medical care. What to do if blood flows from the wound, how to stop it and whether you need to see a doctor in the future - this has certain features. And they depend primarily on the type of bleeding.

Most often, people experience injuries caused by sharp objects glass or metal. But you can cut yourself even with a sheet of paper. If the injury damages the wall of the vessel, then bleeding occurs. And it comes in the following forms:

• Capillary.
• Venous.
• Arterial.

There is another classification that takes into account the direction of blood flow: external or internal. The latter is observed when organs and vessels located deep in the body are damaged. This occurs when strong blows, falls, or certain illnesses (such as stomach ulcers, tuberculosis, or cancer). And each situation requires a differentiated approach to providing medical care.

Suddenly faced with bleeding, a person often has to rely only on own forces. It's good to have someone nearby who can help. But it is better to know the basic rules of first aid for injuries yourself. If from a wound there is blood, then you need to remember about general events:

1. Rinse with antiseptic.
2. Close with an aseptic bandage.
3. Apply cold.
4. Hold above the body.
5. Call an ambulance.

This is carried out regardless of the caliber and type of damaged vessel. The most commonly used antiseptic is hydrogen peroxide. It can freely wash bleeding places. But with alcohol or solutions based on it (iodine, brilliant green), only the edges of the wound can be treated so as not to cause additional injury to the tissues.

It must be remembered that large foreign bodies that are in the wound (glass fragments, clots, chips) should not be removed. This can lead to resumption and increased bleeding. It is better to entrust this procedure qualified specialist. The application of an aseptic dressing is another condition aimed at preventing further contamination of the damaged area. If there is no sterile bandage, you can use a handkerchief or just a piece of clean cloth, after disinfecting them with alcohol or iodine: moisten in the center to a width slightly larger than the size of the wound.

In order for the bleeding to stop faster, it is necessary to raise the injured limb above the body (reducing the pressure in the vessel), and it is recommended to take horizontal position to improve oxygenation of the brain. Even if capillary bleeding cannot be stopped on its own, an ambulance should be called. The doctor will help and determine what is the reason for the lengthening of the blood clotting time. And if the veins and arteries are damaged, this is done without fail.

Stopping bleeding is a very serious matter. The life of the victim may depend on the correct and timely performed measures.

capillary

The easiest type of bleeding is capillary. It occurs when superficial damage: abrasions, small cuts, insect bites. In this case, the entire surface of the wound bleeds - slowly and drop by drop. The main activities required for primary stage, there will be treatment of the wound with an antiseptic, application of an aseptic dressing and raising the limb. This becomes enough. Light bleeding may stop on its own.

Stop capillary bleeding at home, it is possible with the help of other means that are at hand. It happens that there is no first-aid kit with hydrogen peroxide at home. Then some substances that have an astringent, antiseptic and hemostatic effect will come to the rescue. These include the following:

• Petrolatum.
• White vinegar.
• Hamamelis.
• Corn starch.
• Sugar.
• Web.
• Antiperspirant.
• Listerine.
• Alum.
• Paprika.

Many of them seem completely unexpected, but in the absence of other options and in extreme situations, you should not neglect useful properties known means. If the bleeding does not stop, you should definitely consult a doctor. You may also need to stitch up the wound.

Venous

It is easy to determine what is flowing from the wound deoxygenated blood. She has dark color and pours out. The volume of blood loss and its speed are determined by the caliber of the damaged vessel. The most reliable way to temporarily stop will be the use of a pressure bandage. Those who wish to know how to stop bleeding at home with this method should not worry - everything is quite simple. After treating the wound with an antiseptic, gauze is applied in several layers (cloth, handkerchief), and a cotton or bandage roller is applied to it. It is he who performs the pressing function. Then everything is tightly bandaged. Thus, the edges of the wound, together with the vessel, are compressed, which entails stopping the bleeding.

To the methods used during rendering qualified assistance should include ligation of the vessel and suturing the wound. But this is carried out already in the hospital by a doctor. The final stop of bleeding is necessary in cases where measures prehospital stage turned out to be ineffective.

Stop venous bleeding usually presents no difficulty. The main method is a pressure bandage.

