Mycoplasmosis of the genitourinary organs. Genitourinary mycoplasmosis


Description:

An infectious disease of the genitourinary organs caused by microorganisms belonging to the Mycoplasma family. These are the smallest microorganisms that can live and reproduce autonomously. In a light microscope, mycoplasmas are not visible. Mycoplasmas are able to grow on artificial nutrient media, multiply by division and budding. Urogenital mycoplasmas are not classified as sexually transmitted pathogens. Moreover, they, as symbionts, can multiply in the genitourinary tract without causing inflammatory processes. This is confirmed by the fact that mycoplasmas are detected in 5-15% of healthy women. Most researchers consider them as conditionally pathogenic microorganisms that can cause infectious processes only under certain conditions. However, some scientists consider them absolutely pathogenic microbes responsible for the development of infectious diseases.


Symptoms:

There is no characteristic clinical picture of urogenital mycoplasmosis. Asymptomatic infection occurs in both men and women. Features of the biological properties of pathogens determine the imperceptible onset of the disease and its often asymptomatic course. A sign of genital mycoplasmosis may be mucopurulent (inflammation of the cervical canal). Along with endocervicitis, specific or non-specific (inflammation of the urethra) may occur. The spread of infection upwards - into the uterine cavity, fallopian tubes, peritoneum, respectively, entails the development (inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus), (inflammation of the fallopian tubes), adhesions of the pelvic organs. Often the only manifestation of the disease is endocervicitis and bright red, smooth-edged metaplasia of the epithelium of the cervix.

The most frequent complaints of patients with urogenital mycoplasmosis are itching of the genital organs, a slightly increased amount of mucous secretions from the genital organs, recurrent pain in the lower abdomen, dysuric phenomena (various urination disorders), violation of the monthly cycle, habitual, stillbirth, the phenomena of a threat of termination of pregnancy and toxicosis during a history of pregnancy, the presence of urethritis in a sexual partner, a weakening of its potency (due to development) or a direct indication of sexual contact with an infected sexual partner.

Indications for testing for mycoplasma infection are:

      * the presence of chronic repeatedly aggravated inflammatory processes of the genitals;
      * infertility;
      * aggravated obstetric history (spontaneous abortions, );
      * Women have a sexual partner with inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract.


Causes of occurrence:

Currently, more than 180 species of mycoplasmas are known. Some species have pathogenic properties: M. hominis, M. genitalium, M. pneumoniae, M. penetrans, U. urealyticum.

The main ways of spreading urogenital mycoplasma infection are sexual and transplacental (through the placenta during intrauterine development of the fetus). The incubation period from infection to the development of symptoms of the disease is 15-20 days.

Due to the absence of a cell wall in mycoplasmas, a pronounced specific immune response of the body and persistent immunity after the disease do not develop. The above factors determine the long-term persistence (presence in the body without symptoms of the disease) of these microbes. The source of re-development of infection and the main reservoir of mycoplasmas in the human body is the bone marrow. Mycoplasmas are characterized by variability in membrane proteins, which leads to their escape from the immune response and resistance to antibiotic therapy.


Treatment:

For treatment appoint:


Antibiotic treatment is carried out when urogenital mycoplasmas are isolated and in the presence of clinical signs of infectious and inflammatory processes of the genitourinary system. Treatment is also indicated for a burdened obstetric history (of course, in the presence of the above factors).

In the absence of clinical signs, changes in laboratory parameters and the isolation of urogenital mycoplasmas in small quantities, the presence of mycoplasmas is considered as a carrier, and antibiotic therapy is not carried out. Antibacterial therapy includes the use of drugs from the following groups: tetracyclines, macrolides, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides.

Given the characteristic features of urogenital mycoplasmosis - a chronic course with periodic exacerbations, accompanied by a decrease in immunity, antibiotic therapy is supplemented with immunomodulatory drugs - cycloferon, laferon, viferon. In order to restore the normal microflora of the vagina and correct local immunity, probiotics are recommended - bifiform, yogurt in capsules, etc.


  • M. pneumonia - causes pulmonary (respiratory) mycoplasmosis;
  • M. incognitus - causes a generalized form of mycoplasmosis;
  • M. hominis - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
  • M. genitalium - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis;
  • U. urealyticum - causes the urogenital form of mycoplasmosis.

The causative agents of the disease are sensitive to antibacterial drugs from the group of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines. Also, outside the human body, they die from boiling, disinfecting solutions and from exposure to ultraviolet radiation.

Causes and mechanism of development of mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasmosis is transmitted sexually (genital form), household contact (urogenital form), airborne (pulmonary form) and vertical (from a mother with a urogenital form, causing a pulmonary form in the fetus or child) ways.

Human mycoplasmosis is divided into respiratory (pulmonary) and urogenital. Each has its own characteristics of the course and treatment. Respiratory is treated by a general practitioner or pulmonologist. Urogenital - urologist or gynecologist.

A certain type of mycoplasmosis has its own incubation period. Let's consider them separately.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

It is transmitted by airborne droplets or from mother to fetus through the placenta. It is divided into mycoplasmal bronchitis and mycoplasmal pneumonia (pneumonia). The first ones are similar downstream to flu or another viral infection, only with a longer course.

The incubation period is 1-2 weeks. In rare cases, it reaches 3-4 weeks. It starts with fever, nasal congestion and severe cough. After accession to the process of the lungs, an even greater increase in temperature occurs, cough becomes with a small amount of sputum, occurs dyspnea. The duration of this variant of mycoplasmosis is about 2-3 months.

In severe cases of the disease, it is necessary to stay in the hospital. For therapy, antibiotics, antitussives (in the first few days), expectorants, antipyretics and vitamins are used. Antifungal drugs are also used in the treatment.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis

Clinical manifestations after the ingestion of mycoplasma begin to develop after a period of time from 3 days to 3 weeks. In 80% of cases, infection occurs sexually. However, contact is not excluded. There are asymptomatic, acute and chronic. It manifests itself in minor discharge from the vagina or urethra. Just concerned about the itching of the genitals, cramps when urinating, pain in the lower abdomen. In women, a violation of the menstrual cycle is possible, in men, pain in the scrotum and anus.

Chronic mycoplasmosis sooner or later leads to various complications. For women, this is most often infertility, permanent miscarriages or premature births. In this case, the child becomes ill with a pulmonary form of the disease. For men, infertility is most common. Both sexes may experience pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation), cystitis(inflammation of the bladder), arthritis (inflammation of the joints).

The consequences of mycoplasmosis of the respiratory form are bronchiectasis (irreversible expansion of the bronchi) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue with connective tissue). These are the most common complications. But with the wrong treatment, more serious consequences are possible. it encephalitis(inflammation of the brain) or a generalized lesion (when almost all organs and systems of human organs are included in the disease process).

Prevention of mycoplasmosis

There is no vaccine for mycoplasmosis. Therefore, for the prevention of the pulmonary form, it is necessary to follow the same methods as for other colds. And in order to avoid the genital form of the disease, it is necessary to exclude casual sexual intercourse, especially unprotected ones, carefully examine pregnant women, properly process gynecological instruments, and adequately treat patients with mycoplasmosis.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is a rather difficult task. This is explained by the fact that with this disease there are no signs characteristic only of him. They can also be found in a number of other pathologies. But the presence of chronic inflammation of the genitourinary system can push the doctor to think about mycoplasmosis, after which the doctor's thoughts are confirmed or refuted in the laboratory.

