Normal vaginal discharge in girls and women. White discharge in girls and women is normal

Vaginal discharge is the result of the work of glands located in the mucous membrane of the vagina. By the nature of the discharge, it is possible to assess the state of the organs of the female genital area.

Normal vaginal discharge is not considered a disease, as it is necessary for the normal functioning of the reproductive system. In the vestibule of the vagina and near the cervix, there are secretory glands that produce mucus, which is necessary to moisturize the mucous membrane and form a healthy microflora. Healthy secretions are formed in a small volume, they are transparent, odorless and are not accompanied by pain and itching. When the type of discharge changes, this indicates the presence of a pathological process in the organs of the female genital area.

Types of secretions

Depending on the amount of mucus produced, the discharge is divided into scanty, abundant and normal.

Meager is called discharge, which is not enough for the normal functioning of the vagina and external genital organs. The mucous membranes begin to dry out and crack. During sexual intercourse, friction and pain are felt. Scanty discharge is the result of hormonal changes due to age, endocrine disease, or taking hormonal drugs.

Abundant discharge is called, which leads to a constant feeling of moisture in the vagina. They are visible on underwear. Abundant discharge can be diagnosed in young women during ovulation in the middle of the menstrual cycle, they are transparent and do not have an unpleasant odor. During pregnancy, especially before childbirth, the discharge also becomes more abundant. These are healthy secretions, they should not be feared. If the consistency, volume, color or smell of secretions changes, this indicates the beginning of the pathological process.

Discharge is considered natural if it sufficiently moisturizes the vagina and does not cause anxiety. In the presence of normal discharge, additional moistening of the vagina before intercourse is not required.

The consistency of the discharge varies into watery, mucous, cheesy and foamy.

• Liquid discharge - watery and mucous - odorless and colors appear normal. Watery discharge is noted in the middle of the cycle during the period of ovulation, mucous membranes appear during intercourse and serve as a lubricant.
• Thick curdled discharge indicates the presence of a fungal infection. Doctors usually diagnose candidiasis. The secretions resemble liquid cottage cheese, they are not uniform in consistency.
• Foamy discharge indicates the presence of a bacterial infection. This is especially dangerous if they have an unpleasant odor or a pronounced color. Foamy discharge is the hallmark of trichomoniasis.

The color of the discharge distinguish between transparent (normal), white, bloody, yellow, green and brown.

• Clear discharge is normal. Usually they are invisible on underwear and on the body.
• Thick white discharge indicates the presence of candidiasis (thrush). In a healthy state, white discharge may appear before childbirth.
• Bloody and brown discharge are the most dangerous, as they signal the presence of blood in the vagina. Normally, they occur only during menstruation. When taking hormonal contraception, especially in the first months, the appearance of intermenstrual bleeding is acceptable, this is considered normal and indicates the body's adaptation to artificial hormones. In other cases, bleeding indicates the presence of a serious pathology or the onset of bleeding.
• Yellow and green discharge indicates the presence of an infectious-inflammatory process.

By smell, discharges are differentiated without smell, with a sweet smell, with a sour smell, with an unpleasant smell.

• The phrase "odorless discharge" is arbitrary, since all human discharge is characterized by some smell. In a healthy state, this smell is pleasant and barely perceptible. It is individual for each person. Since a person feels it constantly, he eventually ceases to feel it. If a woman does not smell the discharge, it can be said that the discharge is odorless.
• Discharge with a sweetish or sour smell most often speaks of thrush. Candida fungi use sugar for food, love it and settle in a sugar-rich environment.
• Discharge with an unpleasant odor is caused by a bacterial infection. They often smell like stale fish. Anaerobic bacteria give the characteristic smell of fish. The stronger the smell, the stronger the infection.

Reasons for the appearance

Intimate secretions serve as a kind of indicator of the health of the female sphere.

With natural secretions that do not cause discomfort, we can conclude that the organs of the female reproductive system are healthy. However, regular examinations by a gynecologist at the beginning of the cycle are still necessary. Many pathological processes pass without symptoms; only a gynecological examination and laboratory tests can show their presence.

The type of discharge in a healthy woman can be affected by several factors. These are stress, climate change, taking hormonal drugs, taking potent drugs, and allergic reactions. Also, the nature of the discharge can be affected by personal hygiene.

A woman should be concerned when the discharge changes in consistency, acquires a strange color or smell, and their intensity changes. Often, such discharge is accompanied by pain in the lower abdomen, itching, pain in the perineum, irritation of the external genital organs, and discomfort during urination.

There are some symptoms by which you can preliminarily determine the disease. Of course, an accurate diagnosis is possible only with a doctor after an examination and laboratory diagnosis, but the appearance of some can give a more or less accurate picture of the disease.

White curdled discharge with a sweetish or sour smell indicates candidiasis. Other symptoms of candidiasis are:

• burning, itching in the vagina and external genitalia;
• swelling of the vagina after intercourse;
• pain during urination and during intercourse.

Profuse yellow or foul-smelling bloody discharge may indicate bacterial vaginitis. This is an inflammation of the vagina caused by a violation of the microflora. This means that local immunity cannot restrain the growth of pathogenic bacteria, they attack the cells of the vagina, and the inflammatory process begins. Typical symptoms of bacterial vaginitis:

• redness, itching and swelling of the genital organs;
• pulling pains in the lower abdomen;
• painful intercourse;
• a slight increase in body temperature;
• weakness and fatigue;
• frequent urination.

Abundant frothy leucorrhoea with an unpleasant odor may indicate trichomoniasis. The causative agent of the disease are Trichomonas. The following symptoms are also observed:

• irritation of the genitals and inner thighs;
• erosion of the mucous membranes of the intimate zone;
• pain when urinating;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• pain during intercourse.

Homogeneous yellow-green discharge with an unpleasant odor can be a sign of gonorrhea. This is an acute infectious disease caused by gonococcus and sexually transmitted. The symptoms of gonorrhea are:

• itching and pain in the urethra and vagina;
• increase in body temperature;
• separation of pus from the vagina;
• frequent painful urination;
• enlargement and soreness of the lymph nodes;
• weakness;
• nausea;
• loss of appetite.

Serous-purulent discharge with blood often indicates the presence of a cyst in the uterus or its appendages. Symptoms of a cyst, in addition to spotting, are:

• discomfort in the vagina;
• pain in the lower abdomen;
• pain during intercourse;
• increase in menstrual flow;
• violation of the menstrual cycle;
• painful menstruation.

Bright yellow and green discharge in copious amounts with a very unpleasant odor signal endometritis. This is an inflammation of the uterus caused by bacteria or trauma. Symptoms of endometritis:

• acute pain in the abdomen, in its lower part;
• fever with chills;
• increased heart rate;
• painful urination;
• weakness;
• an increase in the uterus caused by inflammation of the tissues;
• heavy and painful periods;
• infertility.

Brown discharge during a delay in menstruation can inform about the pathological course of pregnancy, for example, an ectopic pregnancy. You can judge the likelihood of this pathology by the following symptoms:

• lack of menstruation;
• sharp or cramping pain in the lower abdomen, usually on the side;
• toxicosis and other signs of pregnancy.

This is a very dangerous condition that requires immediate medical attention. Even if the pregnancy is uterine, but spotting is present, you should immediately consult a doctor, as this is a sign of a threatened abortion.

Which doctor should I contact for unhealthy vaginal discharge

If the discharge is unnatural in color, smell or consistency, you should visit a gynecologist. The doctor will ask about symptoms, perform a visual examination, take a vaginal swab, and make a diagnosis based on the test results. Analysis of vaginal discharge will show if there is a bacterial, viral or fungal infection, what is the degree of infection. After that, an ultrasound examination of the organs of the reproductive system is prescribed. Ultrasound will show the size of the organs of the female system, their position, the presence of neoplasms, such as cysts or tumors, and will help specify the diagnosis. In addition, the doctor prescribes a complete blood count, cytological examination and / or colposcopy.

With a cyst or tumor, an additional consultation with an oncologist will be required. If you experience heavy discharge against the background of stress, it is useful to consult a psychologist. If sexually transmitted diseases are detected, an immunologist's consultation will be required. With a long course of diseases, it is useful to contact an immunologist and assess the immune status. With abundant discharge against the background of allergies, it is recommended to consult an allergist. In children, unhealthy discharge is assessed by a pediatric gynecologist and pediatrician.

How to treat abnormal vaginal discharge

Treatment of problematic discharge should always be carried out with the participation of a doctor after a thorough diagnosis.

