Puberty: physical changes. Boy Puberty: Anxieties and Problems
This is the last period of childhood (puberty, senior school age), lasting from 12 to 16-17 years. It is characterized by a pronounced restructuring of the endocrine system, enhanced growth. In girls, secondary sexual characteristics usually develop 1-1.5 years earlier than in boys. In this period, there are often functional disorders of the cardiovascular and nervous systems (“youthful heart”, “youthful hypertension”, in girls - dyscirculatory disorders in the form of acrocyanosis and fainting), due, on the one hand, to the rapid, disproportionate growth of the whole body and individual organs, on the other hand, the instability of the vegetative-endocrine system.
In addition to dental diseases typical for schoolchildren, they often develop gingivitis, and in the absence of preventive measures, early detection and systematic treatment, deeper lesions of periodontal tissues.
Features of the child's body in different age periods should serve as a scientific justification for differentiated dental care for children.
From 11 to 17 years old girls, from 12 to 18 years old boys. During this period, the will, consciousness, psychological personal status is formed, the appearance changes, matures, secondary sexual characteristics appear. Sexual characteristics that may be gender differences for a particular person.
Primary sexual characteristics These are the sex glands and structural features of the genital organs. The male reproductive organs of the gland are the ovaries, which, as glands of external secretion, produce spermatozoa germ cells. In the glands of internal secretion of sex hormones (androgens) (testasterone). The female reproductive organs are the ovaries, which produce sex cells (eggs) and sex hormones (estrogens).
secondary sexual characteristics those which are not yet present in newborns but are well developed in adults. The process of puberty occurs under the control of hypatolyam, the pituitary system of the central nervous system. The course of physiological puberty occurs in a strictly defined sequence.
Secondary sex signs in girls 9-10 years of age, growth begins and the development of the mammary glands ends by the age of 15. At 11-12 years of age, the growth of pubic hair (sexual hairiness) ends by 15-16 years
6-12 months after puberty, hair growth occurs in the armpit. At the age of 13 years + - year 1 month, the formation of the menstrual function occurs, this is called (minarche) - 1 menstruation.
Boys- changes in the voice termbre (voice mutation), from 11-12 years to 15-16. Pubic hair growth 12-13 years old. Enlargement of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx from 13-16 years old. Hairiness of the axillary area and on the face of 14-17 years old, young men of 14 years old have spontaneous seme eruption (palutations). Phys. times: body length increase. At 12 cm, body weight at 3-5m kg. The respiratory system develops the chest, an intense respiratory muscle by 17-18g NPV - 16-20 times, establish gender differences in the type of breathing in boys - abdominal, in girls - chest. At this age, it is not uncommon to experience a lack of oxygen. Urinary system daily amount of urine 800-1400 ml. the length of the urethra in girls is 3-4 cm, in boys 16-18. Heart rate 60-80 beats min. 14-15 years old. At the age of 16-18, blood pressure stabilizes. In a tall teenager, they are higher than in middle-aged people. A symptom of the complex is rhythm disturbances, increased blood pressure, headache, rapid fatigue, dizziness, increased effect on the heart, etc.
Patterns of puberty.
Physiology of puberty.
The most important event of school age is puberty, i.e. the period of sexual development, and since its onset and duration vary widely and it depends on sex, when trying to create its chronological staging, one encounters various boundary problems.
The period of puberty of the female body takes about 10 years, its age limits are considered 7-17 years. During this period, the physical development of the female body ends, the reproductive system (reproduction system) matures, secondary sexual characteristics are formed.
The physiological process of sexual development is divided into several periods.
At 7-9 years (prepubertal period), acyclic emissions of gonadotropic (gonads - gonads) pituitary hormones - luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating (FSH) occur, which stimulate a slight production of estradiol by the sex glands.
At 10-13 years of age (1st phase of puberty), rhythmic releases of LH and FSH occur. An increase in the level of estradiol in the blood leads to the completion of the maturation of the follicle and the release of the egg, thus, the completion of this period is characterized by the first menstruation (menarche).
At the age of 14-17 (phase 11 of the puberty period) it ends with the maturation of the hypothalamic structures that regulate the function of the reproductive system.
The course of physiological puberty occurs in a strictly defined sequence. The period of development of the mammary glands begins at the age of 9-10 years (thelarche) and ends by the age of 15. Sexual hair growth (pubarche) begins at 11-12 years of age and ends at 15-16 years of age, 6-12 months after pubarche, hair grows in the armpits. The average age of menarche is 13 years + - 1 year and 1 month. The degree of development of secondary sexual characteristics is expressed by the formula of A.V. Stavitskaya: Ma;R;Ah;Me.