Mycoplasmosis does not have symptoms that would be characteristic only of this disease. All complaints that a patient can make are also found in other pathologies of the respiratory or genitourinary system. However, the combination of several signs helps to prompt the doctor to the idea of ​​the need to examine the patient for mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasma can infect the human respiratory system (respiratory or pulmonary mycoplasmosis) and urogenital (urogenital mycoplasmosis). Depending on the localization of the disease, complaints will differ.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis includes the following symptoms: in the first days from the onset of the disease, a sore throat appears, nasal congestion occurs and a strong, paroxysmal dry cough, there is an increase in body temperature up to 38 ° C. After 1-2 weeks, the temperature rises to 39°C, the cough becomes paroxysmal, with a small amount of sputum, sometimes streaked with blood. Appears strong dyspnea, blue lips. This suggests that the lungs were involved in the process. This condition can last up to three months.

Signs of mycoplasmosis of the genitourinary system can be so mild that the patient does not pay attention to them for a long time. First of all, patients notice slight discharge from the vagina or urethra. Itching in the area of ​​the glans penis and urethra in men and in the area of ​​the entrance to the vagina in women will also be characteristic signs. They may be disturbed by cramps and discomfort during urination. If the infection spreads higher in the body, then women may intermenstrual bleeding, irregular menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen of a pulling nature. In men, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis are divided by the affected organs. If the testicles and their appendages are involved in the process, then the above complaints are accompanied by heaviness in the scrotum, its slight swelling. If the prostate gland is affected, then there is frequent nighttime urination, pressing pains in the lower abdomen or anus. Urine becomes cloudy, sometimes streaked with pus.

Complications of mycoplasmosis

Considering that the causes of mycoplasmosis are a small microorganism that does not always cause any complaints in the patient, complications of the disease are often possible. These include bronchiectasis (pathological irreversible expansion of the bronchi), encephalitis(inflammation of the brain) pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation). As well as arthritis (inflammation of the joints), infertility, premature birth, frequent miscarriages. That is why, in order to prevent such serious consequences, it is necessary, at the slightest suspicion of mycoplasmosis, to consult a pulmonologist, gynecologist or urologist (depending on the affected system).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis

Treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis

For the treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis, antibacterial drugs are the main ones. Most effective against mycoplasma:

  • tetracyclines - tetracycline (750-1000 mg per day, divided into 3 doses), doxycycline (200 mg per day, divided into 2 doses);
  • fluoroquinolones - ofloxacin (600 mg per day, divided into 2 doses), ciprofloxacin (1000 mg per day, divided into 2 doses);
  • macrolides - sumamed (500 mg 1 time / day or 1 g once), erythromycin (2000 mg per day, divided into 4 doses), clarithromycin (1500 mg per day, divided into 3 doses), azithromycin (1 g once or 500 mg 1 time / day).

The duration of treatment can take from 7 days (in mild cases) to 21 days (in severe cases). Antibiotics for mycoplasmosis are selected strictly individually.

Symptomatic drugs are also used to treat pulmonary mycoplasmosis. These are antitussives (codterpin 1 tablet no more than 4 doses per day, stoptusin 1 tablet in 3 doses) - they are used in the first few days of illness with a painful paroxysmal cough. Expectorants (Ambroxol 1 tablet in 3 doses, Lazolvan 1 tablet in 3 doses, ACC 1 sachet in 4 doses) - with a painful cough with sputum difficult to pass. Antipyretics (paracetamol 1 tablet in 4 doses, nimid 1 tablet in 2-4 doses, ibuprofen 1 tablet in 3 doses) - with an increase in body temperature from 38 ° C. For sore throats - sprays with antiseptics (Yox, Stoptusin, Givalex) or tablets (Decatilene, Strepsils) - every 3-4 hours. With nasal congestion - spray or drops (nazol, noxprey, aquamaris, naphthyzinum).

In severe cases, treatment should take place strictly in a hospital under the supervision of a physician.

Treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis

The main drug in the treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis, as well as respiratory, is an antibiotic. Groups and dosages are the same. However, the duration of treatment is from 3 to 7 days. This is due to the milder course of the disease. In addition to this drug, antifungal drugs are used (fluconazole 100 mg, 1 tablet daily for 10 days or 500 mg once after a course of antibacterial drugs). Probiotics to restore microflora (Linex 1 capsule in 3-5 doses, Bifiform 1 capsule in 3-4 doses, Lacidophil 1 capsule in 3-4 doses). To strengthen the immune system, vitamins are used (Vitrum, Kvadevit, Undevit - 1 tablet in 4 doses) and immunostimulants (Laferon 1 tablet in 3 doses, interferon is instilled into the nose every 2 hours).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women to all of the above adds vaginal suppositories with antibiotics (metronidazole 1 suppository at night for 10 days, gravagin 1 suppository at night for 7-10 days).

After the end of therapy, a woman needs to undergo a control study. To do this, 10 days after the last antibiotic tablet, a female doctor (gynecologist) takes a smear and does a sowing. This procedure must be carried out three times, during each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if during these three months all the results are negative, the woman can be considered healthy.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in men adds to the general principles of ointment or cream containing antibacterial substances (metrogil, oflokain - rub into the head of the penis 2-3 times a day for 1-2 weeks). At the end of the treatment, the treatment is monitored. Any method of laboratory research that is available in a medical institution, a male doctor (andrologist or urologist) checks for the presence of mycoplasma in the body.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children is one of the most difficult tasks. The reason for this is the severity of the course of the disease. It is recommended that all children be hospitalized after such a diagnosis is made.

The basis for eliminating the cause of the disease are antibiotics. If the child is under 12 years old, then he is shown macrolides in the form of a suspension or capsule, and if the condition is extremely severe, then intramuscularly or intravenously fluoroquinolones.

The approximate scheme for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in children includes drugs such as:

  • Antibacterial drug - azithromycin (Sumamed) - 10 mg / kg of body weight;
  • Expectorants - Dr. Thais syrup, Dr. MOM syrup - up to 6 years, ½ teaspoon, from 6 to 12 years, 1 teaspoon, from 12 years, 1 tablespoon 4-6 times a day.
  • Antipyretic - nurofen - up to 3 years, 2.5 ml 2 times a day, from 3 to 6, 5 ml 2-3 times a day, from 6 to 12, 7.5 ml 4 times a day, from 12 years old, 10 mo 4 times a day day.
  • Probiotic - bifiform 1 capsule 2-3 times a day.
  • Immunostimulator - interferon leukocyte instilled into the nose every 2 hours.
  • Plentiful drink.

A pediatrician (pediatrician) will prescribe a complete treatment depending on the symptoms, the condition of the child and his age. In no case should you self-medicate.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis with folk remedies

Treatment of mycoplasmosis with folk remedies can be allowed only with the urogenital form, not complicated course. Here are a few recipes that are good to use for asymptomatic or asymptomatic variants:

  • Steep 3 tablespoons of goldenrod herb in 3 cups of boiling water for 45 minutes. Take ½ cup 4-6 times a day for 21 days.
  • 15 g of the collection (upland uterus, winter-green herb and wintergreen) pour 3-4 glasses of hot water and leave for 45-50 minutes. Take ½ cup 5 times a day for 21-28 days.
  • Pour 2 tablespoons of oak bark and 1 tablespoon of boron uterus with 1 ½ cups of boiling water, leave for 30-45 minutes. Use as a vaginal douche 2 times a day.

Prevention of mycoplasmosis

There is no specific prophylaxis (vaccine) against mycoplasmosis.

From pulmonary mycoplasmosis, it is necessary to adhere to the same rules as for other respiratory tract infections (hardening, maintaining immunity, taking vitamins).

Prevention of mycoplasmosis of the urogenital form includes compliance with the rules of personal hygiene, adequate sterilization of gynecological instruments, water purification in public pools. It is also necessary to adequately identify and treat patients with mycoplasmosis. We must not forget about safe sexual intercourse. In addition, women need to undergo a preventive examination by a gynecologist every six months.

