Astringent medicines. Metal salts. Bismuth preparations. Collection against bloating and flatulence

Possess the property to have an anti-inflammatory effect of the plant with astringent action. When in contact with living tissues, they form albuminate surfaces on them, as a result of which the permeability of membranes decreases, blood vessels narrow, gland secretion and tissue fluid excidation decrease.

The formation of a surface film of coagulated protein leads to a decrease in the sensitivity of nerve endings and protects tissues from irritation.

These changes determine the anti-inflammatory effect that astringents have. Astringents, unlike cauterizing agents, do not cause cell death and have a reversible effect.

Types of plants with astringent action

Plants with astringent action are used in inflammatory lesions of the mucous membranes, in the treatment of wounds and ulcers, in inflammatory processes in the intestines - they have an anti-inflammatory effect.

Highlander snake

In rhizomes highlander serpentine contains tannins such as tannin, free gallic and ellagic acids, catechin, oxymethylan traquinone, starch, glucose, vitamin C, provitamin A, dyes.

The rhizome of the snake mountaineer is used as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent orally as an extract in drops or as a decoction (1: 10) with tablespoons.

It is prescribed for colic, uterine, gastrointestinal bleeding, externally - for stomatitis, gingivitis, for the treatment of bleeding wounds or ulcers in the form of rinses and lotions.

The effect on bleeding can be explained by the effect on blood coagulation.

AT folk medicine rhizomes of mountaineer serpentine are also used to treat boils, orally for diarrhea and diseases of the bladder. Inside, take a powder from the rhizome, 0.5-1 g per reception 3 times a day for diarrhea and dysentery.

With gallstones and bladder give a decoction of 20 g of this plant per 1 liter of water. Boil for 20 minutes over low heat.

Take 1-1.5 cups per day. At the same time, they follow a diet with a restriction of meat, fish food and hot spices.

For gastric and intestinal bleeding, take 1 tbsp every 2 hours. l. decoction from the mixture: 5 g of mountaineer powder and 1 tsp. flax seeds in 200 ml of water.

Outwardly, lotions are made from a decoction of this herb (15 g of a plant per 0.5 l of water) for chronic wounds, ulcers and boils. From the mountaineer, mixed with other plants, a decoction is made for douching with colpitis.

Common oak

Common oak contains protein, tannins, starch, quercete and levulin. The action of drugs from various parts plants is reduced to an astringent and anti-inflammatory effect, based on the ability of tannins to compact cell membranes.

A decoction of oak bark is used as an anti-inflammatory agent in the form of rinses for stomatitis, gingivitis, chronic tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and inside with gastric and intestinal bleeding, as an antidiarrheal. In addition, oak bark is used in complex treatment burns, skin diseases accompanied by profuse exudation, with excessive sweating of the legs, as well as with inflammatory diseases urogenital sphere (in the form of douching).

St. John's wort

St. John's wort It is used as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and aseptic agent that promotes rapid regeneration of damaged tissues.

It is prescribed orally for inflammatory diseases. gastrointestinal tract, are used for rinsing the mouth and lubricating the gums in case of their inflammation.

St. John's wort is used externally for the treatment of wounds with burns, and all kinds of skin lesions (ulcers, abscesses, boils, mastitis), as well as in acute inflammatory diseases of the nasal mucosa and pharynx.

John's wort is used in the form of infusion, tincture, extract, St. John's wort oil. St. John's wort is rubbed and applied for bruises, wounds, and aches. St. John's wort stimulates appetite, improves bowel function, increases urine output, stops bleeding, has a tonic effect and improves mood.

Willow (willow)

Willow (willow) contains vitamin C, flavones, salicyl glucoside, tannins.

In folk medicine, willow bark is used in the form of a decoction mainly for febrile conditions, rheumatism, and also as an astringent and anti-inflammatory agent for stomatitis, gingivitis and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, as a hemostatic agent for gastric and uterine bleeding, as a diuretic and choleretic agent. Often, to increase the anti-inflammatory effect, decoctions from willow bark are prescribed in combination with salicylic drugs. Willow bark powder is used as a hemostatic when applied to the surface of the wound.

Burnet officinalis

Burnet officinalis contains great amount biologically active substances.

A decoction of the roots of burnet has the ability to inhibit intestinal motility.

The extract obtained from the roots of burnet, when applied externally, has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Burnet is valuable as an astringent, anti-inflammatory and disinfectant, analgesic in the treatment of acute enteritis, gastrogenous and toxic diarrhea, especially in children, intestinal catarrhs, in the complex treatment of patients suffering from cholecystitis.

Burnet is also used as a hemostatic in case of bleeding: pulmonary, intestinal, hemorrhoidal, uterine; hematemesis and bloody diarrhea.

Burnet is prescribed for hypertension, with flushing of blood to the head. The anti-inflammatory properties of burnet have been used in the external treatment of inflammation of the eyelids and burns.

Burnet decoction obtained at the rate of 1: 10, alcohol extract received medical use. A decoction of burnet roots at home can be prepared as follows: 1 tbsp. l. chopped burnet roots are poured with a glass of boiling water and simmered for half an hour, then allowed to cool, filtered, squeezed and taken 1 tbsp. l. 5-6 times a day.

Potentilla erectus

In rhizomes Potentilla erectus contains tannins, tormentol crystalline ester, chilic and ellagic acids, flabophenes, wax, resins, gum, starch.

Rhizomes are used in the form of a decoction, which is prepared at the rate of 1: 10, and alcohol tinctures internally and externally, mainly in folk medicine as a good astringent and hemostatic agent. It has a slight antimicrobial and deodorizing effect.

Inside it is used for dysentery, diarrhea, gastric, intestinal, uterine bleeding, externally - in the form of rinses and lotions for sore throat, bleeding gums, for the treatment of bleeding wounds, ulcers and various skin diseases. Cracks on the skin of the hands and feet and on the lips are smeared with ointment from the roots of the cinquefoil. The ointment is prepared as follows: 5 g of finely chopped Potentilla roots are boiled for 5 minutes in a glass of cow's oil and filtered warm.

Comfrey officinalis

Comfrey officinalis contains a toxic substance - the alkaloid lasiocorpine, traces of essential oil. AT medical practice comfrey finds extremely limited use.

In folk medicine, comfrey root is used as a weak astringent, antidiarrheal and emollient, and sometimes as a laxative. Fresh root or juice from it is applied externally for various wounds and ulcers, as well as nosebleeds. The plant requires caution in application. In case of comfrey poisoning, the stomach should be washed as soon as possible with a weak solution of potassium permanganate, saline laxatives and agents that support breathing and blood circulation should be prescribed.

Chamomile

Chamomile used as a sedative and antistatic agent for intestinal spasms, flatulence, as a laxative, but also for the treatment of diarrhea, and as an aseptic and analgesic.

It is used for menstrual disorders and as a diaphoretic, externally as a weak astringent antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent in the form of rinses, general baths, enemas, lotions and poultices. The action of chamomile preparations is due to a complex of substances, especially chamazulene and matricin.

Hamazutrin has a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect, it enhances regenerative processes, weakens allergic reactions and has a local anesthetic effect.

Apigenin, apiin and herniarin have a moderate antispasmodic effect. Chamomile essential oil has a disinfecting effect, reduces the formation of gases in the intestines, reduces pain, and reduces inflammation.

In folk medicine, chamomile is used as a sedative (in the form of tea), as an anticonvulsant, diuretic, choleretic, mild laxative, and it is also used for dysmenorrhea.

Outwardly, chamomile is used for abscesses, boils and for washing the eyes. Therapeutic baths with chamomile are used for rheumatism and gout.

Common bird cherry

medicinal substances bird cherry concentrated in fruits.

Bird cherry fruits contain tannins, organic acids, essential oil of bitter almonds and glucosidaligdanide. In practical medicine, a decoction of bird cherry fruits is taken orally as an antidiarrheal agent.

