Causes of pain in the side on the left. Rupture of the ligaments of the uterus. Why does the left side of the abdomen hurt

Pain sensations that are localized on the left side in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe ribs and under them are not specific. They can act as symptoms of various diseases of the internal organs, the nervous system. In the diagnostic area precise definition The nature and location of the pain can help the doctor determine the cause of the pain.

What hurts in the left side under the ribs in front

In cases where the left hypochondrium hurts, this does not indicate problems specifically with the ribs, but pathological conditions of the internal organs. In this area of ​​the body are the following internal organs, which can cause pain under the left rib in front:

• bowel loops;
• part of the stomach
• bud;
• ureter;
• the left side of the diaphragm;
• pancreas;
• lung.

After meal

If at first, immediately after the meal, the stomach hurts on the left under the ribs from the food eaten, this indicates the development of gastritis. The intensity of sensations changes due to the acidity of the stomach at a particular moment. Any fluctuations in the concentration of a substance enhances the irritating effect on the mucous membrane, leading to painful sensations. It causes heartburn, nausea, vomiting. In advanced cases, gastric ulcer develops, in which pain appear immediately after eating.

When inhaling and coughing

In cases where the left side hurts when breathing, as a rule, they are diagnosed subphrenic abscess. The nature of the pain is intense, decreases when lying down or half-sitting, increases during deep breathing, coughing, sudden movements or sneezing. Pain under the rib can sometimes shift to the supraclavicular region, under the scapula of the same side. As a rule, such a pathology is accompanied by symptoms of intoxication of the body, severe fever.

In most cases, subdiaphragmatic abscess occurs after surgical interventions(cavitary operations), which simplifies the diagnostic process. Rarely caused by trauma to internal organs abdominal cavity, and sometimes an abscess is a consequence of a complication of purulent liver processes as a result of peritonitis (appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, others).

The rib on the left side hurts when pressed

Intestinal obstruction causes an inflammatory process, due to which the left hypochondrium hurts. Discomfort increases with pressure. Pain is accompanied by bloating, diarrhea or constipation. Nausea, vomiting, symptoms of intoxication of the body are characteristic. Increased pain in the left side below the ribs when pressed indicates in most cases a rupture of the spleen. Along with such manifestations, the following signs of intra-abdominal bleeding are observed:

• dizziness;
• increased heart rate;
• spasm of the muscles of the peritoneal wall;
• pressure drop.

The child has

The cause of pain under the left rib in front in babies aged 4-9 months is diverticulitis (intestinal volvulus, lower section). Diagnosed in children with overweight. It is a pathology when one intestinal tube enters the lumen of another. The course of the disease has the following chronology:

1. The child begins to show anxiety.
2. He folds his legs, writhing and crying.
3. Suddenly the pain on the left side stops and the child continues to play, calms down.
4. After a short period of time, the attack is repeated.
5. After the repeated cessation of symptoms, vomiting begins.
6. At the same time, the child's stool is normal at first, but later an admixture of blood appears.

Causes of pain in the left hypochondrium

It is not worth ignoring the condition when it hurts under the ribs in the center or on the left front, even if the discomfort has passed. This symptom indicates a serious disease that needs timely diagnosis and treatment. Clinical practice indicates the following common causes:

• , chronic, acute ;
• chronic myeloid leukemia;
• glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis;
• diaphragmatic hernia;
• flatulence;
• intercostal neuralgia;
• ischemic colitis;
• splenitis, splenomegaly, rupture of the spleen;
• vegetative crises;
• myocardial infarction, pericarditis, smiocarditis, angina pectoris;
• in women during pregnancy, the volume of the broncho-pulmonary system expands.

Girdle pain under the ribs and in the back

If pain occurs under the rib on the left front, which later begin to appear behind, on the back, indicate the development of the inflammatory process of the pancreas (). The main symptom of this disease when it occurs is a very strong, burning girdle pain, dulled if a person bends the body forward or takes a sitting position.

Stupid

On the left side, dull, spreading pain under the ribs in front is provoked by sluggish chronic, inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. There are unpleasant sensations periodically, but regularly and for a long time. In most cases, this indicates pancreatitis, cholecystitis, an ulcer, or gastritis. To confirm or exclude these diseases, you should visit a gastroenterologist to prescribe the necessary laboratory tests, ultrasound or procedures.

stabbing

If it is stabbed on the side under the left rib during training, power loads, this indicates that insufficient warm-up was carried out. The body did not have time to prepare for an increase in blood circulation, so such sensations during training should not cause much concern. They pass quickly, have no consequences. If the tingling turns into dagger pain without special reasons, this may indicate the development of a serious disease:

• left-sided pneumonia;
• lung cancer;
• pleurisy;
• inflammation of the left side of the diaphragm.

aching

When it hurts and pulls on the left below the ribs in front, this is a symptom of sluggish duodenitis (inflammation duodenum), . When these symptoms are accompanied by vomiting and nausea, it indicates a stomach ulcer. If there are no other signs of gastrointestinal diseases, then angina pectoris, coronary heart disease, preinfarction state without explicit painful manifestations in the chest area.

What to do if it hurts on the left under the ribs

Even if there is a rapidly passing pain in front on the left under the ribs, below, in the navel or in the center, which is accompanied by burning, vomiting, fever, you need to call an ambulance. As the first urgent action you can help the person lie down on the bed, open the window and the door to increase access fresh air. It is forbidden to carry out self-administration of drugs that can complicate the determination of the root cause of the disease. The following doctors can diagnose and prescribe treatment in case of pain under the left rib:

• traumatologist;
• gastroenterologist;
• surgeon;
• neuropathologist;
• infectious disease specialist;
• cardiologist.

Video about pain under the ribs on the left side

The sternum, in fact, like any other bone of the chest, performs a protective function. It protects organs such as the heart, lungs, main vessels and nerve trunks from external influences.

The sternum consists of 3 parts:

• Lever is the uppermost part of the sternum. The handle is shaped like an irregular octahedron. The upper edge of the handle of the sternum ends with a jugular notch, on the sides of which there are places for attachment sternal ends clavicle ( clavicular notches). A little lower, on the lateral edges, there are notches for articulation with the first ribs. In addition, a little lower there are semi-fossae, which serve as the place of articulation of the sternum with the second rib ( semifossa of the manubrium of the sternum together with the semifossa of the body of the sternum form the articular fossa). The lower edge of the handle is attached to the body of the sternum, thus forming an obtuse angle. This protrusion can be easily felt through the skin and is located at the level where the second pair of ribs articulates with the sternum. It should be noted that the handle is the strongest part of the sternum.
• Body of sternum 2.5 times longer than the handle, but somewhat narrower. The lateral edge of the body of the sternum is represented by four complete and two incomplete costal notches. These notches serve as the place of attachment of the ribs to the sternum ( for 2 - 6 pairs of ribs).
• xiphoid process is the lower and shortest part of the sternum. The xiphoid process can have a different configuration ( pointed, beveled, forked) and magnitude. With age, the xiphoid process completely ossifies and fuses with the body of the sternum.

Ribs

In the rib, a bone and cartilaginous part is isolated. The bony part of each rib is attached to the back of the thoracic vertebrae. Not reaching 2 - 4 centimeters to the sternum, bone part the ribs become cartilaginous. It is the cartilaginous part that is attached to the sternum.

It should be mentioned that only the first seven ribs are attached to the sternum ( they are called "true"). The eighth, ninth and tenth pairs of ribs are attached to the seventh pair, forming a costal arch that limits the chest from below. The ends of the last two pairs of ribs are "fluctuating" and lie in the muscles of the abdominal cavity.

The lower edge of each rib carries a special groove in which the intercostal vein, artery and nerve lie.

Thoracic vertebrae

It is worth noting that the size of the thoracic vertebrae is superior to the cervical, but inferior to the lumbar. The spinous processes extending from the arches of the vertebrae are directed obliquely and downwards.

muscles

The muscles of the chest cavity include:

• Big pectoral muscle originates from the inner half of the clavicle, the anterior surface of the body of the sternum, the cartilaginous parts of the ribs, from the rectus abdominis muscle and is attached to humerus (in the region of the crest of the greater tubercle). The outer edge of the muscle borders on the deltoid muscle of the shoulder and is separated from it by a small groove. The pectoralis major muscle is involved in the pronation of the arm ( rotates upper limb inward), and also brings it to the body. In addition, the pectoralis major muscle, when the arms are in a fixed position, is able to raise the sternum with ribs and participate in forced inspiration.
• pectoralis minor muscle lies directly under the pectoralis major muscle. At one end, the muscle is attached to 2 - 6 ribs, and at the other - to the shoulder blade ( coracoid process). When contracted, the pectoralis minor muscle pulls the scapula down and forward. In the event that the hand is fixed, then the muscle participates in the process of inhalation.
• subclavian muscle passes between the first rib and the clavicle. This muscle is woven into the capsule of the sternoclavicular joint and strengthens it. The subclavian muscle is able to somewhat pull the clavicle inwards and down.
• Serratus anterior is a superficial muscle that originates from the nine upper ribs and is attached to the inner edge of the scapula. Contraction of the serratus anterior along with some muscles of the back ( trapezoidal and rhomboid) pulls the scapula anteriorly, and also fixes it. In addition, the serratus anterior, with a fixed shoulder girdle, raises the ribs, participating in forced inspiration.
• External intercostal muscles located in the intercostal space and start from the lower edges of the ribs. Heading obliquely down, the external intercostal muscles are attached to the upper edges of the underlying ribs. Participate in the act of breathing.
• Internal intercostal muscles located directly under the external intercostal muscles. The direction of the internal intercostal muscles is diametrically opposed to the course of the external intercostal muscles. These muscles also originate from the upper edge of the underlying rib and attach to the overlying ribs.
• Subcostal muscles located on the inner surface of the chest. The origin and direction of the hypochondrium muscles are similar to the internal intercostal muscles.
• Transverse chest muscle is a continuation of the transverse abdominal muscle and is located on the inner surface of the chest.