Mycoplasmosis in women

The incubation period after contact with mycoplasmas ranges from 4 to 55 days (average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis in women occurs in asymptomatic or asymptomatic forms, it is practically impossible to determine the moment of infection. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

Due to the fact that the sexual route of transmission of the infection is predominant, women are able to become infected not only directly through sexual contact, but also through everyday contact - through towels, sheets or gynecological instruments.

Increase the frequency of detection of mycoplasmas in patients and a low level of social status, the use of hormonal contraception instead of condoms, a sexual partner with various sexually transmitted diseases.

Mycoplasmosis in women is classified according to the location of the lesion:

  • mycoplasma bartholinitis(damage to specific glands near the entrance to the vagina);
  • mycoplasma vaginitis(damage to the mucous membrane of the vagina);
  • mycoplasma endometritis(damage to the inner lining of the uterus);
  • mycoplasmal salpingitis (damage to the fallopian tubes), etc.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women

For convenience, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in women were divided into mycoplasmosis of the external and internal genital organs. External include damage to the vagina, urethra, specific glands at the entrance to the vagina. And the internal included damage to the inner lining of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

With mycoplasmosis of the internal genital organs, the infection rises from below and affects the uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. Symptoms of damage to these organs are pain in the lower abdomen, profuse vaginal discharge, fever, menstrual irregularities, intermenstrual bleeding , infertility and throw out.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in women

Several laboratory methods are used to diagnose mycoplasmosis. These include:

The main complications of mycoplasmosis in women include an abscess of the gland of the vestibule of the vagina (purulent inflammation), inflammation of the bladder and kidneys, infertility, habitual miscarriages, chronic endometritis(inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus), placental insufficiency (pathology of the placenta, causing a number of diseases in the fetus), intrauterine diseases of the fetus without pathology of the placenta.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in women

After the end of treatment, it is necessary to undergo a control study of the effectiveness of treatment. To do this, 10 days after taking the last antibiotic tablet, the female doctor (gynecologist) takes a smear and does a sowing. This procedure must be carried out three times, during each subsequent menstrual cycle. Only if during these three months all the results are negative, the woman can be considered recovered from mycoplasmosis.

Mycoplasmosis in men

The incubation period for mycoplasmosis in men ranges from 4 to 55 days (average 14 days). But due to the fact that most often mycoplasmosis occurs in asymptomatic or asymptomatic forms, it is practically impossible to determine the moment of infection. Men get sick less often than women. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

Mycoplasmosis is divided according to the location of the lesion:

  • mycoplasmal urethritis (damage to the urethra);
  • mycoplasma prostatitis(damage to the prostate);
  • mycoplasmal orchitis (infection of one or both testicles)
  • mycoplasmal epididymitis (damage to the epididymis).

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men

Mycoplasmosis does not cause characteristic symptoms in men. Most often, everything proceeds almost imperceptibly and there is no thought to consult a doctor. The disease begins with minor discharge from the genitals and unmotivated discomfort. Also, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men include itching and pain in the penis. In rare cases, there may be pain in the perineum, scrotum, and even give into the anus.

With mycoplasmal urethritis, symptoms include purulent discharge of various amounts, cloudy urine, discomfort in the glans penis, itching or burning throughout the urethra. If this is an acute course of mycoplasmosis, then the signs are more pronounced and this may prompt a man to go to the hospital. But in the chronic course, there are practically no complaints, the patient does not go to the doctor, which can lead to various complications.

Mycoplasmal prostatitis occurs in men who already suffer from urethritis, and due to predisposing factors, the infection penetrates into the gland itself. These factors include regularly interrupted or prolonged sexual intercourse, the presence of frequent constipation, drinking alcohol, etc. Patients may notice more frequent urination at night, the appearance of purulent threads in the urine or even clouding of the urine. With a long course of chronic prostatitis, a decrease in potency occurs.

With mycoplasmal epididymitis and orchitis, a man feels slight pulling pains in the scrotum, rarely there may be a slight swelling of the scrotum, which the patient may not notice.

Diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in men

Some laboratory methods are used to diagnose mycoplasmosis. These are such as:

With untimely or incorrect treatment mycoplasmosis in men can cause a number of complications. These include:

  • Mycoplasma pyelonephritis(inflammation of the substance of the kidney);
  • Mycoplasma cystitis(inflammation of the bladder);
  • male infertility(caused by a violation of the movement of spermatozoa or their formation);
  • Mycoplasma arthritis (inflammation of the joints).

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in men

Treating just one man is not enough. It is necessary that the sexual partner also undergoes diagnostics and, if necessary, is treated. Otherwise, re-infection is possible.

Mycoplasmosis in children

Mycoplasmosis in children is a rather serious disease that is caused by mycoplasmas and has a number of clinical signs. The incubation period ranges from 4 days to 3 weeks (depending on the form of the disease). Just like adults, children can be carriers of mycoplasmas or the disease can be asymptomatic. The appearance of clinical signs in these cases is possible after stress or against the background of reduced immunity. Infection can occur in utero (from a sick mother), by household means (through towels, bedding, underwear), sexually (with sexual perversion, rape) and by airborne droplets (infection occurs quite rarely).

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children

Mycoplasmosis in children is divided into clinical forms:

  • respiratory - affects the upper respiratory tract;
  • pneumonic - affects the lower respiratory tract;
  • urogenital - affects the genitourinary system;
  • perinatal - affects the fetus from the mother;
  • generalized - the defeat of the whole organism, an extremely severe form.

Mycoplasmosis in children, depending on the form, causes the following symptoms:

Respiratory form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic, it takes from 4 to 7 days. The body temperature rises to 38 ° C, however, intoxication (weakness, body aches, headache, drowsiness) no. The upper parts of the respiratory system (larynx, trachea, bronchi) are affected. Rarely, symptoms of obstruction (difficulty inhaling and exhaling air) may occur. It flows quite easily. However, with improper treatment, complications may occur: the attachment of other microorganisms, lymphadenopathy (damage to the lymphatic system), cervical lymphadenitis (inflammation of the cervical lymph nodes).

Pneumatic form: From the beginning of infection to the development of the clinic, it takes from 1 to 3 weeks. The onset can be either acute or gradual. With acute development in a child, the body temperature rises to 39°C within a week, after which it remains at 37.5-38°C for another 4 weeks. Signs of intoxication are slightly pronounced, the upper and middle respiratory tracts are affected (up to medium-sized bronchi), mild dyspnea, enlarged liver and spleen, there may be pain in the joints. With a gradual onset, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis in children are more severe. During the week, body temperature fluctuates from 37.5 to 38°C, after which it rises to 39°C and does not go astray for a long time. Signs of intoxication are pronounced, the lower respiratory tract is affected (down to the level of the lungs), severe shortness of breath, lips become blue. There is bilateral inflammation of the lungs. Dry, painful, paroxysmal cough is characteristic, which after 3-4 weeks of the disease becomes wet, a large amount of purulent yellow sputum is discharged, possibly even with blood. Complications of this form of childhood mycoplasmosis can be sinusitis (inflammation of the nasal mucosa), otitis media(ear infection), pyelonephritis(kidney inflammation), hepatitis(inflammation of the liver), DIC syndrome (pathology of blood clotting), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), emphysema (increased airiness of the lung tissue).

Urogenital form: incubation period from 3 days to 3 weeks. The symptoms are the same as in adults. Rarely seen in adolescence. Minor discharge from the urinary organs, mild itching, discomfort, possible cramps during urination, pulling pains in the lower abdomen, in guys heaviness in the scrotum. For diagnosis, the same methods are used as in men and women. Complications can be cystitis(inflammation of the bladder), pyelonephritis (inflammation of the kidneys), endometritis(inflammation of the uterus), salpingo-oophoritis (inflammation of the fallopian tubes and ovaries), epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), prostatitis(inflammation of the prostate). Long-term effects include infertility(both male and female), spontaneous miscarriages.

perinatal form: infection occurs in utero from a mother with mycoplasmosis. The child is born prematurely, does not correspond to its developmental period, has severe respiratory and brain disorders, pathological jaundice. The immune system is also poorly developed. This is evidenced by the development of thrush, a long-term non-healing umbilical wound. It is also possible intrauterine death of the fetus.