Where Ma - mammary glands; P - pubic hair; Ah - hair growth of the axillary region; Me - the age of the girl at the first menstruation.
Puberty in boys occurs 1-2 years later than in girls. The intensive development of the genital organs and secondary sexual characteristics in boys begins at the age of 10-11. First of all, the size of the testicles, the paired male gonads (tes), in which male sex hormones are formed, which have a general and specific effect, is rapidly increasing.
In boys, the first sign indicating the onset of sexual development should be considered "voice breaking" (mutation), which occurs most often from 11-12 to 15-16 years; the second sign is pubic hair from the age of 12-13; the third sign is an increase in the thyroid cartilage of the larynx (Adam's apple) from 13 to 16 years. And, finally, from 14 to 17 years of age, hair growth of the armpit and face occurs. In some adolescents, by the age of 17, secondary sexual characteristics have not yet reached their final development, and it continues in subsequent years.
At the age of 13-15 years, in the male gonads of boys, male germ cells begin to be produced - spermatoziodes, which, in contrast to the periodic maturation of eggs, mature continuously. At this age, most boys may have wet dreams - spontaneous ejaculation, which is a normal physiological phenomenon.
The timing of the onset of puberty and its intensity are different and depend on many factors: health status, nutritional status (sufficient content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, trace elements and vitamins in food), climate (illumination, altitude, geographical location), living and socio-economic conditions. An important role is played by hereditary and constitutional factors (for example, menarche occurs when a body weight of 48.5 kg is reached, when the fat layer is 22% of the total body weight).
From 10-12 to 16-20 years, sexual orientation is formed, the onset of puberty. Girls have an erotic mood, boys have hypersexuality. However, many teenagers go for sexual intercourse for self-affirmation, even if there are no true sexual desires yet. The same can be true for a teenage girl. More often this happens if the girl does not find affection and understanding in the family. In this case, you need to work a lot with teenagers, especially at school - psychologists, social and medical workers.
The task of medical workers, especially those working at school, is to explain to adolescents so that they, if necessary, know where to go to consult on difficult issues for them. It is necessary to bring to the teenager not only the rules of sexual behavior, but also to tell about the dangers of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, etc.
It would seem that until recently, the daughter was a sweet angel, obedient and funny, and suddenly something happened to her - inexplicable whims, a sharp change in mood, occasionally - tantrums. You should not be afraid of such changes, because the girl is growing, and sooner or later her puberty begins. What signs accompany such “growing up”, what can be considered early puberty and how should parents react to it? We will try to answer these questions in the presented material.
Signs of puberty in girls, or what happens in the body
Puberty in girls lasts 2 years and ends with puberty - this time falls on the first menstruation. Doctors still cannot name the terms of puberty that are suitable for the norm - it is believed that this period is variable: it can begin at the age of 9 and at 11, and at 13. If the signs of puberty of the girl are present at the age of 7 years, or absent, when the child is already 15 years old, then this is a cause for concern. All other years that fell on the state in question are normal. About early puberty will be written later, but we’ll make a reservation right away - the girl’s parents should not make any independent decisions about this. Only a doctor can establish the true cause of early puberty, prescribe drug therapy, which, however, also applies to late puberty.
Note:in the course of observations, doctors revealed the following - the earlier puberty began in a girl, the faster it would end. That is, if a girl at the age of 9 already showed signs of puberty, then in a year and a half you can expect the first menstruation, but if these signs are noted at the age of 14, then two or two and a half years can pass before the first menstruation.
Signs of normal puberty girls:
Separately, it is worth mentioning the most important sign of puberty - menstruation. The first menstruation, as a rule, appears in a girl at the age of 13, but this age is very conditional! There are many cases when the first bleeding was at the age of 11 and it was not a pathology. Let's make a reservation right away - the menstrual cycle will "form" and stabilize for about 12 months, during this period bleeding will be irregular, may be absent for 1-2 months and this "behavior" of the girl's body is quite normal. As soon as the girl's first menstruation begins, her growth slows down sharply and after that, in total, the child will add another 5 cm in height.
