First aid measures include: The full volume of first medical aid includes the implementation of urgent and measures that can be delayed. For theoretical lessons

1. Measures to assess the situation and ensure a safe environment for first aid:

1) identification of threatening factors for one's own life and health;

2) determination of threatening factors for the life and health of the victim;

3) elimination of threatening factors for life and health;

4) termination of the effect of damaging factors on the victim;

5) assessment of the number of victims;

6) removal of the victim from the vehicle or other hard-to-reach places;

7) movement of the victim.

Calling an ambulance, other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid.

Determination of the presence of consciousness in the victim.

4. Measures to restore the patency of the respiratory tract and determine the signs of life in the victim:

2) extension of the lower jaw;

3) determining the presence of breathing with the help of hearing, sight and touch;

4) determination of the presence of blood circulation, checking the pulse on the main arteries.

5. Measures to conduct cardiopulmonary resuscitation before the appearance of signs of life:

1) pressure with hands on the chest of the victim;

2) artificial respiration "Mouth to mouth";

3) artificial respiration "Mouth to nose";

4) artificial respiration using a device for artificial respiration

6. Measures to maintain airway patency:

1) giving a stable lateral position;

3) extension of the lower jaw.

7. Measures for a general examination of the victim and a temporary stop of external bleeding:

1) general examination of the victim for the presence of bleeding;

2) digital pressure of the artery;

3) application of a tourniquet;

4) maximum flexion of the limb in the joint;

5) direct pressure on the wound;

6) applying a pressure bandage.

8. Measures for a detailed examination of the victim in order to identify signs of injuries, poisoning and other conditions that threaten his life and health, and to provide first aid in case of detection of these conditions:

1-6) examination of the head, neck, chest, back, abdomen, pelvis, limbs;

7) applying bandages for injuries of various areas of the body, including occlusive (sealing) for chest wounds;

8) carrying out immobilization (using improvised means, auto-immobilization, using medical devices);

9) fixation of the cervical spine (manually, with improvised means, using medical products);

10) termination of exposure to hazardous chemicals on the victim (gastric lavage by taking water and inducing vomiting, removal from the damaged surface and washing the damaged surface with running water);

11) local cooling in case of injuries, thermal burns and other effects of high temperatures or thermal radiation;

12) thermal insulation during frostbite and other effects of exposure to low temperatures.

Giving the victim the optimal position of the body.

Monitoring the victim's condition (consciousness, breathing, blood circulation) and providing psychological support.

Transfer of the victim to the ambulance team, other special services, whose employees are required to provide first aid in accordance with federal law or with a special rule.

General principles of first aid reflect the most important requirements that must be taken into account when providing first aid to victims in various situations:

First aid actions should be determined by the actual situation;

It is necessary to ensure the safety of those who provide first aid;

It is necessary to use improvised means to provide the greatest possible first aid;

The provision of first aid should be combined with simultaneous preparation for evacuation;

It is necessary to constantly monitor the victims before and during their evacuation to medical facilities.

List of first aid measures in a specific setting depends on damaging factors acting on a person and received damage.

In catastrophes with a predominance of mechanical (dynamic) damaging factors first aid measures include:

ª extraction of victims from under rubble, destroyed shelters, shelters;

ª Finding out if the victim is alive;

ª giving a physiologically advantageous position to the victim;

ª restoration of airway patency and mechanical ventilation;

ª closed (indirect) heart massage;

ª temporary stop of external bleeding by all available methods;

ª the introduction of painkillers using a syringe tube;

ª application of an aseptic dressing on a wound or a burn surface and an occlusive dressing for penetrating chest wounds using a sterile rubberized envelope of an individual dressing package (PPI);

ª immobilization of limbs in case of bone fractures and crushing of soft tissues;

ª fixation of the body to the shield or board in case of spinal injuries;

ª Giving a plentiful warm drink (in the absence of vomiting and trauma to the abdominal organs) with the addition of 1 teaspoon of baking soda and 1 teaspoon of table salt per 1 liter of liquid.

In the lesions with a predominance of thermal factors In addition to the activities listed above, there are:

ª extinguishing burning clothes;

ª application of an aseptic dressing;

ª covering the victim with a clean sheet;

ª warming the victim and giving painkillers.

In case of accidents with the release of AOHC into the environment in the order of first aid is carried out:

ª protection of the respiratory organs, eyesight and skin from direct exposure to AOHB by using personal protective equipment, cotton-gauze bandages, covering the face with wet gauze, a scarf, a towel, etc.;

ª administration of an antidote;

ª prompt removal of the affected from the zone of infection;

ª partial sanitization of exposed parts of the body (washing with running water and soap, 2% solution of drinking soda);

ª partial special processing of clothing, footwear, protective equipment, etc.;

ª removal of respiratory protective equipment;

ª giving an optimal body position;

ª access to fresh air;

ª if AOXB enters the stomach - drink plenty of water in order to wash the stomach in a tubeless way, sorbents;

ª Follow up on casualties until medical assistance arrives.

During radiation accidents first aid includes:

ª taking measures to stop the flow of radioactive substances into the body with inhaled air, water, food (use of personal protective equipment, cotton-gauze bandages, etc.);

ª termination of external irradiation of those affected by their fastest evacuation outside the territory contaminated with radioactive substances or into collective protective equipment;

ª the use of means of prevention and relief of the primary reaction from the first-aid kit of an individual AI-2;

ª partial sanitization of exposed skin areas;

ª removal of radioactive substances from clothing and footwear.