Generalized form: this mycoplasmosis in a child affects almost the entire body. The process involves the cardiovascular system, nervous, musculoskeletal, skin. Survival in this case is not very high.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis in children

In severe cases, an antibiotic must be added to all of the above drugs. In children, a group that allows the treatment of mycoplasmosis is a group of macrolides (azithromycin, sumamed, vilprafen, clindamycin). The doctor selects the dosage and convenient form of release (capsules, tablets, syrup) individually, depending on the condition and age of the child. Together with antibiotics, it is necessary to take probiotics that will help restore the normal microflora in the body (bifidumbacterin, linex, bifiform). If the signs of intoxication are too large, then intravenous stream or drip special solutions for detoxification are prescribed along with diuretics (at an age dosage). Also, drugs are needed that will improve the state of the immune system (interferon, viferon, cycloferon).

Generalized and perinatal forms of mycoplasmosis are treated only in a hospital, in an intensive care unit.

It is necessary to treat mycoplasmosis in children strictly under medical supervision. Self-medication or non-compliance with the medical treatment regimen can lead to unwanted complications.

Mycoplasmosis during pregnancy

mycoplasmosis during pregnancy found 2-2.5 times more often than without it. And in women suffering from "habitual" abortions, mycoplasmas are detected in 25% of cases. This is a serious reason to think about the problem. There is an opinion that mycoplasmosis in pregnant women so common due to changes in the hormonal background, as well as other physiological processes that occur with a woman (for example, the state of the immune system).

The presence of urogenital mycoplasmosis causes a huge risk of preterm birth and the birth of a child with extremely low body weight. It's believed that mycoplasmosis during pregnancy most often caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum than by other species.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis quite often causes postpartum or post-abortion complications that are severe, accompanied by high fever and can lead to undesirable consequences. Also, mycoplasmosis in pregnant women is able to penetrate through the fetal bladder, causing inflammatory changes in the fetal membranes and the inner lining of the uterus. These conditions just cause premature births and early abortions. It is generally accepted that asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic variants of the course are more dangerous for a pregnant woman and more often contribute to the development of complications.

The child can become infected from the mother both during pregnancy and during childbirth. The more premature a child was born, the more severe will be the manifestations of mycoplasmosis in him. Mycoplasma is found in the spinal cord and in the respiratory system.

To prevent such severe consequences for the mother and unborn child, pregnant women should be examined for genital mycoplasmosis. It is advisable to do this even during the planning of the child.

If a woman came to the gynecologist with complaints of slight vaginal discharge, and the doctor detects yellowish discharge and symptoms of inflammation of the cervix and vagina in the mirrors, then she must be sent for laboratory diagnostics.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy

Treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy should be based on the basic principles:

  • it is necessary to prevent the transmission of microorganisms to the fetus and unborn child,
  • therapy is prescribed only if mycoplasmas are found in an amount of at least 100 CFU per 1 ml (colony-forming units),
  • treatment must be complete and not harm either the fetus or the expectant mother.

Due to the fact that most antibacterial drugs are able to pass through the placenta and cause fetal malformations, the doctor must carefully consider the choice of medication. Given the deterioration of the immune system when carrying a child, a woman should take a large amount of vitamins. There are special vitamins for pregnant women, in which the content of all substances is increased by 2-3 times. This, for example, pregnavit, vitrum prenatal, elevit. But the treatment of mycoplasmosis during pregnancy still will not do without antibiotics. The safest are drugs from the group of macrolides. They have the least effect on the fetus, do not cause malformations and have the shortest course of administration. The most optimal of all drugs in this group is to prescribe josamycin. It must be taken only from the second trimester of pregnancy (not earlier than 12 weeks). This is due to the fact that up to 12 weeks the fetus is forming organs, and after that they only increase in size. Therapy regimen: take 500 mg 3 times a day (7-10 days). Or another option is possible: drink azithromycin 1 g once, and then 250 mg for 3 days.

After the course of therapy is completed, and the doctor does not see signs of inflammation in the mirrors, it is necessary to conduct a control study. It is made 1 month after taking the last antibiotic tablet.

We must not forget that together with the expectant mother it is necessary to treat her sexual partner as well. Otherwise everything mycoplasmosis symptoms may return again.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis

Urogenital mycoplasmosis is caused by two types of bacteria: Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. Of all the inflammatory lesions of the genitourinary system, mycoplasmosis has recently taken 40-45%. Due to the fact that patients rarely go to the doctor and are increasingly self-medicating, or do not pay attention to the signs of the disease at all, advanced forms of the disease are increasingly common, with many complications.

The incubation period for genital mycoplasmosis ranges from 3 days to 3 weeks. But due to the fact that the disease is often asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic, it is not possible to determine the time of infection. The ratio of the incidence of mycoplasmosis in men and women is 1:2.

The route of transmission of urogenital mycoplasmosis is mainly sexual. However, it is possible to become infected in the household way - through bed linen, towels. Also, women can get mycoplasmosis at a gynecologist's appointment with poor processing of instruments (through gynecological mirrors, gloves).

Symptoms of urogenital mycoplasmosis

Urogenital infection caused by mycoplasmas is divided into acute, chronic and asymptomatic. Very often, mycoplasmosis is detected during a routine examination by a gynecologist by chance.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men are minor discharge from the urethra, slight itching inside the canal or on the head of the penis, pain during urination, and discomfort in the genital area. Also, when the testicles and their appendages are affected, mild soreness and slight swelling of the scrotum occur. When a genital mycoplasma infection is attached to the prostate, there may be an increase in nocturnal urination, slight pressing pain in the anus or lower abdomen.

Symptoms in women are divided into mycoplasmosis of the external and internal genital organs. Signs of damage to external organs include slight itching in the area of ​​​​the entrance to the vagina, minor discharge from the urethra or vagina. And if mycoplasma enters the internal genital organs, pain may occur in the lower abdomen, in the lumbar region or anus. The menstrual cycle is disturbed, possible intermenstrual bleeding. With an advanced form of genital mycoplasmosis in women, “habitual” miscarriages or infertility. Also, if a sick woman still managed to get pregnant, then stillbirth of the fetus or premature birth is not excluded. In this case, the child has a number of pathologies.

Diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis

In order to correctly diagnose a urogenital infection of the genitourinary system, examination and laboratory methods of research are necessary. On examination, you can detect inflammatory changes, swelling, redness, erosion, soreness. This will lead the doctor to the idea that the presence of any microorganism is possible. For clarification, laboratory diagnostic methods such as:

It is imperative to undergo examination and treatment of the sexual partner. Otherwise, re-infection is possible.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

The source of the disease is a person infected with mycoplasmosis. In the acute course of pulmonary mycoplasmosis, the pathogen is excreted from the body 10-11 days from the onset of the disease. And with a chronic variant of the course, it reaches 12-13 weeks.

Transmission occurs mainly by airborne droplets, but household transmission is also possible (through a handshake, children's toys, various objects).

After the transfer of respiratory mycoplasmosis, immunity is developed, which lasts up to 10 years.

The incubation period of the disease is 1-2 weeks.