Diaphragm

The upper surface of the diaphragm is convex upward and covered with a leaflet of the pleura ( connective sheath that covers the lungs as well as the wall of the chest cavity). In its turn, bottom surface diaphragm faces the abdominal cavity and is covered with a sheet of peritoneum from below ( serous membrane that covers inner walls and abdominal organs).

The diaphragm has several small openings through which the esophagus, thoracic lymphatic duct, aorta, inferior vena cava, trunks of the sympathetic nervous system and some other major vessels and nerves pass.

It is worth mentioning separately the chest cavity, which is enclosed in the chest. The thoracic cavity is an anatomical space, which is bounded below by the diaphragm, and on the sides and above by the chest. The thoracic cavity is lined with intrathoracic fascia ( membrane from connective tissue ). This fascia covers all intercostal spaces and the diaphragm from the inner surface. central part the chest cavity is represented by the organs of the mediastinum ( trachea, bronchi, thymus, esophagus, heart, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and nodes). On the sides of the mediastinum are the lungs. In turn, each lung is surrounded by connective tissue sheets of the pleura, which form the pleural cavity.

The following structures are distinguished in the chest cavity:

• pleural cavity;
• mediastinum;
• lungs.

Pleural cavity

The pleural cavity normally contains a small amount serous fluid, which wets the pleural sheets and allows them to slide during inhalation and exhalation. Also, the pleural cavity maintains the straightened state of the lungs and prevents them from collapsing. It is worth noting that the respiratory movements of the chest muscles are first transmitted to the pleural cavity, and then to the lungs themselves.

Mediastinum

Conventionally, the mediastinum is divided into anterior and posterior. In turn, in the anterior mediastinum, the upper and lower sections are distinguished.

The mediastinum consists of the following organs and structures:

• thoracic lymphatic duct is a collector of lymph);
• The lymph nodes;
• blood vessels ( aorta and its branches, superior vena cava, left and right brachiocephalic veins, unpaired and semi-azygous vein, pulmonary veins and arteries);
• nervous tissue ( nerve plexuses of vessels and organs, vagus nerves, phrenic nerves, trunks of the sympathetic nervous system);
• thymus ( thymus gland involved in the differentiation of cells of the immune system) or fiber that replaces it;
• heart and pericardial sac pericardium);
• esophagus;
• trachea;
• main bronchi.

Lungs

It is worth mentioning that the process of gas exchange in the lungs occurs at the level of small hemispherical sacs - alveoli. This is where air enters through the bronchi. Then oxygen from the air in the process of diffusion enters the pulmonary capillaries ( tiny vessels), and carbon dioxide penetrates from the capillaries into the alveoli ( gas exchange takes place).

The respiratory function of the lungs is paramount, but not the only one. The lungs also affect the acid-base balance of the blood, are a reservoir of blood, are involved in thermoregulation, and also act as a shock absorber for the heart in case of injuries of the chest cavity.

It is worth mentioning separately those structures and organs that are not included in the chest cavity, but can be affected and lead to pain in the left side.

Under the diaphragm are the following organs, which can lead to pain in the left side:

• pancreas;
• small intestine ;
• colon.

Spleen

There are 4 main functions of the spleen:

• Depot of blood. The spleen is one of the organs in which blood can be deposited. It is here that more than 30% of the total number of platelets can accumulate ( platelets). Often during exercise especially while running) there is pain localized in the left side. This is due to what happens in the spleen abrupt change vascular tone and the release of deposited blood into the main bloodstream. This pain is temporary and gradually disappears completely.
• Organ of formation and differentiation of lymphocytes ( immune system cells). The spleen is the main organ that synthesizes lymphocytes. Also this body is a kind of filter for microorganisms and foreign objects.
• Disposal of red blood cells and platelets. The spleen breaks down old or defective red blood cells ( with the formation of globin and heme) and platelets, and then sends them to the liver. Takes part in iron metabolism.
• May participate in hematopoiesis. In some cases, the spleen can take over the functions bone marrow for hematopoiesis ( hematopoiesis).

Pancreas

The pancreas is a mixed gland, that is, it is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland.

The pancreas performs the following functions:

• exocrine function pancreas is to produce enzymes ( protease, lipase, amylase), which are involved in the process of digestion. Thanks to these enzymes enzymes) proteins are broken down into amino acids, fats into glycerol and fatty acids, and carbohydrates into small chains of glucose. The production of these enzymes occurs in the main cells of the pancreas. Then, together with bile, enzymes penetrate into the lumen of the duodenum and become active.
• endocrine function is possible due to small pancreatic islets that are scattered throughout the gland. In these formations, there is a synthesis of not only the hormone insulin, which lowers the level of sugar ( glucose) in the blood, but also glucagon ( raises blood sugar levels). In addition, the pancreatic islets are responsible for the synthesis of somatostatin ( inhibits the secretion of various hormonally active protein compounds produced by the digestive system) and a pancreatic polypeptide ( inhibits the synthesis of digestive enzymes of the pancreas and enhances the production of gastric juice).

Stomach

The stomach is divided into 4 segments or sections. The cardia is located at the level of the seventh rib on the left. The gastric fundus is the uppermost segment of the stomach that is in contact with the diaphragm. Pyloric department ( gatekeeper) is the end part of the stomach, which ends with a circular muscle - pylorus ( sphincter). Thanks to this sphincter, the contents of the stomach enter the duodenum only after exposure to gastric juice and enzymes. The body of the stomach is located between the fundus of the stomach and the pyloric region and is the largest segment.

There are the following main functions of the stomach:

• accumulation, mechanical processing and further promotion food bolus into the small intestine;
• secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes ( pepsin, lipase, chymosin), which carry out the chemical processing of food;
• development biologically active substances and hormones ( gastrin, histamine, somatostatin, serotonin, etc.);
• neutralization of pathogens due to the action of hydrochloric acid;
• production of the Castle factor ( involved in the absorption of vitamin B12);
• absorption of water, carbohydrates, salt and other substances.

Small intestine

The small intestine is divided into the following sections:

• Duodenum is the initial segment of the small intestine, immediately following the pyloric section of the stomach. The duodenum regulates acidity and enzymatic activity stomach through the production of special biologically active substances. In addition, in the duodenum there is a change in the environment from acidic to alkaline. This is necessary in order to exclude adverse effect too acidic environment on the mucous membrane of the small and large intestines. It is also here that the process of intestinal digestion originates.
• Jejunum located between the duodenum and ileum. In the jejunum, the final breakdown of macromolecular substances to monomers ( proteins - to amino acids, fats - to fatty acids and glycerol, carbohydrates - to monosaccharides), which are then absorbed through the intestinal wall. In addition, this section of the small intestine is characterized by motor activity ( peristalsis), which allows the chyme ( chyme) move further down the intestine.
• Ileum is the final section of the small intestine. At the junction with the large intestine, the ileum forms the ileocecal valve ( ileocecal valve). This valve prevents backflow of the contents of the large intestine into the small intestine. The ileum is able to produce a special hormone-like substance that suppresses appetite and reduces the feeling of thirst.

Colon

The large intestine is divided into the following sections:

• Cecum is the initial section of the large intestine. The caecum is a small segment that is located immediately after the valve that separates the small intestine from the large ( ileocecal valve). Below the caecum is located appendix (appendix).
• Colon represents the longest segment of the large intestine, which can reach one and a half meters. The colon consists of 4 sections - ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon. Food in the large intestine can only move in one direction. In addition to the absorption of water, the final breakdown of proteins occurs here, as well as the production of vitamin K and some B vitamins.
• Rectum is the terminal segment of the large intestine. The rectum ends in the anal canal, which is closed by the sphincter ( circular muscle).

What structures can become inflamed in the left side?

Pathologies causing pain in the left side

The most common causes of pain in the left side

Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of pain in the left side

pyoderma

Symptoms of pyoderma

Depending on the type, stage and severity of pyoderma, treatment can be either medical or surgical:

• Topical preparations are represented by gels and ointments for external use, as well as alcohol solutions and aniline dyes, which have disinfecting ( antiseptic) and antibacterial properties. Depending on the stage of the pathological process, brilliant green can be used ( brilliant green), chlorhexidine, betadine ( base is iodine) or salicylic acid.
• Antibiotics in tablet form is used relatively rarely. The indication is the addition of concomitant infections against the background of pyoderma. At the initial stage, an antibiotic is prescribed, which has a wide spectrum of action and is active against staphylococci and streptococci ( ampiox, cefazolin, gentamicin and others). Then determine the sensitivity of the microbe to various antibacterial drugs ( using bacteriological culture of purulent material) and then use the most effective antibiotic.
• Surgery necessary only in the malignant course of staphyloderma ( boils and carbuncles). Before the operation, the abscess is pre-frozen with chloroethyl or local anesthesia using lidocaine. Then the surgeon gently pierces the wall of the abscess with a scalpel, after which the pus is completely removed. To exclude the possibility of recurrence ( repeated exacerbations) prescribe antibiotics.