"Medicinal vegetable raw materials of astringent,

enveloping action":

1. In the plant Althaea officinalis (Marshmallow officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Leaves V. Roots G. Flowers

2. In the plant Linum usitatissimum (cultivated flax), the raw materials are:

A. Seeds B. Seed fruit C. Roots D. Grass

3. The cork layer at the roots of Althea is removed:

A. Before drying B. After drying C. Do not remove at all

4. The drug "Mukaltin" get:

A. From the roots of marshmallow B. From the grass of Althea

5. The raw materials of Marshmallow officinalis have the effect of:

6. Raw flax seed has the effect of:

A. Astringent B. Enveloping C. Diuretic D. Sedative

7. Life form of Marshmallow officinalis:

B. Tree

G. Subshrub

8. Life form of flax seed:

B. Tree

9. The family to which marshmallow belongs:

A. linaceae B. malvaceae(malvaceae) B. Asteraceae D. Polygonaceae

10. The family to which cultural flax belongs:

A. linaceae(flax) B. Malvaceae C. Asteraceae D. Polygonaceae

11. In the plant Polygonum bistorta (mountain snake) raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Flowers B. rhizomes G. Leaves

12. In the plant Padus racemosa (common bird cherry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Grass C. Rhizome D. Grass

13. In the plant Alnus incana (alder gray, fluffy), the raw materials are:

A. Seeds B. Infructescence C. Grass D. Leaves

14. In the plant Vaccinium myrtillus (common blueberry), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Grass B. Fruits G. Flowers

15. The plant Quercus robur (common oak) is harvested:

A. rhizomes B. Koru C. Grass D. Leaves

16. The plant Potentilla tormentilla (cinquefoil) is harvested:

A. rhizomes B. Bark C. Grass D. Leaves

17. In the plant Sanguisorba officinalis (burnet officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Rhizomes B. Rhizomes with roots B. Rhizomes and roots G. Grass

18. The plant Bergenia crassifolia (thick-leaved bergenia) is harvested:

A. Grass B. rhizomes C. Roots D. Rhizomes and roots

19. Potentilla erecta (Potentilla erect) differs from other species on a diagnostic basis:

A. Fruit type - achene B. Fruit type - drupe

B. Flower structure - 4-petal corolla D. Flower structure - 5-petal corolla

20. Serpentine curved, with annular thickenings, even pinkish or pinkish-brown fracture, strongly astringent taste - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae B. bistortae(mountaine snake) V. Bergeniae

21. Drupes of spherical or ovoid shape, wrinkled, without a peduncle, with a white scar at the site of its fall, inside one dense bone, black color - this is fructus (fruits): A. Myrtilli B. padi (bird cherry)

22. Indefinite shape, hard, heavy, on the surface there are pitted traces of cut roots, the taste is strongly astringent - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae (cinquefoil) B. bistortae B. bergeniae

23. False berries, on top of the rest of the cup in the form of an annular rim, inside

numerous seeds, black color - this is fructus (fruits):

A. myrtilli(blueberry) B. padi

24. Pieces of a cylindrical shape, with scaly remains of leaf petioles and rounded traces of roots on the surface, a granular break, light pink - this is rhizomata (rhizomes):

A. tormentillae B. bistortae B. bergeniae (bergenia)

25. Pharmacological action of blueberry shoots:

A. Astringent

B. Reduce blood sugar levels

B. Expectorant

26. Raw burnet officinalis has the effect of:

27. Plants whose raw materials are fruits:

28. Potentilla raw materials are harvested from the type:

A. Gusinaya B. erect B. Silver

29. Rhizomata Tormentillae (Potentilla rhizomes) harvest:

A. At the beginning of the growing season B. During the summer

B. During the flowering period D. At the beginning of the growing season and during the ripening period

30. In the plant Quercus robur (common oak), raw materials are harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer

B. During the period of sap flow D. In autumn at the end of the growing season

31. Raw cinquefoil erect dried:

32. The raw material of the coil is dried:

33. Raw burnet officinalis dried:

34. Raw bird cherry dried:

35. The fruits of blueberries are harvested:

A. All day long B. Morning or evening B. Time of day is not taken into account when collecting

36. The fruits of blueberries are dried:

37. Raw materials for bird cherry are:

A. Fruits with stalks B. Fruits without stalks

38. Raw blueberries contain:

A. Tannins, pectins, trace elements, vitamins

B. Anthraglycosides, flavonoids, trace elements, vitamins

B. Polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamins

39. The rest of the branch in the seedlings of alder:

A. Up to 15 mm B. Up to 20 mm C. Not standardized

40. Received oak bark - pieces of various lengths and thicknesses up to 3 mm with the rest of the wood on inner surface:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw materials are of poor quality, collection deadlines are violated

41. Common oak belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. fagaceae(beech) G. ericaceae

42. Highlander snake belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. polygonaceae(buckwheat) B. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

43. Burnet officinalis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae

44. Potentilla erect belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

45. Common blueberry belongs to the family:

G. Ericaceae (Ericaceae)

46. ​​Common bird cherry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae D. Ericaceae

47. Badan thick-leaved belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Fagaceae G. Saxifragaceae (saxifrage)

48. Raw materials of thick-leaved bergenia are harvested:

A. Throughout the summer B. In early spring at the beginning of the growing season C. From November to

49. Raw materials of gray alder are harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the period of sap flow B. November to March

50. Serpentine Life Form:

B. Subshrub

B. shrub D. tree

51. Life form of erect cinquefoil:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. shrub D. tree

52. Life form of burnet officinalis:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. Small shrub D. Tree

53. Life form of common blueberry:

A. Perennial herbaceous plant B. Subshrub

B. Small shrub G. tree

54. Life form of bird cherry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

D. A small tree or

bush

55. Life form of gray alder:

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Tree

56. Life form of badan thick-leaved:

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. tree

57. The drug "Strix" is obtained from raw materials:

A. St. John's wort B. Potentilla V. Blueberries G. Cheremukhi

58. The collection "Arfazetin" includes:

A. Blueberries B. Blueberry shoots B. Potentilla rhizomes

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the efferent nervous system":

1. The drug "Atropine sulfate" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Ephedra horsetail B. belladonna common B. Potentilla erectus

2. The leaves of belladonna contain:

A. Atropine alkaloid B. Papaverine alkaloid C. Ephedrine alkaloid

3. The plant Datura stramonium (common Datura) is harvested:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass D. Flowers

4. The plant Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane) is harvested:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Rhizomes D. Flowers

5. The plant Atropa belladonna (common belladonna) is harvested:

6. Life Form of the Common Demoiselle:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

7. A visitor turned to the pharmacy with a request to release him henbane leaves for making a collection at home. Pharmacist actions:

A. Ask for a prescription for henbane leaves B. Send to another pharmacy

B. Explain that henbane leaves are not released to the population

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that excite the central nervous system":

1. In the plant Rhodiola rosea (Rhodiola rosea - golden root), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass D. Rhizomes and roots

2. The plant Panax Ginseng (ginseng) raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Fruits C. Grass D. Rhizomes

3. In the plant Leuzea carthamoides (leuzea safflower-like), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. rhizomes c

roots

4. In the plant Schizandra chinensis (Chinese magnolia vine), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Fruits C. Seed fruit D. Rooted rhizomes

5. Horizontal rhizomes, often hollow inside with numerous thin adventitious roots, often there are roots with areas devoid of bark, the color outside is almost black, the break is pale yellow - this is raw material from the plant:

A. Schizandra chinensis B. Panax Ginseng

B. rodiola rosea G. Leuzea carthamoides(leuzea

safflower)

6. From the raw materials of lemongrass get:

A. Liquid extract B. Tincture V. "Novo-Passit"

7. Pharmacological action of Rhodiola rosea raw materials:

A. Sedative B. Increases appetite

B. Tonic G. Enveloping

8. Chemical composition of ginseng raw materials:

A. Triterpene saponins (panaxosides), essential oil, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins (aralosides), essential oil, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins (echinoxazides), essential oil, vitamins

9. Ginseng Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

10. Rhodiola Rosea Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

Test tasks on the topic "Medicinal plant raw materials of diaphoretic action":

1. In the plant Tilia cordata (linden heart-leaved), the raw materials are:

G. Flowers

2. In the plant Rubus idaeus (common raspberry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes C. Roots D. Flowers

3. In the Sambucus nigra plant (black elderberry), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes C. Roots G. Flowers

4. In the plant Bidens tripartita (tripartite string), the raw materials are:

A. Fruits B. Rhizomes B. Grass G. Flowers

5. Raspberry fruits are harvested:

A. With receptacle B. Without receptacle B. The receptacle is removed after drying

6. Medicinal plants, the raw material of which has a diaphoretic effect:

7. The grass of the series is harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During the flowering period

B. During the flowering period before the formation of fruits

8. From what type of string is the raw material harvested:

A. drooping B. radiant B. Tripartite G. From all types of succession

9. In linden, the raw materials are:

A. Separate flowers B. Inflorescences with the remainder of the peduncle up to 3 cm

B. Inflorescences with bracts D. Flowers and fruits of varying degrees

maturity

10. Analogue for pharmacological action for elderberry raw materials:

A. Raw Linden B. Potentilla raw material C. Alder raw material D. Aralia raw material

11. Analogue for the pharmacological action of Flores Tiliae (linden flowers):

12. Raw elderberry has the effect of:

13. Grass of the tripartite sequence arrived - leafy stems up to 25 cm long with blossoming baskets and fruits:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw material needs work, cut the stems to the required length

B. Raw materials need to be improved, remove the tops with baskets and fruits

D. Raw materials are not eligible for acceptance

14. Grass Sequence Length:

A. Up to 15 cm B. Up to 20 cm C. Up to 25 cm D. Up to 30 cm

15. Raw raspberries are harvested:

A. Morning or evening B. All day long

B. During the day in dry hot weather

16. Drying raspberries:

B. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees. after pre-curing

B. At a temperature of 70-80 degrees. after pre-curing

17. Drying raw elderberry:

A. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 25-35 degrees.

18. Drying of raw materials series:

A. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees.