With a bacterial infection and inflammation against its background, antimicrobial drugs are prescribed. Antibiotics are prescribed orally and topically in the form of suppositories, creams, ointments.

For fungal infections, antifungal drugs are prescribed. It is worth remembering that thrush is a local manifestation of extensive damage to the body by a fungus, and its treatment is not limited to suppositories and creams. The bulk of the fungus is in the intestines, so the whole body as a whole, and not just the vagina, should be treated.

With a viral infection, antiviral drugs are prescribed. Viruses are dangerous organisms, and doctors have not yet learned how to effectively treat them. This is where immunity plays an important role.

When neoplasms appear, their conservative treatment or removal is possible. Here the decisive role is played by the nature of the neoplasm - benign or malignant - and the speed of its development.

In uterine pregnancy with the threat of miscarriage, the patient is sent to the hospital, the condition of the uterus, placenta, and fetus is examined. With an ectopic pregnancy, the immediate removal of the fetal egg from the woman's body is required.

In any case, when an unhealthy discharge appears, very careful hygiene is required, since many pathological discharges corrode the skin of the genitals. Sometimes the doctor prescribes baths with medicinal solutions and douching.

There are many folk methods for treating discharge. They sometimes help, but sometimes they can blur the clinical picture and make it difficult to diagnose and treat the disease. Of the folk methods, washing with decoctions of herbs is considered safe and useful. Chamomile, calendula, St. John's wort relieve inflammation, increase local immunity and soothe irritated skin. In no case should foreign objects be introduced into the vagina, as some folk recipes advise. This can harm the microflora and injure the already irritated vaginal mucosa.

How to prevent abnormal vaginal discharge

The first rule of preventing painful discharge is regular hygiene. It is necessary to wash yourself every time after visiting the toilet and in the evening before going to bed. Washing is carried out with clean warm water with special means for intimate hygiene. Ordinary soap can destroy the natural microflora and promote the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Hot water kills beneficial lactobacilli, while cold water can exacerbate a viral infection.

Underwear should be changed daily. Linen should let air through and absorb moisture, therefore, linen made from natural fabrics - cotton, linen is recommended. Synthetic underwear should not be worn all the time. Tight underwear and thongs irritate the skin of the genitals and reduce local immunity. Gynecologists do not advise using panty liners, as they interfere with air exchange. It's better to change your underwear more often.

The nature of the discharge is also affected by nutrition. Eating large amounts of sugary foods raises blood sugar and promotes the rapid growth of Candida.

What is vaginal discharge?

Many women do not understand what vaginal discharge is and often try to get rid of it with enhanced personal hygiene. However, discharge is a natural secret of the mucous membranes, which has its own unique functions, like many other biological fluids in the human body - blood, saliva, gastric juice. Its absence can also indicate the presence of pathology, as well as a change in color or amount of discharge.

Distinguish between pathological discharge and normal discharge. A gynecologist can advise a woman about their nature in the most correct form, the patient herself only needs to be attentive to her body and the ability to distinguish its normal state from a state in which any deviations are found. In order to understand which discharges are normal and which are not, you need to know about the symptoms of the appearance of some common abnormalities and diseases of the genital organs.

Normal vaginal discharge and causes of abnormalities

The easiest way is to first determine the list of normal types of discharge in women, which should not be frightening:

• Mucous clear discharge, possibly profuse, appears before ovulation.
• Discharges of a creamy or jelly-like type and copious nature are natural in the first half of the menstrual cycle.
• Creamy or jelly-like meager discharge is characteristic of the second half of the cycle.
• White or clear discharge of a liquid nature may be present for some time after sexual contact.
• Bloody or reddish streaks may appear in the discharge before ovulation.
• Brown discharge is the norm in the first weeks of taking hormonal contraceptives.
• White, odorless discharge during pregnancy, which may increase throughout pregnancy.

Most normal discharge during the menstrual cycle can change in consistency and color, becoming thick, thin, whitish or clear, but should not have an unpleasant odor. The presence of such secretions is a normal condition for an adult woman, but with the development of certain types of diseases or conditions, deviations from the norm and the appearance of secretions of a different color or consistency are possible.

Among the most common causes of deviations in the color of the discharge:

• pregnancy;
• menopause;
• recent childbirth;
• taking certain types of drugs;
• diseases of the genital organs;
• venereal diseases.

With each of these deviations from the usual way of life, there may be various variations in the color and density of the secretions, the appearance of a foreign unpleasant odor in them, or other features characteristic of a particular condition.

Clear vaginal discharge

Clear discharge is the most harmless and natural type of discharge in women. They can appear at any period of the menstrual cycle and consist of dead cells, mucous secretions, lactic acid bacteria, vaginal microflora and other waste products common to this environment. Their number rarely becomes abundant, and there is no smell at all. But the appearance of a faint sour smell should also not be frightening, since it can be given by lactic acid bacteria, which are normally found in any female secretions.

Transparent discharge with different variations is typical for:

• The period of puberty of girls (from 10 years old) - at this age the body begins to prepare for the gradual inclusion of the reproductive systems of organs, and the discharge can be very plentiful. At the same time, they do not have any smell and do not cause discomfort.
• Approaching ovulation - at this time, the amount of discharge increases to a maximum 1-2 days before ovulation itself.
• The first phase of the cycle is thick and clear mucus.
• The second phase of the cycle is scanty and thick discharge.

However, in some cases, even such discharge can cause discomfort. This is possible if a woman has a disease or an inflammatory process. If an unpleasant odor has been added to the transparent discharge, itching in the genital area, urination or sexual intercourse is accompanied by pain, then you should visit a gynecologist, since the presence of such symptoms may indicate the development of the disease. The most common diseases with such signs include:

• Endometritis - an increase in the amount of vaginal mucus, which may also be accompanied by the appearance of blood clots and a sharp, unpleasant odor.
• Salpingoophoritis is an inflammation that is also characterized by increased secretion of mucus and the appearance of an unpleasant odor.
• Diseases of the cervix - bloody impurities are usually found in the secretions.
• Dysbacteriosis or bacterial vaginosis - a characteristic smell of rotten fish appears, the discharge is liquid, watery, sexual intercourse usually causes pain, and hyperemia occurs on the outer part of the genital organs.

Green discharge

The green color of the discharge belongs to pathological types, since it is a symptom of a whole list of sexually transmitted diseases, as well as inflammatory processes, during the development of which leukocytes fight infections and enter the vaginal secretion in large numbers.

Among the most common causes of green or yellow-green discharge are:

• Bacterial vaginosis is a different type of inflammation caused by bacteria. The reason for their development can be either infection from a sexual partner, or ordinary stress or the onset of pregnancy. There may be itching and burning in the genital area.
• Trichomoniasis - green discharge can be almost the only symptom of this dangerous disease, which is extremely difficult to diagnose. To confirm it, you must pass a special test, so the presence of green secretions should certainly become a reason to visit the clinic.
• Thrush, or candidiasis - is also sometimes accompanied by greenish discharge of a jelly-like or curd-like appearance.
• Pregnancy - green discharge may appear at the very beginning of pregnancy due to changes in the woman's body and changes in hormonal balance. Despite the fact that this is a normal physiological process, it is possible to activate latent infections against its background, which also requires consultation with a gynecologist.
• Gonorrhea is an extremely dangerous disease that also requires a mandatory visit to a gynecologist and a course of treatment.
• Inflammatory process - with it, the discharge, as a rule, acquires a yellowish-green appearance.

The green color of the discharge is an unhealthy variant of the norm, which can be attributed to any part of the menstrual cycle. The presence of secretions of this color always indicates changes in the body of a woman, which must be taken seriously.

yellow discharge in women

Yellow discharge may be the norm if their amount is limited and there is no smell. Many changes in a woman's body, both natural and pathological, can provoke such discharge. Discharge with a similar color can be normal only in cases where:

• The amount does not exceed one teaspoon per day.
• There is no odor.
• The tint is muted, not bright.
• The discharge is watery, without clots and with a uniform consistency.

In other cases, yellow discharge can be both the norm and a sign of pathology. Among the most common causes of such secretions are the following:

• Recent births. Within 6-8 weeks after childbirth, a woman may experience yellowish discharge, which is not accompanied by significant discomfort. This is the norm for this period, however, there is always a possibility of infection, since at this time the female body is especially sensitive to various kinds of infections. Therefore, if the discharge bothers the woman or is accompanied by any discomfort, you should consult a doctor for advice and determine the reasons for the presence of yellow discharge.
• Adnexitis is an inflammatory process in the genitals.
• Salpingitis is also inflammation.
• Vaginitis is an inflammation of the mucous tissues of the vagina, which is usually accompanied by pain and itching during sexual intercourse.
• Gonorrhea, chlamydia and trichomoniasis are sexually transmitted diseases that are often accompanied by yellowish-green discharge, clearly indicating an inflammatory process. Another important symptom of these diseases is the sharp and unpleasant smell of rotting fish.