With mass infectious diseases in the foci of bacteriological (biological) infection, first aid includes:

ª use of improvised and (or) personal protective equipment;

ª active detection and isolation of feverish patients suspected of having an infectious disease;

ª use of emergency non-specific prophylaxis;

ª carrying out partial or complete special processing.

When providing first aid, the means included in the individual first aid kit, sanitary bag will be used: painkillers, radioprotectors, antidotes, antibiotics, etc.

First aid- a set of medical measures aimed at maintaining the vital functions of the body of the affected, preventing serious complications and preparing for evacuation.

It turns out to be paramedical personnel - paramedics, obstetricians, nurses using standard equipment.

Her appointment :

ª combating life-threatening disorders (asphyxia, bleeding, shock, etc.);

ª protection of wounds from secondary infection ;

ª monitoring the correctness of first aid and correcting its shortcomings;

ª prevention of the development of subsequent complications;

ª preparation of the affected for further evacuation.

The optimal time for providing pre-hospital medical care is the first 20-30 minutes after receiving a lesion (Platinum half an hour). The real time of arrival of an ambulance team of paramedics or an object formation (medical unit, medical center).

In addition to first aid, first aid includes:

Ø - ensuring the personal safety of personnel;

Ø - conducting an initial examination of the victim;

Ø - control of the correctness of first aid;

Ø - suction of blood, mucus and vomit from their upper respiratory tract using a manual aspirator;

Ø - the introduction of the oral, nasal air duct, (S-shaped tube, combi-tube);

Ø - cricothyroid puncture with persistent obstruction of the upper respiratory tract;

Ø - performing a conicotomy by an experienced paramedic using a conicotome;

Ø - artificial ventilation of the lungs with a manual breathing apparatus of the "AMBU" type;

Ø - conducting an indirect heart massage;

Ø - control of stopping external bleeding, additional use of standard equipment;

Ø - venous access using a peripheral catheter (diameter - not less than 1.0 mm);

Ø - conducting adequate infusion therapy with crystalloid solutions;

Ø - the introduction of painkillers and cardiovascular drugs;

Ø - the introduction and ingestion of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, sedative, anticonvulsant and antiemetic drugs;

Ø - carrying out infusion and detoxification therapy for severe hemodynamic disorders and intoxications;

Ø - taking sorbents, antidotes, etc.;

Ø - respiratory support;

Ø - control of dressings and, if necessary, their correction;

Ø - improvement of transport immobilization;

Ø - warming the victims;

Ø - upon admission of victims from foci that pose a danger to others (radiation, chemical, biological) - decontamination (partial sanitization).

First aid- a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures performed by doctors of ambulance teams, medical and nursing teams and general practitioners at the first stage of medical evacuation in order to eliminate the consequences of a lesion that directly threaten the life of the affected person, to prevent the development of dangerous complications (asphyxia, shock, wound infection) or reducing their severity and preparing the affected for further evacuation.

The optimal time for first aid is 30 minutes - 1 hour (Golden Hour of Disaster Medicine) after receiving a lesion. The provision of this type of assistance is necessarily carried out simultaneously with medical triage.

When a significant number of patients are admitted to the pre-hospital stage, a situation is created when it is not possible to provide full first aid to all those in need in a timely manner (within acceptable time limits). Taking into account these circumstances, the measures of first medical aid are divided into two groups according to the urgency of rendering:

Ø urgent measures ;

Ø activities that may be involuntarily delayed or provided at the next stage .

Urgent measures include measures that must be performed at the first stage of medical evacuation, where first medical aid is provided. Failure to comply with this requirement threatens the affected person with death or a high probability of a serious complication.

Urgent measures:

Ø elimination of all types of asphyxia (suction of mucus, blood and vomit from the upper respiratory tract, tracheo- and conicotomy, introduction of an air duct, stitching and fixation of the tongue, clipping or suturing of hanging flaps of the soft palate and lateral parts of the pharynx, conicotomy or tracheostomy according to indications, overlay valve occlusive dressing for open pneumothorax, puncture of the pleural cavity or thoracocentesis for tension pneumothorax, artificial ventilation of the lungs);

Ø temporary stop of external bleeding (clamping on a bleeding vessel, suturing the vessel in the wound, tight tamponade of the wound);

Ø a set of anti-shock measures (transfusion of blood substitutes, novocaine blockades, administration of painkillers and cardiovascular drugs);

Ø cutting off a limb segment hanging on a flap of soft tissues with incomplete detachments;

Ø catheterization (capillary puncture) of the bladder with urinary retention;

Ø Carrying out decontamination measures aimed at eliminating the desorption of toxic substances from clothing and allowing you to remove the gas mask from the affected, coming from the focus of chemical damage;

Ø the introduction of antidotes, the use of anticonvulsants, bronchodilators and antiemetics;

Ø degassing (decontamination) of the wound when contaminated with persistent chemical (radioactive) substances with a change of dressing;

Ø probe gastric lavage in case of chemical (radioactive) substances entering the stomach;

Ø the use of antitoxic serum in case of poisoning with bacterial toxins and non-specific prevention of infectious diseases;

Ø seroprophylaxis of tetanus in open injuries and burns;

Ø analgesia;

Ø transport immobilization by personnel means.

Postponed events:

Ø elimination of deficiencies in first medical and first aid (correction of dressings, improvement of transport immobilization) that do not threaten the development of shock;

Ø carrying out novocaine blockades for moderately severe injuries without shock phenomena;

Ø antibiotic injections;

Ø introduction of tranquilizers and neuroleptics;

Ø the appointment of various symptomatic agents for conditions that do not pose a threat to the life of the affected person.