Parents should pay special attention to preparing the girl for the first menstruation, and, naturally, mother should take care of this. Regardless of the age at which menstruation began, it can be very frightening for a child. Yes, children are accelerators now. Yes, sometimes they know more than adults. And yet, experts emphasize the importance of conversations between a girl and her mother on the topic of puberty, the first menstruation - not a single book, not a single girlfriend, not a single video from the Internet will convey the necessary information to the girl. And then, such a trusting relationship with a mother who can listen and talk even on “intimate” topics will become the key to close relationships in the future.
Psychological problems of a girl's puberty
The above signs of the condition under consideration are quite capable of surprising not only the parents (“when did she have time to grow up”), but also the girl herself. And during this period, it is important not to leave her alone with her questions, fears and doubts.
First, you will need to tell the girl why such changes are taking place with her body and body.. If this happened earlier than her friends, then it is worth emphasizing the significance of such an event as puberty, and clearly indicate that there are no developmental deviations, all this is natural.
Secondly, it is worth carefully watching a girl who had puberty in later years - she will feel too uncomfortable in the company of her peers, doubt her inferiority. And here you need to become a psychologist, explain to the girl that puberty occurs at different ages, you can even embellish reality and tell that this period for the mother herself fell on 14-15 years.
Thirdly, you need to talk in detail about menstruation. But you must immediately stipulate that these topics are too personal, “intimate” and you should not tell your friends that your period has already begun. Yes, this means that “the girl has matured”, but this does not mean at all that she has become an adult, so the mother will need to talk and teach her daughter all the subtleties of behavior among her friends.
Note:A girl's perception of change during her puberty is directly related to how close her relationship with her mother is. Therefore, try to “make contact” from childhood - it will be easier to talk on “intimate” topics, and in the future trust will develop between two close people.
Early puberty in girls
Premature puberty in girls has its own signs:
- quickly and at the age of 9 years, changes in the mammary glands began;
- there is hair growth according to the female type at the age of 9 years;
- the growth of the girl stops;
- the onset of menstruation before the age of seven.
Particular attention should be paid to the fact that the appearance of menstrual bleeding in a girl during precocious puberty does not mean at all that she has become a woman - such bleeding is also called non-ovulatory / menstrual-like, that is, the egg from the ovary of the girl does not come out for fertilization into the uterine cavity.
Such premature puberty in girls is a deviation from the norm and has several forms of flow.
Classification of precocious puberty girls
Gynecologists and endocrinologists distinguish several forms of the condition in question:
Causes of early puberty in girls
The following factors may lead to this condition:
- hereditary predisposition - early puberty is passed down in the family from generation to generation, but does not affect the reproductive abilities of the female body;
- problems in the work of the hypothalamus and / or pituitary gland, which leads to excessive production of hormones;
- various neoplasms of a benign or malignant nature in the ovaries.
Very often, girls with precocious puberty are born to women who smoked / used alcohol and drugs during pregnancy, or have a history of endocrine diseases.
How to treat
Only after a complete diagnosis and a series of specific examinations, the doctor will be able to say what therapy should be used to correct the sexual development of the girl. It is quite possible that it will only be necessary to choose a diet and normalize the psycho-emotional background of the child. But often, hormonal preparations are used to normalize the condition - only specialists should prescribe such medications.
Surgical treatment is prescribed only if the girl has been diagnosed with a tumor of the adrenal glands, ovaries or hypothalamus - the neoplasm is simply removed and the puberty processes proceed within the normal range.
As for the late puberty of the girl, then we will most likely talk about hormonal problems and / or malformations of the genital organs. Usually it is possible to solve the problem with hormonal drugs, but they can only be prescribed by doctors.
Tsygankova Yana Alexandrovna, medical observer, therapist of the highest qualification category
Puberty is a period when physical changes occur in the body of adolescents, indicating that the adolescent's genitals are ready to perform their reproductive functions. The onset of this period is characterized by some secondary signs: for example, breast growth in girls and the appearance of hair on the chest in boys. However, secondary signs alone are not enough to perform reproductive functions. This period ends / when the teenager stops growing, that is, his bones stop lengthening. By this time, the person is ready to conceive a child. In theory this is true, but practice is a completely different matter. For boys in the UK, puberty begins at the age of 13 and ends around 17 or 18 years of age. In girls, this period begins at the age of 11. Thus, it turns out that these periods are different for girls and boys. Girls tend to develop faster.
Adolescence is a transitional period that is characterized by the onset of puberty, when a child gradually turns into an adult, not only physically, but also spiritually, socially and emotionally. Puberty usually ends at 16-18 years of age. Since that time, a person is considered an adult, capable of being responsible for his actions.