Myositis

Other causes of inflammation of the intercostal muscles:

• hypothermia;
• some infections ( e.g. herpes zoster virus);
• excessive physical activity;
• chest trauma;
• forced to stay in an extremely uncomfortable position.

With myositis, the following symptoms occur:

• Pain in the intercostal space usually acute and paroxysmal. Pain tends to increase from touch or pressure on the inflamed soft tissues of the intercostal space, as well as during movements. Often the pain occurs when the weather changes. In the future, pain occurs not only during physical activity, but also at rest.
• reddened skin ( hyperemia) over the area of ​​inflammation of the intercostal muscles occurs due to increased blood flow. The fact is that any inflammatory reaction is accompanied by the production of various biologically active substances ( bradykinin, histamine, serotonin), which dilate the vessels, which leads to increased blood flow in this area.
• Spasm of intercostal muscles occurs due to swelling of muscle tissue ( edema is characteristic manifestation inflammatory response ). It is tissue swelling that leads to pain due to compression of pain receptors located both in the muscles themselves and in nearby blood vessels and nerves.

Conservative ( non-surgical) method is the main treatment for acute or chronic inflammation of the intercostal muscles.

For the treatment of myositis, the following medicines are used:

• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used not only to reduce the severity of inflammation, but also to relieve pain. These medicines can be taken orally in tablet form ( analgin, paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen) or used in the form various ointments and gels ( the basis of such medicines is ketoprofen or diclofenac).
• Physiotherapy help reduce swelling and pain, as well as restore the affected tissues of the intercostal muscles. Most often prescribed courses of acupuncture, therapeutic massage and therapeutic exercises.

Osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine

Intervertebral discs are made up of connective and cartilaginous tissue and are shaped like a washer. The central part of the disk is represented by a gel-like nucleus, while the peripheral part consists of annular plates of connective tissue. Each intervertebral disc from below, as well as from above, is covered with a small layer of cartilage. Cartilage tissue is involved in the nutrition of the intervertebral disc, and also plays the role of a shock-absorbing substance during loads on the spinal column. Dystrophic changes in the cartilage of the disc gradually cause its destruction. Subsequently, the distance between two adjacent vertebrae decreases, which often leads to compression ( squeezing) intercostal nerves ( intercostal neuralgia), which are located on the sides of the vertebrae. Complete or partial compression of the intercostal nerves is accompanied by severe pain. As a rule, osteochondrosis is characterized by the appearance of unilateral pain ( pain radiates either to the left or right side).

It should be noted that earlier osteochondrosis most often occurred in the elderly, but at the moment this disease is increasingly being detected in adolescents and young people ( from 15 to 35 years).

The most common causes of osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine are:

• long stay in an uncomfortable position sitting or standing;
• increased physical stress on the spine;
• spinal injury;
• infectious diseases of the spine;
• scoliosis ( lateral curvature of the spine);
• overweight;
• kyphosis ( curvature of the spinal column in the anteroposterior direction);
• age-related changes;
• displacement of the thoracic vertebrae spondylolisthesis);

For left-sided osteochondrosis, the following symptoms are characteristic:

• Pain spreads along the affected intercostal nerve and can be reflected in the left side or in the area between the shoulder blades. This pain, as a rule, has a paroxysmal character and can be triggered by sudden movements or coughing. In some cases, pain may resemble an angina attack ( pain due to impaired arterial blood supply to the heart muscle).
• Muscle spasm. The intercostal muscles are often spasmodic and painful. In addition, paresthesias are sometimes observed, which are manifested by a sensation of tingling, burning or numbness in the intercostal space. In advanced cases, the muscles of the chest lose their functionality, muscle atrophy occurs.
• excessive sweating ( hyperhidrosis) arises due to an increase in the excitability of the sympathetic nervous system against the background of pain syndrome.

The following methods are used as instrumental diagnostics:

• Radiography of the thoracic spine is the most versatile method for diagnosing osteochondrosis. When X-rays are taken, pictures are taken on which one can detect such signs of this pathology as the deposition of salts in the intervertebral discs ( accumulation of calcium salts), displacement of the vertebrae, narrowing of the gap between the vertebrae ( reduction in disc height due to cartilage destruction), detection of pathological bone growths on the vertebrae ( osteophytes).
• Computed and magnetic resonance imaging ( CT and MRI). Highly accurate data instrumental methods diagnostics are more expensive, but also more informative than conventional x-rays. Both types of tomography allow you to accurately localize at what level pathological changes in the intervertebral discs and surrounding tissues, as well as to determine the degree of compression of the intercostal nerve. It is on the basis of the results of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging that the doctor can put accurate diagnosis.

Treatment of osteochondrosis implies the following points:

• Medical therapy. Pain syndrome is relieved filmed) using non-narcotic pain medications. As a rule, analgin, diclofenac, ibuprofen or other drugs are used that can suppress the production of biologically active substances that increase pain. Persistent and severe pain is relieved with muscle relaxants ( tizanidine, mydocalm), which eliminate muscle spasm. In advanced cases, they resort to intraosseous blockades with the introduction of a solution of lidocaine into the vertebrae. A relatively good therapeutic effect is observed when taking chondroprotectors ( rumalon, teraflex, kondronova, sustilac, etc.). These drugs can significantly speed up the process of cartilage restoration. intervertebral discs.
• Physiotherapy procedures used in combination with medical treatment. The main emphasis is on massotherapy, acupuncture ( acupuncture), therapeutic gymnastics (a set of special exercises is selected), manual therapy ( manual impact on muscles and vertebrae) and traction of the spine. These physiotherapy procedures can reduce the severity of the pain syndrome, improve the nutrition of the intervertebral discs, skeletal muscles of the back and chest, and reduce the load on the thoracic segment of the spinal column.
• Surgery is last resort treatment. It is resorted to only in the case when conservative methods of treatment have not led to an improvement in the condition. This operation involves the restoration of the normal position of the thoracic vertebrae, the removal of an intervertebral hernia or pathological bone growths ( osteophytes). To fix the spine in the correct anatomical position, they resort to the use of metal plates that are attached to the vertebrae with screws and rods.

Cardiac ischemia

Ischemic heart disease occurs due to the following reasons:

• severe spasm of the coronary arteries ( occurs due to a mismatch between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator factors);
• atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries ( blockage of the arteries of the heart by atherosclerotic plaques);
• thrombosis of the coronary arteries;
• high blood pressure;
• an increase in the thickness of the heart muscle hypertrophied myocardium must consume more oxygen and nutrients );
• tachycardia ( an increase in the number of heart contractions leads to a multiple increase in the need for arterial blood by the heart muscle).

The following factors contribute to the development of coronary heart disease in most cases:

• elevated blood cholesterol levels;
• smoking;
• hypodynamia ( low motor mobility);
• drinking alcohol in large quantities;
• genetic predisposition.

Angina pectoris and myocardial infarction should be considered separately. The main difference between angina pectoris and a heart attack is the duration of the pain syndrome. With angina pectoris, pain in the region of the heart in the vast majority of cases does not exceed 10-15 minutes in duration, while with a heart attack, the pain syndrome can last up to several hours. Angina pectoris is manifested by retrosternal pain, which is often reflected in left shoulder or hand, to the left side, and sometimes radiate ( give back) in the neck or lower jaw. This pain syndrome can be stopped or prevented with the help of timely intake of nitrates ( nitroglycerin, isoket, isosorbide). These drugs contribute to the redistribution of coronary blood flow in the area where ischemia occurs, and also reduce blood pressure. It should be noted that in the context of angina, there are several forms that manifest themselves in different ways.

There are the following forms of angina pectoris:

• stable angina, as a rule, it occurs against the background of physical or psycho-emotional overstrain and has a stereotypical character. Stable angina refers to the occurrence of pain in the heart with a frequency of at least 1 to 2 times a month.
• Unstable angina also manifested by pain behind the sternum, but the factors that can provoke this pain syndrome are insignificant ( minimal physical or psycho-emotional stress). Unstable angina is considered a dangerous pathological condition, which quite often leads to the development of myocardial infarction.
• rest angina occurs for no apparent reason, in the absence of any physical activity or stress. Usually, given form angina pectoris indicates a significant lesion of the coronary vessels by atherosclerosis. It is worth noting that pain often occurs at night or in the morning due to an increase in venous blood flow to the heart.

For ischemic heart disease, the following symptoms are characteristic:

• unbearable, burning or squeezing pain in the region of the heart, which, as a rule, is reflected in the left arm or shoulder, shoulder blade, left side;
• cardiac arrhythmias ( arrhythmias);
• severe dizziness;
• indigestion ( heartburn, nausea);
• fear of death.

Physical examination, in fact, is based on the identification of some symptoms of heart failure. Sometimes it is possible to detect swelling of the lower extremities or an enlarged liver. In the event of retrosternal pain in all cases, it is necessary to conduct an electrocardiogram ( ECG) .