Reducing the volume of first medical care is carried out by refusing to perform activities of the second group.

In emergency situations, when there is a massive amount of sanitary losses and when the medical evacuation stage, intended for first medical aid, is overwhelmed, at this stage, assistance will be provided in the amount of pre-medical assistance.

Depending on the actual conditions of the situation and the capabilities of medical personnel, in some cases, at the first stage of medical evacuation, the provision of first medical aid can be combined with the use of elements of qualified medical care.

Qualified medical care- a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures aimed at eliminating the severe, life-threatening consequences of injuries, lesions and diseases, preventing the development of probable complications and preparing for evacuation as directed.

It turns out at the second stage (hospital) by general specialists - surgeons, therapists (respectively qualified surgical and qualified therapeutic medical care ) in medical units and institutions with the aim of saving the life of the affected, eliminating the consequences of lesions, preventing the development of complications, combating already developed complications.

Emergency qualified assistance it turns out, as a rule, with lesions that pose an immediate threat to life in the coming hours. If they are not performed in time, the likelihood of death or extremely serious complications increases significantly. When restoring the vital functions of the affected, urgent surgical intervention is the main resuscitation measure and is carried out immediately without preoperative preparation. The operation is preceded only by tracheal intubation, the connection of a ventilator and catheterization of the subclavian or femoral vein.

There are three volumes skilled surgical care .

1. According to vital indications- carried out with a large flow of victims; it includes performing only emergency operations and anti-shock measures.

2. Abbreviated- includes the implementation of urgent and urgent surgical interventions, anti-shock measures. In catastrophes with mass casualties, as well as in a special period (local wars and armed conflicts), a reduced amount of assistance is most typical.

3. Full- includes the implementation of urgent, urgent and delayed operations, anti-shock measures. Its execution is an exception, carried out only with a significant delay in evacuation.

Events qualified therapeutic help divided into urgent measures and activities that can be delayed.

Specialized medical care- a complex of therapeutic and preventive measures performed by medical specialists in specialized medical institutions or departments that have special medical and diagnostic equipment and equipment. Profiling of medical institutions can be carried out by giving them teams of specialized medical care with appropriate medical equipment.

In general, the first 3 types of medical care ( first, pre-medical, first medical ) decide similar tasks , namely:

ª elimination of phenomena that threaten the life of the affected or sick person at the moment;

ª taking measures that eliminate and reduce the possibility of occurrence (development) of severe complications;

ª implementation of measures to ensure the evacuation of the injured and sick without a significant deterioration in their condition.

However, differences in the qualifications of the personnel providing these types of medical care, the equipment used and working conditions determine significant differences in the list of activities performed.

Within the framework of each type of medical care, in accordance with specific medical and tactical conditions, a certain list of therapeutic and preventive measures is envisaged. This list is volume of medical care - a set of therapeutic and preventive measures of a certain type of medical care performed at the stages of medical evacuation or in medical institutions in accordance with the prevailing general and medical situation .

In this way, volume of medical care both in the lesion focus and at the stages of medical evacuation is not constant and may vary depending on the situation.

If in specific conditions all activities of this type of medical care are carried out, then it is considered that volume of medical care full.

If, however, in relation to some group of those affected in the lesion and at the stage of medical evacuation, it is not possible to perform certain therapeutic and preventive measures, it provides for the refusal to perform measures that can be delayed, and usually includes the implementation of urgent measures, then volume of medical care called abbreviated.

Depending on the type and scale of the emergency, the number of those injured and the nature of their injuries, the availability of medical forces and means, the state of territorial and departmental health care, the distance from the emergency area of ​​hospital-type medical institutions capable of performing the full range of specialized medical care and their capabilities, different medical care options injured in emergencies:

Rendering to the injured before their evacuation to hospital-type medical institutions only first or pre-medical care;

Providing the injured before their evacuation to hospital-type medical institutions and first medical aid;

Provision of qualified medical care to the injured before their evacuation to hospital-type medical institutions and urgent measures.

Before the evacuation of the injured to hospital-type medical institutions in all cases must be fulfilled measures to eliminate life-threatening conditions at the moment, prevent various serious complications and ensure transportation without a significant deterioration in their condition .

First aid is a set of urgent measures aimed at saving a person's life. An accident, a sharp attack of illness, poisoning - in these and other emergencies, competent first aid is needed.

According to the law, first aid is not medical - it is provided before the arrival of doctors or the delivery of the victim to the hospital. First aid can be provided by anyone who is at a critical moment next to the victim. For some categories of citizens, first aid is an official duty. We are talking about police officers, traffic police and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military personnel, firefighters.

The ability to provide first aid is an elementary but very important skill. He can save someone's life. Here are 10 basic first aid skills.

First aid algorithm

In order not to get confused and competently provide first aid, it is important to follow the following sequence of actions:

1. Make sure that when giving first aid you are not in danger and you do not endanger yourself.
2. Ensure the safety of the victim and others (for example, remove the victim from a burning car).
3. Check for signs of life (pulse, breathing, pupillary reaction to light) and consciousness in the victim. To check for breathing, you need to tilt the victim's head back, bend over to his mouth and nose and try to hear or feel breathing. To detect the pulse, it is necessary to attach the fingertips to the carotid artery of the victim. To assess consciousness, it is necessary (if possible) to take the victim by the shoulders, shake gently and ask a question.
4. Call specialists:, from the city - 03 (ambulance) or 01 (rescuers).
5. Provide emergency first aid. Depending on the situation, this may be:
   • restoration of airway patency;
   • cardiopulmonary resuscitation;
   • stop bleeding and other measures.
6. Provide the victim with physical and psychological comfort, wait for the arrival of specialists.