Symptoms of respiratory mycoplasmosis

Initially, the symptoms of mycoplasmosis resemble flu or other viral infection. There is an increase in body temperature up to 37.5-38.5 ° C, dry, hacking cough, there is a feeling of sore throat, stuffy nose. A little later, after a few days, the infection goes down into the bronchi. In this regard, the cough intensifies, becomes unbearable and paroxysmal. Sometimes with a small amount of sputum. In the future, the lungs are involved in the process, mycoplasma pneumonia (pneumonia) occurs. The above features are accompanied by a strong dyspnea and there may be blood streaks in the sputum. With adequate and timely treatment, the subsidence of the disease processes occurs from 3 weeks to 3 months. Mycoplasmosis in patients with weak immunity is characterized by complications in the form of meningitis(inflammation of the membranes of the brain), arthritis (damage to the joints), nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys). It is also possible to become chronic. In this case, it is necessary to periodically examine the patient for the development of bronchiectasis (pathological and irreversible airiness of the lungs and bronchial dilatation) and pneumosclerosis (replacement of normal lung tissue with connective, scar tissue).

Diagnosis of respiratory mycoplasmosis

In order to make a diagnosis of pulmonary mycoplasmosis, one X-ray of the lungs and a complete blood count (as with other types of pneumonia) are not enough. There are a number of methods for determining the pathogen in a patient:

Treating mycoplasmosis of the respiratory tract is a lengthy and not an easy procedure. The main drug is antibiotics. Apply mainly a group of macrolides (erythromycin, azithromycin, sumamed, clarithromycin). If it is impossible or ineffective to use them, there are reserve antibiotics (tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones). The duration of treatment is much longer than with other infections, reaching 21-25 days. In the first few days of illness, when the cough is still dry and painful, antitussive drugs (codterpin, stoptusin) are used. In the future, until the cough stops, expectorants (ambroxol, lazolvan, ACC) are used. At elevated temperatures, it is necessary to take antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen, nimisulide).

In no case should you engage in self-medication, mandatory monitoring of treatment by a doctor is necessary.

Urogenital is a disease that is transmitted mainly through sexual contact and can bring a lot of problems to a woman. The causative agent of this disease are Mycoplasma hominis and genitalia, as well as ureaplasma.

Some doctors consider genital mycoplasma to be an opportunistic pathogen that can live and multiply in the genitourinary system of a healthy woman and not cause inflammation in her. But with hypothermia, a decrease in immunity, or the occurrence of another disease in her, mycoplasma can cause inflammation with all the ensuing consequences. Next, we will look at what constitutes genital mycoplasmosis, how it manifests itself and how to detect it.

Mycoplasma genitalium - what is it?

Mycoplasmas are the simplest microorganisms, their size is very small, approximately like that of large viruses. They divide like bacteria (binary fission), are able to exist for a long time in the human body and reduce immunity. Mycoplasma is sensitive to the action of antibiotics from the group of tetracyclines, macrolides and fluoroquinolones.

Mycoplasma genitalium in women - causes

Previously, it was thought that mycoplasmosis was only a sexual disease (STD), but other ways of transmission have now been proven. So, for example, the household route of transmission has been proven - through personal items (towel, linen). From the vagina, mycoplasma and ureaplasma can enter the uterine cavity through the cervical canal, and from there into the fallopian tubes and small pelvis, causing specific inflammation in these organs (ascending infection). The infection can spread throughout the body (to neighboring organs) with the flow of blood and lymph.

Identification of urogenital mycoplasmas in women

What can force a woman to be examined for mycoplasmas? Mycoplasmosis can be an accidental diagnostic finding in a patient who consulted a doctor about infertility. The second option is to contact the clinic about constant pulling pains in the lower abdomen, the appearance of pathological secretions of white, cloudy gray or yellow.

An analysis for mycoplasma genitalium is necessary in the following cases:

  • with frequent change of sexual partner;
  • at ;
  • with the onset of a normal pregnancy;
  • with a long non-occurrence of pregnancy;
  • if a condom is not used during sexual intercourse.

So, what tests will most reliably identify mycoplasma?

To detect antigens (DNA and RNA of mycoplasma), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence (PIF) methods are used.

A bacteriological examination is carried out by scraping from the central part of the cervix, followed by inoculation on a nutrient medium and observation of the growth of mycoplasmas on it.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR diagnostics) is the most accurate research method in which the genetic material of genital mycoplasmas is identified. The material for such a study can be both blood and the contents of the cervical canal. The method of genetic probing is rarely used, in which the diagnosis is made on the detection of specific DNA fragments.

Having considered the features of the pathogenic microorganism - mycoplasma, as well as the features of its detection, I would like to say that all methods are quite expensive. Genital mycoplasmosis manifests itself in the form of cystitis, endometritis, salpingo-oophoritis, followed by the formation of adhesions. Therefore, you should monitor your health: have no more than one sexual partner and use barrier contraception (condom).

Mycoplasmosis- an inflammatory infectious disease that develops during the reproduction of mycoplasmas, the smallest known bacteria. They live in a variety of organisms, including humans and animals. Mycoplasmas do not have their own cell wall, only a membrane, due to which they easily attach to the epithelial cells of the genitourinary, respiratory system and to spermatozoa. They also affect the joints and mucous membranes of the eyes, can cause autoimmune reactions (allergy to the tissues of one's own body).

In total, more than 100 types of mycoplasmas are known, of which only five are dangerous to humans:

"sexual" types of mycoplasmas

  • Mycoplasmagenitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealiticum cause urogenital mycoplasmosis either;
  • Mycoplasmapneumoniae- respiratory mycoplasmosis;
  • M. fermentans and M. penetrans contribute to the development of AIDS symptoms.

Mycoplasmas considered opportunistic pathogens: they can cause diseases, but only if the body is weakened. In healthy people, they do not manifest themselves in any way, being bacteria- commensals without any benefit or harm. Asymptomatic presence of mycoplasmas ( M. hominis) was found in half of women and in 1/4 of all newborn girls. In men, carriage is practically not detected; self-healing is possible when infected.

Waysinfections- through sexual contact, the infection is also transmitted to the child during pregnancy and childbirth from the mother. The domestic way is unlikely: mycoplasmas are sensitive to high temperatures and humidity, die under the influence of ultraviolet and weak radiation, acidic and alkaline solutions, but are long-term resistant to cold. They can exist and multiply only inside the body, at temperatures up to 37 0 .

Manifestations of mycoplasmosis in women

Urogenital mycoplasmosis in women manifests itself in the form of bacterial vaginosis (), mycoplasma, inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries, pyelonephritis. Pathogen - Mycoplasma hominis. Often mycoplasmosis is combined with ureaplasmosis.

The cause of female infertility in mycoplasmosis is chronic inflammation of the internal genital organs.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterialvaginosis is violation of the balance of microflora in the vagina. Normally, it is inhabited by lactobacilli, which produce lactic acid and a strong oxidizing agent - hydrogen peroxide, which prevent the development of pathogenic and opportunistic bacteria. If for some reason there are fewer lactobacilli, then the acidity of the vaginal walls decreases and the rapid reproduction of microorganisms begins. Usually associated with lactobacilli Mycoplasma hominis and Gardnerella vaginalis, with the growth of their populations, the clinical manifestations of bacterial vaginosis are associated.

In bacterial vaginosis, pathogenic bacteria adhere to the cells of the vagina

Reasons for the development of vaginosis:

  1. Frequent douching with antiseptics containing chlorine ( miramistin, gibitan);
  2. Condoms or contraceptive suppositories with 9-nonoxynol ( panthenox oval, nonoxynol);
  3. Uncontrolled use of oral antibiotics, suppositories, or vaginal antibiotic tablets ( terzhinan, betadine, polzhinaks);
  4. Change of sexual partners.