Any of these reasons needs to be checked by a doctor and appropriate treatment prescribed. If unusual yellow discharge appears, you should definitely contact the clinic for testing.

White discharge

White discharge is normally present in any woman. Often their number increases before menstruation, after it ends and during pregnancy. Such secretions are also called "leucorrhea", and they should not bother a woman as long as their amount remains small, the consistency is uniform, and there is no unpleasant odor. In other cases, white discharge may be a symptom of a sexually transmitted disease, fungal infection, or inflammation. Among the most commonly diagnosed causes of white discharge are:

• Vaginitis is an inflammation that occurs in the vaginal mucosa.
• Adnexitis - inflammation of the internal genital organs.
• Incorrectly selected personal hygiene products.
• Omission of the walls of the vagina and colpitis.
• Thrush, or candidiasis.
• Taking hormonal drugs for a long time.
• Some types of douching, washing out the flora from the vagina.
• Sedentary lifestyle.
• Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.

The amount of white discharge can increase dramatically before ovulation, so it is extremely difficult to judge the development of the disease during this period by their presence. If whites are present in large quantities at other times of the cycle or are accompanied by unusual conditions and symptoms, then you should definitely visit a gynecologist to rule out infections and diseases of the reproductive system.

Bloody discharge

Bloody secretions are considered the most dangerous and can be a symptom of many diseases, depending on their color, abundance and smell. This type of discharge should alert a woman if the amount of discharge is large and they are accompanied by other symptoms - pain, itching, burning. Such discharge can be a symptom of:

• erosion of the cervix;
• fibromas;
• endometritis;
• sarcomas;
• cancer;
• adenomyosis;
• tumors.

Since the entire list of diseases consists of diagnoses that are extremely dangerous for the health and life of a woman, such discharge should definitely be a reason to visit a doctor. However, spotting does not always mean the presence of any serious illness. In some cases, they can talk about other deviations from the normal state:

• The occurrence of polyps, small ulcers, warts and other growths in the genitals, which become a source of anxiety and spotting.
• Infection in the genitals.
• Too dry vaginal mucosa can cause such discharge after sexual contact. Especially often such cases occur in women whose age is close to menopause.
• After an abortion.
• Taking inappropriate types of hormonal contraceptives.
• The onset of menopause - during this period, spotting in small amounts at different times is considered the norm.

Any of these reasons requires an examination by a gynecologist and testing to make a diagnosis. Only when a disease or pathology is detected, a doctor can prescribe a treatment that will help get rid of such secretions.

black discharge

Black discharge is usually a variant of bloody discharge, when the color is too dark, and the discharge itself is characterized by increased density and heterogeneous consistency. Such discharge can also be both normal at certain periods and pathological. A similar color of discharge can serve as a symptom of such diseases and abnormalities:

• Disorders of metabolism and functions of the endocrine system.
• Sudden changes in weight - both obesity and loss of adipose tissue.
• Prolonged inflammatory processes or infections.
• consequences of chemotherapy.
• Stress.
• Hormonal imbalance that has arisen for various reasons.
• endometriosis.
• Hyperplasia of the endometrium.
• Reception of incorrectly selected hormonal contraceptives or their abrupt cancellation.
• Polyps on the genitals.
• Some systemic diseases of the body.

To determine the exact cause of black discharge, you should consult a doctor who can prescribe the appropriate tests, conduct an examination and determine the appropriate type of medicine. The reasons for such discharge can be very different, so only a specialist can make a specific diagnosis.

Discharge with odor

Not only the color of the discharge and their quantity, but also the smell can serve as a sign of the presence of a disease of the genital organs or pathology. Normally, vaginal discharge is odorless or has a slight sour smell. If an unpleasant odor appears that resembles rotten fish or sour-milk products, then this is a sure sign of the presence of a sexually transmitted disease, an inflammatory process, or an infection.

In most cases, the smell of secretions may indicate such diseases and conditions:

• Inflammation caused by microorganisms. In such cases, the number of discharges is usually very large.
• Disturbances in the metabolic system of the body of various nature.
• Changes in the hormonal balance of the body for any reason.
• Consequences of a long course of antibiotic therapy.
• Violations of the rules of intimate hygiene of the genital organs.
• Pregnancy.
• The consequences of douching with strong antibacterial agents, as well as simply long douching courses that wash out the vaginal flora.
• The development of oncological diseases of the genital organs.
• Consequences of chemotherapy.
• The presence of candidiasis, or thrush.
• development of bacterial vaginosis.
• Gonorrhea.
• Chlamydia.
• Trichomoniasis.

This is not a complete list of possible problems, a symptom of which is a change in the smell of vaginal discharge. These are much more common than others. In any case, contacting a gynecologist is the right decision if there is discharge with an unusual smell. The sooner the cause of such a change is established, the easier it is to get rid of it and the faster the treatment is carried out.

Discharge treatment

The treatment of any discharge should take into account several factors - the cause of their appearance, the type of disease or abnormality in the body, the period of the menstrual cycle and other features of the body of each woman. In order for the treatment to be correct, a diagnosis is made to determine the cause of the discharge. As part of such a diagnosis, it may be necessary to:

• delivery of cytology;
• smear for STDs;
• blood test for various diseases (depending on the nature of the discharge);
• cultural research;
• pH-metry - the study of the acidic environment of the vagina;
• mycological study of the samples taken.

If necessary, other tests may be ordered by the doctor, but for most common diseases, passing several tests is enough. Treatment begins only after an accurate diagnosis has been made by the doctor, as it will consist of a set of drugs with a special effect. For venereal diseases, this is one set, for inflammatory processes, another. Also, if pathologies are detected, additional tests, surgical intervention or conservative therapy may be required. Therefore, drugs prescribed by a doctor should never be replaced by analogues without his permission.

Among the most common diseases and methods of their treatment:

• Trichomoniasis - drugs such as Ornidazole, Metrinidazole, Nimorazole, Tinidazole are prescribed.
• Bacterial vaginosis - Clindamycin, Metronidazole (in the form of a gel or tablets), Clindamycin, Ornisid forte.
• Candidiasis (thrush) - antifungal drugs, Clotrimazole (in the form of vaginal tablets and cream), Irunin, Orungal, Isoconazole, Fluconazole, Mycomax, Flucostat.

These are the most commonly prescribed special profile drugs that are used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and fungal infections, but a specific type of drug is prescribed only by a doctor after examination and analysis. Self-medication is ineffective and even dangerous, so you should follow the advice of specialists and always consult a doctor before taking any drug.

Discharge before menstruation and after menstruation

The presence of abundant, transparent, odorless discharge in the second half of the menstrual cycle and before menstruation is a normal condition for the female body, since this is how it reacts to the approaching menstruation. It is also not a pathology and the presence of a small amount of dark brown or brown discharge no more than two days before the onset of menstruation. But if there are more than two days before menstruation, then such discharge may indicate the development of certain types of diseases of the genital organs.

The same applies to discharge after menstruation. Dark brown discharge that persists for more than two days can also be a symptom of abnormalities, which may include:

• chronic inflammatory processes in the uterus or appendages; endometriosis;
• venereal diseases;
• various dysfunctions of the reproductive system;
• erosion of the cervix - if the discharge appears before menstruation.

Discharge before menstruation may also indicate the presence of systemic diseases that affect the work of many organs, and not just the reproductive system. These may include hematological abnormalities and adeomyosis.

If such discharge bothers a woman repeatedly, and is also accompanied by other symptoms - pain, itching, burning in the genital area, a change in the smell of discharge and their amount throughout the menstrual cycle, then you should definitely consult a doctor for an examination and treatment.

Discharge during intercourse

The nature of the discharge during intercourse and after it changes significantly, which often becomes a cause of concern for women. Normally, the discharge may acquire a thicker consistency, their number increases during sexual contact itself and for several hours after it. If the discharge has become white, but does not have an unpleasant odor, this is also within the normal range, since this is how old, used grease looks like. Its presence in the body of a woman is not only natural, but also necessary. The absence of such secretions may indicate dryness of the walls of the vagina, which is a pathology.