Artificial respiration

Artificial lung ventilation (ALV) is the introduction of air (or oxygen) into the respiratory tract of a person in order to restore natural ventilation of the lungs. Refers to elementary resuscitation measures.

Typical situations requiring IVL:

• car accident;
• accident on the water
• electric shock and others.

There are various ways of IVL. Mouth-to-mouth and mouth-to-nose artificial respiration is considered the most effective in providing first aid to a non-specialist.

If natural respiration is not detected during examination of the victim, it is necessary to immediately carry out artificial ventilation of the lungs.

mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration technique

1. Ensure patency of the upper airway. Turn the head of the victim to one side and use your finger to remove mucus, blood, foreign objects from the oral cavity. Check the victim's nasal passages, clean them if necessary.
2. Tilt the victim's head back while holding the neck with one hand.
   

   Do not change the position of the head of the victim with a spinal injury!

3. Place a tissue, handkerchief, piece of cloth, or gauze over the victim's mouth to protect yourself from infections. Pinch the victim's nose with your thumb and forefinger. Inhale deeply, press your lips tightly against the victim's mouth. Exhale into the victim's lungs.
   

   The first 5–10 breaths should be fast (20–30 seconds), then 12–15 breaths per minute.

4. Watch the movement of the victim's chest. If the victim's chest rises when inhaling air, then you are doing everything right.

Indirect cardiac massage

If there is no pulse along with breathing, it is necessary to do an indirect heart massage.

An indirect (closed) heart massage, or chest compression, is the compression of the muscles of the heart between the sternum and the spine in order to maintain the circulation of a person during cardiac arrest. Refers to elementary resuscitation measures.

Attention! It is impossible to carry out a closed heart massage in the presence of a pulse.

Chest Compression Technique

1. Lay the victim down on a flat, hard surface. Do not perform chest compressions on a bed or other soft surfaces.
2. Determine the location of the affected xiphoid process. The xiphoid process is the shortest and narrowest part of the sternum, its end.
3. Measure 2-4 cm upward from the xiphoid process - this is the point of compression.
4. Place the base of your palm on the compression point. In this case, the thumb should point either to the chin or to the stomach of the victim, depending on the location of the resuscitator. Place the other hand on top of one hand, fold your fingers into the lock. Pressing is carried out strictly with the base of the palm - your fingers should not come into contact with the victim's sternum.
5. Perform rhythmic chest thrusts strongly, smoothly, strictly vertically, with the weight of the upper half of your body. Frequency - 100-110 pressures per minute. In this case, the chest should bend by 3-4 cm.
   

   For infants, indirect heart massage is performed with the index and middle fingers of one hand. Teenagers - the palm of one hand.

If mechanical ventilation is performed simultaneously with closed heart massage, every two breaths should alternate with 30 chest compressions.

If, during resuscitation, the victim regains breathing or a pulse appears, stop first aid and lay the person on his side, putting his hand under his head. Keep an eye on his condition until paramedics arrive.

Heimlich maneuver

When food or foreign bodies get into the trachea, it becomes blocked (fully or partially) - the person suffocates.

Signs of airway obstruction:

• Lack of complete breathing. If the windpipe is not completely blocked, the person coughs; if completely - holds on to the throat.
• Inability to speak.
• Blueness of the skin of the face, swelling of the vessels of the neck.

Airway clearance is most often performed using the Heimlich method.

1. Stand behind the victim.
2. Grab it with your hands, clasping them into a lock, just above the navel, under the costal arch.
3. Strongly press on the victim's abdomen, sharply bending your elbows.
   

   Do not apply pressure to the victim's chest, except for pregnant women who apply pressure to the lower chest.

4. Repeat this several times until the airways are clear.

If the victim has lost consciousness and fallen, lay him on his back, sit on his hips and with both hands press on the costal arches.

To remove foreign bodies from the child's respiratory tract, turn him on his stomach and pat 2-3 times between the shoulder blades. Be very careful. Even if the baby coughs quickly, see a doctor for a medical examination.

Bleeding

Bleeding control is a measure to stop blood loss. When providing first aid, we are talking about stopping external bleeding. Depending on the type of vessel, capillary, venous and arterial bleeding is distinguished.

Stopping capillary bleeding is carried out by applying an aseptic bandage, and also, if the arms or legs are injured, by raising the limbs above the level of the body.

With venous bleeding, a pressure bandage is applied. To do this, tamponade of the wound is performed: gauze is applied to the wound, several layers of cotton wool are placed on top of it (if there is no cotton wool - a clean towel), and bandaged tightly. The veins squeezed by such a bandage quickly thrombose, and the bleeding stops. If the pressure bandage gets wet, apply firm pressure with the palm of your hand.

To stop arterial bleeding, the artery must be clamped.

Artery Clamping Technique: Firmly press the artery with your fingers or fist against the underlying bone formations.

Arteries are easily accessible for palpation, so this method is very effective. However, it requires physical strength from the first aid provider.

If the bleeding does not stop after applying a tight bandage and pressing on the artery, apply a tourniquet. Remember that this is a last resort when other methods fail.

Technique for applying a hemostatic tourniquet

1. Apply a tourniquet to clothing or a soft pad just above the wound.
2. Tighten the tourniquet and check the pulsation of the vessels: the bleeding should stop, and the skin below the tourniquet should turn pale.
3. Put a bandage on the wound.
4. Record the exact time the tourniquet was applied.