Symptomsvaginosis – , not abundant and liquid, grayish-white in color, having the smell of rotten fish. Women often associate the appearance of unpleasant amber with lack of personal hygiene and use douching. However, these actions only exacerbate inflammation and contribute to the spread of mycopalsmosis to the cervix and ascending infection up to the ovaries. Among the possible complications of gardnerellosis are salpingo- and infertility, as well as problems with miscarriage and premature birth.

Urethritis

Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra associated with Mycoplasmagenitalium. In 30-49% of non-gonococcal urethritis, mycoplasmas are determined, and in women they are found more often and in higher titers than in men. Symptoms are typical - mucous or mixed with pus. In an acute course, the temperature rises, general intoxication appears (headaches and muscle pain, chills, weakness). An ascending urethral infection affects the bladder, then the ureters and kidneys, causing pyelonephritis.

Impact on the reproductive organs

Inflammationuterus and its appendages begins with pain in the lumbar region and lower abdomen, then mucous discharges from the cervix and vagina appear, bleeding joins during menstruation and between them. Women complain of constant fatigue and lack of strength, lack of appetite and sleep disturbances. This picture is typical for chronic course of genital mycoplasmosis.

At acute form disease, the temperature rises sharply, the discharge becomes abundant and purulent. The peritoneum is involved in process, the limited peritonitis develops. Perhaps the formation of ovarian abscesses and pyometra - accumulations of pus in the uterine cavity. Treatment in these cases is surgical, with drainage of the purulent focus or removal of the organ.

Mycoplasmosis and pregnancy

Atpregnancy mycoplasmosis can lead to infection of the endometrium and ovum, launching the production of substances that increase the contractile activity of the myometrium (the muscle layer of the uterus). As a result, there is a frozen pregnancy and spontaneous abortion in the early stages. Danger - incomplete abortion, when parts of the fetus or membranes remain in the uterine cavity. The uterus first reacts to foreign bodies with contractions, and then with complete relaxation; severe bleeding begins, the woman quickly loses consciousness. Without intensive medical care, death is possible.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis in men

The main manifestations after infection with Mycoplasma genitalium in men are urethritis and. Differences from female urogenital mycoplasmosis: characterized by an almost asymptomatic course; mono-infection rarely spreads to the kidneys, but often ends in infertility; among men there is no carriage of mycoplasmas.

Urethritis begins with a slight burning sensation when urinating, after a couple of days the symptoms disappear. Inflammation of the prostate gland is hidden, appears with mild dull pain in the lower back and gradually increasing problems with erection. The symptoms of mycoplasmosis are more pronounced in the presence of combinedinfections and in combination with urogenital ureaplasmosis and chlamydia. Ureaplasmas, together with mycoplasmas, are found in 30-45% of patients with prostatitis, chlamydia - in 40% of men with non-gonococcal urethritis. In such cases, symptoms are more likely arthritis- joint pain, local swelling and redness of the skin; ascending infection with kidney damage; local inflammation of the genital organs - (testicles), (epididymis), (inflamed seminal vesicles).

Male infertility in mycoplasmosis develops not only due to inflammation, but also in violation of spermatogenesis.

Mycoplasmosis in children

Atchildren mycoplasmosis is observed after infection in utero, in normal childbirth or after caesarean section. The upper respiratory tract is most often affected - rhinitis and pharyngitis, then tracheitis and bronchitis develop, and then pneumonia. The causative agent of respiratory mycoplasmosis is Mycoplasmapneumoniae- with the help of flagella, it attaches to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract and destroys their walls.

Further, mycoplasmas penetrate into the alveoli of the lungs, where gas exchange occurs - venous blood gets rid of carbon dioxide, receives oxygen in return and turns into arterial blood. The walls of the alveolar cells are very thin, easily destroyed by the action of mycoplasmas. The partitions between the alveoli thicken, the connective tissue becomes inflamed. As a result, it develops interstitialneonatal pneumonia characteristic of congenital mycoplasmosis.

In those infected with mycoplasmas prematurechildren respiratory problems may develop scleromas newborns (thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissue), hemorrhages in the parietal and occipital regions ( cephalohematomas), increased bilirubin and jaundice, the development of inflammation of the brain and its membranes (meningoencephalitis). Atterm babies- pneumonia, subcutaneous hemorrhages, late symptoms of meningoencephalitis.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

Pathogen - Mycoplasmapneumoniae. Bacteria are isolated from the respiratory tract a week and a half after the onset of the disease, transmitted by airborne droplets or through objects. Respiratory mycoplasmosis has seasonal trends, more common in the autumn-winter period. 2-4 year rises in incidence are characteristic. Immunity persists for 5-10 years or more, the course of the disease depends on the immune status. In general, respiratory mycoplasmosis in humans is 5-6% of all acute respiratory infections and 6-22% of diagnosed pneumonia, during epidemic outbreaks - up to 50%.

a consequence of respiratory mycoplasmosis - pneumonia

Mycoplasma respiratory infection is more common in children and young adults. Children 5-14 years old are infected M. pneumoniae in 20-35% of cases of all acute respiratory infections, adolescents and people aged 19-23 years - in 15-20% of cases. There is a combination of mycoplasmas with viral infections (influenza and parainfluenza, adenovirus,). Complications - pneumonia, sepsis, meningoencephalitis, hemolytic anemia, inflammation of the joints.

Incubationperiod- up to 1 month, then symptoms of a common cold appear, turning into a painful dry cough. With a mild form of the disease, the temperature rises slightly, the patient complains of aching pain in the muscles and general malaise. On examination - dilated vessels of the sclera, pinpoint hemorrhages under the mucous membranes, "loose" throat. The cervical and submandibular lymph nodes are enlarged. Dry rales are heard in the lungs, the general condition of the patient is satisfactory. The disease lasts 1-2 weeks, ends without complications.

Acutemycoplasma pneumonia begins suddenly, against the background of acute respiratory infections or SARS. Characterized by a rapid rise in temperature to 39-40, severe chills and muscle pain; dry cough gradually turns into a wet one. Examination: the skin is pale, sclera with dilated vessels, a rash is possible around the joints. On auscultation - scattered dry and moist rales, in the picture - foci of compaction (focal, segmental or interstitial, more often near the roots of the lungs). Consequences: bronchiectasis - bronchial dilatation, pneumosclerosis - replacement of active lung tissue with connective tissue.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of urogenital mycoplasmosis is based on the method ( polymerase chain reaction), which determines the DNA of mycoplasmas. They also use the classic one, with sowing the material on a liquid medium and subsequent re-seeding on a solid one. Mycoplasmas are identified by colony fluorescence after the addition of specific anti-sera. Serological methods for the detection of mycoplasmas are the complement fixation reaction (CFR) and the indirect agglutination reaction (IRGA).

cultural method - bacteriological seeding

As material for laboratory research, men take a swab from the urethra and discharge from the prostate gland, a smear from the rectum, semen, morning urine (first portion). In women - a smear from the cervix, the vestibule of the vagina, the urethra and anus, the first morning urine. For the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis ( gardnerellosis) it is not the presence of mycoplasmas that is critical, but their number, therefore, sowing is done and the number of bacterial colonies of pathogens is estimated.

Importantproperly prepare for the analysis to be reliable. Women are advised to give urine and smears before menstruation or 2-3 days after it ends. Men should not urinate for 3 hours before giving urine and urogenital smear. In parallel with PCR for mycoplasmosis, a reaction is carried out for chlamydia and ureaplasmosis. If respiratory mycoplasmosis is suspected, a throat swab and sputum are taken.

Treatment

Treatment of mycoplasmosis begins with antibiotics to which chlamydia and ureaplasmas are also sensitive. For the treatment of urogenital and respiratory forms, drugs of the macrolide group are chosen - erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin. Azithromycin take only on an empty stomach, one hour before meals or 2 hours after meals, once a day. Dosage for adults with acute urogenital mycoplasmosis - 1 g once, with respiratory - 500 mg on the first day, then 250 mg, a course of three days. Pregnant and lactating azithromycin is not prescribed.