Arterial

The greatest danger is bleeding from the arteries. They are quite intense and when medical care is delayed, they become the causes of shock conditions. The blood pouring out of the arterial bed has a scarlet color and flows out under pressure, a pulsating stream (sometimes a fountain). If damaged shallow vessel you can use a pressure bandage. It is good at stopping bleeding. Other methods are also used as temporary measures:

• Pressing the vessel throughout.
• Flexion of the limbs at the joints.
• The imposition of a tourniquet.

The former is mainly used as a short-term measure only. The vessel is under pressure, and it is rather tiring to hold it with your finger pressed against the bone for a long time, and when transporting the victim, it is not at all feasible. But this allows you to buy time to prepare for using a more reliable method.

Some vessels can be pressed in another way - by bending the limbs and fixing them in this position. And for greater efficiency, a roller of cotton wool or bandage is placed in the articular fossa. So they squeeze the popliteal, femoral and brachial arteries, and the subclavian requires a slightly different approach. To squeeze it, you need to put your hands behind your back and fix them in your elbows, bringing them as close as possible to each other.

Most effective method how to quickly stop the blood from the artery is the imposition of a tourniquet. This is a special rubber strip used for circular clamping of vessels. When using a tourniquet, you should remember the following rules:

1. Put clothes or a towel under it.
2. Apply higher (proximal) wounds on the extremities.
3. Each subsequent round (coil) overlaps the previous one by a third (the first one drags on the most).
4. The overlay time should not exceed 2 hours (1.5 hours for the winter period).

If the patient is transported to a medical institution longer than the allowable time, then the tourniquet is loosened or removed for 10–15 minutes by pressing the vessel with a finger. Then they put it on again. This is necessary to prevent tissue necrosis (death) due to lack of blood supply. And in the hospital they use methods final stop arterial bleeding: they pierce the vessel or make it plastic.

internal

Considering the issue of stopping bleeding, one cannot fail to mention those that arise due to damage to internal organs. But at the initial stage of other ways, except general events, Unfortunately no. If signs of internal bleeding appear, you should take a horizontal position (half-sitting with pulmonary localization), put cold on the alleged site of the lesion and call an ambulance. Among the main symptoms that inspire concern, it is worth noting the following:

• Vomiting "coffee grounds".
• Tar stool.
• Hemoptysis.
• Dizziness.
• Paleness of the skin.
• Pulse increase.
• Pressure drop.

And in medical institution active measures are taken to stop bleeding and combat its consequences. Infusion (Ringer's solution, Refortan) and hemostatic (Dicinone, Tranexam, aminocaproic acid) preparations are introduced. Doctors monitor the main clinical and laboratory parameters: pressure, heartbeat, diuresis, peripheral blood picture. With the ineffectiveness of these funds, the intervention of surgeons is required.

Bleeding from the internal organs is dangerous for its consequences. At home, it is not so easy to notice it, but to provide effective help can only be done in a hospital.

Anyone can experience bleeding. This problem needs timely and proper medical attention. When blood came from the finger, how to stop it is far from the most banal question. Knowing the basics of primary action can sometimes save a life.

Bleeding appears when the integrity of the vessels is violated. It can be both external, when blood enters from the wound to the surface of the skin, and internal, when it flows into the body. The main causes of this pathological condition are injuries, as well as diseases of various organs (, malignant tumor) or bleeding disorders ().

Types and causes

With rapid blood loss, the amount of blood circulating in the body decreases. At the same time, the supply of oxygen to tissues, especially the brain, kidneys and liver, suffers. If blood loss is not so significant, but continues for a long time (for example, during or heavy menstruation), a person occurs. The most dangerous blood loss in children and elderly people.

The consequences of blood loss also depend on the size of the injured vessel. When small arteries and capillaries are injured, blood clots quickly form in them, and the outflow of blood stops on its own. When damaged major artery the blood stream is very strong, which within a few minutes can cause the death of the victim.

When different vessels are damaged, one of the forms of bleeding occurs:

• capillary;
• venous;
• mixed;
• arterial.

Capillary bleeding is not intense, blood is released over the entire surface of the injury. When venous, it forms a uniform stream of cherry color. An arterial wound is manifested by a strong rushing stream of scarlet blood, pulsing in accordance with the contractions of the heart. With mixed damage, signs of both arterial and venous blood loss are visible.