As a diagnosis, the following instrumental methods are most often resorted to:

• Electrocardiogram is a mandatory method for the study of coronary heart disease. An electrocardiogram allows you to evaluate the rhythm and conduction of the myocardium. In addition, thanks to this method, it is possible to indirectly judge the blood supply to the heart muscle. With coronary heart disease on the ECG, there is a change in the T wave ( size and shape), which evaluates the process of repolarization or relaxation of the heart muscle. It is the relaxation of the myocardium that is an active process that is carried out with the participation of oxygen. Decrease or complete cessation entry into the myocardium of arterial blood, rich in oxygen, leads to disruption of the process of repolarization. In turn, a long-term violation of blood supply is manifested by a change in the ST segment. This segment is used to judge early repolarization of the heart muscle. It should be noted that with myocardial infarction, not only the ST segment and the T wave change, but also the QRS complex, which reflects the process of spreading excitation through the right and left ventricles ( especially the R wave).
• Ultrasound of the heart echocardiogram) helps to investigate functional and structural changes in the heart and its valves. With the help of an echocardiogram, you can determine the volume of the chambers of the heart and find out their thickness. Also, this method allows you to see the work of the whole heart in real time. In coronary heart disease, an echocardiogram can detect a segment of the myocardium that contracts weaker due to ischemia.
• Angiography of coronary vessels is an X-ray method of research in combination with contrasting of vessels. Angiography allows you to identify at what level the blockage of the vessel supplying the myocardium occurred, as well as the degree of occlusion ( blockages) vessel. It should be noted that angiography has contraindications. This method is not used if you are allergic to iodine preparations, or if you have current acute infections, heart failure, or kidney or liver failure.
• Bicycle ergometry is a method that allows you to determine the resistance of the heart muscle to physical stress. This method is based on conducting an electrocardiographic study of the heart, but not at rest, but with the use of increasing stepped physical activity ( bicycle ergometer). With cardiac ischemia, the electrocardiogram will show changes in the T and R wave, as well as a change in the ST segment ( excessive elevation or depression of the segment).

A wide variety of drugs are used to treat coronary heart disease. In each individual case, the cardiologist selects an individual treatment regimen.

Used in the treatment of coronary heart disease the following drugs:

• Nitrates are indispensable drugs for angina pectoris. The action of nitrates isoket, nitroglycerin, isosorbide) is aimed at reducing the load on the heart muscle by expanding blood vessels ( including the vessels of the heart).
• Calcium channel blockers as well as nitrates are drugs that are often used to relieve pain in angina pectoris. This group includes verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine and some other medicines that inhibit the penetration of calcium ions into vascular and heart cells, which leads to vasodilation and a decrease in pressure.
• Beta blockers are used to reduce heart contractility and heart rate, which is manifested by a decrease in myocardial cell oxygen demand. This group medications directly affect beta-adrenergic receptors located in the cells of the heart muscle and blood vessels. Beta-blockers include bisoprolol, metoprolol, propranolol and other medicines.
• anticoagulants ( anticoagulants) are used extremely often, as in coronary heart disease ( especially in myocardial infarction) is highly likely to develop thrombosis. Direct acting anticoagulants ( heparin) are used as after myocardial infarction ( during the first week), and in unstable angina.
• Blood thinners ( antiplatelet agents) significantly reduce the risk of thrombosis by suppressing aggregation ( gluing) erythrocytes and platelets. In medical practice, such a blood-thinning drug as acetylsalicylic acid or aspirin has become widespread. It is worth noting that antiplatelet agents not only affect aggregation, but also inhibit the growth of existing blood clots.
• Cholesterol-lowering drugs ( fibrates and statins) used to lower total blood cholesterol levels. Statins ( fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, pitavastatin) is used to reduce the low-density lipoprotein fraction ( this fraction is involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques). In turn, fibrates increase the high-density lipoprotein fraction, which has an anti-atherogenic effect and prevents the formation of vascular atherosclerosis. As a rule, these medicines are used in combination with each other.
• Diuretic drugs ( diuretics) contribute to a decrease in the volume of circulating blood due to the accelerated process of removing fluid from the body. As a result, this leads to a decrease in the load on the heart muscle. Taking diuretics such as hypothiazide or indapamide is necessary if the patient has high blood pressure, which is a significant risk factor in the context of coronary heart disease. For forced diuresis ( accelerated excretion of urine from the body) most often use furosemide or lasix.
• Antiarrhythmic drugs used to fix various violations heart rate (most often atrial fibrillation). Quite often use amiodarone. The medicinal product to a greater extent blocks potassium ion channels in cardiomyocytes ( heart muscle cells) and to some extent calcium and sodium channels, which leads to a decrease in the strength and frequency of heart contractions, as well as to a decrease in cardiac conduction. The action of amiodarone leads to a significant reduction in the oxygen demand of the heart muscle. In addition, the drug also eliminates cardiac arrhythmias that have arisen against the background of cardiac ischemia.
• Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors through a cascade mechanism, they lead to inhibition of the production of the hormone angiotensin, which, acting on the vessels, leads to their spasm and narrowing ( vasoconstrictor). Also, these drugs somewhat slow down the breakdown of bradykinin, which has a vasodilating effect. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors include captopril, ramipril, fosinopril, and enalapril. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are the drugs of choice when coronary heart disease is combined with hypertension and/or diabetes mellitus.

With the ineffectiveness of drug therapy or in the presence of other indications, coronary bypass surgery is resorted to. During this operation coronary artery or its branch ( below the site of injury) is connected to another artery. At the same time, as a shunt ( vessel used to restore blood supply) often use the patient's own vein ( usually it's big saphenous vein ). The most common is coronary artery bypass grafting, which involves joining the aorta ( main artery leaving the heart) with segments of affected coronary arteries.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is most commonly caused by bacterial and/or viral infection. In some cases, the lungs can be affected by microscopic fungi or protozoa.

There are the following factors that predispose to the development of pneumonia:

• hypothermia of the body;
• decreased immunity;
• smoking;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( emphysema, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis);
• operations on the organs of the chest cavity;
• some endocrine diseases;
• heart failure.

The most common symptoms of pneumonia are:

• Fever. With pneumonia, body temperature can rise to 37 - 39ºС. The fever is typical symptom acute infectious process, in fact, being defense mechanism. The fact is that an increase in body temperature even by a few degrees Celsius extremely adversely affects the growth and reproduction of pathogens.
• General malaise is a consequence of the impact on the body of pathogenic waste products ( pathogenic) microbes. These metabolic products have toxic effect primarily to the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, this is manifested by headache, dizziness, weakness, apathy, irritability.
• Chest pain occurs only when pneumonia leads to inflammation of the pleura ( pleurisy). Depending on the localization of the pathological process, the pain may be in the left or right side.
• Cough initially dry ( no discharge) and constant. Then the cough becomes productive, producing large amounts of sputum. The color and consistency of sputum may vary depending on to a large extent depend on the type of pathogen.
• Dyspnea indicates the presence of respiratory failure. In pneumonia, the alveoli of the lungs ( hemispherical pouches), which are actively involved in the process of gas exchange, are filled with pathological fluid ( exudate). In other words, the affected segment or segments of the lung fall out of the breathing process, resulting in respiratory failure and shortness of breath. In this case, rapid breathing occurs as a compensatory mechanism.
• Wheezing are pathological noises that indicate the presence in the bronchi or bronchioles ( the smallest branches of the bronchi) pathological fluid. In case of pneumonia, as a rule, moist small bubbling rales are heard, which indicates the involvement of small-caliber bronchi in the pathological process. Another type of pathological noise is crepitus. Crepitus occurs when the alveoli stick together and stick together, in which exudate accumulates ( pathological content).

Diagnosis of pneumonia involves the use of the following instrumental and laboratory diagnostic methods:

• Chest x-ray is a mandatory method for diagnosing pneumonia. With focal pneumonia ( involvement in the pathological process of a small segment of the lung) reveal an area of ​​obscuration in the lung and an increase in the size of the lung root. In turn, with pleurisy, an apparent higher standing of the diaphragm is detected, as well as an increase in the distance between the beginning of the pulmonary field and the fundus of the stomach on the left. At lobar pneumonia (defeat of an entire lobe of the lung along with the adjacent pleura) detect a fairly large area of ​​darkening of the lung tissue ( total or subtotal blackout), shift of the mediastinal shadow in the direction of the lesion and high standing of the diaphragm. It should be noted that chest X-ray is most often done in two projections ( for better visualization of the pathological process).
• Bacterial culture of sputum is a method of identifying the type of pathogen that provoked pneumonia. The procedure is performed on an empty stomach in the morning. Before collecting sputum, the patient should brush their teeth and rinse their mouth with water to reduce the chance of contamination of the sputum with microflora. oral cavity. After identification of the pathogen ( definition of species) it is necessary to determine its sensitivity to various antibiotics. The results of the analysis are used by the attending physician to select an antibiotic that is effective against the microbe.