But sometimes during intercourse and after it, dark or bloody discharge appears, which can be a symptom of certain diseases and disorders:

• Mechanical damage to the vagina - can occur after too intense sexual intercourse, the discharge is plentiful and accompanied by pain in the vaginal area.
• Venereal diseases - with chlamydia, such discharge after sexual intercourse is not uncommon, since microorganisms destroy the mucous membranes and make them sensitive to any influences.
• The presence of an inflammatory process in the genital organs.
• Polyps of the cervical canal, the removal of which requires a series of tests.
• Cervical cancer - spotting during intercourse is often the only symptom of the development of this dangerous disease, so when they appear, you should definitely consult a doctor to rule out an oncological process.

If such discharge is disturbing and accompanied by other symptoms, then the woman needs to consult a gynecologist and establish the cause of the presence of pathological discharge during intercourse.

Discharge in girls

Discharge, which is normally present in all adult women, in girls may indicate the presence of an inflammatory process or vulvovaginitis. This disease is rare in adults, because the vaginal flora is too acidic for the development of coccal flora, but in childhood, girls do not yet develop natural protection against this pathogen.

The presence of abundant discharge in girls before puberty may indicate the following deviations:

• Bacterial vulvovaginitis - its symptom will be hyperemia of the external genital organs, abscesses, yellow discharge.
• Enterobiosis provoked vulvovaginitis - the reproduction of worms in the genital area.
• Exudative diathesis - this disease often provokes dryness of the mucous membranes of the genital organs and hyperemia.
• Candidiasis (thrush) is a fungal disease that can occur due to stress and deterioration of the immune system.
• With a foreign body in the vagina - this problem is relevant for young children. Toddlers can unknowingly injure themselves by trying to put a foreign body in their ear or nose - this is known to all parents, but in the same way they can injure the genitals.
• The presence of trichomoniasis - the presence of green discharge may indicate infection with this disease. It is sometimes transmitted through the household, and is almost always transmitted from mother to newborn baby.
• Infection with chlamydia, herpes or mycoplasmosis is possible during fetal development and childbirth, and also later - through the household route from adults.
• The manifestation of an allergic reaction to hygiene products or underwear.

Regardless of the reason for the appearance of discharge in a girl, you should always consult a doctor, since in childhood their presence may indicate serious pathologies or diseases that require treatment.

Discharge before and after childbirth

Pregnancy changes a lot in a woman's body, so it is often possible to talk about the cause of any discharge only after examining a gynecologist. However, there is a list of common causes of discharge before childbirth:

• At 37-38 weeks and later, after examination by a gynecologist, brownish discharge may appear - this is normal, because at this time the fetus is already ripe, and the uterus is preparing for subsequent births.
• A large amount of mucous secretions indicates the discharge of the cork. Sometimes blood may appear in them, but if the pregnant woman does not feel discomfort, this is also normal.
• The presence of thrush - the discharge will be thick and white, curdled consistency. Before giving birth, you should definitely see a doctor and start timely treatment of this disease, since it can be transmitted to the baby at birth.
• Placental abruption - diagnosed in the period close to childbirth, and can be quite dangerous if the necessary measures are not taken. In case of heavy bleeding, you should immediately consult a doctor.
• Clear liquid discharge - may be a sign of amniotic fluid discharge, which can also be dangerous before childbirth and requires a visit to a doctor.
• Fetal hypoxia - green or yellow discharge. The same discharge can appear when infected with some types of sexually transmitted diseases, therefore, they require a mandatory check by a gynecologist.

Most of these causes are eliminated when a pregnant woman quickly turns to doctors. Therefore, the appearance of any unusual discharge during pregnancy, and even more so before childbirth, should be a good reason to visit a doctor.

Discharge after an abortion

After a medical abortion, various types of discharge are possible - both dark and bloody, this is a consequence of the action of the drug, which provokes cell rejection according to the principle of miscarriage. But discharge after a surgical abortion can be a sign of an infection or other complications left after the intervention. Usually there are such common causes of discharge after an abortion:

• Normal blood clotting is brown discharge, which can appear up to 10 days after the abortion.
• Polyps - light brown discharge, accompanied by painful sensations during sexual intercourse.
• Endometriosis is a disease that often occurs as a consequence of an abortion.
• Endometritis - pain during the restoration of the menstrual cycle, is considered the norm only if it does not cause significant discomfort, otherwise a mandatory gynecological examination is required, since endometritis can later become endometriosis.
• Bacterial infections of various origins - their sign is yellow discharge, sometimes with a greenish tint.
• Sexually transmitted diseases - chlamydia, trichomoniasis and other sexually transmitted diseases can provoke an increase in the amount of yellow or greenish discharge after an abortion.

Any of these consequences requires a doctor's check and, if necessary, the appointment of appropriate treatment. Therefore, if unusual discharge appears after an abortion, you should definitely contact a specialist for testing and clarifying the diagnosis and the causes of such changes.

Vaginal discharge- this is the result of the secretory activity of glandular structures, mainly located in the vagina. To a lesser extent, the glands of the overlying genital organs are involved in the formation of the vaginal secretion. Physiological vaginal discharge is present in all women and girls after the completion of puberty, and in postmenopausal their number is minimal.

In the mucous membranes lining the walls of the vestibule of the vagina, as well as the cervix, there are glands that constantly produce a small amount of secretion to irrigate, protect and cleanse the vagina. The presence of such discharge in the vagina is necessary and is not a pathology. A change in the nature of habitual secretions occurs due to harmless reasons or signals serious problems.

Physiological discharge from the vagina is not too abundant, does not cause inconvenience to the woman and does not affect the condition of the surrounding tissues. Vaginal discharge is considered normal if it meets several criteria:

- they are liquid or mucous, transparent or slightly cloudy, less often they are jelly-like;

- the amount of discharge does not exceed their usual rate for a particular woman;

- do not have a pronounced unpleasant odor;

- do not cause irritation and inflammation of the surrounding mucous membranes, accompanied by itching, pain or discomfort.

We can say that the “normality” of the amount and consistency of vaginal discharge is primarily determined by the woman herself, since the concept of “norm” can vary significantly. For some women, an increased or scanty amount of vaginal discharge is considered normal if its pattern does not change throughout life, and if it is not accompanied by pathological symptoms.

The external characteristics of the discharge are also not always interpreted correctly by patients. Sometimes secretions change their appearance when interacting with air and leave traces on linen of a “not their own” color. If the secretions come into contact with the chemicals that make up hygiene products, they can also change the appearance. During a gynecological examination, the nature of the vaginal contents is assessed more reliably.

As a rule, in most healthy women, the daily amount of fluid in the vagina does not exceed 2 ml, and lactobacilli and squamous epithelial cells predominate in its composition. In minimal amounts (about 2%), representatives of conditionally pathogenic microflora are present in the vagina: gardnerella, mycoplasmas, anaerobic bacteria, staphylococci, streptococci and fungi. In order to prevent unwanted microflora from multiplying, with the help of lactobacilli, a constant acidic environment with a pH of 3.8 - 4.5 is maintained in the vagina.

The nature of vaginal contents can be affected by:

- Natural cyclic hormonal fluctuations affect vaginal discharge, changing not only their quantity, but also the consistency. On the eve of menstruation, the amount of discharge from the vagina increases, and it becomes more viscous.

The most popular reason for visiting a gynecologist is copious and unpleasant discharge from the vagina of an unusual type. Beli can have a wide variety of colors (from white to red), consistency (jelly, "cottage cheese" or foam) and be accompanied by discomfort and pain. In some cases, whites are the only symptom of the disease.

The amount of discharge is an important indicator in the diagnosis of diseases. Complaints about strong vaginal discharge do not quite correctly characterize the nature of the whites. The discharge does not have “strength”, there is only quantity, therefore, in the formulation of complaints, it is more correct to replace strong vaginal discharge with abundant vaginal discharge.

As a leading symptom, pathological vaginal discharge accompanies a huge number of gynecological diseases, but most often (60-70%) they appear with inflammatory diseases of the genitals.

Diagnosis of the causes of leucorrhea most often does not cause difficulties, a simple laboratory study of quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the vaginal secret ("smears on the flora") helps to determine the source of the disease.

Therapy of pathological vaginal discharge involves the elimination of the source of the disease and the restoration of normal indicators of the vaginal environment.

Causes of vaginal discharge

When they say “vaginal discharge”, they mean pathological discharge - leucorrhoea, and not normal vaginal contents, because, as a rule, a woman does not notice the usual vaginal discharge.