Girls usually reach puberty between the ages of 8 and 14. At this time, a small outgrowth of the brain, the pituitary gland, begins to produce a chemical substance - follicle-stimulating hormone. This hormone enters the bloodstream, reaches the ovaries, and stimulates the release of a female sex hormone called estrogen. Estrogen, in turn, stimulates
stimulates the growth of breast tissue and promotes the development of the uterus
and vagina. Estrogen causes changes in the bone structure of fatty and other tissues, as well as in the area
pelvis. Usually at this time, the pelvic bones expand and
are strengthened, which further makes it possible for the body to bear a child. Estrogen and a small amount of the male hormone - androgen - contribute to
development of secondary sexual characteristics, such as
pubic hair or armpit hair.
External signs of physical changes in girls during puberty
An increase in discharge usually begins at the age of 10-11 years.
The breast develops and enlarges, and the nipple and the area around it become more pronounced.
Hair appears in the genital area.
Armpit hair starts to grow.
The hips are enlarged and widened.
The activity of the skin fatty glands is activated, which begin to emit a more expressive smell; the increased activity of the fatty glands leads to the fact that sometimes the pores become clogged, and acne appears on the face of adolescents.
There are changes in the speech apparatus, the vocal cords increase, the voice becomes rougher, but, of course, not in the same way as in men.
The first menstruation begins.
There is an increase in the labial part of the female genital organs, and on the outside they appear hairline.
The clitoris enlarges and becomes more sensitive.
Monthly ovulation begins in the ovaries, during which they release mature eggs.
The uterus increases in size and begins to menstruate.
The size of the vagina increases and begins to produce more vaginal lubrication.
By the end of puberty, the body is completely ready for fertilization and childbearing. Confirmation of this in girls is the first menstruation. Together with her, the girls begin to ovulate. From now on, girls should be wary of pregnancy.
boys
Puberty in boys begins when the pituitary gland begins to produce two hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. They enter the circulatory system and in turn stimulate the male gonads to produce the male sex hormone called testosterone. This hormone contributes to the growth of the male genitalia - the gonads, scrotum and penis - and the development of secondary signs of puberty, such as facial, body and pubic hair, as well as a deepening of the voice. Testicular growth, in turn, increases the amount of testosterone secreted and contributes to the development of other signs associated with puberty.
Usually by the age of 13 or 14 boys experience frequent erections of the penis, and soon after that the first eruption of the seed, which usually happens as a result of masturbation or during sleep, which is of an erotic nature. By the way, this happens to girls too.
A viable spermatozoon can fertilize the released, that is, matured, egg of the girl, which will lead to pregnancy. Of course, this cannot happen during the first ejaculation experienced by the boy, but it is quite possible a few months after the first ejaculation. Thus, usually by the age of 14 or 15, boys should know that they can make a girl pregnant. Below we list other physical changes associated with puberty in boys.
Major physical changes in boys during puberty
An increase in discharge usually begins in boys at 12 to 13 years of age.
Boys become wider at the shoulders and narrower at the hips. The muscles of the whole body develop.
Hair growth begins in the pubic and genital area.
The growth of underarm hair and coarser hair on the body begins.
Coarse facial hair begins to grow.
There are changes in the speech apparatus, and the voice becomes coarser.
The fat and sweat glands of the body begin to produce a more expressive smell, the pores are sometimes clogged, especially on the face, and then acne appears.
The male gonads inside the scrotum enlarge and begin to produce sperm.
The penis also increases in size and becomes more sensitive.
Erections happen quite often and sometimes quite unexpectedly.
There are also discharges during sleep (especially if the dreams are erotic in nature). Such dreams are called "wet".
It is a complex of biological and physiological changes associated with the development of sexual and somatic functions. It is believed that puberty in boys begins at about the age of twelve and ends at the age of seventeen. Under the influence of hormones, teenagers turn into men. Changes affect not only the physiological side, but also the psychological aspect. The emotional and intellectual areas usually continue to develop until the age of twenty-two.
Physiological signs of puberty in boys
Puberty is associated with accelerated growth and weight gain. It is often found that a boy grows by three centimeters in a few months. Rapid growth usually continues until the age of eighteen. When puberty begins in boys, the gonads and penis enlarge. The prostate gland and seminal vesicles also become larger and begin to function. Their active work is manifested in erections and wet dreams. The latter include involuntary ejaculation. This phenomenon is a normal physiological process and indicates that the functioning of the genital organs has begun.