Treatment of pneumonia involves the use of the following medications:

• Antibiotics are the main component of conservative treatment. Antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action have proven themselves well ( effective against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria). The most commonly used macrolides clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin) and fluoroquinolones ( levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin). Since the use of antibiotics inevitably leads to the suppression of the normal microflora of the body and especially the intestinal microflora, in addition to antibiotics, it is also necessary to take antifungal drugs ( nystatin, fluconazole).
• expectorant drugs ( mucolytics) contribute to the liquefaction and removal of sputum, restoring the normal functioning of the respiratory tract. In most cases, expectorant drugs such as bromhexine, ACC are used ( acetylcysteine), Ambroxol.
• Antipyretic needed to control fever. This effect has a group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes paracetamol, aspirin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, etc. In addition, antipyretic drugs also reduce the severity of pleural pain caused by inflammation of the pleura.
• Physiotherapy complement drug therapy. Physiotherapy stimulates the immune system, reduces the severity of the inflammatory process, inhibits growth pathogenic bacteria. In pneumonia, ultrasonic aerosol inhalations are most often used ( using antibiotics or expectorants), ozokerite or paraffin applications on the chest ( there is an acceleration metabolic processes and tissue regeneration), ultrahigh frequency ( UHF) therapy ( improves blood supply to tissues, accelerates the process of repairing damaged tissues), vibration massage ( promotes mucus expulsion).

Pleurisy

Among the causes of pleurisy are the following:

• pneumonia;
• pulmonary tuberculosis;
• rheumatic pleurisy ( form of rheumatism with involvement in the pathological process of the pleura);
• chest trauma ( penetration of microbes into the pleural cavity).

Symptoms of various forms of pleurisy

To clarify the diagnosis, the following diagnostic methods and tests are used:

• Puncture of the pleura is the main method for diagnosing pleurisy. Carrying out this method allows you to confirm the presence of even a small accumulation of exudate in the pleural cavity. As a rule, a chest puncture is made in the 7th or 8th intercostal space along the posterior axillary line. The needle is inserted into top edge ribs to avoid damage to the intercostal nerve or artery. Using a syringe, the pathological contents are pumped out of the pleural cavity, which is then subjected to cytological ( examine the cellular composition under a microscope) and bacteriological examination. In the presence of a large amount of pathological secretion, the diagnostic puncture of the pleura becomes therapeutic, which implies complete removal exudate, washing the pleural cavity with a solution of antiseptics and antibiotics.
• Chest X-ray also allows you to detect signs of pleurisy. If the accumulation of exudate in the pleural cavity is insignificant, then on x-rays, as a rule, darkening of the right or left costophrenic sinus will be noticeable ( sphenoid sinus between diaphragm and pleura). If there is a significant accumulation of pathological secretions ( more than 800 - 900 milliliters), then a uniform darkening of the lung tissue with a beveled upper liquid level is observed. The organs of the mediastinum in this case are shifted to the healthy side. It should be noted that in some cases this method may not detect the accumulation of a small amount of exudate in the pleural cavity.
• General analysis blood helps to identify signs of the inflammatory process. These include an increase in the number of neutrophils ( subspecies of white blood cells), shift of the leukocyte formula to the left ( an increase in the number of younger forms of leukocytes), an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate due to an increase in the concentration of proteins in the blood of the acute phase of inflammation ( immunoglobulins, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen).

In the treatment of pleurisy, the following drugs and manipulations are most often used:

• Painkillers usually prescribed for dry pleurisy or pleural empyema. The most commonly used analgin, diclofenac, indomethacin. Severe pain is relieved intramuscular injection analgin or baralgin.
• Immunostimulating substances able to increase the activity of cells of the immune system. In the treatment of pleurisy, levamisole and methyluracil can be used.
• Desensitizing drugs suppress allergic reaction and other changes in the specific reactivity of the organism. Mostly calcium chloride and sodium thiosulfate are used. For the treatment of pleurisy that has arisen on the background of rheumatism, glucocorticosteroids are used ( prednisolone, dexamethasone).
• Therapeutic puncture is an important step in the treatment of exudative and purulent pleurisy. Not only is all the pathological fluid removed from the pleural cavity, but it is also washed with an antiseptic solution, which has a disinfectant effect, and then an antibiotic solution is injected to prevent the growth and development of various pathogenic bacteria that may be present here.

Pulmonary tuberculosis

Factors predisposing to the occurrence of pulmonary tuberculosis are:

• immunodeficiencies ( including with HIV);
• diabetes;
• poor nutrition;
• frequent hypothermia organism;
• smoking and alcohol abuse;
• chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( Chronical bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiectasis);
• direct contact with patients who have a place to be open form tuberculosis ( isolation of mycobacteria with sputum, saliva and other biological fluids).

Tuberculosis is characterized by the following non-specific symptoms:

• slight increase in body temperature 37 - 37.5ºС);
• general weakness;
• fatigue;
• weight loss;
• profuse sweat, especially at night;
• apathy;
• pallor of the skin.

More specific signs of pulmonary tuberculosis include:

• Chest pain is a consequence of the involvement in the pathological process of pleural sheets, which cover the top of the lungs. Most often, the pain is dull or aching. In some cases, the pain may be mild and feel like chest discomfort. Localization of pain can be different, but most often it is the left or right side. Pain usually occurs when coughing or during sudden movements.
• Prolonged cough characteristic of tuberculosis. In the initial stages, there is a constant dry cough. With the progression of this infectious disease, when a pathological secret accumulates in the lungs, a dry cough becomes wet, which leads to sputum production. In this case, the bronchi and alveoli are partially cleared, which brings relief for a while.
• Hemoptysis ( hemoptysis) is an extremely serious symptom, which most often indicates an infiltrative form of pulmonary tuberculosis. Blood when coughing can be released due to pulmonary hemorrhage, which occurs when the small vessels of the lungs are affected ( capillaries).

To diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis, the following methods are used:

• Fluorography and chest x-ray allow early detection of lesions in the lungs. Fluorography is performed every two years and, in fact, is a more simplified version of the chest x-ray. The difference between radiography and fluorography is that an x-ray image provides the doctor with more detailed information about the lesions caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Depending on the form and stage of the disease, x-ray one or several foci of blackout can be detected ( with focal pulmonary tuberculosis), dark areas with jagged or blurry edges ( at infiltrative tuberculosis ), blurred contours of the lung root ( with tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes) and some other manifestations of pulmonary tuberculosis.
• Bacterial culture of sputum allows direct detection of the causative agent of tuberculosis ( mycobacteria or Koch's rods) in sputum. The sampling of this biological material is carried out three times for greater reliability of the result. If it is not possible to take sputum for analysis, then they resort to sampling the contents of the stomach or bronchial secretion obtained during bronchoscopy ( examination of the trachea and bronchi using a special tube - endoscope). During the study, a smear is made from the collected biological material and stained according to the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Mycobacteria stain red. It is also extremely important to determine which anti-tuberculosis drugs the causative agent of the disease is sensitive to in order to choose the right treatment regimen.
• tuberculin test (Mantoux reaction, tuberculin diagnostics) is a specific intradermal reaction, which in most cases allows us to talk about the presence or absence of contact with patients with tuberculosis, as well as the presence of this pathogenic microbe in the body. This test is carried out using tuberculin - extracts from lysed ( destroyed) Koch sticks. The test is considered negative if no redness or induration occurs at the injection site within 72 hours, and also if the reaction ( type of allergic) does not exceed 1 mm. Most often, this indicates that the body has never been in contact with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but in some cases backlash may indicate recent infection no more than 3 - 4 months) or occur in people with a very weakened immune system. A positive breakdown is considered a seal from 5 to 16 millimeters. As a rule, such a test result indicates the presence of an immune response to the introduction of Koch sticks ( there is immunity). If a seal is found that exceeds 21 millimeters in adults, and 17 millimeters in children, as well as the appearance of ulcers and small abscesses at the injection site, most often indicates massive bacteremia ( circulation in the body of a large number of microbes). It should be noted that the Mantoux reaction is not absolutely exact method. There is a possibility of getting false positive or false negative results. The results can be affected by various skin diseases, allergies, and a recent infectious disease.

For the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis use:

• Anti-tuberculosis drugs are a heterogeneous group of medicines that are used to treat various forms of tuberculosis. Most often, a four-component or five-component treatment regimen is used. The first scheme involves the use of four drugs at once ( rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid and pyrazinamide), while the second regimen additionally uses a fluoroquinolone antibiotic ( ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin) and is even more efficient. When resistance is observed ( stability) mycobacteria to one or several tuberculosis drugs included in the standard schemes, reserve drugs are used ( ftivazid, capreomycin, clarithromycin). It is extremely important to take the drugs regularly, as stopping treatment can contribute to the development of multidrug resistance in mycobacteria, making them resistant to most drugs.
• Spa treatment activates the immune system, and also inhibits the growth and reproduction of mycobacteria. The fact is that Koch's wand does not tolerate direct contact with oxygen. That is why it is most often found in the upper lobes of the lungs, where ventilation is not as intense as in the lower ones. Staying in sanatoriums at an altitude of more than 700 - 1000 m above sea level contributes to an increase in the frequency of breathing and the supply of more oxygen to the lungs, which inhibits the reproduction of mycobacteria.
• Enhanced nutrition also extremely important condition in the treatment and prevention of pulmonary or extrapulmonary form tuberculosis. Deficiency in proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins or microelements leads to a decrease in local and general immunity, which contributes to the growth and reproduction of the causative agent of tuberculosis. That is why enhanced nutrition occupies an important place in the treatment of this infectious disease.
• Surgery necessary in advanced cases of pulmonary tuberculosis or when complications such as pulmonary hemorrhage, purulent pleurisy or spontaneous pneumothorax appear ( penetration into the pleural cavity of air, followed by squeezing of the lung). During the operation, they resort to the removal of all lung tissues that have undergone tuberculous damage. In some cases, surgery also involves the excision of the affected bronchi of small, medium or large caliber and blood vessels.

What causes pain in the left side during pregnancy?