B. At a temperature of 35-40 degrees.

19. Chemical composition of raw raspberries:

B. Essential oil, tannins, carotenoids

B. Flavonoids, pectin substances.

20. Chemical composition of lime raw material:

A. Organic acids, pectins, sugars

B. Alkaloids, tannins, carotenoids, vitamins

B. Flavonoids, essential oil, saponins, tannins.

21. The chemical composition of the raw material series:

A. Organic acids, pectins, sugars

B. Essential oil, tannins, carotenoids, pectins.

B. Flavonoids, carotenoids, essential oil

22. Life form of linden cordifolia:

plant

V. shrub G. tree

23. Life form of common raspberry:

A. Annual herb B. Perennial herb

plant

V. shrub G. Subshrub

24. Life form of a series of tripartite:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Perennial herbaceous

plant

C. shrub D. Subshrub

25. Life Form of Black Elderberry:

A. Annual herb B. Perennial herb

plant

B. Shrub or small tree G. Kustarnicek

26. Pedicels of elderberry flowers are removed:

A. Before drying B. Thresh after drying B. Pedicels are not

27. Common raspberry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae (pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae D. Ericaceae

28. A series of tripartite belongs to the family:

G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

29. Black elder belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Caprifoliaceae(honeysuckle)

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant raw materials of sedative action":

1. In the plant Polemonium coeruleum (blue cyanosis), raw materials are harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the budding period

B. During fruit ripening D. During the flowering period

2. In the plant Polemonium coeruleum (blue cyanosis), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

3. In the plant Valeriana officinalis (valerian officinalis), the raw materials are:

A. Roots B. Leaves C. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

4. In the plant Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort), the raw material is:

A. Roots B. Leaves B. Grass G. rhizomes

5. In the plant Paeonia anomala (evading peony - Maryin root), the raw materials are:

9. Analogue for pharmacological action for valerian officinalis:

A. Common blueberry B. Schisandra chinensis

B. motherwort G. badan thick-leaved

10. Raw material of dried valerian:

A. At 35-40 degrees. after preliminary drying with a thick layer

B. At 35-40 degrees. without drying

B. At 50-60 degrees

G. At 70-80 degrees.

11. Motherwort herb length:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 30 cm B. Up to 40 cm G. Up to 25 cm

12. Horizontal rhizomes, often hollow inside with numerous thin knotty adventitious roots, yellowish-brown color, weak smell, bitter taste - this is raw material from the plant:

A. Polemonium coeruleum(blue cyanosis) B. Paeonia anomala

B. Valeriana officinalis D. Leuzea carthamoides

13. Short thick vertical rhizome, with a loose or hollow core and

numerous thin adventitious roots, yellowish-brown color. The smell is strong,

specific. The spicy taste is the raw material from the plant:

A. Polemonium coeruleum B. Paeonia anomala

B. Valeriana officinalis(Valerian officinalis) G. Leuzea carthamoides

14. Medicinal plants, the raw materials of which have sedative action:

16. Raw Herba Leonuri has the action of:

17. Raw materials have a sedative and antispasmodic effect:

B. Rhizomata сum radicibus Valerianae

(horses with valerian roots)

B. Rhizomata et radices Rhodiolae

18. Analogue for pharmacological action for raw materials of valerian officinalis:

A. Zamanikha high V. Peony evasive

B. Manchurian Aralia G. Leuzea safflower

19. Herb motherwort heart has an effect:

20. Motherwort grass received - green leafy upper parts of the plant with pink flowers and buds 25 cm long, 3 mm thick, with a slight smell and taste:

BUT . Quality raw materials

B. Raw materials are of poor quality, collection deadlines are violated

B. Raw materials of poor quality, violated general rules collection

D. Raw materials of poor quality, drying conditions are violated

21. Raw materials have a sedative and expectorant effect:

A. Rhizomata et radices Eleutherococci B. Rhizomata cum radicidus

Polemonii

(rhizomes with cyanosis roots)

B. Herba Leonuri D. Rhizomata сum radicibus Valerianae

22. Chemical composition of motherwort raw material:

A. Flavonoids, tannins, essential oil

B. Cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, essential oil

B. Tannins, saponins, mucus

D. Triterpene saponins, essential oil

23. Chemical composition of the raw material of valerian officinalis:

A. Essential oil (thymol), flavonoids, alkaloids

B. Essential oil (bornylisovalerianate), isovaleric acid, flavonoids

B. Triterpene saponins (panaxosides), tannins

24. Chemical composition of blue cyanosis raw materials:

A. Triterpene saponins, organic acids

B. Essential oil, tannins, glycosides

B. Steroid saponins, essential oil, organic acids

25. Life form of Valerian officinalis:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

26. Life form of cyanosis blue:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

27. Motherwort belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. lamiaceae(Laminaceae) G. Ericaceae

28. In the plant Mentha piperita (peppermint), the raw materials are:

A. Leaves B. Grass C. Flowers D. Roots

29. Peppermint raw materials are harvested:

A. From a wild plant B. From a cultivated plant

B. From wild and cultivated plants

30. The drug "Menthol" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Peppermint B. Scotch pine

B. Eucalyptus vulgaris D. Common bilberry

31. From mint raw materials get:

32. Raw mint contains:

A. Essential oil (menthol), flavonoids B. Essential oil (thymol),

flavonoids

B. Essential oil (cineole), flavonoids

33. Peppermint Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

34. Leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, margin serrate with uneven sharp teeth, thin, brittle, strong specific smell - these are raw materials:

A. Mint B. Melissa V. Motherwort

35. Does not grow in the territory Sverdlovsk region in the wild:

A. Peppermint B. motherwort

B. cyanosis blue B. Valeriana officinalis

36. Life form of lemon balm:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

37. In the plant Melissa officinalis (melissa officinalis), the raw material is:

A. Roots B. Leaves B. Grass G. Rhizomes with roots

38. Chemical composition of raw melissa officinalis:

A. Essential oil (cineole), flavonoids

B. Essential oil (menthol), flavonoids

B. Essential oil (citral, linalool), flavonoids

39. Raw melissa officinalis has the effect of:

A. Sedative, improves digestion, hypotensive, antispasmodic

B. Sedative, astringent, cardiotonic.

B. Hypotensive, diuretic, antiarrhythmic.

40. Melissa officinalis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. Lamiaceae (Lamiaceae) G. Ericaceae

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the cardiovascular system":

1. The plant Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

2. The plant Gnaphalium uliginosum (sweet cudweed) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

3. In the plant Adonis vernalis (spring adonis), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

4. In the plant Crataegus sanguinea (blood red hawthorn), the raw materials are:

5. In the plant Convallaria majalis (May lily of the valley), the raw materials are:

6. Medicinal plants whose raw materials have hypotensive action:

7. Source for obtaining the drug "Korglikon":

A. digitalis purpurea B. convallaria majalis(May lily of the valley) B. Crataegus sanguinea

8. Lily of the valley leaves contain:

A. Triterpene saponins, flavonoids B. Cardiac glycosides,

saponins

9. The alkaloid reserpine contains:

A. Periwinkle small B. Rauwolfia serpentine

V. belladonna vulgaris G. May lily-of-the-valley

10. Raw cottonwort is used as:

11. Raw cottonwort was received - aerial parts of the plant, together with roots, collected during the flowering period:

A. Quality raw materials B. Raw material needs work, cut stems up to 20 cm

B. The raw material needs to be improved, the roots must be removed D. The raw material cannot be accepted

12. May lily of the valley leaves are harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During flowering C. After flowering D. During

13. Raw cottonwort is harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During the flowering period C. After flowering D. During

14. Raw materials containing cardiac glycosides are dried:

B. At a temperature of 50-60 degrees

B. At a temperature of 40-50 degrees. G. At a temperature of 70-80 degrees.

15. Dried hawthorn flowers:

16. Grass cudweed swamp dried:

17. Raw cottonwort contains:

A. Flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins

B. Flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, essential oil

B. Tannins, alkaloids, vitamins

18. Rauwolfia snake harvest:

A. Grass B. Kidneys V. Roots G. Flowers

19. Fruits of prickly hawthorn are dried:

20. Life form of cudweed marsh:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. perennial herbaceous plant

V. shrub

21. Life form of May lily of the valley:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

22. Blood red hawthorn life form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub or tree

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

23. The drug "Vinpocetine" is obtained from raw materials:

A. Rauwolfia serpentine B. Woolly foxglove

V. periwinkle minor G. May lily of the valley

24. From the raw materials of May lily of the valley receive:

A. Liquid extract B. Tincture C. Infusion D. Decoction

25. May lily of the valley belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Liliaceae (liliaceae)

26. Blood red hawthorn belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae(pink) B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae D. Liliaceae