At the heart of the pathological process in the vagina, leading to the appearance of secretions (or whiter), there is a single trigger mechanism - a change in the quantitative composition of the microflora and the acidity of the vaginal environment. The vaginal mucosa is in a state of constant self-renewal due to the shedding of "old" cells and the growth of new cells. Lactobacilli interact with the surface cells of the vaginal epithelium, they break down the glycogen contained in them into lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide, as a result creating an acidic environment in the vagina. Unwanted microflora cannot multiply in an acidic environment, so its amount in the vagina remains minimal.

The epithelium of the vagina is hormonally dependent, therefore, the state of the vaginal environment is affected by cyclic hormonal changes in the body: estrogens provide mucosal cells with glycogen, and gestagens help the surface layer of cells to be rejected in time. Thus, the biphasic ovulatory cycle helps to maintain a constancy of the vaginal environment. Dishormonal disorders in the body can provoke pathological discharge from the vagina.

However, whites do not always mean that the disease is localized in the vagina. According to the place of occurrence, they distinguish:

- Vaginal leucorrhoea. They appear more often than others and accompany inflammatory, infectious diseases or.

- Pipe leucorrhoea. Appear against the background of inflammation in the fallopian tubes. The walls of the inflamed fallopian tube become edematous, their lumen narrows, the inflammatory secret accumulates in the tube, and then pours into the uterus in portions and enters the vagina through the cervical canal. If the contents of the tube enter the ovary, symptoms of adnexitis appear.

- Uterine leucorrhoea. Occur mainly in inflammatory processes in the endometrium.

- Cervical (cervical) whites are the result of increased secretion of the glands of the cervix during inflammation.

- Vestibular leucorrhea is produced by glands in the vestibule of the vagina.

In girls, in 55% of cases, the appearance of whites is not associated with gynecological pathology and is caused by metabolic, allergic or endocrine disorders in the body. During active puberty, the amount of vaginal discharge may increase, but they are physiological. Only in 30% of girls and adolescents, vaginal discharge is pathological, and most of them are of an infectious nature.

In the period of pre and postmenopause, leucorrhoea is associated with atrophic processes in the mucous membranes or oncological diseases. Sometimes the appearance of leucorrhea in elderly patients is associated with the prolapse of the genital organs.

White against the background of foreign bodies in the vaginal cavity can be profuse, purulent and have an unpleasant odor. Too long stay in the vagina of hygienic tampons, vaginal ring (pessary), as well as foreign objects introduced from the outside can cause whiter.

Perhaps there is not a single woman who would not be faced with changes in the nature of vaginal discharge, but not every one of them needed medical help. The presence of provoking factors does not always lead to the appearance of whites. In healthy women with a good immune system and a normal hormonal status, deviations in the normal indicators of the vaginal environment are compensated for by the internal resources of the body. However, sexual infections in even the most healthy patients require therapy.

White discharge from the vagina

The appearance of the vaginal discharge can not always reliably indicate the true cause of its appearance. Physiological vaginal discharge sometimes has a whitish tint, but due to their small amount, a woman may not know what they look like, and begins to pay attention to them only when their number increases due to natural causes: in the middle of the menstrual cycle, after stress or intimacy and so on. As a rule, in such cases, in addition to the discharge, the patient is not disturbed by any other subjective sensations, and after the examination, it is not possible to establish the presence of a pathological process.

In pregnant women, physiological discharge before childbirth becomes whitish, copious and thicker. Unlike whites, they are not accompanied by discomfort and do not require treatment.

A pathological process can be suspected if the patient complains of unusually thick and unpleasant white vaginal discharge against the background of itching, burning or discomfort. Such secretions most often indicate an excessive reproduction of fungal microflora, that is, the appearance of vaginal candidiasis. The source of the disease are Candida fungi. In small quantities, they may be present in the vagina, and their growth is inhibited by lactobacilli. If the normal composition of the vaginal microflora is disturbed, the fungi begin to actively vegetate, displacing beneficial microorganisms.

Vaginal candidiasis is accompanied by characteristic symptoms. Patients complain of profuse and thick white vaginal discharge. Characteristic white inclusions in the form of crumbs or flakes give whites with candidiasis a resemblance to cottage cheese or sour milk (hence the second name of the disease - "thrush"). The discharge is always accompanied by severe itching, which increases in the evening and often does not subside all night, not allowing the woman to rest.

On examination, the vaginal mucosa always has signs of severe inflammation (swelling and redness) with characteristic white "films". Attempts to remove such plaque are accompanied by severe trauma to the mucosa and the appearance of blood. Abundant discharge irritates the inflamed mucous membrane of the vagina and vulva, causing a burning sensation. If the inflammatory process passes to the urethra, the patient may have complaints associated with urination disorders.

Often, patients with vaginal candidiasis can clearly indicate the cause of the whiteness. The most common of these is the misuse of antibiotics.

Vaginal candidiasis can also have a chronic form, then all the symptoms are mild, and complaints of cheesy white leucorrhoea come first (sometimes even without itching).

The diagnosis of vaginal candidiasis is usually straightforward. The presence of cheesy discharge, characteristic signs of fungal inflammation in the vagina and the detection of Candida fungi in smears allow you to quickly make the correct diagnosis.

Therapy for candidal lesions of the vagina consists in the use of antifungal drugs and the restoration of the normal pH of the vagina. Successful treatment of candidiasis does not guarantee a recurrence of the disease.

Yellow vaginal discharge

Most whites are accompanied by inflammation in the vagina. Severe inflammation develops against the background of a decrease in the ability of the vaginal mucosa to resist infection, that is, pathogenic microflora. The infectious process in the vagina can be provoked by "own" microorganisms (the case when opportunistic microbes have caused the disease) or pathogens that have come from outside (genital infections).

A sign of an infectious process in the genitals is pus-like discharge of yellow color. Long-term purulent discharge acquire a greenish tint.

Abundant, watery, yellow or yellow-green vaginal discharge may indicate trichomoniasis. The disease is caused by Trichomonas and is a venereal disease. In addition to leucorrhoea, the patient is worried about pain, itching, burning and urination disorder. A distinctive sign of trichomonas inflammation is the frothy appearance of whiter and an unpleasant stale smell. If the disease is not cured in time, it becomes chronic.

Creamy purulent discharge is characteristic of a serious sexually transmitted disease - gonorrhea. The disease is acute, with severe symptoms of inflammation and fever. Inflammation in gonorrhea quickly rises to the overlying genital organs, causing symptoms of endometritis or adnexitis. If the infection spreads to the fallopian tubes, they "stick together" due to the accumulation of inflammatory fluid, so one of the unfavorable consequences of gonorrhea is.

Whites do not always indicate the presence of a pathological process in the vaginal area. Inflammation of the uterus or appendages is also accompanied by pathological discharge. Most often, with acute endometritis, abundant purulent vaginal discharge is accompanied by severe fever and pain.

It should be noted that leucorrhoea of ​​various origins can have a yellowish tint. To establish the exact cause of their appearance, it is necessary to conduct a laboratory study of the composition of the vaginal contents. A large number of leukocytes in a smear always indicates intense inflammation, and the identification of a specific pathogen indicates the cause of the disease.

Brown vaginal discharge

Blood stains vaginal discharge in all shades of red - from scarlet to dark brown. The presence of a small amount of blood in vaginal discharge can always be suspected by their characteristic color. Usually, dark brown vaginal discharge indicates the presence of a source of minor bleeding in the genital tract, when a small amount of blood has time to oxidize and break down before it comes out.

The most common cause of brown discharge is menstrual irregularities. Usually, the patient has a spotting, dark, brown discharge of varying duration from the vagina at any time between periods. Sometimes these discharges replace normal menstruation.

The appearance of slight brown spotting vaginal discharge is not always a sign of the disease. In some women, they are observed while taking hormonal contraceptives (especially low-dose ones) or an intrauterine device. As a rule, the appearance of such secretions is of a short-term nature and is not accompanied by any subjective unpleasant sensations. In the event that smearing brown discharge bothers a woman constantly, it is necessary to consult a specialist.

Some women decide on their own method of contraception and choose a hormonal remedy on the advice of friends or a pharmacist at a pharmacy. Incessant spotting between periods in such cases may signal that the drug is chosen incorrectly. Each hormonal contraceptive contains a certain ratio of sex hormones (estrogens and gestagens). For different drugs, it is not the same and is selected individually, based on the age and hormonal status of the patient, so you should not rely on an independent choice.

Intrauterine contraception ("spiral") in some cases provokes spotting:

- for the first time after the introduction of the spiral, the uterus perceives it as a foreign body and tries to free itself;

- The uterine mucosa at the place of "attachment" of the spiral can be slightly injured.