Pain in the left side during pregnancy most often occurs due to compression of the intestinal loops by the growing uterus, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy. Excessive pressure smooth muscle intestines is manifested by prolonged and aching pains in the left side. In addition, against this background, constipation very often occurs.

Another cause of these pains is the occurrence of angina pectoris ( retrosternal pain) with reflection of pain in the left side. The fact is that during pregnancy, the load on the cardiovascular system increases significantly. In some cases, the myocardium cardiac muscle) slowly adapts to these changes, which leads to a decrease in arterial blood flow to the heart. In turn, the heart is very sensitive to a lack of oxygen and a decrease in its blood supply is immediately manifested by the onset of pain. The peculiarity of pain in angina pectoris is that they last no more than 10-15 minutes.

In addition, pain in the left side can appear with diseases such as enteritis ( inflammation of the lining of the small intestine), colitis ( inflammation of the intestinal mucosa), pancreatitis ( ), splenomegaly ( enlargement of the spleen), as well as with diaphragmatic hernia ( penetration into the chest cavity of the abdominal organs).

Why does the left and right side hurt?

Pain in the right and left side can also occur with bilateral inflammation of the kidneys ( pyelonephritis). In addition to these pains, the appearance of fever is characteristic ( sometimes body temperature can rise up to 39 - 40ºС), chills, general malaise and weaknesses.

These pains in some cases occur against the background of the appearance of a diaphragmatic hernia. With this pathological condition, the abdominal part of the esophagus or part of the stomach can penetrate into the chest cavity through the diaphragmatic opening. In this case, in addition to unilateral or bilateral pain, there is heartburn and belching. Sometimes there is vomiting.

What can cause pain in the left side in front?

Soreness in the left side is observed in women more often than in men due to the peculiarities of the structure of the genitourinary system.

Discomfort can manifest itself with different frequency and severity, depending on the type developing pathology or individual arrangement of internal organs.

In the event that the left side of the abdomen hurts, thereby it is necessary to establish the causes and conduct certain tests.

The provocateurs of the pain syndrome are many diseases, ranging from problems with the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, spine, urinary organs ending with a disorder of the cardiovascular system.

Since abdominal pain can be associated with a large list of ailments, it is simply impossible to determine with great accuracy the true cause of the disorder on your own.

Any manifestations of pain in women in the abdomen signal an early visit to the doctor.

Causes of soreness

Most often, the causes of discomfort in women in the left side are pathologies of the genitourinary system.

But there is a list of diseases that relate to other organ systems and can cause severe pain in the left abdomen.

Gastrointestinal tract:

1. autoimmune disorders. Render Negative influence throughout the digestive system. The pain may radiate throughout the abdomen. It can especially increase in the side some time after eating.
2. Education in the kidneys. These include malignant benign tumors, stone deposits, cysts.
3. Irritable bowel. Causes discomfort in the abdomen, may have causes such as nervous irritability.
4. Pathology of the spleen. It is impossible to exclude neoplasms, organ infarction.
5. Intestinal diverticulitis. It is an inflammatory foci of the inner layer of the intestines. May be a sign of poor nutrition and the presence of a large amount pathogenic bacteria in a stomach.
6. The development of inflammation in the urinary system.
7. Ulcerative colitis.

Spine:

1. Displacement and curvature of the vertebrae. Pain from the left side gives to the back or lower back.
2. Education intervertebral hernias. The back hurts and gives to the abdomen and lower back.
3. Pinched nerve roots. At the same time, the stomach often hurts, discomfort is given to the sides, and the patient may misinterpret his symptoms.

The cardiovascular system:

1. Heart attack and pre-infarction condition.
2. Severe tachycardia.

All of these diseases can cause pain in the left side or give to the stomach. Most often they have a girdle character. In the first place among the female population are pathologies of the genital organs.

Common female pathologies

Many women regularly experience pain in the left side of the abdomen. Symptoms cannot be explained by a specific disease without proper diagnostic measures.

Reproductive organs require special attention and timely treatment in case of problems.

If the left side hurts, this may be a sign of an inflammatory process that has begun in the part of the abdomen on the left.

Systematic pain

According to statistics, every second woman suffers from systematic pain in the left side during the period menstrual cycle or ovulation.

Symptoms are caused by hypersensitivity of the body during hormonal adjustment, triggering certain physiological processes.

If the examination by a doctor did not reveal any deviations in health, then additional intervention or prescription of drug therapy is not required.

In extreme cases, you can take painkillers or antispasmodics. The pain syndrome will stop after the completion of the next stage of the physiological process.

Oncology

The left side can hurt with the development of oncological processes. These include:

• Tubal cancer.
• Uterine cancer.
• Cervical cancer.
• Cancer of the walls of the vagina.
• Ovarian cancer.

The oncological process is characterized by the degeneration of ordinary cells of organs or tissues into pathological ones, which the body is unable to eliminate on its own.

This leads to an extensive proliferation of abnormal cells, causing pressure on nearby organs and pain on the left side of the abdomen. The causes of formations in the abdomen are a decrease in immunity and the influence of destructive factors.

It is very difficult to detect a malignant process at an early stage.

It is necessary to pay attention to your well-being during periods of menstruation and ovulation, since discomfort in the abdomen during this period can signal serious illness.

That is why it is necessary to visit a doctor if systematic pain occurs and find out the reasons why the stomach hurts on the left.

Aching pain, as a rule, occurs already from the 2nd stage of the malignant process.

Ectopic pregnancy

When planning a pregnancy, some failures in the process are possible. A weakened egg, which has already passed the stage of fertilization, for some reason cannot reach the uterus for full settling in its cavity.

As a result, the egg can attach itself to the cavity of the fallopian tubes and cause pain in the side.

A rapidly developing embryo does not fit into the small size of the fallopian tube, which is physiologically unable to fully fulfill the role of the uterus.

Often there is an erroneous opinion regarding the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy.

In the absence of a doctor's examination, women consider the abdominal pain that has arisen on the left to be signs of an inflammatory process.

The true causes are established already in the case of bleeding that has begun. After a fallopian tube rupture, a woman's life is in great danger and urgent medical care is required.

Pathology can occur and cause pain for the following reasons:

1. The use of intrauterine devices.
2. Obstruction of the fallopian tubes.
3. Regular hormonal disruptions.
4. The presence of oncology in the area adjacent to the uterus.
5. Obesity.

Pathology in women has the following symptoms:

• Increase in body temperature.
• Weak bleeding from the genital tract, which occurs at any time other than menstruation, abdominal pain occurs.
• Pronounced toxicosis.
• Sharp pain in the left or right side.

With the appearance of cracks, microfractures and complete break fallopian tube, pain in the left side of the abdomen increases significantly, forming more and more spotting. The stomach hurts on the left also after the accumulation of purulent masses.

Ovarian rupture

The disease in women occurs as a result of destructive processes in the ovary. When the symptoms are erased or there is no timely medical care, the organ ruptures.

There is an acute girdle pain in the abdomen, depending on which side the ovary has suffered, that side will hurt.

The risk of heavy bleeding increases, as large blood vessels suffer along the way when they break. During this period, an increase in the abdomen and wild pain on palpation can be noted.

Patients with low pain threshold may lose consciousness or experience pain shock.

Ovarian rupture occurs for the following reasons:

1. Launched pathologies of the ovaries, which were provoked by the intake hormonal drugs or a general hormonal imbalance.
2. Trauma to the left side of the abdomen from below.
3. Inflammatory processes of the chronic nature of the genitourinary sphere.
4. Severe hormonal imbalance.

The first signs of pathology are often confused with inflammation of the appendix.

Pain is manifested by pulsating acute attacks, starting from the left side and giving to the entire abdomen, lower back. The difference is that with appendicitis it hurts in the right side.

If you experience severe pain in your left side, you need to call an ambulance. There is a high probability of death due to the large loss of blood and its accumulation in the abdominal cavity.

Ovarian cyst

A cyst is a benign formation that is located on the ovary and consists of pathological fluid.

Pain manifests itself in different ways, depending on the location of the neoplasm. If it hurts in the part of the abdomen on the left, then most likely it was this ovary that suffered.

In the stage of active and rapid development of cysts in women, the following symptoms are noted:

1. The menstrual cycle becomes unusually long.
2. There are severe aching pains in the left side of the abdomen.
3. The pain is given not only to the left side, but also to the hip part.
4. The menstrual cycle is accompanied by severe pain.

Pain in the abdomen in women reaches its maximum at a time when the cyst grows to a large size and begins to abscess.

The main symptom of this stage is acute pain in the left side, high body temperature.

Among the reasons for the development of cysts and pain in the left side of the abdomen, the following factors stand out:

1. Scarring of tissues after surgical interventions on the pelvic organs.
2. Inflammatory processes of a chronic nature in the uterus and ovaries.
3. Frequent disruptions in menstruation due to hormonal imbalance.
4. Taking highly toxic medications.
5. Early abortions and frequent miscarriages.
6. Violations in the process of maturation of follicles.

The disease requires diagnosis and a decision on the method of treatment. Depending on the stage of the pathology, a conservative or surgical method of treatment is used.

Pathologies from the female reproductive system in the early stages have aching pains in the left side of the abdomen.

Torsion of the ovary and uterine tube

In medical practice, torsion is a complicated pathological condition of the internal organs, in which there is a change in the normal arrangement of the fallopian tubes and ovaries.