27. Dryweed marsh belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

28. Raw cottonwort from a pharmacy is released:

A. Prescription B. Without a prescription

29. Raw hawthorn blood red from the pharmacy is released:

A. Prescription B. Without a prescription B. Raw materials are not released to the population

30. Raw materials of spring adonis are harvested:

A. At the beginning of flowering B. During the flowering period before the fruit shedding

B. Throughout the summer

31. Raw adonis spring dried:

32. Raw adonis spring contains:

A. Saponins, flavonoids B. Alkaloids B. Cardiac glycosides, saponins

33. Life form of spring adonis:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. perennial herbaceous plant

B. Shrub or tree

34. Spring Adonis belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. ranunculaceae (buttercups)

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the function of the urinary system":

1. Folia Uvae-Ursi (bearberry leaves) harvest:

2. Raw horsetail is harvested from the species:

A. Polevoy B. Lesnoy V. Lugovoi G. Bolotny

3. The leaves are dense, leathery, entire, oval with pinnate venation, with dark glands below - this is folia:

A. Uvae ursi B. vitis idaeae(common lingonberry) B. Vincae minoris G. Menthae

4. Leaves obovate, narrowed towards the base, short-petiolate,

entire, leathery, mesh venation, dark green color, lighter below - this is folia:

A. Uvae ursi (bearberry com.) B. Vitis idaeae B. Vincae minoris D. Eucalypti

5. An analogue of the pharmacological action for the fruits of common juniper:

A. Mint leaves B. Weed cudweed herb B. Birch buds D. Hawthorn fruit

6. Diagnostic signs horsetail herbs:

A. The branches are directed obliquely upwards, 4-5 faceted, without a cavity

B. Twigs horizontal, 3-sided

B. Twigs re-branch, down

G. The branches are directed obliquely upwards, 4-sided, hollow inside

7. Bell at the highlander bird:

A. Brown, appressed-hairy, with long cilia along the edge

B. Naked, silvery, dissected

B. Brown, naked, with short cilia along the edge

8. Pharmacological action of Flores Cyani (cornflower flowers):

A. Hemostatic B. Diuretic C. Tonic D. Sedative

9. Plants, the raw materials of which are used as agents that affect the function

urinary system:

10. Bearberry leaves have the effect of:

11. The plant Arctostaphylos uva ursi (common bearberry) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

12. The plant Vaccinium vitis idaea (lingonberry com.) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

13. In the plant Equisetum arvense (horsetail), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

14. In the plant Betula pendula (drooping birch), the raw materials are:

15. The plant Polygonum aviculare (highlander bird) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots D. Flowers

16. The plant Juniperus communis (common juniper) is harvested:

A. Grass B. Buds C. Roots D. Fruits

17. In the plant Centaurea cyanus (blue cornflower), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Leaves C. Roots G. Flowers

18. Folia Vitis idaeae (lingonberry leaves) harvest:

19. Raw bearberry dried:

20. Raw lingonberries are dried:

21. Raw mountaineer bird is harvested:

A. During the flowering period

22. The chemical composition of the raw material of bearberry:

A. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrogall group

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrocatechol group

23. Chemical composition of raw lingonberry:

A. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrogall group

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins of the pyrocatechol group

24. Raw mountaineer bird dried:

25. Chemical composition of raw mountaineer bird:

A. Flavonoids, silicic acid, vitamin K, tannins

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins, vitamin K

B. Essential oil, triterpene saponins, flavonoids

26. Pharmacological properties of the herb knotweed bird:

27. Dry birch buds:

A. At a temperature of 35-40 degrees. B. Outdoors or cool

premises

B. In warm rooms

28. Birch buds contain:

A. Essential oil, flavonoids, resinous substances

B. Phenolic glycosides, tannins

B. Flavonoids, vitamins, saponins

29. Pharmacological properties of birch buds:

30. Raw horsetail harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer C. Late growing season D. Early spring

31. Raw horsetail dried:

32. Chemical composition of raw horsetail:

A. Flavonoids, silicic acid B. Phenolic acids and their glycosides

B. Essential oil, resinous substances, flavonoids

33. Raw juniper is harvested:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period B. In the period of full maturation for the 2nd year

34. Raw juniper dried:

A. At temperatures up to 30 degrees. B. At temperatures up to 40-50 degrees.

B. At temperatures up to 50-60 degrees.

35. Raw juniper contains:

A. Essential oil, resinous substances, sugars, organic acids

B. Flavonoids, vitamin K, organic acids

B. Phenolic glycosides, organic acids

36. Pharmacological properties of common juniper raw materials:

37. Raw cornflower blue is harvested:

A. During the flowering period B. During the summer C. At the end of the growing season

38. Raw materials for blue cornflower are:

A. Flower baskets B. Marginal funnel-shaped flowers and partially tubular

39. Pharmacological properties of blue cornflower raw materials:

B. Diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic

40. Pharmacological properties of kidney tea raw materials:

A. Diuretic, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory

B. Diuretic, anti-inflammatory

B. Diuretic, expectorant, hemostatic

41. Life form of bearberry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

42. Life form of lingonberry:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

43. Life form of warty birch:

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. tree

44. Life form of common juniper:

A. Annual herbaceous plant AT. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

45. Life form of highlander bird:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

46. ​​Life form of horsetail:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Evergreen shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

47. Blue cornflower life form:

BUT . annual herbaceous plant B. evergreen shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

48. Cornflower blue belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Asteraceae (Asteraceae)

49. Common lingonberry belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae C. Lamiaceae G. Ericaceae (Ericaceae)

50. Highlander bird belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. polygonaceae(buckwheat) B. Lamiaceae D. Ericaceae

51. Common juniper belongs to the family:

A. Rosaceae B. Polygonaceae B. cupressaceae(cypress) G. Ericaceae

52. Length of horsetail herb:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 25 cm B. Up to 30 cm G. Up to 40 cm

53. The length of the grass mountaineer bird:

A. Up to 20 cm B. Up to 25 cm C. Up to 30 cm G. Up to 40 cm

54. Raw materials used in urolithiasis:

55. The composition of the drug "Fitolysin" includes raw materials:

A. Highlander bird

B. blue cornflower

B. common juniper

G. Common lingonberries

56. Raw materials of kidney tea are harvested:

A. From a cultivated plant B. From a wild plant

B. From cultivated and wild plants

57. On the territory of the Sverdlovsk region does not grow wild:

A. Highlander bird B. Orthosiphon staminate B. horsetail

58. Raw materials of bearberry were received - dense leathery leaves of an obovate shape with a serrated edge and reticulate venation, the color is dark green above, lighter below:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Drying conditions violated

B. Raw materials are rejected according to the indicator "External signs of raw materials"

59. Raw lingonberries arrived - dense leathery leaves of an elliptical shape,

entire, blackened on both sides:

A. Quality raw materials B. Violated the terms of the collection of raw materials

B. Violated the rules for collecting raw materials D. Violated the temperature of drying raw materials

Test tasks for self-control on the topic "Medicinal plant materials that affect the function of the respiratory system":

1. The plant Ledum palustre (marsh rosemary) is harvested:

A. Shoots B. Leaves C. Roots D. Buds

2. In the plant Inula helenium (elecampane high), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Rhizomes and roots

3. In the plant Plantago major (large plantain), the raw materials are:

A. Flowers B. Roots B. Leaves D. Fruits

4. In the plant Origanum vulgare (oregano com.), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

5. In the plant Pinus silvestris (common pine), the raw materials are:

A. Flowers B. Kidneys C. Leaves D. Fruits

6. In the Viola tricolor plant (tricolor violet), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Flowers

7. In the plant Glysyrrhiza glabra (licorice), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

8. In the plant Anisum vulgare (common anise), the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

9. In the Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) plant, the raw materials are:

A. Grass B. Roots B. Leaves G. Flowers

10. In the plant Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme), the raw material is:

A. Grass B. Roots C. Leaves D. Fruits

11. Folia Farfarae (coltsfoot leaves) harvest:

A. During the flowering period B. After flowering in the first half of summer

B. During the fruiting period D. Throughout the summer

12. Raw materials of wild rosemary are harvested:

A. During the budding period B. During fruit ripening

B. During the flowering period D. During the summer

13. Grass and seeds of which plant are allowed for harvesting, but have different

pharmacological action:

A. Thermopsis lanceolata(Thermopsis lanceolate) B. Althaea officinalis B Thymus

14. The length of oregano herb is normalized:

A. Up to 15 cm B. Up to 20 cm H. Up to 30 cm D. Up to 25 cm

15. At the wild rosemary they prepare:

A. Aerial part B. Tops up to 20 cm long

B. Non-lignified shoots of the current year

16. Source for obtaining the drug "Glycyram":

A. Althaea officinalis B. Bergenia crassifolia C. Origanum vulgara D. Glycyrrhisa glabra (licorice)

17. Raw materials have expectorant and diuretic effects:

18. Raw anise is used as:

21. Medicinal raw materials received - whole and partially crushed leaves of coltsfoot with petioles up to 3 cm long, bare green above, white-felt below:

A. Quality raw materials

B. Raw material needs work, remove partially crushed leaves

B. Raw material needs work, trim leaf petioles

D. Raw materials are not eligible for acceptance

22. All raw materials are released from the pharmacy, except for:

A. Radices Althaeae B. Herba Origani C. Folia Plantaginis D. Semina Thermopsidis (Thermopsis seeds)

23. All raw materials are released from the pharmacy, except for:

A. Radices Althaeae B. Herba Origani C. Folia Plantaginis D . Herba Thermopsidis (Thermopsis Herb)

24. Life form of Thymus serpyllum (creeping thyme):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

25. Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) Life Form:

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

26. Life form of Thermopsis lanceolata (lanceolate thermopsis):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

27. Life form of Origanum vulgare (common oregano):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

28. Life form of Inula helenium (elecampane high):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

29. Life form of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

30. Life form of Viola tricolor (violet tricolor):

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

31. Life form of Plantago major (large plantain):

A. Annual herbaceous plant B. Shrub

B. perennial herbaceous plant G. Subshrub

32. Life form Ledum palustre (marsh wild rosemary):

A. Annual herbaceous plant V. shrub

B. Perennial herbaceous plant D. Subshrub

33. The period of harvesting raw elecampane high:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn, during the period of fruit ripening D. March to November

34. The period of harvesting the herb of lanceolate thermopsis:

A. During the summer B. During flowering and fruiting

B. During the flowering period before the appearance of fruits

35. The period of harvesting raw materials of plantain large:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. During fruit ripening D. During budding

36. The period of harvesting raw thyme:

A. During the summer B. In the fall B. During the flowering period D. During the period of sap flow

37. The period of harvesting raw oregano:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn, during the period of fruit ripening D. During the budding period

38. The period of harvesting raw materials of tricolor violet:

A. During the summer B. During the flowering period

B. In autumn during fruit ripening D. At the beginning of flowering

39. Ways of drying raw thyme:

40. Methods for drying raw licorice:

41. Methods for drying raw materials of wild rosemary:

42. Methods for drying the raw material of tricolor violet:

43. Methods for drying raw materials of plantain large:

44. Methods for drying raw oregano:

45. Methods for drying raw coltsfoot:

46. ​​Methods for drying raw elecampane high:

47. The presence of fruits in the raw materials of wild rosemary:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

48. The rest of the petiole of the leaves of the coltsfoot:

A. Up to 3 cm B. Up to 5 cm B. Not standardized

49. The presence of fruits in the raw materials of violet tricolor:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

50. The rest of the petiole of the leaves of plantain large:

A. Up to 3 cm B. Up to 5 cm B. Separately, the petiole is not standardized

51. Raw thyme is threshed:

A. Before drying B. After drying

52. The rest of the branch from the raw material of forest pine:

A. Up to 1mm B. Up to 3 mm C. Up to 5 mm D. Not standardized

53. Presence of fruits in the herb of lanceolate thermopsis:

A. Allowed B. Not allowed

54. Raw anise ordinary contains:

A. Essential oil (anethole), fatty oil, proteins

B. Essential oil, alkaloids, tannins

B. Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids

55. Raw wood pine contains:

A. Essential oil, resinous substances, organic acids

B. Essential oil, flavonoids, vitamins

B. Triterpene saponins, organic acids, starch

56. Raw machka yellow contains:

A. Alkaloids (thermopsin) B. Alkaloids (glaucine) B. Alkaloids (codeine)

57. Raw oregano contains:

A. Essential oil (thymol), organic acids, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (menthol), organic acids, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (alantolactone), organic acids, flavonoids

58. Herb lanceolate thermopsis contains:

A. Essential oil (anethole), tannins, flavonoids

B. Alkaloids (thermopsin), flavonoids

B. Alkaloids (cytisine), flavonoids

59. Raw wild rosemary contains:

A. Essential oil (ledol), tannins, flavonoids

B. Essential oil (thymol), organic acids, saponins

B. Alkaloids, organ

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Plants with an astringent taste tighten tissues and organs, cause tissue elasticity, strengthen and tighten them. They also stop excessive secretions and waste. Being dry, they simultaneously possess the property of retaining moisture.

In addition, they have a revitalizing effect on the skin and mucous membranes. An astringent taste differs from an astringent effect in that astringent tasting plants have an astringent effect, while other tasting herbs also have an astringent effect. Astringents should be used when symptoms such as bleeding and diarrhea are evident. But these means, however, do not eliminate the cause that caused the violation.

Plants that have a different taste, when used properly, also heal these symptoms. For example, diarrhea can be caused by a violation of the ability of absorption, assimilation in the small intestine. Astringents, eg raspberry, alum, may suppress these symptoms but do not improve absorption (the astringent taste is heavy and difficult to digest). In this regard, a product like nutmeg, astringent and pungent in taste, increases fire and improves digestion, in this case he is the best means. It may not always be able to suppress intense secretions. For example, diarrhea caused by excess ama may be natural reaction body to the accumulation of toxins and the desire for cleansing. The use of astringents in this case will only interfere with the elimination of toxins from the body and cause further complications. The correct treatment in this case is to induce diarrhea with a mild laxative in order to completely eliminate the ama from the body.

Astringents can be used if the diarrhea does not depend on the body's desire to cleanse.

Therefore, it is very important to properly handle astringent plants, and not to use them only as a remedy for external symptoms - like drugs, without ascertaining the internal causes of these disorders, which astringent herbs can only superficially treat.

Ayurveda distinguishes three types of astringent herbs, according to their action.1. Those that stop bleeding are hemostatic plants (rakta stambhana), 2. those that stop the intensive excretion of waste substances (mala stambhana), they are also called fixing agents, and 3. wound healing agents (ropana), which have astringent property , they are especially good for indoor use. These herbs are not all astringent.

Hemostatic herbs stop bleeding due to their cooling effect. They can be attributed to the means of antimicrobial action, as they purify the blood. They tend to be anti-Pitta, aggravate Vata, and usually taste astringent or bitter.

Hemostatic plants include the following: goorrlets, burdock, hibiscus, manishta, saffron, marshmallow, mullein, nettle, plantain, raspberry, common blackhead, shepherd's purse, turmeric, yarrow.

Some pungent herbs have a hemostatic effect, especially if the bleeding is caused by cold energy, as in some Vata or Kapha disorders. These plants include: black pepper, cayenne pepper, cinnamon and ginger. These plants stop bleeding for a short time, but after a while, due to their hot effect, bleeding may occur again. Bitter tonics and metabolic herbs, most of which cool the blood and reduce Pitta, help to stop the blood due to their cold energy, even without certain hemostatic properties. Astringent plants that stop diarrhea can also help eliminate profuse sweating, urination and spontaneous ejaculation. They usually have a cold energy, bitter-astringent taste.

The fixatives include the following: blackberry, geranium, gentian, lotus seeds, plantain, raspberry, sumac, water lily, oak bark, sorrel.

Some warm energy plants also stop diarrhea and other intense discharges and are generally recommended to improve digestion. Such plants improve Vata. These include: black pepper, ginger, haritaki, nutmeg. Buttermilk and yogurt are also used as such remedies.

Plants with a healing effect help with cuts, wounds, burns, bleeding. It is recommended to use them in the form of poultices and lotions. Most herbs, which are astringent and sweet in taste and have a cold energy, reduce Pitta and Kapha. Although such plants are not very helpful in serious violations and severe tissue damage, since such a condition mostly requires tonification (which is more of a Vata disorder) is better attributed. Many of them have a softening and soothing effect, especially on the skin and mucous membranes. Many contain a sticky substance.

Healing plants include: aloe, mokrichnik, COMFREY, honey, marshmallow, plantain, common blackhead, shepherd's purse, elm, turmeric. Some plants can have all three effects at once, which is why they are called all-healing. These are such plants as: marshmallow, plantain, blackhead, yarrow, comerey.

The healing effect that astringent plants have is not always nourishing. Astringent plants promote healing of tissues, but do not always contribute to their construction. They have a withering effect on tissues, so these plants not only do not have a nutritional function, but contribute to tissue depletion. Misuse or excessive consumption of astringent herbs aggravates Vata. It can cause constipation, gas, abdominal pain as well as muscle spasms and nervousness. For this reason, astringents are used synergistically with nourishing or tonic herbs. Nourishing herbs increase tissue growth, astringent plants thicken tissues and help maintain organs. Plants that combine astringent and tonic action are powerful restorative agents. These include amalaki, bibhitaki and haritaki. These are the three most powerful restorative herbs in Ayurveda.

Oak bark - Cortex Quercus.

Pedunculate oak (common) - Quercus robur L. (syn. Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.).

Rock Oak - Quercus petraea Uebl. (syn. Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.).

Sem. beech - Fagaceae.

Botanical characteristics: Oak ordinary - a mighty tree, more than 40 m in height. The bark is dark gray with deep cracks. The leaves are short-cut, longitudinally wrapped with 4-7 rounded lobes on each half. Flowers are unisexual. The fruit is an acorn. Blooms in May. The fruits ripen in September-October. In the fracture, the outer bark is granular, even, the inner bark is strongly fibrous, splintery. The smell is weak, peculiar, intensifying when the bark is wetted with water. The taste is strongly astringent.