The discharge of blood from the mouth may accompany the following processes:

• bleeding from the lungs with or tuberculosis (scarlet foaming blood);
• gastric bleeding with an ulcer or or esophagus (vomiting blood or clots, often similar to coffee grounds).

Blood during urination is a sign of diseases of the urinary system.

Internal bleeding can be assumed based on the deterioration of the victim's well-being. When blood accumulates in abdominal cavity appears frequent weak pulse, pallor, thirst, drowsiness, fainting. complements these signs with bleeding into the pleural cavity. When blood accumulates in cranium there are signs of brain compression - loss of consciousness, respiratory failure, and others.

First aid

If the bleeding from the wound does not stop, you should immediately consult a doctor. The same applies to cases of trauma to the abdomen, chest or head, when damage to organs inside the body is not ruled out.

external bleeding

For minor bleeding small wound on the limbs it is necessary to apply a sterile bandage of cotton wool and gauze in several layers. From above it should be well fixed with a bandage or adhesive plaster. However, care must be taken that the bandage does not pinch intact vessels, and the limb below the bandage does not turn blue.

With intense bleeding from an arterial vessel, the bandage will not be able to stop it. You need to try to find a point above the wound where you feel arterial pulse, and press it firmly with your fingers or fist. The flow of blood almost completely stops.

However, even the most strong man will not be able to squeeze the artery for more than 15 minutes. That is why immediately after pressing the vessel, you should look for other ways to help the victim. For this, a hemostatic tourniquet is used. It can be replaced with improvised means - a tie, a scarf, and so on, but not with wire. Such strips of fabric are tightened with some hard object, such as a stick, and the twist is strengthened with a separate bandage.

If the leg is damaged below the knee, the tourniquet is applied to the thigh, if the arm is injured below the elbow - at the level of the upper or lower part of the shoulder. A tourniquet is not applied to the middle of the shoulder, since nerves pass close under the skin here. They can be easily injured.

Limb wrap soft cloth or clothes without folds. The tourniquet is brought under the limb, taken by the end and middle and stretched, after which it is wrapped around the thigh or shoulder until the bleeding stops. Turnover should gradually weaken. They need to be done next to each other so that the fabric between them is not infringed. The harness should not be overtightened.

A note is placed under it, indicating the hour and minute when the tourniquet was applied. It can remain on the human body in a warm room for up to 2 hours, and in winter - no more than an hour and a half. If the victim has not yet been taken to the hospital, it is necessary to temporarily loosen the tension. The first assistant presses the artery above the injury site, and the second one slowly loosens the tourniquet for 5 minutes, after which it is again applied higher previous place but as close as possible to the source of blood loss.

To stop bleeding in case of injuries of the limbs is sometimes obtained with their increased flexion. When a hand or forearm is injured, a roller of cotton wool and gauze or fabric is placed in the elbow bend, the limb is bent and the shoulder and forearm are pulled together using a bandage or belt. If the shoulder is damaged in the upper part or the area under the collarbone, both hands are brought behind the back and pulled together by the elbows. In case of injuries of the foot and lower leg, the roller is placed under the knee, the limb is bent and the thigh and lower leg are pulled together. Finally, in case of damage to the thigh, the roller is placed in the groin area, the thigh is bent and pulled to the body.

The injured limb is lifted and urgently seek medical help.

Other types of bleeding

When blood appears from respiratory tract, vagina, oral cavity must be called immediately ambulance. These conditions can threaten the life of the sick person. First aid measures:

• bleeding from the lungs and hemoptysis: seat the patient reclining, place a heating pad with cold water or ice on the chest, advise not to move or talk;
• gastric bleeding: complete rest, cold on the abdomen;
• : rest, drink plenty of water.

• seat the patient reclining;
• insert into the nostrils gauze swab moistened with hydrogen peroxide;
• put a handkerchief moistened with water on the bridge of the nose;
• if ineffective, you can apply cold to the back of the head.

You can’t tilt your head back, because in this case, blood can enter the throat, giving the impression of stopping the bleeding.

If home measures are ineffective, an ambulance should be called.