A tourniquet can be applied to the limbs for a maximum of 1 hour. After its expiration, the tourniquet must be loosened for 10-15 minutes. If necessary, you can tighten again, but no more than 20 minutes.

fractures

A fracture is a break in the integrity of a bone. The fracture is accompanied by severe pain, sometimes - fainting or shock, bleeding. There are open and closed fractures. The first is accompanied by a wound of soft tissues, bone fragments are sometimes visible in the wound.

Fracture First Aid Technique

1. Assess the severity of the victim's condition, determine the location of the fracture.
2. If there is bleeding, stop it.
3. Determine whether it is possible to move the victim before the arrival of specialists.
   

   Do not carry the victim and do not change his position in case of spinal injuries!

4. Ensure the immobility of the bone in the fracture area - perform immobilization. To do this, it is necessary to immobilize the joints located above and below the fracture.
5. Put on a tire. As a tire, you can use flat sticks, boards, rulers, rods, etc. The tire must be tightly, but not tightly fixed with bandages or plaster.

With a closed fracture, immobilization is performed over clothing. With an open fracture, you can not apply a splint to places where the bone protrudes outward.

burns

A burn is damage to body tissues caused by high temperatures or chemicals. Burns vary in degrees as well as types of damage. According to the last reason, burns are distinguished:

• thermal (flame, hot liquid, steam, hot objects);
• chemical (alkalis, acids);
• electrical;
• radiation (light and ionizing radiation);
• combined.

In case of burns, the first step is to eliminate the effect of the damaging factor (fire, electric current, boiling water, and so on).

Then, in case of thermal burns, the affected area should be freed from clothing (gently, without tearing off, but cutting off the adhering tissue around the wound) and, for the purpose of disinfection and anesthesia, irrigate it with a water-alcohol solution (1/1) or vodka.

Do not use oily ointments and greasy creams - fats and oils do not reduce pain, do not disinfect the burn, and do not promote healing.

Then irrigate the wound with cold water, apply a sterile dressing and apply ice. Also, give the victim warm salted water.

To speed up the healing of minor burns, use sprays with dexpanthenol. If the burn covers an area of ​​more than one palm, be sure to consult a doctor.

Fainting

Fainting is a sudden loss of consciousness due to a temporary disruption of cerebral blood flow. In other words, it is a signal to the brain that it lacks oxygen.

It is important to distinguish between ordinary and epileptic syncope. The first is usually preceded by nausea and dizziness.

The fainting state is characterized by the fact that a person rolls his eyes, becomes covered with cold sweat, his pulse weakens, his limbs become cold.

Typical situations of fainting:

• fright,
• excitement,
• stuffiness and others.

If the person faints, put him in a comfortable horizontal position and provide fresh air (unbutton clothes, loosen belt, open windows and doors). Sprinkle cold water on the face of the victim, pat him on the cheeks. If you have a first-aid kit on hand, give a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to sniff.

If consciousness does not return for 3-5 minutes, call an ambulance immediately.

When the victim comes to, give him strong tea or coffee.

Drowning and sunstroke

Drowning is the entry of water into the lungs and airways, which can lead to death.

First aid for drowning

1. Remove the victim from the water.
   

   A drowning man grabs everything that comes to hand. Be careful: swim up to him from behind, hold him by the hair or armpits, keeping your face above the surface of the water.

2. Lay the victim on his knee with his head down.
3. Clear the oral cavity of foreign bodies (mucus, vomit, algae).
4. Check for signs of life.
5. In the absence of a pulse and breathing, immediately start mechanical ventilation and chest compressions.
6. After the restoration of breathing and cardiac activity, lay the victim on his side, cover him and ensure comfort until the arrival of paramedics.

In the summer, sunstroke is also a danger. Sunstroke is a brain disorder caused by prolonged exposure to the sun.

Symptoms:

• headache,
• weakness,
• noise in ears,
• nausea,
• vomit.

If the victim is still exposed to the sun, his temperature rises, shortness of breath appears, sometimes he even loses consciousness.

Therefore, when providing first aid, first of all, it is necessary to transfer the victim to a cool, ventilated place. Then release him from clothes, loosen the belt, undress. Place a cold, wet towel on his head and neck. Let me smell the ammonia. Give artificial respiration if necessary.

In case of sunstroke, the victim should be given plenty of cool, slightly salted water (drink often, but in small sips).

Causes of frostbite - high humidity, frost, wind, immobility. Aggravates the condition of the victim, as a rule, alcohol intoxication.

Symptoms:

• feeling cold;
• tingling in the frost-bitten part of the body;
• then - numbness and loss of sensation.

First aid for frostbite

1. Keep the victim warm.
2. Take off any cold or wet clothing.
3. Do not rub the victim with snow or a cloth - this will only injure the skin.
4. Wrap the frostbitten area of ​​the body.
5. Give the victim hot sweet drink or hot food.

Poisoning

Poisoning is a disorder of the body's vital functions that has arisen due to the ingress of poison or toxin into it. Depending on the type of toxin, poisoning is distinguished:

• carbon monoxide,
• pesticides,
• alcohol
• drugs,
• food and others.

First aid measures depend on the nature of the poisoning. The most common food poisoning is accompanied by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In this case, the victim is recommended to take 3-5 grams of activated charcoal every 15 minutes for an hour, drink plenty of water, refrain from eating and be sure to consult a doctor.

In addition, accidental or intentional drug poisoning and alcohol intoxication are common.