Distribution: It grows in mixed forests, often in continuous massifs in the forest-steppe zone of the European part of the USSR. In the Far East, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, there are other types of oak.

Harvesting and drying: It is harvested in early spring during the sap flow, when it is easily separated from the wood. and removed from the shoots, thin trunks and young branches, making two annular cuts at a distance of 25 - 30 cm from one another, and connect them with a longitudinal cut, separating the bark from the wood. Collection of oak bark is allowed only in areas where clear cutting or thinning is planned. The bark is dried laying out in a thin layer on cloth or paper and dried in attics daily stirring and can be dried in the sun. It usually dries in 7-10 days.

Chemical composition: Oak bark contains tannins, gallic and ellagic acids, pentosans, pectins, sugar, flobafen, catechin tannins, carbohydrates, resins, phenols, catechins.

application, medicines: Oak bark is used to make a decoction, which is used as an astringent for inflammatory diseases of the mouth, pharynx, pharynx, larynx. Sometimes it is prescribed externally in the form of a 20% decoction for the treatment of burns. Oak bark is included in the preparations "STOMATOFIT" and "STOMATOFIT A", which are used for inflammatory diseases of the oral cavity, bleeding gums and as an adjuvant for periodontal disease. ( Side effects with prolonged rinsing of the oral cavity, a significant deterioration in smell is sometimes observed).

Contraindications: Intestinal diseases with a tendency to constipation.

Storage In dry, well-ventilated areas, packed in bales of 100 kg. Shelf life up to 5 years.

Potentilla rhizomes - Rhizomata Tormentillfe.

Potentilla erecta (L.) Rausch. (P. tormentilla Stokes. astringent medicinal plant

Family Rosaceae (Rosaceae).

The generic name is from the Latin potentia, strength; erecta - upright, straight. Popular names: cinquefoil-uzik, wild galangal, dubrovka.

Botanical description: A perennial herbaceous plant with a horizontal, cylindrical or tuberous multi-headed rhizome 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm wide. The rhizome is woody, reddish-brown, with numerous thin roots. The stems are erect (one or more) or ascending, 10-30 cm high, forked-branched, thin, slender, covered with short hairs. Stem leaves sessile, ternate, with large, deeply incised stipules; leaflets usually sessile, oblong-wedge-shaped, coarsely serrate, adpressed-hairy on both sides, rarely almost glabrous. Basal leaves are three-, five-fingered, long-petiolate, collected in a bunch, with two large stipules, which die off by the time of flowering. Flowers solitary, on long pedicels, about 10 mm in diameter. Calyx hairy, double, with 4 subcalyx leaves and 4 sepals remaining with fruits. Corolla four-lobed. Petals yellow, obovate. Stamens 15-20 or more, pistils sitting on a convex hairy receptacle, many. The fruit is a multi-nutlet (nutlet-shaped). Blooms from mid-May to September. The fruits ripen in August - September.

Distribution: Potentilla erectus is common in the European part of Russia, Ukraine, the Caucasus, Belarus, Western Siberia. Grows in meadows, forest clearings, edges, clearings, on the outskirts of peat bogs, in sparse coniferous and coniferous-small-leaved forests, in birch groves.

Harvesting and drying: Harvest the rhizomes in the fall after the death of the aerial parts (September-October) or early in the spring at the beginning of the regrowth of leaves (April). The rhizomes are dug up, the ground is shaken off, the aerial parts, roots, rotten parts of the rhizomes are cut with knives and washed in cold water. After drying in the open air for several days, the rhizomes are dried in attics under an iron roof or under a canopy with good ventilation, and preferably in dryers at a temperature of 50--60 ° C, laying out a thin layer (2--3 cm) on paper, fabric , sieves. Shelf life up to 6 years.

Chemical composition: Tannins (15-30%), ellagic and quinic acids, triterpene saponins, starch, resinous substances, tormentol crystalline ester, flavonoids, flobafen, wax, resins, gum.

Application, medicines: The rhizomes of the plant have an astringent, bactericidal, anti-inflammatory and hemostatic effect. The local anti-inflammatory effect is associated with tannins that can create a biological film that protects tissues from chemical, bacterial and mechanical effects that accompany inflammation. At the same time, the permeability of capillaries decreases and the vessels narrow.

In medicine, a decoction of Potentilla rhizomes is used as an astringent for inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx (as a rinse) - for stomatitis, gingivitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis.

The broth is prepared as follows: a tablespoon of roughly crushed rhizomes of Potentilla is poured into 200 ml of water at room temperature, brought to a boil, boiled for 10-15 minutes, cooled, filtered, taken in a tablespoon 3-4 times a day for 1-- 1.5 hours before meals (also possible after meals) for diseases of the stomach and intestines (with enteritis, enterocolitis, dyspepsia, gastritis, dysentery).

In Bulgaria, Potentilla infusion is used as a cholagogue for gastritis and peptic ulcer with low acidity, as well as externally for hemorrhoids by application.

Often it is used externally for burns, eczema and inflammatory skin diseases.

A decoction and tincture are used as an astringent, hemostatic, bactericidal agent for intestinal and uterine bleeding, as well as for scurvy and weakness of the gums.

The tincture is prepared on vodka in the usual way in the ratio of 25 g of raw materials per 0.5 l of vodka.

There is evidence of the effectiveness of infusions and decoctions from the leaves, stems and flowers of Potentilla erectus in the treatment of patients with acute and chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver with congestion (edema, ascites).

Potentilla rhizomes are part of gastric and astringent teas and fees. (Side effects long-term use preparations of Potentilla rhizomes inhibit the secretion gastric juice and suppresses the development of normal microflora in the intestine)

Storage: In a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life 4 years.

Rhizomata et radices sanguisorbae rhizomes and roots of burnet.

Burnet officinalis - Sanguisorba officinalis L.

Sem. rosaceous - Rosaceae.

Other names: redhead, bebrenets, gryzhnik, goroshnik, button, twig, owl grass, black grass, cones.

Botanical characteristic. Perennial herbaceous plant up to 1 m high. Stem erect, glabrous, branched upwards. Basal leaves are long-petiolate, odd-pinnate, with small stipules (from 7 to 15 leaflets), oblong-ovate, with a sharp-serrated edge, bluish-green below, collected in a rosette. Stem leaves are sparse, sessile, glabrous, dark green above, bluish-green below. The flowers are purple, collected in dense short oval-shaped inflorescences-heads, sessile on long peduncles. The fruit is a nut. Blooms in June-August.

Spreading. AT large quantities grows in Siberia, the Far East and Kazakhstan, is rare in the European part of the country. Grows in the Caucasus and Crimea.

Harvesting and drying Underground organs are dug up by the end of flowering or after haymaking, when the above-ground mass has time to grow a little and the plant can be easily recognized. Cleaned from the ground, cut off small thin and old rotten parts, placed in baskets and washed with water. Thick rhizomes are cut lengthwise, dried in the sun. Dry in dryers with artificial heating or in the sun, under a canopy.

Chemical composition: All parts of the plant contain tannins with a predominance of hydrolysable substances of the pyrogall group (tannins). At the same time, the rhizomes of the burnet officinalis contain 12-13%, the roots - up to 17%, and the calluses (nodules) - up to 23% of tannins. In addition, free gallic and ellagic acids, triterpene saponins (up to 4%) - sanguisorbin, lossin, including arabinose as a sugar, were found in the roots.

Application, medicine: Burnet is used as an astringent, bactericidal and hemostatic agent for diarrhea, intestinal and uterine bleeding, hemoptysis, and also as an anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of gingivitis and stomatitis. Burnet preparations are used as an astringent for gastrointestinal diseases (enterocolitis, diarrhea of ​​various etiologies). The liquid extract of burnet is used as a hemostatic agent for uterine bleeding, with excessive heavy menstruation in connection with inflammatory processes appendages, with bleeding in the post-abortion period, with hemorrhagic bleeding, uterine fibromyoma. The extract is prescribed in a teaspoon 3 times a day. Burnet decoctions are also used in a ratio of 15:200. To prepare a decoction, a tablespoon of raw materials is poured into 200 ml of water and boiled for 30 minutes, cooled, insisted for 2 hours. Take a tablespoon 5-6 times a day before meals. The root is part of the stomach teas. In folk medicine, burnet is widely used for hemoptysis in tuberculosis patients, with heavy menstruation and as an external wound healing.

Contraindications: Violation motor function intestines.

Storage: In a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life 5 years.

Serpentine rhizomes (cancerous necks) - Rhizomata bistortae.

Highlander snake - Polygonum bistorta L.

Highlander meat-red - Polygonum carneum C. Koch.

Sem. buckwheat - Polygonaceae.

Other names: serpentine, cancer necks, bistorta, highlander, uneven grass, turtle dove, crustaceans, snake root, crooked potion, wild buckwheat.