After stopping the discharge of blood from the nose, the sick person needs rest. He is not recommended to make sharp inclinations, there is hot food, blow your nose. In case of recurring bleeding, you should consult a doctor, as they often accompany serious illnesses internal organs or blood system.

Which doctor to contact

With the development of bleeding, it is necessary to urgently contact a surgeon, since it is possible to stop blood loss only after treatment and suturing of the wound or surgery on internal organs. With prolonged bleeding, you may need to consult a specialized specialist: pulmonologist, ENT doctor, gastroenterologist, gynecologist, proctologist, urologist or oncologist.

Pediatrician E. O. Komarovsky talks about emergency care for nosebleeds:

Most often, hitting at least a little extreme situation We are lost and do not know how to behave. Assistance to the victims in these cases is to call the employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations or an ambulance. Everyone who is not indifferent to the fate of others and loved ones must know how to stop the blood in case of injury. And the faster and better assistance is provided, the more the victims will have a chance for a favorable outcome.

With small wounds, the bleeding stops on its own, thanks to this. In addition, it helps to cleanse the wounds. Before stopping the bleeding, make sure that the blood loss is large enough. They must exceed two hundred and fifty milliliters. The pressure of the jet, as well as the duration of bleeding, are also taken into account. Small capillaries stop quickly and do not require any treatment. It is enough just to wipe the skin around with a piece of clean bandage, and attach an antibacterial patch on top. This will help tighten the edges of the wound and speed up healing. For longer than one centimeter, it is advisable to suture to avoid scarring.

It is important to know how to stop bleeding when they are considered the most dangerous. It is easy to recognize them by a strong pulsating jet of bright red color. Such bleeding does not stop on its own. If the vessel is damaged, it is necessary to apply a tight pressure bandage that tightly tightens the edges of the wound. Bandage as much as possible, and if blood comes out, put new bandages on top.

Stab wounds are very dangerous. Here, little blood comes through, but the damage is deep and the infection remains in the tissues. If you feel weakness, numbness and tingling in this area, then the nerves or tendons are damaged. stab wounds require immediate antibiotic or tetanus toxoid treatment.

It is equally important to know how to stop blood from large vessels. Here a tourniquet is required. In this capacity, you can use a piece of durable fabric, a belt, a rope, or any other suitable handy tool. The bandage is applied above the wound. To tighten a piece of fabric, you can use a stick, which is inserted into the loop of the tourniquet and scrolled. It is important to know that with long-term clamping of the limb, tissue necrosis may occur. In the summer, the tourniquet is kept for no more than two hours, in the colder one for only an hour. If the ambulance is late, remove the tourniquet, pinch the vessel with your finger and let the limb rest for fifteen minutes.

You can stop bleeding from the nose and other types with the help of ice. If this open wound, it must be rinsed and all foreign objects removed. Fragments located deep in the tissues should not be removed. It is enough to apply a pressure bandage on the limbs. It is strictly forbidden to stop by tilting the head back and thereby inhaling the blood back. Roll small balls of cotton wool, dip them in hydrogen peroxide, and then place them one by one in the nostrils. This procedure in combination with ice compresses is very effective.

Finally, let's find out how the operation to extract it takes place under the supervision of a specialist and always leads to some damage. From the hole extracted tooth blood is flowing. A small gauze ball is applied here and after five minutes the wound stops bleeding. But sometimes this process takes a long time. How to stop the bleeding after tooth extraction in such cases? Unskilled work of the dentist or excessive trauma to the vessels, and sometimes too complex extraction manipulations lead to such consequences. Take a piece of gauze, make a tampon out of it, put it on the bleeding place and squeeze it well with your jaws. Keep the swab in this position for at least twenty minutes. The bleeding must stop.

Bleeding is the outflow of blood from blood vessels in violation of the integrity of their walls. If someone is injured and is losing blood, it is important to act immediately and stop the bleeding quickly. In most cases, you can easily stop the bleeding. However, in more severe cases, uncontrolled or severe bleeding can lead to shock, circulatory failure, or more life-threatening consequences such as tissue damage and death. important organs which can lead to death. Follow the steps below to stop bleeding.

Steps

Stop minor bleeding from a small cut

Use water. Running water will not only clean the wound, but also help stop the bleeding. Direct the jet cold water on a cut: the vessels will contract and the bleeding will stop. Similar action With hot water cauterize the wound and ensure blood clotting. You can not use both cold and hot water at the same time - use one thing.