Such discharge should not last long, be accompanied by discomfort or pain. Otherwise, it is necessary to decide on its removal.

Brown slight discharge may appear briefly after douching or overly aggressive sexual contact against the background of microtrauma of the mucous membrane. Smearing brown or pink vaginal discharge after an abortion or cauterization of cervical erosion also indicates the presence of injuries on the mucous membranes of the vagina and uterus. As a rule, such allocations are temporary and are eliminated on their own.

Sometimes spotting is accompanied by pain or fever, which indicates an infectious and inflammatory process in the genitals.

Pathological secretions from genital infections may contain a small amount of dark blood. An intense inflammatory process caused by venereal infections destroys the surface epithelium of the vagina with the formation of microtraumas.

Some gynecological diseases are accompanied by intermenstrual spotting vaginal discharge:, uterine fibroids, and endometrium.

The appearance of brown discharge against the background of a delay in the next menstruation may indicate a very dangerous condition -. Sometimes, in addition to spotting, there are signs of a normal (uterine) pregnancy and abdominal pain of varying intensity. Often this condition is taken for a threatened miscarriage. An interrupted ectopic pregnancy threatens the life of the patient and requires immediate surgical intervention.

Sometimes in late pregnancy, dilated vessels of the cervix can serve as a source of slight dark vaginal discharge, in other cases they signal a threat of termination of pregnancy.

Clear vaginal discharge

Transparent vaginal discharge without color and odor in a small amount correlates with the concept of the norm. As a rule, they look like clear mucus or egg white. The viscosity and amount of vaginal discharge depends on the composition of the vaginal microflora, the content of sex steroids and some individual characteristics of the organism.

There is no strict rule for discharges. In some women, an increased amount of discharge is observed constantly and is not accompanied by diseases.

Physiological secretions predominantly contain epithelial cells and lactobacilli. If there are many epithelial cells, they give the discharge a whitish tint.

Sometimes transparent discharges begin to disturb a woman constantly, leave stains on linen or are accompanied by unpleasant subjective sensations, in this situation one should understand the reason for such changes.

A slight presence of fresh blood is indicated by pink discharge from the vagina of a short duration. Therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations can provoke small violations of the integrity of the mucous membrane, blood from the surface of microtraumas enters the vaginal secretion and stains them pink.

"Cauterization" or "freezing" of the ectopia of the cervix is ​​accompanied by the formation of a dense crust, healthy tissue grows under it, then the wound surface heals completely, and the crust is rejected. This process may be accompanied by pink discharge from the vagina of a short duration.

Mucous discharge from the vagina

Slight vaginal discharge of a mucous appearance without pathological impurities and odor, which does not cause itching, burning or discomfort, is the norm. Sometimes mucous secretions become more viscous and viscous, and in appearance resemble egg white.

The mucous appearance of vaginal discharge is "obliged" to the cervix.

A clear and thick cervical (or cervical) mucus forms in the cervix, sometimes called a "plug". It is produced by cells of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal and performs important functions:

- prevents unwanted bacteria from entering the uterus, performing a barrier role;

- thanks to the mucous cervical secret, the spermatozoa that enter the vagina are "transported" to the uterus.

The composition and acidity of cervical mucus correlates with normal vaginal secretions, and its viscosity is controlled by sex steroids. In order for spermatozoa to freely enter the uterus, at the time of ovulation, the density of cervical mucus decreases, and it drains into the vagina. Therefore, the amount of vaginal mucus during the period of ovulation increases.

The consistency and amount of cervical mucus is directly dependent on the level of sex hormones. Methods for studying the state of cervical mucus at different periods of the cycle, especially during ovulation, in women with infertility help to determine the presence of dyshormonal disorders.

The Billings method is based on the study of the viscosity of cervical mucus at different periods of the cycle. At the end of the next menstruation, the vagina is “dry” - the discharge is practically not felt. Toward the middle of the cycle, the mucous secretions become so viscous that they can be easily stretched between two fingers. The period of ovulation (the middle of the cycle) is accompanied by an increase in the vaginal discharge, it becomes liquid. Then the discharge becomes viscous again, and then completely disappears. If the indicators of cervical mucus do not change, it can be assumed. Such a method cannot reliably establish the presence of hormonal abnormalities and is indirect.

Bloody discharge from the vagina

The only normal situation of bleeding from the vagina is menstruation. The source of menstrual bleeding is the extensive wound surface of the uterine cavity, formed after the rejection of its outer mucous layer.

Isolation of blood from the vagina, not associated with menstrual bleeding, always indicates the presence of a disease. An important diagnostic criterion is the duration of bleeding and their number. As a rule, a single small amount of red vaginal discharge can provoke:

- Sexual contact, especially if the partner has cervical pathology - erosion or.

- Diagnostic manipulations: taking smears, endometrial aspiration biopsy, diagnostic curettage, laparoscopy, and so on.

- Mechanical violation of the integrity of the integumentary epithelium during douching, the use of a gynecological speculum during examination or the introduction of the uterine ring during prolapse of the genital organs. Much less often, the vaginal mucosa is damaged by foreign bodies in the uterus.

- Inflammatory changes in the vagina make the mucosa easily vulnerable, so sometimes it can be accompanied by minor spotting.

- A slight discharge of scarlet blood from the vagina after an abortion is associated with trauma to the mucous membranes of the uterus and cervical canal. Normally, their intensity should decrease until complete independent cessation.

The most common cause of significant bleeding from the vagina is:

- Violations of the menstrual cycle. In the absence of ovulation, there is a violation of the cyclic processes of the uterus and ovaries, which leads to the appearance of intermenstrual bleeding.

- Polyps of the cervical canal and endometrium provoke bleeding of varying intensity if they reach large sizes, are injured or undergo decay.

- Uterine fibroids of considerable size do not allow the muscular wall of the uterus to contract properly and cause prolonged menstruation or intermenstrual bleeding.

- Bleeding with severe inflammation of the uterus and appendages is associated with a violation of the normal hormonal status of the body under the influence of infection.

- With endometriosis, the discharge is only sometimes abundant and bright, but always associated with menstruation.

Acyclic bleeding may accompany some non-gynecological pathologies: diseases of the blood coagulation system,.

Sudden profuse spotting against the background of a sharp deterioration in well-being appears in emergency conditions that threaten the life and health of a woman. Most often these are:

- Submucosal (submucosal) fibroids of the body of the uterus. Sometimes fibroids grow into the uterine cavity in the form of a knot, causing severe bleeding and pain. The most dangerous complication of submucosal fibroids is uterine eversion.

- Delay of parts of the fetal egg after a medical abortion or spontaneous miscarriage. Pieces of the remaining tissue do not allow the uterus to contract, causing bleeding. A similar situation occurs after childbirth, when a piece of the placenta remains in the uterus.

- Aborted ectopic pregnancy.

- Complications of pregnancy: premature spontaneous abortion, placental abruption.

- Postpartum hemorrhage associated with rupture of the soft tissues of the vagina and / or cervix, especially when they are sutured incorrectly or at the wrong time.

In case of untimely spotting, you should immediately visit a doctor.

Vaginal discharge with odor

Microorganisms present in the vagina in the process of life emit chemical compounds with different odors. In healthy women, there is an individual, barely perceptible odor in the vulva. Normally, he should not bother a woman. Increased vaginal odor is often a sign of problems.

The simplest reason for the appearance of unpleasantly smelling discharge is a violation of the rules of intimate hygiene. If after the usual hygiene procedures they disappear, you should not worry.

The smell of vaginal discharge is perceived by patients unequally, since the sense of smell is developed differently for everyone. However, there is a group of diseases that have a characteristic, unique smell of vaginal discharge.

Discharge from genital infections has an unpleasant odor. With trichomoniasis, an unpleasant pungent odor accompanies abundant discharge of a foamy type.

The sour smell of vaginal discharge in vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida fungi.

One of the most common diseases with a characteristic vaginal odor is bacterial vaginosis, characterized by the appearance of profuse homogeneous vaginal discharge with a very specific smell of stale fish. Bacterial vaginosis does not have a specific pathogen, it develops against the background of a quantitative change in the composition of the vaginal microflora with the participation of opportunistic microorganisms.

Under the influence of unfavorable factors in the vagina, there is a decrease in the number of lactobacilli and a change in pH, which is fertile ground for the development of dysbacteriosis. Instead of lactobacilli, opportunistic microflora begins to multiply in the vaginal environment, the more it is, the more pronounced the symptoms of the disease, including vaginal odor.