Botanical characteristics: Highlander serpentine is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 30--100 cm high with a thick serpentine rhizome. The rhizome at the break is reddish, lignified, on it the remains of leaves and stems form numerous scars, dark red on the outside with a brown tint. Thin threadlike roots depart from the rhizome. The stem is one (rarely several), knotty, glabrous, unbranched, with bells at the locations of the leaves, bears several large basal and lower stem leaves with long winged petioles, 4–30 cm long and 1–7.5 cm wide. Leaves alternate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate with flat or slightly wavy margins; stem leaves are smaller than basal, narrow, sessile. From below, the leaves are gray, shortly pubescent, from above they are bare or slightly pubescent with curly hairs. The flowers are regular, about 3.5 mm long, with a simple five-membered pale pink perianth remaining with fruits, collected in a dense spicate brush 1.5-5 cm long and 10-15 mm wide. Stamens 8, protruding from the perianth. The fruit is a trihedral, smooth, shiny brown nut 3-4.5 mm long. Blossoms in May - June, bears fruit in June - July.

Spreading. Grows in forest, watershed and watershed meadows with acidic humus soil, in subalpine meadows. It grows in the European part of Russia (from the Far North to the steppe zone), in Western and Eastern Siberia, in Ukraine, in Belarus.

Harvesting and drying: Harvest rhizomes in the fall after the underground parts die off (September - October) or early in the spring before the growth of the aboveground parts. They dig up the rhizomes with shovels, shake off the ground, cut off the aerial parts and numerous short roots with knives, and then wash them in cold water. Then cut off the rotten parts of the rhizomes. After the raw material dries in the air, it is dried in attics under an iron roof or under sheds with good ventilation, as well as in dryers at a temperature of 50--60 ° C, spreading in 1-2 layers on paper, fabric or sieves.

Chemical composition: The raw material contains up to 25% pyrogallic tannins (tannins), free gallic acid (up to 0.5%), ellagic acid, catechins (0.5%), hydroxymethyl anthraquinones, starch (26%), calcium oxalate. Vitamin C found in roots, leaves and flowers.

Application, medicines: The serpentine rhizome has been used since ancient times as an astringent for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. At present, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hemostatic, soothing, deodorizing properties of highlander preparations have also been established.

Serpentine preparations have astringent properties, which appear slowly, as the active substances of the plant are broken down by digestive enzymes.

Serpentine preparations are of low toxicity.

AT scientific medicine decoction, extract, powder, tincture are used for gallstone disease, bladder diseases, internal bleeding, diarrhea, acute and chronic intestinal diseases, accompanied by diarrhea of ​​non-dysenteric origin.

To do this, use a decoction of the coil. To prepare it, 20 g of crushed rhizomes are poured into 1 liter of water at room temperature, covered and heated in a boiling water bath with frequent stirring for 30 minutes and immediately filtered after removal from the water bath. Take 200 ml per day. While taking the decoction, meat, salt, alcoholic beverages, fish, and eggs are excluded from the menu.

The decoction can be prepared in another way: 20 g of raw materials per 200 ml of water, boil for 20 minutes. Take a tablespoon half an hour before meals 2-3 times a day.

When bleeding, it is effective to use powder from the rhizomes of the mountaineer 0.5-1 g 3 times a day.

Knotweed snake preparations are used for rinsing and irrigating the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat, especially for inflammation, stomatitis, gingivitis, as well as for washing wounds and ulcers.

Serpentine extract is prepared from a fairly large rhizome by extracting 70% alcohol in a ratio of 1:1. Take 20-30 drops before meals 2-3 times a day.

Highlander serpentine is a remedy widely used in folk medicine. In summer diarrhea and dysentery with very frequent urges (with blood), the powder of the rhizome of the mountaineer snake, 0.5--1 g per reception, is kneaded with honey and rolled into the crumb of white bread. Take 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals.

With colitis, 50 g of powdered rhizomes of the mountaineer snake is poured into 5 liters of dry red wine, boiled in a sealed container for 10 minutes, insisted until cool, do not filter. A glass of decoction is drunk per day in 4 divided doses at regular intervals (depending on the severity of the disease, you can drink more than a glass). If there is no improvement in 2-3 weeks, 100 g of garlic is added to the wine in the form of unpeeled crushed cloves per 1 liter of wine, and insisted for a week. Accept as above.

For rinsing with stomatitis and gingivitis, an infusion (1:5) and a decoction (1:10) of the rhizomes of the mountaineer snake are used.

In case of poisoning, 20 g of dry crushed rhizomes of the mountaineer snake are poured into 1 liter of dry white wine, insisted for 8 hours, periodically shaking the contents. Drink little by little throughout the day. (Side effects of long-term use of serpentine rhizomes inhibit the secretion of gastric juice and inhibit the development of normal microflora in the intestine).

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State budget educational institution

Higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Medical University"

Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation

(GBOU VPO NSMU Ministry of Health and Social Development of Russia)

Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany

COURSE WORK

Medicinal plants and medicinal herbal raw materials,

astringent

Completed by: Volkova Alina Sergeevna

student of the 3rd year of the 1st group

Faculty of Pharmacy

Checked by: teacher

Novosibirsk 2011

Introduction ______________________ ______________________________ ___3

Main part of work:

• Classification of tannins _______________________ ___5
• Physical and chemical properties ______________________ ____9
• Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role

Characteristics of LRS

• Oak bark ______________________________ _______________14
• Badana rhizomes _____________________ __________________17
• Rhizome serpentine ______________________________ _______19
• Burnet rhizomes and roots _________________________ ___21
• Bird cherry fruits ______________________________ ___________23
• Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ________________________ ____25

Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ______________________ __33

Conclusion ____________________ _____________________________ 35

List of used literature ____________________ _________36

Introduction

Relevance of the topic. “Currently, the range of herbal medicines in Russia is more than 40%. Medicinal plant materials (MPR) containing tannins are widely used to obtain drugs that have astringent, hemostatic, anti-inflammatory effects.

Shredded HR containing tannins is dispensed from pharmacies without a prescription for the preparation of infusions and decoctions at home. MPS must be standardized and comply with high standards pharmacopoeial requirements.

Relevant is the development and improvement of methods for the identification of VP, including crushed and powder, determination of the content of active substances; creation of drafts of modern regulatory documentation for VP containing tannins.”

Objective. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main body of work

General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds

Tannins are a group of high-molecular plant polyphenols with a molecular weight of 500-3000, capable of forming strong bonds with proteins, alkaloids and salts of heavy metals, precipitating them, and also having an astringent effect.

"The name "tannins" has developed historically, thanks to the ability of these compounds to tan the raw skin of animals, turning it into a durable skin that is resistant to moisture and microorganisms." This ability of tannins is based on the interaction with the skin protein - collagen, leading to the formation of structures that are resistant to decay processes. Polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of less than 500 do not have tanning properties, but are precursors of tannins. They are called tannins. "They are found in vegetables and fruits and give them an astringent taste." In order not to confuse such substances with genuine tannins, they are often referred to as "food tannins" or "tea tannins". And polyphenolic compounds with a molecular weight of more than 3000 do not tan the skin, since they do not penetrate between the fibrils.

The term "tannins" has 2 hypotheses of origin: from the French. "tanner" - "to tan the skin" and from the alleged word "tan" - tanning bark. Initially, this was the name of a mixture of substances extracted with water from the bark and oak wood, at present, the term "tannins" is used to name hydrolysable tannins, as well as especially industrially significant Chinese and Turkish tannins.

“Tanning, characteristic of all tannins, is a complex physical and chemical process in which the phenolic groups of tannins interact with collagen molecules. The final stage of this process is the formation of a stable cross-linked specific structure due to the occurrence of hydrogen bonds between collagen molecules and phenolic groups of tannins. But such bonds can only form when the molecules are large enough to attach adjacent collagen chains and have enough phenolic groups to cross-link."

Classification of tannins

Tannins are derivatives of pyrogallol, pyrocatechol, phloroglucinol and other phenolic compounds.

There are 2 classifications of tannins:

1. According to G. Procter (1894) - based on the nature of the decomposition products of tannins at 180-200 degrees Celsius

• Pyrrogallic
• Pyrocatechin

1. According to G. Povarnik (1911) and K. Freidenberg (1920) - based on the chemical nature of tannins and their relationship to hydrolyzing agents

• hydrolysable
• Condensed

hydrolysable tannins

These are mixtures of esters of phenolcarboxylic acids with sugars and nonsaccharides. In aqueous solutions, they are hydrolyzed under the action of acids, alkalis and enzymes on fragments of phenolic and non-phenolic nature (phenolic fragments are gallic, metadigallic, ellagic, hexahydroxydiphenic, quinic, chloragenic, etc. acids, and the non-phenolic fragment is most often glucose monosaccharide)

"Hydrolysable tannins are in turn subdivided

• Gallotannins
• Ellagotannins
• Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids

Gallotannins are esters of hexoses (usually D-glucose) and gallic acid. There are mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and polygalloyl ethers.

Representatives: 1) D-glucogallin isolated from rhubarb root and eucalyptus leaves 2) Chinese tannin obtained from galls (growths) of Chinese sumac 3) Turkish tannin isolated from Turkish galls formed on dyed oak leaves.

“Ellagotannins are esters of D-glucose and hexahydroxydiphenic, hebulic and other acids that have a biogenetic relationship with ellagic acid.