In these cases, first aid consists of the following steps:

1. Rinse the victim's stomach. To do this, make him drink several glasses of salted water (for 1 liter - 10 g of salt and 5 g of soda). After 2-3 glasses, induce vomiting in the victim. Repeat these steps until the vomit is "clean".
   

   Gastric lavage is possible only if the victim is conscious.

2. Dissolve 10-20 tablets of activated charcoal in a glass of water, let the victim drink it.
3. Wait for the specialists to arrive.

Every person should know how to give first aid to those who need it. We are not talking about a full medical understanding of certain difficulties associated with various types of diseases.

But with the most common types of symptoms of diseases, injuries, burns and other injuries, it is simply necessary to be able to provide first aid.

First aid

We bring to your attention a brief guide from the area. With simple instructions and graphic images, it will be easy for you to remember how to help someone who is on the verge of life and death.

Of course, after one reading, it will be difficult for you to remember all the nuances. After all, first aid has its own specifics.

However, rereading this post at least once in a certain period of time, we can confidently say that you will be a trained rescuer in all the cases described below.

If you are not reading this article for educational purposes, but in order to take advantage of advice in specific circumstances, use the table of contents to quickly jump to the desired item.

First aid

First aid is the only way you can help someone in need. We, as in all textbooks, give standard cases as examples.

An educated individual simply must know these rules without fail.

Bleeding

General questions about bleeding

If a person looks pale, feels chills and dizzy, what is it?

This means that he is immersed in a state of shock. Call an ambulance immediately.

Is it possible to become infected with some kind of infection through contact with the blood of a patient?

If possible, it is better to avoid such contact. It is advisable to use medical gloves, plastic bags, or ask the victim, if possible, to clamp his own wound.

Should I clean the wound?

You can rinse with minor cuts and abrasions. In the case of severe bleeding, this should not be done, since washing off the clotted blood will only increase the bleeding.

What to do if there is a foreign object inside the wound?

Do not remove it from the wound, as this will aggravate the situation. Instead, apply a tight bandage around the subject.

fractures

Dislocations and sprains

How to identify dislocations or sprains? First, the patient feels pain. Second, there is swelling (bruising) around the joint or along the muscle. If the joint is injured, it will be difficult to move.

Provide rest and convince the patient not to move the injured part. Also, do not try to straighten it yourself.

Apply an ice pack wrapped in a towel to the injured area for no more than 20 minutes.

Give the victim pain medication if necessary.

Contact the trauma center to get an x-ray. If the patient is unable to walk at all, or if the pain is too severe, seek medical attention.

First aid for burns

First, cool the burnt area under running cold water for at least 10 minutes.

Always call for medical help if a child has been burned. Especially if the burnt area is covered with blisters or internal tissues are visible to the naked eye.

Do not touch anything that is stuck to the burnt area. In no case do not lubricate the burn with oil, as it retains heat, and this will only bring harm.

Do not use ice to cool the burn as it can damage the skin.

Airway blockage

Heart attack

How to determine a heart attack? First of all, it is accompanied by pressing pain behind the sternum. Point discomfort is felt in the arms, neck, jaw, back or abdomen.

Breathing becomes frequent and intermittent, and the heartbeat is rapid and not rhythmic. In addition, there is a weak and rapid pulse in the limbs, cold and profuse sweat, nausea, and sometimes vomiting.

Urgently call an ambulance, as the minutes go by. If possible, measure blood pressure, pulse, and heart rate.

If the patient is not allergic, give him aspirin. The tablet needs to be chewed. However, before doing this, make sure that the patient does not have drugs prescribed by the attending physician.

Make sure the patient is in the most comfortable position. It is important to calm and encourage him while waiting for the doctor, since such attacks are sometimes accompanied by a feeling of panic.

Stroke

Identifying the symptoms of a stroke is fairly easy. Sudden weakness or numbness in a limb, impaired speech and understanding, dizziness, impaired coordination of movements, severe headache or fainting - all this indicates a likely stroke.

Lay the patient on high pillows, slipping them under the shoulders, shoulder blades and head, and call an ambulance.

Provide fresh air to the room by opening a window. Open your shirt collar, loosen a tight belt, and remove any tight clothing. Then measure the pressure.

If there are signs of gag reflexes, turn the patient's head to the side. Try to calmly talk and cheer him up while waiting for the doctor.

Heatstroke

Heatstroke is defined by the following signs: no sweating, body temperature rises sometimes up to 40 ° C, hot skin looks pale, blood pressure decreases, and the pulse becomes weak. There may be convulsions, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of consciousness.

Move the patient to the coolest possible place, provide fresh air and call for medical help.

Remove excess and loosen tight clothing. Wrap your body with a damp and cool cloth. If this is not possible, place towels soaked in cold water on the head, neck and groin area.

It is advisable that the patient drink cool mineral or ordinary, lightly salted water.

If necessary, continue to cool the body by applying ice or cold objects wrapped in a cloth to the wrists, elbows, groin, neck, and armpits.

hypothermia

As a rule, with hypothermia, a person is pale and cold to the touch. He may not be shivering, but his breathing is slow and his body temperature is below 35 degrees Celsius.

Call an ambulance and move the patient to a warm room, wrapping him in a blanket. Let him drink a hot drink, but without caffeine or alcohol. The best is tea. Offer high-calorie foods.

If you find signs of frostbite, that is, loss of sensation, whitening of the skin, or tingling, do not rub the affected areas with snow, oil, or petroleum jelly.
This can seriously injure the skin. Just wrap these areas in several layers.

Head injury

With head injuries, the bleeding must first be stopped. Then firmly press a sterile napkin to the wound and hold it with your fingers until the bleeding stops completely. Next, cold is applied to the head.