Pipes, under the influence of certain factors, are able to change their correct anatomical position, deviate from their axis and press down. Aching or sharp pain in the abdomen on the left may form.

The disease is subject to emergency surgical intervention and observation in a stationary mode. Pathology causes serious disturbances in the blood flow and nutrition of the ovaries.

There is a possibility of necrosis of the affected and nearby tissues, severe inflammation. Such consequences are eliminated by completely removing reproductive organs(ovaries and uterus).

The development of pathology occurs for the following reasons:

1. high physical activity digestive organs.
2. Individual features of the structure of the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Changes in the structure and size of the ovary. The attachment of cysts, tumors cause additional stress on the ligaments, and the normal location of the ovary becomes impossible.
4. Sprains that are related to the uterine tubes.

With precoil, compression of blood vessels, nerve fibers occurs, which is the cause of severe pain.

A woman suffers from acute girdle pain in the left side of the abdomen, radiating to the lumbar region.

The left side may swell from swelling and bleeding of internal organs. The process of breathing is aggravated, an increased heartbeat and an increase in blood pressure may appear.

endometriosis

The development of the disease is characterized by excessive growth of the epithelium, which over time affects not only the uterine cavity, but also nearby organs with its vastness, causing pain on the left side of the abdomen.

Despite the high development of the medical field of science, experts have not established exact reason formation of endometriosis.

The following factors are considered harbingers to the development of the pathological process:

1. Prolonged inflammation in the genital area.
2. Diabetes and obesity.
3. Autoimmune pathologies.
4. Persistent immune disorders, high frequency of viral diseases. The inability of the immune system to reject excess epithelium.
5. Multiple procedures for cauterization of the cervix.
6. Abortions at early age stages (up to 18 years of age).
7. Individual predisposition of the body to endometriosis, heredity.
8. Hormonal disorders in which the hormone estrogen is produced in large quantities, and progesterone is low and is not able to neutralize the course of the pathological process and pain.

In the early stages of the course of the disease, a woman may feel pulling pains in the left abdomen.

Increased pain occurs during menstruation or ovulation. A neglected disease brings chronic infertility.

The main symptom of endometriosis is heavy bleeding during the menstrual cycle, the presence of severe pain and low blood pressure.

With the individual sensitivity of the body to pathological process possible loss of consciousness, feeling of weakness and weakness.

Rupture of the ligaments of the uterus

The ligaments of the uterus can suffer during the period of polyhydramnios or multiple pregnancy, tribal activity.

The growth of the fetus and its development forms a large weight load on the uterus, thereby provoking stretching or rupture of the ligaments (the connective tissue of the uterus).

A predisposing factor to weak ligaments is a deficiency of elastin and collagen.

These substances give the muscles and ligaments a special elasticity, preventing the possibility of their rupture.

Similar ligament injuries often occur in athletes who are involved in weightlifting. Rupture of the ligaments of the uterus causes acute pain in the left side of the abdomen, which radiates under the ribs and lower back.

This pathology can cause heavy bleeding and pain even during pregnancy and needs urgent surgery.

Inflammation of the uterine appendages

Adnexitis is an inflammatory process that affects the ovaries and the fallopian tubes and causes severe pain. The development of inflammation occurs rapidly, capturing all large areas of tissue.

To get inflammation of the appendages, it is absolutely not necessary to have any disease.

The structure of the reproductive system of women is such that conditionally pathogenic microorganisms are initially present on its mucosa, which are able to actively multiply during periods of reduced immunity. It is this factor that contributes to the development of inflammation.

Factors causing inflammation of the appendages:

1. Hormonal changes, taking inappropriate oral contraceptives can also cause pain and inflammation.
2. Wearing hormonal intrauterine device. The pain has a pulling or cutting character.
3. Frequent abortions (from once a year).

The disease can go into a chronic stage, relapse from time to time and has acute symptoms.

If the pathology develops in acute stage, then there is severe pain in the lower abdomen on the left side. Re-inflammation occurs against the background of a sharp decrease in immunity, hypothermia or viral infections.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis is necessary to clarify the nature of the disease, the degree of its complexity and the appointment of the necessary treatment against pain and inflammation.

Diagnostic measures include the following manipulations:

1. Inspection and palpation. If there is severe pain, then palpation can lead to loss of consciousness of the patient.
2. Ultrasound and MRI studies.
3. Collection of blood and urine for laboratory tests.
4. Consultation of one or more narrow specialists: surgeon, proctologist, gynecologist, gastroenterologist.

Each gynecological disease requires mandatory treatment. The method of therapy depends on the severity of the disease. There are several types of treatment:

1. Surgical. It is used in case of a serious threat to the life and health of women.
2. Conservative. It includes the use of medicines, herbal remedies, the implementation of all the recommendations of a specialist.
3. Physiotherapy. Restoration of the reproductive system using special medical equipment.

Physiotherapy is possible only after the elimination of severe inflammatory lesions.

Phytopreparations are used only as an additional therapy, they are not effective in a single dose against inflammation. At the end of therapy, pain in the left side is eliminated.

Conclusion

Pain in the left side of the abdomen is a serious reason for an early visit to a specialist.

Timely diagnosis will not only determine the etiology of the disease, but also save the life of the injured woman.

by the most terrible consequence unresolved pain in the left side is considered fatal and infertility. In many cases, complete removal of the uterus and appendages is required.

The earlier assistance is provided, the less the likelihood of cardinal surgical decisions.

The abdomen may hurt on the left different reasons. In any case, a sharp unfamiliar pain on the left should be diagnosed and eliminated.

An extremely dangerous situation occurs if the stomach hurts in a pregnant woman. This may be a sign of placental abruption or premature labor.

Useful video

Pain in the left side of the chest can signal the most different pathologies. Sometimes even experienced doctors do not immediately determine the true causes of discomfort. Often this is heart disease. But, in addition to such ailments, pain may indicate problems. respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, spine, central nervous system.

What does discomfort indicate?

Pain in the left side of the chest is most often provoked by severe stress. In this case, the patient is likely to have a heart attack. Especially if the discomfort occurs unexpectedly and is sharp.

Along with that, there are various reasons pain that is not life threatening. But even in this case, the seriousness of such manifestations cannot be ruled out. A mild aching pain in the left side of the chest only at first glance seems harmless.

Assess the severity of the disease allows concomitant symptoms. Listen carefully to your condition, whether your pain in the left sternum is associated with:

• pallor;
• shortness of breath;
• dizziness;
• fainting;
• sweating.

Most importantly, even with minimal discomfort, see a doctor. The prescribed examination will allow you to identify the disease in a timely manner and save you from the further development of pathology.

Common Causes

If the patient experiences pain in the left side of the chest, then the first diseases that an experienced doctor will check for are pathologies of the cardiovascular system.

To ailments that provoke similar discomfort, relate:

1. Angina. Due to ischemia (tissue damage provoked by hypoxia), pain occurs. Pathology appears after physical activity or stress. The patient needs rest and the use of nitrates.
2. Myocardial infarction. Part of the heart muscle dies. The patient experiences severe left-sided (sometimes central) chest pain. Discomfort comes on suddenly. The pain may radiate to the left arm, shoulder, neck, jaw, or abdomen.
3. Pericarditis. The mucous membrane around the heart becomes inflamed. Discomfort is exacerbated by lying position. The condition is accompanied by cough. The patient experiences relief in sitting position or leaning forward. Difficulty breathing, slightly elevated temperature, fatigue may be observed.
4. Pulmonary embolism. With this pathology, blockage of the pulmonary artery occurs. Condition reminds heart attack. The pain suddenly starts, quite severe. As a result of blockage, lung tissue dies. With such a diagnosis, the patient has difficulty breathing, a cough occurs, containing bloody sputum, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, pallor with a bluish tint.
5. Aortic dissection. There is an accumulation of blood in the wall of the aorta. The inner and middle layers begin to separate. There is a break. The patient experiences severe pain. It can be felt in the back, neck, abdomen, jaw. The condition is very similar to a heart attack.

Respiratory ailments

After excluding the pathologies of the cardiac system, a fair question arises: "Why does it hurt in the left side of the chest?" The answer to it may be hidden in the pathologies of the respiratory tract.

Some infections can cause frequent sharp pains in the left sternum. They are usually accompanied by:

• cough;
• shortness of breath;
• sputum;
• fever.

If non-infectious pathologies are the source of discomfort, then hyperthermia, as a rule, is not observed.

Among the main reasons are the following:

• bronchitis;
• asthma;
• pneumonia;
• cancer (pleura, lung);
• tuberculosis;
• pleurisy.

Diseases of the peritoneum

Unfortunately, gastrointestinal pathology cannot be ruled out. Many organs of the peritoneum are located in this area. Quite often such diseases are shown as pains in the left part of a thorax.

Discomfort is aggravated in the supine position. Most often we are talking about diseases that affect:

• stomach;
• spleen;
• left kidney;
• pancreas;
• left lobe of the liver.

The most common sources of unilateral "left" chest pain are:

• ulcers;
• gastritis;
• hiatal hernia;
• pathology of the left kidney;
• ailments of the spleen;
• pancreatitis;
• cholelithiasis.

Discomfort under the left breast

Determining the source of pain is sometimes difficult. There are muscles under the breasts, which can be spasmed by severe anxiety and stress.

At the same time, one should not forget that in this area there is:

• spleen;
• pancreas;
• part of the diaphragm.