External sexual characteristics
The transitional pubertal period in boys is manifested in increased hair growth in the groin area (wedge-shaped type), armpits and on the face. If a teenager has a female form of growth, then it is necessary to consult an endocrinologist. Changes in affect the voice of teenagers. Gradually it becomes rough and low. This is due to an increase in the size of the larynx and ossification of some of its sections. Under the influence of hormones, the smell of boys' sweat becomes sharper, the skin becomes oily, prone to acne. During this period, special attention must be paid to personal hygiene.
Musculoskeletal apparatus
The pubertal period in boys affects changes in the figure - the pelvis is slightly extended, remains narrow, and the shoulders become wider. Teenagers often look awkward as different tissues grow unevenly. The first to increase in size are the bones, the next are the muscles, and then the nerve fibers and blood vessels. In parallel with the growth of the skeleton and muscles, physical strength increases, which at first lags behind the development of muscles. Parts of the body develop inharmoniously, first the feet and hands are extended, then the limbs, and lastly the shape of the face and torso changes. The body is shortened, the lower jaw increases in size. The shape of the head is the least subject to change, since the skull and brain development precede the rest of maturation.
The main problems in boys are associated with temporary incoordination of movements. The phenomenon can be explained by an overestimation of one's own motor abilities, which is based on unusually large body sizes, stiffness is characteristic. Coordination is affected by the gradual increase in muscle strength. This sequence ensures the coordinated work of various muscle groups.
Psychological characteristics of teenagers
It is not easy for boys to go through puberty. Photos at this time, many do not want to show. The teenager looks awkward, with excessively long limbs, disproportionate. Often, guys begin to slouch to avoid attention to themselves. More self-confident teenagers begin to look for their own style in order to please the opposite sex. Often at this time, a teenager enters into sexual activity. Up to this point, it will be useful to discuss together all the consequences of promiscuity.
The most difficult on the way to adulthood is the puberty period in boys. Psychology describes the extremely unstable nervous system of adolescents. A teenager is accompanied by frequent mood swings, he can sink into depression because of a trifle, or he can react aggressively to a seemingly harmless joke. Teenagers are categorical in their opinion, they tend to act thoughtlessly, following the will of emotions. Physical and mental malaise is expressed in frequent whims and pugnacity. Boys can simultaneously experience hatred for the world around them and for themselves. To the contradictory state is added another attraction to forbidden actions. Puberty in boys is accompanied by feelings of loneliness and misunderstanding. Parents need to adhere to a special line of conduct in times of crisis, as one careless word can lead to unpleasant consequences.
The intellectual development of puberty boys is actively aimed at finding their place in society. A teenager strives for independence, criticizes many topics. During this period, the formation of character, perception of the world around, one's image and line of behavior takes place. The teenager is already able to abstract mental operations from objects, thinking reaches the phase of formal operations, so often he begins to reach for general formulas and theories. A teenager thinks about his own theories of happiness, politics, philosophy. During puberty, the boy begins to perceive the world in terms of ways to change it. He is trying to form his life program, depending on his chosen goal in the future. With her, a teenager enters the adult world, encountering obstacles on the way, gradually socializes.
The pubertal period in boys includes the active development of the imagination. Teenagers carefully guard their fantasies. There is a development of self-consciousness. The boy begins to look for the reasons for his behavior, analyzes the further development of actions. This neoplasm contributes to the understanding not only of oneself, but also of other people in the pubertal period in boys.
Age, psychology, crisis 13 years
This is a period of increased fatigue, reduced performance. Due to insufficient maturity, a teenager of thirteen cannot understand what is happening to him. Misunderstanding is expressed in increased excitability and motor restlessness. The upholding of one's independence, characteristic of this time, begins in the puberty period in boys. The age of the end of the crisis is fifteen years. At this transitional moment, increased resentment, irascibility, and sometimes demonstrative behavior are often manifested. Under the influence of hormones, boys are characterized by frequent mood swings and a violent outburst of emotions. For example, an hour ago he could cry because he was not bought a game, and now he is screaming and swearing at the fact that he is told to clean his room and does not remember the game. Bursts of increased motor activity are replaced by complete exhaustion, fatigue sets in quickly. With increased fatigue, a frequent complaint of parents about the "laziness" of their offspring is associated. Thirteen-year-old teenagers cannot do monotonous work, their attention and patience last for ten minutes. Efficiency and productivity of labor are sharply reduced, and the number of errors in actions increases. Basically, a negative phenomenon is associated with the restructuring of the propulsion system. Changes in functioning are also observed in the work of fine motor skills, which leads to a deterioration in handwriting. Sloppiness distinguishes puberty.