Antibiotics of the reserve scheme - tetracyclines ( doxycycline), but about 10% of cases of mycoplasmosis develop resistance to them. For bacterial vaginosis, tablets are added metronidazole(Trichopol) at a dosage of 500 mg x 2, a course of 7 days or 2 g once. Trichopol is not prescribed for pregnant women before the second trimester and breastfeeding. Supplement the treatment with creams ( clindamycin 2% x 1, overnight, course 7 days) and gels ( metronidazole 0.75% x 2, course 5 days), which are inserted into the vagina.

Prescribed immunomodulators ( echinacea, aloe, cycloferon), with concomitant viral infections - interferon, probiotics ( linex, lactobacterin) and prebiotics (fiber). Hepatoprotectors will be needed to protect the liver during antibiotic therapy ( carsil, essentiale), to reduce the level of allergies - claritin, suprastin. Vitamin-mineral complexes are taken as general tonic.

Preventionmycoplasmosis comes down to stabilizing the immune system - good nutrition, regular exercise, a minimum level of stress, and a reasonable choice of sexual partners. With respiratory mycoplasmosis, patients are isolated for 5-7 days (with acute respiratory infections) or for 2-3 weeks (with mycoplasmal pneumonia). There is no specific prevention.

Mycoplasmosis in cats and dogs

In cats and dogs, several types of mycoplasmas have been isolated that cause diseases when the immune system is weakened: Mycoplasmafelis, Mycoplasma gatae(in cats) and Mycoplasmacynos(in dogs). Bacteria are found in perfectly healthy animals and in diseases associated with chlamydia and. Dogs have a look Mycoplasmacynos are sown from the respiratory tract, but only puppies or adult allergic dogs suffer from respiratory mycoplasmosis. Mycoplasmas quickly die outside the body of animals.

For healthy people, these pathogens are not dangerous and there are no confirmed facts of transmission of mycoplasmas from animals to humans.

Symptomsmycoplasmosis in cats and dogs- these are conjunctivitis with lacrimation, hyperemia of the mucous membrane of one or both eyes, discharge of pus or mucus, edema and spasm of the eyelids. Of the respiratory forms, rhinitis prevails, with the development of urogenital infection, urethritis and cystitis, vaginitis and endometritis, as well as inflammation of the prostate gland and balanoposthitis (inflammation of the skin of the head of the penis and the inner leaf of the foreskin) are diagnosed. The spread of mycoplasmas causes arthritis with destruction of intra-articular cartilage. Perhaps the formation of subcutaneous abscesses.

Mycoplasmas in pregnant cats and dogs, it can provoke premature birth; if infected before pregnancy, congenital malformations may develop in kittens and puppies.

Diagnostics mycoplasmosis is carried out by PCR, sputum and swabs from the trachea (bronchi), smears from the conjunctiva and genitals are used as the material. Mycoplasmosis is treated with doxycycline, but it is contraindicated in puppies and kittens under 6 months of age. With conjunctivitis, ointments with levomycetin or tetracycline, drops with novocaine and hydrocortisone are used topically. With prolonged use of hormonal drugs, ulceration of the cornea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe eye is possible. Reserve antibiotics - erythromycin, gentamicin, fotriquinolones ( ofloxacin). There is no vaccine against mycoplasmosis, the main prevention is proper nutrition and adequate physical activity of animals.

Video: mycoplasmosis in the program “Live Healthy!”

Phagocytes (immune cells), even when capturing mycoplasma, are often unable to digest it, becoming peddlers.

Main types of mycoplasma

In a separate group, mycoplasma was isolated back in 1898. At first, the infection was described as the causative agent of atypical pneumonia, and later it was found on the mucous membranes of the urinary tract. Mycoplasmataceae is the most fully studied family of mycoplasmas, which includes 2 genera: Ureaplasma (only 3 species) and Mycoplasma (more than 100 species). A person can theoretically be a "host" for 14 types of mycoplasmal infection, but in medical practice, only 6 are mainly found.

The urogenital tract is inhabited by representatives of the genus Ureaplasma of the species urealyticum (mainly detected in men) and the genus Mycoplasma of the species hominis and genitalium. Urealyticum and genitalium provoke acute and chronic non-gonococcal urethritis and pyelonephritis in men. The role of the hominis variety in the development of diseases of the urogenital tract has not yet been fully determined.

Mycoplasma pneumoniae colonizes the respiratory tract, causing focal pneumonia, acute respiratory infections, croup, bronchitis, nasopharyngitis, as well as polyarthritis and meningitis.

Mycoplasma incognitus is the cause of a still insufficiently studied infectious process affecting all body systems. The penetrans and fermentans types are related to the development of AIDS.

Urogenital mycoplasmosis

According to ICD-10, urogenital mycoplasmosis is assigned code A49.3. If the urealyticum type is the provocateur of inflammation, then it is diagnosed. Urealyticum is a mixed infection, that is, it realizes its pathogenic properties only under certain conditions: together with other sexually transmitted pathogens. This species (together with hominis) is considered opportunistic and is present in 50% of clinically healthy men. Most doctors prescribe treatment only when the concentration of the pathogen in the test material is more than 104 CFU / ml, since the growth of the colony above this volume already provokes inflammation.

The genitalium type also enhances those caused by other pathogens, independently causing diseases of the urogenital tract in only 18% of cases.

Transmission of urogenital mycoplasma occurs mainly during sexual intercourse. In the external environment, the infection quickly dies, so it is difficult to get infected in the pool, through other people's hygiene items, although there is a chance. The incubation period lasts from 3 days to 5 weeks.

Symptoms

By itself, a urethral mycoplasmal infection usually does not manifest itself in any way; it is impossible to diagnose its presence without laboratory analysis. Symptoms mainly occur only in the presence of additional pathogens or with a sharp weakening of the immune system. The manifest (obvious) form of mycoplasmosis in men is manifested by insignificant morning discharge from the urethra, mild itching, pain during urination, and a small amount of pus in the urine may appear. With the penetration of mycoplasma into the bladder, under favorable conditions, cystitis develops with characteristic signs: frequent urination with pain.

In some men, the infection spreads to the epididymis, causing inflammation (epididymitis). As a result, there are pains in the scrotum, the affected testis increases in size.

The manifest form can be worn spicy(symptoms last up to 2 months) or chronic. The acute period of urogenital mycoplasmosis may be accompanied by mild clinical manifestations, which is fraught with a gradual overflow into a chronic form with periodic relapses. A similar outcome for a man is dangerous with infertility, inflammation of the seminal vesicles, narrowing of the urethra. Often, mycoplasma penetrates into the tissues of the prostate, causing damage to the peripheral zone of the gland.

In some cases, the following symptoms occur simultaneously with mycoplasmal urethritis:

  • pain in the joints;
  • conjunctivitis;
  • fever.

The patient's condition is similar to the manifestations of Reiter's syndrome caused by chlamydia.

Diagnostics

The purpose of diagnosis in urogenital mycoplasmosis is not only to identify the infection itself, but also to determine its type, concentration and degree of influence on the body. It is impossible to detect the pathogen in the blood, only antibodies are present: type IgA– in case of recurrence of chronic mycoplasmosis, type IgG– in case of a previously transferred disease, which is not the cause of the current exacerbation.

In addition to blood, scrapings from the urethra and urine are taken for analysis, and in some cases seminal fluid is also required. The resulting material is sown on a nutrient medium and examined by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Bacpose can only detect urealyticum and hominis species, since genitalium does not grow in the laboratory. Only the PCR method is suitable for detecting this type. This type of study is the most informative, in contrast to serological tests (RPIF, ELISA methods), which provide information only about the very presence of infection, but not about its quantity and clinical process.