The unpleasant smell of vaginal discharge in patients with bacterial vaginosis is associated with the activity of anaerobic bacteria: they produce amines. Decaying, amines emit a "fishy" smell. If the disease proceeds in an erased form, the amine test reveals a specific vaginal odor: the contents of the vagina are mixed with an alkali solution that destroys amines, and a “fishy” odor is obtained.

Despite abundant discharge, there are no signs of local inflammation during examination for bacterial vaginosis, which serves as an important diagnostic sign.

To save the patient from bacterial vaginosis, it is necessary to eliminate unwanted microflora and restore normal biocenosis in the vagina.

Excretion of urine from the vagina

Urine discharge from the vagina always indicates the presence of a urogenital fistula. Genitourinary fistulas in women are a pathological formation (course) between the vaginal cavity and the bladder. Much less common are urogenital fistulas between the bladder and uterus.

The cause of the formation of a urogenital fistula is often incorrect obstetric and gynecological operations, during which the wall of the vagina or uterus ruptures with perforation (formation of a hole) into the bladder.

The appearance of genitourinary fistulas may be preceded by a criminal abortion.

Very rarely, perforation of the uterus during medical abortion leads to the formation of a genitourinary fistula. As a rule, this situation occurs if the patient has a pronounced infectious process in the uterus.

Genitourinary fistulas can be traumatic in nature and occur against the background of serious injuries of the genital organs of a non-gynecological nature.

If a violation of the integrity of the walls of the vagina is diagnosed at the time of occurrence (for example, during surgery), then it is eliminated immediately by surgery. In some cases, sharp surgical instruments leave damage invisible to the eye, and pathological symptoms appear much later.

The most characteristic symptom of a urogenital fistula is the discharge of urine from the vaginal cavity. If the external opening of the fistula is located near the opening of the urethra, it is difficult to recognize it, and urine output is mistaken for incontinence.

The continuous flow of urine into the vagina causes inflammation of the mucous membrane with toxic compounds. There are signs of severe inflammation -,. Long-term inflammation of the mucous membranes of the vagina provokes the development of a purulent process. In this case, the vaginal discharge becomes purulent and acquires an unpleasant odor. A long-term vaginal infection through the fistula cavity can enter the urinary tract and cause.

Diagnosis of urogenital fistulas begins with the moment of vaginal examination, which allows to detect the opening of the urogenital fistula and pronounced changes in the vaginal mucosa. Ultrasound and urological examinations help clarify the diagnosis. Urinary fistulas are removed surgically.

In conclusion, I would like to note that almost all newly appeared and disturbing vaginal discharge require an attentive attitude, namely an immediate trip to the gynecologist.

Normal discharge in women

The nature of the vaginal discharge depends on the hormonal background and the presence / absence of a genital infection. Normal discharge from a woman is not abundant, transparent or milky in color, not accompanied by any discomfort, with a characteristic sour smell. A change in color, quantity, consistency does not always indicate a pathological process, but any symptom of trouble should be alarming, so it is important to visit a gynecologist. Consider the most common causes of pathological vaginal discharge. They may be the following:

Non-infectious (allergies, use of vaginal suppositories, local contraceptives);
caused by ectopia of the ureter; fistula;
against the background of STIs (chlamydia, trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, mycoplasmosis, etc.);
with erosion of the cervix;
associated with the presence of a foreign body in the vagina, for example, with a forgotten tampon;
nonspecific inflammatory process;
with candidiasis (thrush), bacterial vaginosis;
against the background of neoplasms of the uterus and its cervix:
after surgical interventions, for example, after cauterization of cervical erosion.

Somewhat increased vaginal discharge during pregnancy is physiological, since an increase in secretion occurs against the background of hormonal changes. Pathology does not include discharge during arousal, during the release of an egg, during and after intimacy. This is true if there is no discomfort, redness of the mucosa and blood in the absence of menstruation.

Why do you need vaginal discharge?

Their main functions are to maintain local immunity, participate in the processes of natural cleansing and moisturizing the walls of the vagina. The secret is produced by glands localized in the mucous membrane of the vestibule of the vagina, neck. A certain amount of fluid sweats out of the supply vessels, discharge from the uterus comes out transvaginally (a small amount of fluid and desquamated epithelium). All this is white. The vagina is inhabited by many beneficial and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. Lactobacilli contribute to the creation of an acidic environment, which prevents the reproduction of pathogenic and opportunistic flora. The mucus produced by the cervical glands protects the cervix from infection. Normally, vaginal discharge is from 1 to 5 ml / day.

In a smaller amount compared to lactobacilli, fungi, cocci, enterobacteria, etc. are present in the vagina.

Important! Physiological watery or thick vaginal discharge is the result of natural processes and indicates the reproductive health of a girl or woman.

Vaginal discharge in girls

The physiology of the girl is somewhat different: before the onset of puberty, there should not be any pronounced secretion from the vagina. Scanty liquid discharge is allowed.

Wet underwear is a reason to consult a doctor. Close to the vagina is the urethra, the rectum, if the discharge appeared from there - this is a sign of pathology. In addition, with developmental anomalies, for example, when the external mouth of the ureter opens into the vagina, there will be a constant leakage of urine.

Watery discharge is allowed 12 - 14 months before the onset of menarche - the first menstruation. An attentive mother will pay attention to an increase in the mammary glands, signs of hair growth in the armpit and in the intimate area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe daughter.

How does the nature of the discharge from the vagina change during the cycle

Conventionally, the following phases of the menstrual cycle are distinguished: the first half, ovulation and the second half. Every woman has an average cycle of 28 to 32 days. In the first half, the discharge is liquid, of a homogeneous consistency, often transparent, but a whitish or slightly yellowish tint is allowed. The smell is absent or has a sour note.

During the period of ovulation (the release of a mature egg from the follicle), on days 13-15, the type of vaginal mucus changes: it becomes transparent, stretches well, the color may be white or beige, and its amount increases.

In the second half of the phase of the menstrual cycle, the volume of discharge decreases, the consistency resembles jelly. Color - whitish, with a yellow tinge, but there may be transparent discharge. A few days (1 - 2) before the onset of menstruation, the discharge becomes mucous and acquires a rich creamy hue. So the uterus prepares for the rejection of the endometrium.

If fertilization occurs in this cycle, then under favorable conditions, pregnancy develops, and there may be increased secretions in the form of mucus. As hCG and progesterone increase, white, odorless discharge or, conversely, with a sour smell appear. It depends on the initial composition of the microflora of the vagina.

Discharge during menopause is normal

The natural aging of the body, the extinction of the reproductive function and the decrease in the content of female sex hormones are associated with menopause. Allocations during this period undergo changes: against the background of hypoestrogenism, their number decreases, the composition of the microflora changes: there are fewer lactic acid bacteria, and more coccal representatives. During premenopause, colpitis, an inflammation of the vagina, often joins. Over time, the condition comes to a physiological norm, as the hormonal background stabilizes. The menstrual cycle begins to go astray - menstruation comes earlier or is delayed, the discharge is plentiful or scarce, smearing. The period of menstruation is from 2 to 12 days. This can continue until the complete cessation of menstruation. Each woman has her own period of menopause, recently doctors have noted a tendency to early manifestation (38 - 40 years) of its symptoms.

Many women report hot flashes (a feeling of unexplained heat), mood swings, insomnia, urinary incontinence, and high blood pressure.

During menopause, there is practically no discharge from the vagina. Some patients complain of vaginal dryness, vascular fragility. In this case, the gynecologist may suggest hormone replacement therapy, provided there is a confirmed decrease in estrogen levels and there are no contraindications to hormone replacement therapy.

When the nature of vaginal discharge may change

Beginning of sexual relations

With the onset of sexual activity, the glands of the vagina begin to work more intensively. In addition, during arousal before the introduction of the penis and during frictions (penetrations), the secretion of mucus increases significantly, it is viscous, transparent, and stretches well in consistency. After the first sexual intercourse within 3 days there may be an increased amount of discharge. Discomfort and the presence of brownish streaks are a consequence of the rupture of the hymen. If you are very worried, you can make a bath with chamomile or douche with soda, everything will pass in a few days.

Abundant mucous discharge during sex is a variant of the norm, indicating a good saturation of the hormonal background of a woman.

After sexual intercourse without a condom, with ejaculation in the vagina, after a while, yellowish spots with a specific smell are noticeable on the underwear. Liquefaction of sperm is a natural process, if pregnancy is planned, it is better to lie on your back for 1-2 hours. Otherwise, contraceptives and hygiene procedures are sufficient.