In boys, the age of thirteen is associated with the development of logical thinking, which is expressed in increased criticism. He does not take on faith the words of adults, requires evidence of their correctness. Boys begin to pay attention to their feelings and experiences, it is not uncommon for them to start writing poetry or keeping a diary at this age. One of the symptoms of the crisis of thirteen years is considered pronounced negativism. The phenomenon is associated with the desire to deny traditional views, the teenager becomes withdrawn, he can often be seen thoughtful.
premature maturation
In boys, this is quite rare. Usually the beginning of the maturation process is included in the standard framework. The earliest period of development is considered to be ten years, and the latest - fourteen. Boys, compared to their peers, have narrower shoulders and a wider pelvis. Prematurity is characterized by strong sexual urges during childhood. There are frequent cases when, along with this phenomenon, True premature puberty is found to be caused by three reasons: disorders in the work of the hypothalamus, the influence of past brain diseases, and an idiopathic form. Timely treatment is necessary, as children stop growing prematurely.
Later development
Boys with late onset of puberty have mostly long legs and a short torso. The main symptoms are the absence of pubic hair growth at the age of fifteen, as well as the absence of genitals by the age of thirteen. Delayed maturation can be caused by diseases associated with pathologies in the structure of chromosomes, for example, Klinefelter's syndrome. The presence of diabetes mellitus, anemia, renal failure, or the effect of tumor processes in the brain also affects. Affects the timeliness of development by reducing the stimulation of hormones. The cause of temporary deviations may be a hereditary factor. If one of the parents had delayed puberty, then the possibility of transferring developmental features increases.
hypothalamic syndrome
This disease occurs in boys during puberty quite often. This is an age-related restructuring of the body with a disorder in the work of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and other endocrine glands. in boys it usually develops by the age of sixteen. The development of the disease is affected by neuroinfections, stress, pathology of pregnancy, traumatic brain injury, changes in the functioning of the thyroid gland, radiation, and so on. Against the background of the syndrome, hyperproduction of corticosteroids and cortisol is noticeable. The latter causes a decrease in insulin sensitivity, which can lead to the development of diabetes mellitus and the formation of atherosclerosis. During the course of the disease, striae appear on the body - pink stripes.
Boys suffering from the syndrome begin to eat a lot in the evenings and at night, which is associated with the onset of work activity (vagus), which stimulates the work of insulin. Over time, obesity appears, the mammary glands increase. Patients drink a lot, complain of frequent headaches, get tired quickly. Hypothalamic syndrome of puberty in boys causes a decrease in academic performance, an increase in the manifestation of negative emotions. Because of the sharp attacks of others about their appearance, sufferers can become depressed.
Patients usually have high stature, fat limbs, a wide pelvis, a round puffy face. The skin is delicate, prone to sunburn. Hair is mostly prone to falling out, greasy. Patients with hypothalamic syndrome are distinguished by soft, tender hands, with long fingers and thin nails. With a decrease in thyroid function, drowsiness, a slow reaction, and chilliness are observed. Boys affected by the syndrome suffer from excessive sweating, hot flashes, nausea, fever, and so on.
One form of hypothalamic syndrome is juvenile basophilism. With the disease, obesity, enlargement of the mammary glands, high growth compared with peers are noted. Puberty can be either premature or delayed. In the first case, the boys are hypersexual, prone to early sexual intercourse.
Under the influence of stress, the syndrome can worsen and lead to various crises. Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, gynecomastia, peripheral atherosclerosis may develop. With timely treatment, in most cases recovery is observed. The syndrome usually regresses with age. With a decrease in body weight, striae turn white and become inconspicuous. With proper correction, all symptoms disappear by the age of 20-25.
Diseases of puberty
One of the most common diseases is osteochondropathy. The negative phenomenon is associated with a lack of calcium in fast-growing bones. Due to the deficiency of an important element, adolescents complain of pain in the knees and ankles. Problems bring and excess calcium. It can be deposited in the kidneys in the form of salts, which leads to urolithiasis or pyelonephritis.