• Instead of cold water, you can use an ice cube to close an artery. Apply ice to the wound for a few seconds until the wound closes and the bleeding stops.
• If there are many small cuts on your body, hot shower will wash away all the blood and at the same time cauterize numerous cuts.

1. Apply pressure to the wound. After cleaning the wound, put pressure on it with a clean cloth or gauze. Apply pressure for a few minutes, then check to see if the bleeding has stopped.

   • If blood seeps through the tissue, replace it with a clean one.

2. Try a styptic pencil. These waxed crayons were created to treat cuts and razor bumps, but also work great on any minor cut. Rub the pencil over your skin and the mineral astringents it contains will do the trick. On contact, you may feel a burning sensation, but after a few seconds, the pain and bleeding will stop.

   Apply Vaseline. Vaseline has a waxy texture - if you apply a small amount of it on small cuts, it will block the flow of blood from the outside and give it time to clot. If you don't have plain petroleum jelly on hand, you can use lip balm.

   Apply some antiperspirant. Like a styptic stick, deodorants contain aluminum chloride. This substance acts as astringent capable of stopping bleeding. Apply a little on your finger and anoint the cut, or directly rub the wound with a roller.

   Wipe with Listerine. To stop bleeding, you can use the usual Listerine, originally created as an aftershave. Pour some Listerine directly onto the cut, or dip into the solution cotton swab and blot the wound. You will notice how the bleeding decreases after a couple of minutes.

   Use a block of alum. It is a soap-like bar made from minerals that help stop bleeding. Moisten a block of alum with water and gently rub it over the cut. No need to make an effort and press the bar into the wound, trying to close it - the minerals themselves will do their job.

   Apply white vinegar. The astringent properties of vinegar will help to disinfect the wound and promote blood clotting. Lubricate a cotton swab a small amount white vinegar and wait until the bleeding stops.

   Try witch hazel. Like white vinegar, witch hazel acts as a natural astringent, great for clotting small cuts. Pour some witch hazel on your wound or dab it on a cotton swab for a similar effect.

   Use cornstarch. Sprinkle a small amount of cornstarch on the wound, being careful not to rub it in so as not to cause further damage. To speed up the process, you can lightly press the powder into the cut. When the cut stops bleeding, wash off the starch with running water.

   Use web. This is an excellent option if you cut yourself while walking in nature. Take some spider web (no spiders!) and apply it to the cut, roll it up if necessary. The web will stop the bleeding and cause the blood in the wound to clot.

   Bandage the cut. To keep dirt out and stop further bleeding, apply a sterile dressing or bandage to the wound. You can use a regular bandage or a piece of clean gauze.

   Raise the wounded limb. Elevating the injured limb above the level of the heart will help relieve heavy bleeding. However, if you suspect that a limb is broken, don't try to move it.

   Remove dirt. Remove visible foreign bodies and dirt, but do not try to thoroughly clean the wound, as this may aggravate the wound. Your first priority is to stop the heavy bleeding. Cleaning the wound can wait.

   • However, if foreign object is large (a large piece of glass, a knife, etc.), do not try to remove it. In all likelihood, this object by itself stops a significant proportion of the bleeding. Apply pressure and bandage the area around the object, being careful not to push it further.

3. Apply pressure to the wound until the bleeding stops. Use a pad of sterile gauze, clothing, or cloth. (Even your palms can work if nothing else is nearby.) Place your hand on the pad and press firmly on the wound with your fingers or hand.

   Apply pressure with constant force. If the wound is on a limb, tape or a cloth wrapped around the wound can be used to maintain pressure. (A folded and tied triangular wound bandage is ideal in this case.) For the groin or other parts of the body where it is not possible to wrap the wound, apply pressure to the wound with a firm pillow or your hands.

   Watch for bleeding from the wound. If blood seeps out, apply additional bandages. However, do not over-dress the wound, as this may cause a decrease in compressive force. If you suspect that the dressing is not working, remove the bandages and pillow and re-dress. If you think the bleeding has stopped, keep applying pressure until you are sure the bleeding has stopped or until the ambulance arrives.