Constant pain in the left side of the chest can be caused by pathologies of these organs. Certain diseases lead to an enlargement of the spleen, and sometimes to its rupture (infectious mononucleosis). In this case, the patient experiences severe discomfort in the left chest.

Diseases of the stomach (ulcer, gastritis, cancer) can provoke pain. Diaphragmatic hernia also causes discomfort in the above area.

Pain in upper left chest

Such sensations most often occur with various pathologies of the heart. In the case of ischemia, pain in the upper left part of the chest is of a pressing, compressive nature. As a rule, it lasts 5-15 minutes. Discomfort spreads to the region of the left shoulder, arm. Sometimes it can even reach the little finger.

Excessive physical or mental overexcitation can provoke an attack of angina pectoris. The patient will also experience severe discomfort in the left breast. Ignoring these symptoms can lead to myocardial infarction.

Another disease that provokes pain in the left side of the chest (top) is cardioneurosis. Discomfort has a long aching character. At the same time, pain is felt in upper area chest.

Aching discomfort

This type of pain is most often hormonal changes. Therefore, often faced with this type of discomfort:

• teenagers;
• women during menopause;
• individuals who are diagnosed with dysfunction of the thyroid gland.

If we are talking about teenagers, then most often the discomfort goes away on its own, after the end of the period of growing up. Doctors recommend such children:

• vitamin complexes;
• healthy eating;
• some sedatives;
• moderate physical activity.

Women experiencing pain in the heart during menopause should be examined by a doctor. Since the reduced production of sex hormones can affect the functioning of any internal organs. Only a survey will rule out severe pathologies hearts.

This also applies to patients suffering from thyroid disorders. Any pathology of it can seriously affect the internal organs. Consultation with an endocrinologist is the only right decision.

Stinging discomfort

The source of such sensations can be a change in the heart or in other organs. Stitching pain in the left side of the chest, which is paroxysmal in nature, constantly increasing, accompanied by shortness of breath - this is a serious reason to call an ambulance.

This type of pain can be observed with rheumatic heart disease, inflammation of the heart muscle. Painkillers can improve the condition somewhat.

Pain of a stabbing nature can be provoked by many other pathologies:

• diseases of the digestive organs;
• intercostal neuralgia;
• pneumonia;
• rib fracture;
• pleurisy;

Feelings of dullness

Most often, such discomfort is directly related to pericarditis. Dull pain in the left side of the chest is constant. Sometimes it can be harsh and strong. Pericarditis is an inflammatory process of a special membrane that holds the heart in the required position.

Dull severe pain, localized along the spine, which is accompanied by weakness, may indicate a dissecting aortic aneurysm.

Chronic pathologies of the pancreas can also cause similar sensations in the left side of the sternum.

The appearance of discomfort is also provoked by cancerous tumors of the stomach and lung. Especially strong feelings occur in the later stages.

Patients who feel a dull pain in the left side of the sternum should immediately abandon any load. This is especially true for walking.

In this condition, it is best to lie down. Or at the very least, sit comfortably. The patient is given a Nitroglycerin tablet and, without delay, an ambulance is called. It is strictly forbidden to travel to medical institution. You should not delay visiting a doctor. Because we can talk about the patient's life.

Nagging pain

This discomfort can be caused by several reasons.

If the patient experiences unilateral pulling pain, then most often we are talking about a pathology in the thoracic spine - osteochondrosis. This disease is characterized by changes in the intervertebral discs.

The source can be the wrong load, impaired metabolism. Often, osteochondrosis develops as a result of a long stay in one position. For example, such a pathology is very common in office workers, drivers.

Pulling pain in the left side of the chest may signal the development of scoliosis. The reason is also hidden in the uneven and improper load on the spine.

Pain on the left under the ribs is not only a fairly common phenomenon, but also very deceptive.

The fact is that most of us, having felt such uncomfortable sensations, immediately attribute them to heart problems and start drinking validol.

However, pain under the ribs on the left side often indicates completely different, but no less serious diseases.

The nature and intensity of pain

The nature of the pain will help you determine which organ to treat and which doctor to see.

1. Dull aching pain under the ribs on the left indicates:

• gastritis or peptic ulcer stomach. May be accompanied by relieved vomiting, decreased appetite, and diarrhea;
• stomach cancer. May be accompanied by a sharp weight loss, weakness, anemia, symptoms similar to toxicosis in pregnant women (for example, the appearance of an aversion to meat);
• enlargement of the spleen;
• diseases of the pancreas. May be accompanied by fever, nausea or vomiting.

2 . Sharp pain in the left hypochondrium may be a sign of:

• ulcers of the stomach or duodenum. May be accompanied by heartburn, vomiting and constipation;
• nervous strain.

3. Stitching pain on the left under the ribs talking about:

• lung diseases. Especially if it is aggravated by coughing and deep breaths(pneumonia, inflammation, tuberculosis or cancer of the left lung). May be accompanied by fever, shortness of breath, constipation and general intoxication of the body;
• ulcer of the duodenum or stomach. May be accompanied by nausea and vomiting;
• heart disease;
• vegetative dystonia.

Pain on the left under the ribs in front and behind

Spleen

The spleen is located in the upper left side of the abdomen. Being close to the surface of the body, it is most often subject to various injuries. In addition, a number of diseases can contribute to the enlargement of the spleen, which stretches and causes dull pain under the ribs on the left.

With untimely diagnosis and lack of treatment, an enlarged spleen can rupture. In this case, the pain will be acute, and the skin around the navel will turn blue, which will happen due to internal hemorrhage in the abdominal cavity.

If you observe similar symptoms in yourself or your loved ones, urgently call an ambulance, as even a minute delay can be fraught with lethal outcome. However, even with timely hospitalization, the likelihood of removal of the spleen is high.

If a rupture of the spleen is suspected, the patient is recommended to apply a cold compress to the left side before the arrival of the ambulance team.

The rupture of the spleen can result in the following diseases:

Abdominal injury;

Infectious mononucleosis;

Inflammation or infarction of the spleen.

Stomach

Sharp, aching, pulling or girdle pain in the hypochondrium, accompanied by nausea or vomiting, may indicate problems with the stomach.

The most common diseases of the stomach, characterized by pain on the left side, include:

Gastritis - aching dull paroxysmal pain that can occur after eating (with low acidity), and on an empty stomach (with increased acidity);

Peptic ulcer of the stomach - characterized by acute pain on the left under the ribs, which, as a rule, does not stop for a long time;

Malignant neoplasms in the stomach.

Antacids can help relieve pain.

Pancreas

This organ is located on the posterior abdominal wall of the upper abdomen on the left side.

The nature of pain in diseases of the pancreas varies.

So, for example, if the disease is already in chronic stage, then there is a dull girdle pain.

During attacks of acute pancreatitis, there are cutting girdle pains coming from the inside, which may be accompanied by nausea or even vomiting, as well as fever.

The pain is especially pronounced when taking fatty or spicy food as well as coffee and carbonated drinks.

If you have problems with gallbladder If you are a heavy smoker or heavy drinker, take steroid or diuretic hormones, or have diabetes, your risk of pancreatitis is greatly increased. Therefore, we recommend that you be very attentive to your health.

The left side of the diaphragm

This muscle is located in the upper part of the abdominal cavity and separates it from the chest. The diaphragm has a hole through which the esophagus passes. When the muscles that control the size of this hole weaken, it increases in size.

As a result, the upper part of the stomach and the abdominal part of the esophagus through this expanded opening can exit the abdominal cavity into the chest cavity. This is how a diaphragmatic hernia occurs, one of the symptoms of which is pain on the floor of the left rib. More often this disease is diagnosed in older people.

In addition, the weakening of the diaphragm can be caused by other reasons that increase intra-abdominal pressure:

1. obesity;
2. heavy physical labor;
3. age-related changes in the body;
4. pregnancy (rare).

Heart

Of course, this organ can also cause burning pain on the left under the ribs. And if such pain gives in left shoulder blade either the left arm or back and is also accompanied by shortness of breath, there is a high chance of myocardial infarction.

Nervous system

A fairly common and relatively safe cause of pain on the left under the ribs is intercostal neuralgia. It is localized, as a rule, in the lower parts of the sternum and usually increases with sudden movements and deep breathing.

A characteristic sign of pain in neuralgia is also the fact that it manifests itself on palpation of the intercostal spaces (as opposed to lung disease). Such pain can be caused by excessive pressure on the nerve or its damage or pinching. It can also occur due to prolonged exposure to an uncomfortable position.

A fairly rare cause of neuralgic pain in the left side of the hypochondrium may be abdominal migraine, which mostly occurs in children or adolescents. In this case, the pain is paroxysmal in nature, often accompanied by nausea or vomiting, blanching of the skin, as well as cramps in the muscles of the abdominal wall.

reproductive system

Often, pain on the left side can be experienced by women who are sick with endometriosis. Since, when swollen, the pathological tissue of the endometrium can cause quite strong pulling pains, in which it seems that literally everything that is under the ribs hurts.

Costal injuries (cracks or fractures)

The pain can be of a different nature, intensify with movement, coughing and deep breathing.

As you can see, there can be a great many causes of pain under the ribs in the left side. But only a doctor can accurately identify the cause. Therefore, with prolonged or acute pain in the hypochondrium, be sure to seek help from a specialist who, based on the results of the examination, will establish an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.