Change of sexual partner and the likelihood of sexually transmitted diseases

As you know, each person has his own qualitative and quantitative set of bacteria and microorganisms. When partners have been together for a long time, the microflora has long adapted, and there are no pathological manifestations after sex, provided that everyone is healthy.

During orgasm, sperm, along with the microflora of a man, enters the vagina, if immunity is reduced, then the development of vaginal dysbiosis, thrush, and nonspecific inflammation is expected. If vaginal discharge is present for more than 3 days, it is better to take swabs. Often increased secretion with discomfort accompanies sexually transmitted diseases.

Taking oral contraceptives

Abundant liquid discharge may be due to the use of hormonal drugs. The action of contraceptives is based on the suppression of egg maturation, therefore, the vaginal discharge is modified, i.e., there is no production of stretching mucus (reminiscent of egg white) in the absence of ovulation.

Wrong hygiene habits

The desire to achieve sterility in the vagina, with frequent washing out of all useful microflora, and even with the use of aggressive detergents, is the path to colpitis, dysbacteriosis, and vaginal dryness. For intimate hygiene, it is better to buy a product with a neutral environment.
Abundant discharge with a sour smell and itching, most likely symptoms of thrush.

Vaginal discharge in women is one of the most common reasons for visiting a gynecologist. Of course, it is normal for women to have discharge every day, but not all of them are normal, some are symptoms of various diseases, including sexually transmitted ones. So, which discharges in women require treatment, and which ones are normal and natural.

Physiological secretions

Any gynecologist will confirm that normal discharge in women is not abundant, the color is transparent, maybe with an admixture of white, on underwear with a yellow tint. Moreover, the discharge from the vagina does not bring any discomfort, such as itching, and also does not have a sharp, unpleasant odor.

The secretion of whiter in women increases significantly at the time of sexual arousal, as well as during and after sexual intercourse. In addition, abundant leucorrhoea is observed in women of reproductive age in the middle of the menstrual cycle. It is related to ovulation. Complaints about abundant mucous discharge in women occur in the first weeks of pregnancy. This does not at all mean that something threatens the embryo; soon the amount of discharge will normalize. Such changes are associated with changes in hormonal levels.

Changes in the microflora of the vagina

In the vagina of every woman live thousands of microorganisms, which make up the "microflora". Among them there are conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that begin to multiply under certain conditions, thereby leading to the disease. In this case, we are talking about the 2 most common diseases that are not sexually transmitted and non-venereal - candidiasis and gardnerellosis.

Discharge in women is white, plentiful, similar to cottage cheese with a sour smell and accompanied by severe itching, most often caused by an opportunistic pathogen - fungi of the genus Candida. In addition to discharge, a woman notices swelling of the vulva, redness of the labia. Treatment is carried out only in the presence of these symptoms and a poor smear result. There are a number of drugs quite effective for combating thrush, this is what people call candidiasis. But it must be borne in mind that white discharge in women can appear periodically when favorable conditions arise for the reproduction of the pathogen that causes candidiasis. But more on that below.

Another disease, similar in symptoms, but only with it, grayish discharge appears in women with the smell of rotten fish. The disease is called gardnerellosis. The causative agent is gardnerella. In its frequency, it is approximately equal to candidiasis, and it is also diagnosed with the help of a smear on the flora. Less often, there are discharges in green women, frightening with their unusualness.

When diagnosing both candidiasis and gardnerellosis, it is recommended to undergo a complete examination for all kinds of sexually transmitted diseases, and especially for latent infections. Since it is with them that the microflora of the vagina most often pathologically changes. Treatment of gardnerellosis at the initial stage aims to eliminate the pathogenic flora, the second stage is to create a normal environment in the vagina.

Both of the above diseases have risk factors, the conditions under which they most often develop.

1. Taking antibiotics.

2. Rare sex without the use of barrier contraception, as well as frequent change of sexual partners.

3. Use of hormonal contraception.

4. Douching, especially with chlorine-containing solutions (usually used as a prevention of infection with sexually transmitted diseases, it should be noted that this prevention is rather weak).

5. Use of spermicides containing 9-nonoxynol as contraception.

6. Use of lubricants containing 9-nonoxynol.

It should be noted that men can develop candidiasis and gardnerellosis. And in this case, abundant, thick, transparent discharge in women, grayish or white cheesy appear in their partners, usually at the same time. But if the partner has all the signs of the disease, but the man does not, he does not need to be treated.

Sexually transmitted diseases

Most infections are characterized precisely by this or that nature of the discharge from the vagina. We will consider 2 of them, quite common.

1. Trichomoniasis. This disease, often leading to female infertility, is characterized by yellow discharge in women, pain during urination and sexual intercourse, inflammation of the external genitalia. In men, the symptoms are the same, and they are quite similar to those of prostatitis. Treatment when a pathogen (Trichomonas vaginalis) is detected in a smear. Moreover, the treatment does not consist in the use of drugs locally, they are absolutely not effective, but in the internal administration of antitrichomonas drugs.

2. Gonorrhea. One of the most ancient diseases. Its causative agent is gonococcus. Vivid symptoms are present in men, while women usually only have yellow or white discharge, which many women do not take seriously, considering this a manifestation of candidiasis. Another symptom is painful urination mistaken for cystitis. But the disease is very dangerous, not only the genitourinary system is affected, but also the joints, skin, liver, heart and other internal organs. Gonorrhea is also diagnosed by laboratory methods.

Menstrual disorders and gynecological diseases

1. Erosion of the cervix. This fairly common pathology can cause weak intermenstrual bleeding. They do not arise on their own, but due to some mechanical effect on the cervix, for example, as a result of sexual intercourse.

2. Hormonal contraception. Contraceptive pills, which are quite popular now, have many side effects in the first cycles of their use. A common side effect is brown discharge in women outside of menstruation. This "daub" does not pose a health hazard. The doctor in the presence of this side effect may recommend other birth control pills, change the type of contraception, or simply wait 2-4 months until the side effects disappear on their own, since they are temporary in this situation.

3. Age-related disorders of the menstrual cycle. Delayed periods, too long intervals between them, or vice versa too short, intermenstrual discharge in brown women often occurs during the first 1-2 years after the very first menstruation. And vice versa, with the extinction of the menstrual function, that is, with the onset of menopause. However, even if you fit into one of these two categories, you should not rely on the fact that everything will work itself out. It is quite possible that the cause is not at all in age and natural hormonal changes in the body, but in a disease, and not necessarily a gynecological one. In case of serious violations of the menstrual cycle, it is necessary to consult not only a gynecologist, but also an endocrinologist.

Bloody, brown discharge during pregnancy

They are one of the most dangerous symptoms that should not be ignored at all stages of pregnancy. Probable causes are described below.

1. Hormonal changes. Surely, you have heard from experienced women that menstruation can occur during pregnancy. This phenomenon is very rare, but it does occur in some expectant mothers. Moreover, a daub appears only in certain weeks, with the same regularity as menstruation went. It is because of this rare feature of the female body in areas where there was poor medical care that pregnancy was sometimes determined on the basis of such symptoms as a visual increase in the uterus (abdomen), baby movements and a vertical stripe (pigmentation) on the abdomen, appearing only in the middle of the term. .

2. Ectopic pregnancy. In the early stages, you need to think about this diagnosis if brown or bloody discharge appears. If the test is positive but you have discharge, see your doctor. On examination in the early stages, the doctor is unlikely to be able to determine where the fetal egg develops - in the uterus or not. But on ultrasound everything becomes clear. If hCG is above 1000 mU / ml, the gestational age is more than 4 weeks (from the first day of the last menstrual cycle), but there is no fetal egg in the uterus - there is reason to suspect an ectopic pregnancy. Another of its distinguishing features is the slow growth of hCG.

3. Frozen pregnancy. It is less dangerous than ectopic, but still requires an early diagnosis. One of the main signs of frozen is again spotting, which intensifies when a miscarriage begins. When frozen on ultrasound, the heartbeat of the fetus is not detected, hCG stops its growth, its concentration in the blood and urine decreases.

4. Threatened or incipient miscarriage. Scanty brown discharge may be a sign of a hematoma formed as a result of detachment. This condition does not require treatment. If you notice scarlet blood on your underwear and the discharge is quite plentiful, urgent hospitalization is needed. This is the only way to save the pregnancy. A miscarriage cannot be avoided if the cervix has already opened, and the detachment of the chorion or placenta is large.

That's what the different nature of vaginal discharge means. And these are by no means all of their possible causes. Do not forget to regularly (at least once a year) visit a gynecologist.