Problems with the functioning of the adrenal glands can begin during puberty in boys. Diseases associated with these disorders lead to the development of hypertension and early atherosclerosis. The work of the adrenal glands is also reflected in cardiac activity. In case of violations, arrhythmia, sharp fluctuations in blood pressure, and headaches may occur. During puberty, disturbances in the endocrine system may occur. The reason for contacting an endocrinologist is mainly precocious sexual development or its delay. During the examination, violations may not be detected, then the teenager and parents should be patient.
During puberty, two more opposite diseases occur - pubertal obesity and malnutrition. In the first case, there is an excessive deposition of fat on the abdomen, thighs. A suffering teenager is characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative, prefers a sedentary lifestyle. Sexual development is usually normal, growth is average or above average. The cause of obesity lies in the activity of the basophilic elements of the anterior pituitary gland. Usually the disease does not require special treatment, but examination and observation is mandatory. With regard to pubertal exhaustion, the disease is also associated with a disorder of the pituitary gland and is more characteristic of girls.
Finally
In addition to somatic diseases, psychological disorders can also develop during puberty in boys. Age, signs of disease are different. Often the impetus for the development of the disorder is an overly critical attitude of a teenager towards himself, his appearance, as well as an increased sensitivity to ridicule. For example, depersonalization disorder is associated with anxiety about changes in the body. A teenager experiences a feeling of alienation, anxiety due, for example, to an enlarged hand. There are doubts about the veracity of sensations, sometimes in the reality of one's own personality. Teenagers describe their condition as if all actions are taking place in a dream, sounds are heard muffled. This is connected with the development of certain rituals to make sure of the reality of their existence. Another disorder associated with changes in the perception of the environment is derealization. In this case, people are perceived as inanimate objects, and the sizes and shapes of objects are distorted. The condition is characterized by depression, obsessive thoughts, fears, memory impairment.
Changes in the body can lead to the development of complexes and even to a crisis state. So, the disease dysmorphophobia is expressed in an obsessive fear of a defect in appearance (apparent or imaginary). The sufferer begins to lead a secluded life, carefully disguises the shortcoming. The teenager is in a depressed state, constantly dissatisfied with his appearance. The disorder can lead to deliberate harm to one's body in order to get rid of the defect on one's own.
Despite the desire of adolescents for independence, for open negativism, disobedience, and sometimes aggression, they remain children even in puberty. In boys, age, the psychology of behavior are interrelated. But every teenager needs to be listened to and correctly perceived his problems. With a joint decision with parents, the difficulties of deplorable consequences can be avoided. The family should forever remain a safe place where a teenager can take a break from adversity and be accepted for who he is. It should be remembered that during puberty, most diseases, both physical and psychological, can be prevented or cured without much effort. To do this, you need to be attentive to what the boy tells about himself, to monitor his behavior.
There comes a time when the child becomes an adult. This happens to all people and contributes to changes not only in appearance, but also in the psycho-emotional state. This period is called puberty. Our brain sends signals to the sex glands, and the body changes. Little girls and boys differ from each other only in the genitals, but during puberty everything changes. Each of them has its own secondary sexual characteristics, and then comes puberty.
Numerous facts testify that at this time fertility is achieved and the person is ready for procreation. But all these processes are greatly influenced by genetic and sometimes environmental factors. At this time, secondary sexual characteristics appear, and the body experiences rapid growth. In addition, new diseases may appear or old ones intensify. Girls have been found to mature earlier than boys, and this has always been the case.
Age of puberty
Both sexes begin to mature at different times. If in girls it starts somewhere at 10-14 years old, then in boys at 12-16. But this does not happen everywhere, in some places girls begin to grow up from the age of 9, but boys later by 2-3 years. By the age of 16-17, a person matures completely and is ready for procreation.
Modern girls reach puberty earlier than their predecessors. And this is not surprising, because much has changed in life, including nutrition. All this affected the timing of puberty. If at the beginning of the twentieth century the onset of puberty in girls occurred at 15 years old, today it happens at 12 years old.
Causes of puberty
It is impossible to name the exact date of the onset of puberty. Earlier its onset, compared with previous generations, is associated with fat mass. In the current generation, it is higher, so they mature earlier, according to some researchers.
Leptin, acting on the hypothalamus, causes the pituitary gland to release hormones responsible for sexual development. This was revealed as a result of experiments, when animals were deficient in leptin, the onset of puberty slowed down in them.
Sex education also depends on genetic factors. A person does not have a gene responsible for the onset of puberty.