Call an ambulance and monitor the presence of a pulse, respiration and pupillary response to light. If these signs of life are not present, urgently begin cardiopulmonary resuscitation ().

After restoring breathing and cardiac activity, give the victim a stable lateral position. Cover and keep him warm.

Drowning

What to do if you see a drowned person? First of all, make sure that nothing threatens you, and then remove it from the water.

Place it on your stomach on your knee and let the water naturally exit your airways.

Clear your mouth of foreign objects (mucus, vomit, etc.) and call an ambulance immediately.

Determine the presence of a pulse on the carotid artery, the reaction of the pupils to light and spontaneous breathing. If not, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

If signs of life appear, turn the person on their side, cover and warm them.

If there is a suspicion of a fracture of the spine, the drowned person should be pulled out of the water on a board or shield.
In the absence of a pulse on the carotid artery, it is unacceptable to waste time removing water from the lungs and stomach.
Start right away. They must be carried out, even if the victim has been under water for more than 20 minutes.

bites

Insect and snake bites are different, respectively, and first aid for them.

Insect bites

Carefully inspect the bite site. If a sting is found, carefully pull it out. Then apply ice or a cold compress to the area.

If a person develops an allergy or an anaphylactic reaction, call an ambulance.

snake bites

If a person is bitten by a venomous snake, call an ambulance immediately. Then inspect the bite site. You can put ice on it.

If possible, keep the affected body part at a level below the heart. Try to calm the person down. Don't let him walk unless absolutely necessary.

In no case do not cut the bite site, and do not try to suck out the poison yourself.
Symptoms of snake venom poisoning include nausea, vomiting, tingling sensation in the body, shock, coma, or paralysis.

You should know that with any movement of the body, the poison begins to penetrate into the tissues of the body much more actively. Therefore, until the arrival of doctors, the patient is strongly recommended maximum peace.

Loss of consciousness

What is first aid for loss of consciousness? First of all, don't panic.

Turn the patient on his side so that he does not choke on possible vomiting. Next, you should tilt his head back so that the tongue moves forward and does not block the airways.

Call an ambulance. Listen to see if the victim is breathing. If not, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

Artificial respiration

Familiarize yourself with the sequence in which artificial ventilation of the lungs should be carried out.

1. With a circular motion of fingers wrapped in gauze or a handkerchief, remove mucus, blood, and foreign objects from the victim's mouth.
2. Tilt your head back: lift your chin while holding the cervical spine. You should know that if you suspect a fracture of the cervical spine, you can not tilt your head back.
3. Pinch the patient's nose between thumb and forefinger. Then take a deep breath, and exhale smoothly into the victim's mouth. Allow 2-3 seconds to passively exhale air. Take a new breath. Repeat the procedure every 5-6 seconds.

If you notice that the patient has begun to breathe, still continue to blow air along with his breath. Continue this until deep spontaneous breathing is restored.

Heart massage

Determine the location of the xiphoid process, as shown in the figure. Determine the compression point two transverse fingers above the xiphoid process, strictly in the center of the vertical axis. Place the base of your palm on the compression point.

Perform compression strictly vertically along the line connecting the sternum with the spine. Perform the procedure with the weight of the upper half of your body, doing it smoothly, without sudden movements.

The depth of chest compression should be at least 3-4 cm. Perform about 80-100 compressions per minute.

Alternate 2 "breaths" of artificial lung ventilation (ALV) with 15 compressions.

For infants, massage is performed with the palmar surfaces of the second and third fingers. Teenagers - with the palm of one hand.

In adults, the emphasis is on the base of the palms, the thumb is directed to the head or legs of the victim. Fingers should be raised and not touch the chest.

Monitor for signs of life during CPR. This will determine the success of resuscitation.

First aid is an extremely important thing in our life. No one knows at what unexpected moment these skills can come in handy.

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First aid -this is a complex of simple medical measures performed at the site of injury or illness in the order of self- or mutual assistance, as well as by participants in rescue operations, in the next 30 minutes, and in case of respiratory arrest - 5-8 minutes.

MAIN PURPOSE - a)Elimination of the impact of the damaging factor;

b) Saving the life of an injured person or a patient with sudden illnesses (with the help of PHC measures);

c) Evacuation from the affected area.

OPTIMAL TERM FOR PHC PROVISION - up to 30 minutes after injury, when breathing stops - up to 5-8 minutes.

VALUE OF PMP- according to WHO, 20% of those who died in peacetime as a result of accidents could be saved if medical care was provided to them at the scene in a timely and efficient manner.

That's why each person must know and be able to provide first aid to the injured (in emergency situations, at work, at home).

This is in line with the international slogan of Civil Defense:

WARN - SAVE - HELP

The main types of lesions in emergencies

First aid measures differ depending on the type of injury:

Injuries, broken bones, bleeding

Thermal and chemical burns

Radiation damage

Acute chemical poisoning

Psycho-emotional disorders

Mass infectious diseases

Hypothermia, overheating

Electric shocks Combined injuries (mechano-thermal, radiation-mechanical, etc.)

drowning

Combined lesions (mechano-thermal, radiation-mechanical, etc.)