The diagnosis of "urogenital mycoplasmosis" is made in cases when, against the background of severe inflammation of the pelvic organs, the genital type of the pathogen is detected or the concentration of any type of mycoplasmal infection reaches 104 CFU / ml.

Treatment

Against urogenital types of mycoplasma, antibiotics related to macrolides have proven themselves well: Azithromycin(250 mg 2 times a day, course 5 days), Josamycin(assigned to 500 mg twice a day for 10 days). Aminoglycosides are also effective: Doxycycline or Unidox Solutab(taken 100 mg twice a day for 10 days). European regimens for the treatment of urogenital mycoplasmosis include fluoroquinolones ( Ofloxacin). The above is the average dosage, the treatment should be guided by the doctor's prescription.

Immunomodulators are prescribed to stabilize immunity: Cycloferon, Polyoxidonium, Viferon.

Antibiotics are prescribed strictly individually based on the analysis of the infection for sensitivity. Self-administration of drugs will cause the resistance of the pathogen.

The use of phytobiotics has a positive effect:

  • extracts of garlic, echinacea, cat root;
  • decoction of St. John's wort and chamomile;
  • infusion of goldenrod;
  • external baths with decoctions of sage, chamomile, calendula.

Herbal medicine can be used as an independent type of therapy (with the approval of a doctor) if the concentration of the pathogen does not exceed 103 CFU / ml. Otherwise, antibiotics are needed.

During treatment, you should refrain from any type of sexual intercourse, as well as from alcohol. The course lasts an average of 1-2 weeks. The control analysis is given one month after the end of antibiotics. If the disease proceeded with complications, then an ultrasound of the affected organ is done.

Prevention

The most reliable preventive measure is a monogamous relationship with a proven partner, since mycoplasmas are so small that they can penetrate the pores of a latex condom. If casual sex nevertheless occurred, then within 3 hours it is advisable to contact a dermatovenereologist for active prevention. You can also wash the urethra and oral mucosa with a solution of Chlorhexidine.

Respiratory mycoplasmosis

Mycoplasma infection of the pneumoniae type, which affects the respiratory tract, is transmitted mainly by airborne droplets through close and prolonged contact with an infected person. Transmission is also likely through sexual contact, since this type of mycoplasma is found in female vaginal secretions. The incubation period is from 4 to 25 days.

The infection can be asymptomatic in the body, or a mild form of respiratory mycoplasmosis is possible, manifested by nasal congestion, sore throat. But in some cases (mainly when a secondary infection is attached), serious complications arise.

Getting on the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi, pneumoniae destroys intercellular bridges, gradually invades the bronchial tree, causing acute mycoplasmal bronchitis (ICD-10 code J20.0). The contact between the membranes of the pathogen and the cell is so strong that the pulmonary mucus is not able to wash it off, since the activity of the ciliated epithelium is significantly limited.

The main symptoms of mycoplasmal bronchitis are a sharp increase in temperature (up to 40 ° C), fever, headache mainly in the frontal and temporal parts, nasal congestion. Intoxication reaches a maximum by 4-5 days of illness, and after about 6 days relief occurs. Within 3-4 weeks, a low temperature (about 37 ° C) is maintained, attacks of debilitating dry cough, awkward swallowing, and sore throat are characteristic.

Mycoplasma pneumonia (ICD-10 code J15.7) is characterized by a longer incubation period of 15 to 40 days.

Main symptoms:

  • recurring vomiting;
  • exhaustion, lack of appetite;
  • heat;
  • chest pain;
  • persistent dry cough (as with whooping cough), which becomes productive only by the end of 2 weeks.

Simultaneously with the defeat of the respiratory tract, pain in large joints often occurs, lymph nodes increase, a small rash or red spots appear. In complicated cases, with the addition of a secondary bacterial infection, mycoplasmosis passes into a generalized form, in which the kidneys, liver, and central nervous system are affected, as a result of which nephritis, hepatitis, and meningitis develop. In a severe course of the disease, a lung abscess, atrophy of the lung tissues, and respiratory failure are possible. In 1.4%, complicated mycoplasma pneumonia ends in death.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnostic measures for suspected respiratory mycoplasmosis consist of taking swabs from the pharynx and nasal passages, as well as samples of outgoing sputum. In some cases, it is necessary to flush from the lung tissues (lavage fluid), which is pumped out of the lungs with a bronchoscope under general anesthesia. Based on the obtained material, a specific antigen is determined by ELISA, antibodies are detected by RAGA, PCR. If pneumonia is suspected, an X-ray examination is mandatory.

According to the results of laboratory tests, drugs are prescribed:

  • macrolides and azolides: Azithromycin, Josamycin, Midecamycin, Roxithromycin;
  • to relieve symptoms: antipyretics and expectorants (Bromhexine, licorice root);
  • immunomodulators: Imunofan, Timalin, Derinat, Polyoxidonium;
  • multivitamins.

All the time of therapy, it is necessary to drink plenty of fluids; in severe cases, solutions are administered through a dropper.

The treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor can be supplemented with folk methods (after consultation).

Simple Recipes:

  • lungwort infusion (10 g per glass of boiling water);
  • infusion of herbs: oregano, succession, coltsfoot, plantain. Mix raw materials in equal proportions, take 4 tbsp. spoons in half a glass of boiling water, insist 2 hours;
  • milk boiled with figs;
  • blackberry leaf tea;
  • infusion of cornflower flowers: 2 tbsp. spoons for 500 ml of boiling water, leave for an hour. Take half a glass three times a day.

Pharmacies sell ready-made breast preparations that activate the movement of the ciliated epithelium, which pushes the mucus out.

Inhalations and other thermal procedures should be agreed with the doctor so as not to provoke the reproduction of the infection.

The course of treatment for mycoplasmal pneumonia ranges from 2 weeks to one and a half months. The prognosis is usually favorable. After recovery, immunity is developed, which can last from 5 to 10 years.

There is no specific prevention of respiratory diseases caused by mycoplasma infection. Immunity plays an important role in the mechanism of development and course of the disease, so measures to strengthen it will help to cope with the pathogen.

Reasons to treat asymptomatic mycoplasmosis

Not all doctors, detecting only mycoplasma in the analyzes in the absence of clinical manifestations, prescribe treatment. This microorganism is still not fully understood, so many controversial questions remain as to how dangerous it is in an inactive state. There is a so-called carriage (latent form of mycoplasmosis), in which the infection does not multiply, but is only present in the body at a concentration of less than 103 CFU / ml. However, it can also infect other people.

Most experts are inclined to believe that it is necessary to treat mycoplasmosis in any form. This is motivated by the following reasons:

  • mycoplasmas in the body weaken local immunity, are "accomplices" of many other infections that develop more actively against their background, the likelihood of complications of various diseases increases;
  • mycoplasma is able to attach to the tails of spermatozoa, disrupting the technique of movement. The number of ugly germ cells increases (spiralization, "fluffy" tail). The urealyticum type is capable of dissolving the membrane of the spermatozoon and also changes the viscosity of the semen. All this gradually leads to infertility;
  • when the membranes of a pathogen and a healthy cell come into contact, an exchange of individual components may occur, as a result of which the process of identifying antigens (foreign microorganisms) will be disrupted and the production of antibodies against their own tissues will begin, that is, an autoimmune process will start;
  • back in 1965, it was found that mycoplasmas are able to make changes in cells at the chromosome level, as a result, it affects the body's ability to produce antibodies, reproductive function is affected, and the likelihood of oncogenic cell transformation against the background of mixed viral infections increases.

Considering how many troubles, and often imperceptibly, the presence of mycoplasma in the body can bring, it is still worth taking up treatment. Moreover, the process is short and quite simple.

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