How will the body of both sexes change
All changes do not occur in one year, but on average over 3-4 years. At this time, boys and girls grow intensively and can reach the height of an adult. But the limbs will begin to grow even earlier. Girls have a rapid growth spurt, followed by menstruation. Boys will begin to grow like this only after two years.
This period begins with the rapid growth of bones, the bone tissue becomes denser. First, the width of the bone increases, and then their mineralization occurs, the density increases. But growth occurs unevenly, first the arms and legs grow in length, and then the torso. At this time, the risk of fractures increases in adolescents, as the bones grow gradually and by that time the bone density is still incomplete. In addition, uneven growth can lead to the fact that adolescents will have clumsiness, angularity.
Many teenagers begin to suffer from this, but do not worry, by the end of puberty it will pass. It is necessary to form a correct posture in a teenager so that in the future he does not have problems with the spine.
With the achievement of puberty, the weight of both sexes also changes. But girls have more body fat than boys. In boys, muscles begin to grow at this time, and there are much more of them than in girls.
The cardiovascular system fully matures, which has a huge impact on other organs. At this age, adolescents, especially boys, may develop blood pressure, the number of blood cells increases. However, the body begins to function better, strength and endurance appear. Moreover, boys in this regard show better results than girls.
Androgens contribute to the changes in which hair grows in the armpits, the smell of sweat also changes under the influence of fatty acids. The skin becomes more oily and may develop acne. These changes occur in both sexes.
Early and late puberty
If puberty begins earlier than usual, then doctors call it early. Many medical professionals disagree on when at what period puberty can start to occur. If the chest began to change and pubic hair began to grow before the age of 6-7 years, then this is undoubtedly precocious puberty.
When boys under the age of 9 show signs of puberty, early puberty occurs. But in many ways, premature puberty occurs under the influence of some psychological problems. The child's psyche can react sharply to various kinds of difficulties.
It must be said that earlier puberty in boys is quite rare, in girls more often. And it is not always the presence of any disease that contributes to this. Boys begin to grow up much earlier than they should, most often from a medical problem. In early sexual development, hormonal disorders, problems in the functioning of the thyroid gland, genetics, and brain injuries are most often to blame.
To slow down this process, it is necessary to cure the underlying disease, take various hormonal drugs.
When girls don't have breast enlargement by the age of 13 and boys don't develop testicles, it's late puberty. Perhaps this is due to a hereditary factor and after some time the puberty will still begin. But various chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, can be to blame for this.
If the pituitary gland, the thyroid gland does not work correctly, then most often there is a delay in sexual development. In some cases, malnutrition is to blame. Some girls have an insufficient supply of fat, which is necessary for the onset of puberty. Children who play sports may also experience delayed sexual development.
Signs of puberty
The voice of the boys changes significantly, it becomes much lower. And the hormone called androgen is to blame. All this happens in a short period of time. But voice change can be unstable and will only end by age 15.
Other signs of puberty are pubic hair growth, testicular enlargement. The figure under the influence of androgen and testosterone hormones becomes more masculine. Bones become heavier, muscles appear. After the secondary sexual characteristics have formed, boys may notice the release of sperm. Usually they cannot control it and it most often happens at night. The fact is that the penis grows and causes such a reaction of the body. Boys usually reach full fertility by the age of 14-16.
Consider puberty in girls. Their mammary glands first increase, but this happens gradually. From this begins their puberty, two years after that, the breasts will acquire a mature size. This is followed by pubic hair growth.
During this period, the formation of the reproductive system occurs, the ovaries and uterus grow, the formation of follicles begins. Two years after the onset of secondary sexual characteristics, girls start menstruating, but it is still irregular. After the appearance of menstruation, a girl can give birth and bear a child, but conception is still limited.
The body changes, these processes are influenced by estrogens. The pelvis becomes wider. The fat mass also increases, it covers mainly the mammary glands, buttocks, shoulders, pubis.
Everyone goes through puberty differently. Many boys and girls worry too much if their peers have grown up and they haven't. For some, puberty begins earlier, for others it occurs later, so do not worry about this.
During this period, a person has a hard time, especially in an emotional state, since many changes in the body cause problems and cause shame. Adults during this period should provide support so as not to cause more problems in psychosexual development in the future. Adults should prepare them for these problems by telling them exactly what is going on in their bodies.
Parents should pay more attention to teenage children and it is important to teach them to be attentive to their health, eat right, play sports. This will help them in later life.