Main PMP activities:

Extraction of the victim from under the rubble, shelters, shelters

Putting out burning clothes

Injection of painkillers with a syringe tube or a disposable syringe

Elimination of asphyxia by freeing the upper respiratory tract

Carrying out artificial ventilation of the lungs

Temporary stop of external bleeding by all available means

Applying an aseptic bandage to the wound and burn surface

Immobilization of the injured limb with splints, the simplest adapted means

Indirect cardiac massage

The simplest anti-shock measures (rest, warming, protection from cooling, warm drinks)

Putting on a gas mask when in an infected area

Introduction of antidotes (antidotes) to affected toxic substances

Partial Sanitization

Delivery of medicines from an individual first-aid kit AI-2

Carrying out to places of loading on transport

Evacuation of the affected

Medical triage and evacuation of victims

Medical triage - this is a method of distributing the affected into groups (categories) on the basis of the need for homogeneous treatment, preventive and evacuation measures, depending on the specific situation. Its purpose is to ensure the timely provision of medical care to the injured and their further evacuation.

For the first time, sorting of the wounded was applied by N.I. Pirogov during the Crimean War (1853-1856) during the defense of Sevastopol. The basis of N.I. Pirogov medical triage consisted of three features:

Therapeutic

Evacuation

Danger of the wounded to others

SORTING TYPES

Depending on the tasks solved in the sorting process, it is customary to distinguish two types of medical sorting:

INTRA-POINT SORTING carried out in order to distribute the affected into groups depending on the nature and severity of the lesion in order to establish the order of medical care and determine the functional department of a given stage of medical evacuation or a medical institution where assistance should be provided.

EVACUATION AND TRANSPORT SORTING be carried out in order to distribute the affected into homogeneous groups according to the sequence of evacuation, type of transport (road, rail, air, etc.), position in transport (lying, sitting) and resolving the issue of the place (evacuation destination), taking into account the localization, nature and severity of the lesion . These issues are resolved on the basis of diagnosis and prognosis.

medical triage is usually done on the basis of data:

External examination of the affected (sick);

Questioning the affected;

Familiarization with medical documentation (if any);

Application of simple research methods;

The simplest diagnostic equipment ( dosimetric instruments, PKhR-MV, etc.)

Medical triage of the injured in the focus of mass destruction during the provision of first aid to them is carried out by medical and nursing teams and ambulance teams in order to identify the following groups of victims:

Those in need of first aid or second aid

Those who need to be taken out or taken out first or second, lying or sitting

Walkers who can follow on their own or with assistance.

First of all, children need help in the focus of mass destruction and removal from it:

Affected with uncontrolled external or internal bleeding

in a state of shock

asphyxia

With the syndrome of prolonged compression

Being in a convulsive state

Unconscious

With a penetrating wound of the chest or abdomen

Experiencing the impact of damaging factors that aggravate the lesion (burning clothes, the presence of SDYAV or OV on open parts of the body, etc.).

Medical sorting of victims during the provision of first medical aid at the first stage of medical evacuation is carried out mainly for the following purposes:

Identification of victims who pose a danger to others and need urgent medical and preventive and special measures

Identification of those in need of emergency first aid to refer them to the appropriate functional departments

Preparing for further evacuation.

Medical sorting begins at the distribution post, where the affected are selected, in need of sanitization (with contamination of the skin and clothes with RV exceeding the permissible levels, in the presence of SDYAV, OV and BS infection) and to be sent to the site for partial special treatment, as well as infectious patients and patients in a state of strong psychomotor agitation who need isolation. The rest of the affected are sent to the emergency department or to the sorting area, if it is organized, highlighting the flow of stretchers and walking patients. It is very important to distribute the affected by such functional units of the stage as the department of special treatment, sorting and evacuation, surgical dressing or hospital.

AT RECEIVING AND SORTING DEPARTMENT(at the sorting yard) stand out:

Affected, medical assistance to whom should be provided according to urgent indications in the dressing or operating room, anti-shock (in the presence of external or internal bleeding, open or valvular pneumothorax, asphyxia, severe shock or collapse, with incomplete traumatic amputation of a limb, with a pronounced clinic of traumatic toxicosis, etc. .). The number of victims in need of urgent hostile assistance may be 20-25% of all those admitted.

Non-transportable affected, to be treated in the hospital department, as well as women in labor. Non-transportable (after surgical interventions, victims who developed an anaerobic infection, a convulsive state, etc.) can make up 10-12% of those admitted. Upon admission of the injured from the focus of chemical damage, 10-15% of patients will need urgent resuscitation, and up to 40-60% of patients will need hospitalization.

Affected, whose medical care may be delayed until they are admitted to a medical institution. In the admission and sorting department, in order to prepare for evacuation, those in need can be bandaged, corrected immobilization, administered prophylactic and medicinal products subcutaneously and through the mouth, stopping the primary reaction to radiation, etc.

Affected, subject to outpatient treatment.

Affected, in need of care and reduction of suffering (agonizing).

In the sorting and evacuation department (at the sorting yard or in reception rooms), it is necessary to provide separate accommodation for stretchers and walking patients. Stretcher patients should, if possible, be placed on the stretcher, on bedding material, in rows with good accessibility. If several rooms are used for the sorting and evacuation department, it is advisable to sequentially fill them with the affected ones. It is possible to place the incoming injured simultaneously in all rooms, while the triage teams alternately sort them, and the dispatcher nurse regulates the placement of the incoming injured in these rooms and sends the sorted to other departments.

The capacity of the premises of the sorting and maintenance department should allow simultaneously placing at least 25-30% of the total number of injured, which determines the throughput of the stage.

Vehicles with the injured should be brought as close as possible to the places of unloading the injured into the sorting and maintenance rooms (to the window openings of the first floors of buildings, directly to the doorways of the entrances to the premises), minimizing the carrying of the injured by orderlies and speeding up their unloading.