They are complex in structure and are found mainly in tropical and subtropical plants.

Found in pomegranate fruit peel, eucalyptus bark, walnut peel, oak bark, alder seedlings.

Gallotannins and ellagitannins can occur simultaneously in plants.

"Non-saccharide esters of carboxylic acids are esters of gallic acid with quinic, hydroxycinnamic (chlorogenic, coffee, hydroxycinnamic) acids, as well as flavans."

Representatives: 1) galloyl esters of quinic acid were found in the bark of angustifolia oak.

2) Esters of gallic acid and catechins are found in tea leaves, for example - catechin gallate. Theogallin has been isolated from green tea leaves.

Hydrolysable tannins are found in the leaves of sumac and skumpia, in the fruits of alder, in the rhizomes of burnet, bergenia.

This group of tannins is widely used in medicine, but it is a good breeding ground for microorganisms.

condensed tannins

"These are compounds that form condensation products that do not decompose under the action of acids, alkalis, enzymes." Under the influence of acids, they are even more compacted and form more complex water-insoluble, amorphous compounds - flobaphenes.

These substances are mainly polymers of catechins (flavan-3-ol) or leucocyanidins (flavan-3,4-diol) or copolymers of these two types of flavonoid compounds. All fragments are connected to each other. friend s-s connections. Unlike hydrolysable tannins, condensed tannins contain few carbohydrates.

There are 2 hypotheses of the mechanism of formation of condensed tannins.

1. According to K. Freidenberg

Condensation is accompanied by rupture of the heterocycle (-C 3 -) and leads to the formation of linear polymers or copolymers of the "heterocycle ring - ring A" type with a large molecular weight. In this case, condensation is considered not as an enzymatic process, but as a result of the influence of heat and an acidic environment.

1. According to D. Hathway

Polymers are formed as a result of oxidative enzymatic condensation, which can proceed both in the head-to-tail type (ring A - ring B) and in the tail-to-tail type (ring B - ring B). It is believed that this condensation occurs during the aerobic oxidation of catechins and flavan-3,4-diols by polyphenol oxidases, followed by the polymerization of the resulting o-quinones. For example, tail-to-tail polymerization.

Most often in plants, oxidative polymerization of catechins occurs in dead parts (bark, wood), as well as condensation under the action of enzymes (in leaves).

Condensed tannins are found in the bark of oak, chestnut, blueberries, bird cherry, in the needles of coniferous trees, in the rhizome of the serpentine, cinquefoil.

On the division of plants according to this classification, one can speak only with some approximation, since only very few plants contain one group of tannins. Much more often, the same plant contains condensed and hydrolysable tannins together, usually with a predominance of one or another group. In addition, the composition of the mixture of these tannins includes simple phenols: resorcinol, pyrocatechin, free phenolcarboxylic acids (gallic, ellagic).

Often the ratio of hydrolysable and condensed tannins changes greatly during the vegetation of the plant and with age.

Physical and chemical properties

Tannins are amorphous compounds of yellow or yellow-brown color, odorless, astringent taste, hygroscopic.

1. They dissolve well in water with the formation of colloids, in ethyl and methyl alcohols, acetone, ethyl acetate, butanol, pyridine.

2. Insoluble in non-polar solvents: in chloroform, benzene, diethyl ether.

3. Optically active

4. Easily oxidized in air

5. Able to form strong intermolecular bonds with proteins and other polymers (pectic substances, cellulose).

6. Under the action of the tanase enzyme and acids, hydrolysable tannins break up into parts, and condensed ones become larger.

7. Easily bind to alkaloids, salts of heavy metals, cardiac glycosides.

8. Precipitated by solutions of protein and alkaloids.

Description

Objective. To study medicinal plants and medicinal plant materials containing tannins.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Collect and analyze information about medicinal plants and medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins.
Explore characteristics raw materials,
chemical composition, its standardization and application.

Main part of work:
General characteristics of the class of chemical compounds __________4
Classification of tannins ________________________________5
Physical and chemical properties ________________________________9
Distribution in the plant world _______________________ 10
Localization of tannins in plants and their biological role
Characteristics of LRS
Oak bark _____________________________________________14
Badana rhizomes _____________________________________________17
Rhizome serpentine _____________________________________19
Burnet rhizomes and roots ____________________________21
Bird cherry fruits _______________________________________________23
Blueberry fruits, blueberry shoots ____________________________25
Alder seedlings (alder cones) ____________________________30
Modern methods of standardization of medicinal plant raw materials containing tannins ____________________________33

Conclusion_________________________________________________35
List of references _____________________________36

Astringent drugs are widely used in medical practice. In particular, they are used in the treatment of injuries, inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes. When applied to the site of inflammation or the surface of the wound, they relieve inflammation and also relieve pain. Astringents have a dehydrating effect, drying the surface of the damage, and also promotes partial coagulation of proteins, bringing the healing process closer.

All medicinal products that have an astringent effect are classified as synthetic drugs and herbal preparations. That is, they are distinguished as inorganic astringents and organic astringents.

It is about the second variety that we will talk with you today. Let's learn more about astringent medicinal plants. Let's find out in which areas of medicine they are used, how they are classified and what properties they have:

Properties of astringent plants

Usually, they are used in such areas of medicine as gastroenterology, dermatology. Very often, astringent plants are used in dentistry, as well as ENT practice.

Decoctions, infusions, tinctures are prepared from them, applied externally in the form of lotions, compresses, rinses, powders for injuries and inflammations of the skin and mucous membranes. Used inside in the complex treatment of diseases of the stomach, intestines.

Main groups of astringent plants

According to the therapeutic effect, astringent medicinal plants are divided into three main groups: hemostatic, fixing, healing. Let's briefly review the properties of plants from each group:

- Hemostatic. Means based on these plants are used to stop bleeding. These properties are possessed by:, a thick-leaved bergenia plant, oak bark, snake mountaineer. Mullein, nettle leaves, raspberry leaves, burnet grass, goose and erect cinquefoil, shepherd's purse are also effective. Many people know from childhood about the hemostatic properties of plantain, yarrow.

- Fixing. These plants are mainly used to treat diarrhea, taken orally. They have a characteristic astringent, slightly bitter taste. Typical representatives of this group are meadow geranium, gentian grass, forest blackberry leaves. St. John's wort is a well-known plant of this group. Very often, to stop diarrhea (diarrhea), a decoction of oak bark is taken. Also effective are raspberry leaves, water lily leaves, comfrey grass and wild lingonberries.

- Healing. Means based on them are used (more often externally) in the treatment of skin inflammations, injuries (cuts, wounds, burns, etc.). Basically, these herbs have a sweetish aftertaste. Often used to treat mucous membranes. The most famous plants of this group are: leaves of perennial aloe, marshmallow root, wood louse grass, comfrey plant. Often used decoctions of sage leaves, blackheads, shepherd's purse. Use fresh plantain leaves, their juice.

It can be seen that in each of the three groups there are the same plants. They have universal properties. Therefore, they are used to treat both internal ailments and external injuries. Such herbs include marshmallow, comfrey, oak bark, leaves, plantain seeds, herbs - yarrow and blackhead, etc.

cooking recipes

Here are some recipes for you healing remedies based on the most popular binders:

Hypericum infusion

To prepare an effective, astringent, anti-inflammatory natural remedy, you need to do the following:

Pour into a glass (porcelain, ceramic) container 1 tbsp. l. dried herb. After that, boil water and pour 1 cup of boiling water into the herb. Now you need to insulate everything very well, be patient and wait 40-60 minutes. Strain the finished infusion through a fine strainer and drink a sip before meals. The infusion is used to treat diseases of the digestive tract.

Infusion of blueberries

With chronic diseases of the stomach, intestines or with their exacerbation, this remedy will help. To prepare it, place 2 tsp in a mug or suitable cup. dried berries. Now it remains to pour them with very cool boiling water (a glass). Just as in the first recipe, insulate the dishes. The infusion will be ready in 4 hours. Drink half a glass during the day, and eat the berries. You can prepare the infusion in a thermos, it will be faster.

Gastric collection

To treat gastritis and restore normal bowel function, there is a very effective remedy. To prepare it, pour into a clean, dry container 2 tbsp. l. dry mint, dried nettle leaves. Add 1 tbsp. l. crushed dry roots of calamus and the same amount of valerian root. Mix everything.

Now you need to pour 1 tbsp. l. cooked collection with boiling water. As usual, for 1 tbsp. l. raw materials we take 1 cup of boiling water. We warm, wait 1 hour. Then the infusion can be filtered. Drink - half a glass in the morning, before breakfast and at night.

Collection against bloating and flatulence

To prepare, mix an equal amount of such plants: mint leaves, fennel fruits, finely broken dry valerian roots. Take 1 tbsp. l. prepared collection, pour 1 cup boiling water into the bowl with herbs. Cover up warmer. Here you need to wait until the infusion cools down by itself, to room temperature. Now it needs to be filtered. Drink sips throughout the day. Be healthy!