Hemolytic anemia in dogs treatment prognosis. Symptoms and treatment of anemia in a dog (autoimmune hemolytic anemia and blood transfusion). Features of the development of anemia in animals

Anemia (or anemia) is a disorder component composition blood, in which hemoglobin decreases and decreases absolute number red blood cells.

Hemoglobin is needed to supply the cells and tissues of the body with oxygen; with its deficiency, cellular oxygen starvation. There are several types of anemia.

Posthemorrhagic. Occurs as a result of acute or chronic heavy bleeding, for example, or peptic ulcer. May lead to shock.
Hemolytic. They arise as a result of poisoning with toxins: medicines or chemical compounds, infections. Often accompanied by diseases such as hepatitis, hepatosis.
Hypoplastic. Congenital or acquired insufficiency of hematopoiesis. Occurs due to deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals: iron, copper, cobalt, folic acid, .
Primary, arising from a violation of erythropoiesis as a result of treatment with cytostatics.
Secondary. They are combined with damage to other organs, complication of injuries and large blood loss.

Symptoms of Anemia in Dogs

Anemia can manifest itself in different ways, depending on the main pathogenetic factor that caused it.

Most often, its first sign is the pallor of the mucous membrane. oral cavity. It becomes like "porcelain": from a faint pink color to pearly white.
The animal weakens before our eyes, becomes drowsy, breathes heavily, its pulse quickens. In hemolytic anemia, jaundice is the first to appear.
Accurate Diagnosis based on the results laboratory research blood and bone marrow.

If the animal becomes weak before our eyes and begins to lose consciousness, the doctor will ligate the bleeding vessel, administer hemostatic agents (dicynon, vikasol, aminocaproic acid), transfuse plasma-substituting solutions and canned blood.
If anemia proceeds slowly, depending on the type of disease, the animal is given folic acid and vitamin B12, iron substances are administered.
Posthemorrhagic anemia is treated, first of all, by eliminating the cause, stopping bleeding. Polyglucin, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution are also injected subcutaneously or intravenously, isotonic solution sodium chloride.
With hemolytic anemia, that is, with poisoning with hemolytic poisons (phenothiazine, methylene blue, heavy metals) use glucocorticoids and detoxifying agents. Sometimes the enlarged spleen is removed to increase the effectiveness of treatment.
Hypoplastic anemia is treated depending on the cause, that is, on the poisonous substance. The most commonly used anabolics, glucocorticoids, multivitamins.
An extract of raw liver is introduced into the diet of the animal, in which there are many nutrients such as B-complex vitamins and iron.

What's this?

Immune-mediated (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a condition where the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells.
Part immune system, which synthesizes antibodies, begins to direct them against the body's own red blood cells.

Antibody proteins are attached to red blood cells - markers for destruction. When destroyed a large number red blood cells indicate the development of anemia, the patient feels sick and weak. Since red blood cells are destroyed in the body, the patient develops jaundice rather than pallor. skin and mucous.

Removal of old blood cells and reuse of their components is normal

Red blood cells have a definite duration life cycle from the moment it leaves the bone marrow until the end of days as an oxygen carrier, when the cells become too dense to pass through thin capillaries.

Erythrocytes must be sufficiently malleable and plastic to participate in the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and when cells become functionally unusable, the body utilizes (destroys) them and reuses their components.

Disease

When the immune system marks too many cells for removal, problems begin.
The spleen increases in size due to the need to synthesize more cells.
The liver can't handle huge amount bilirubin and the patient becomes icteric, which is manifested by yellow or orange staining of the tissues.
There is a massive destruction of innocent red blood cells, this process is called intravascular hemolysis.

Ultimately, there is a lack of red blood cells in the bloodstream, there is an insufficient supply of oxygen to tissues and the removal of metabolic products.
The situation becomes critical life threatening patient.

Signs of the disease that can be seen at home

The animal has great weakness, lack of activity, interest in food.
Urine may be dark orange or even Brown color.
The color of visible mucous membranes and conjunctiva is pale or yellow.
There may be fever.

Diagnostics

Part clinical examination are blood tests.

With severe hemolysis, a decrease in the content of erythrocytes, a decrease in hematocrit, yellow or orange staining of the blood serum, an increase in bilirubin in biochemical analysis blood.

Anemia is a condition in which the content of functionally complete red cells (erythrocytes) is reduced in the blood. Anemia can be moderate or severe and may be due to bleeding, destruction of red blood cells (AIHA), or insufficient production of red blood cells. When anemia is detected, the cause must be determined.

Examination for the detection of regenerative anemia

Anemia that develops due to insufficient production of red blood cells in the bone marrow is called regenerative anemia.

These anemias are caused by chronic inflammatory diseases(chronic diseases of the skin, teeth and others), kidney failure, crayfish various types or certain drugs (especially with chemotherapy).

Normally, when red blood cells are lost, the level of oxygen in the blood decreases, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. These types of anemia are called "regenerative" because the bone marrow responds by increasing the production of red blood cells.
With bleeding and autoimmune destruction of red blood cells, regenerative anemia is also observed. Several ways have been developed to determine the type of anemia (regenerative or not).

A complete clinical blood test is performed in the laboratory, which examines the number of erythrocytes and white blood cells, their size, shape, maturity, and ratio. A patient with regenerative anemia has a very active bone marrow. Red blood cells are released into bloodstream insufficiently mature, so they may differ in size, pigment brightness (less mature erythrocytes are larger and paler than mature cells).
Moreover, the precursors of erythrocytes - reticulocytes (they are so immature that they cannot be called erythrocytes) can enter the bloodstream.

With very strong stimulation of the bone marrow, red blood cells with a cell nucleus can enter the bloodstream. These indicators indicate regenerative anemia. This means that red blood cells are lost during bleeding, hemorrhage, or during vigorous activity immune system that destroys its own blood cells.

Research Revealing Autoimmune Destruction

In the study of blood, there are several indicators that allow you to determine the destruction of red blood cells or blood loss. You might think that blood loss is easy to detect, but there are internal hemorrhages that are difficult to detect.

Jaundice

Jaundice is the yellow coloration of animal tissues when the liver cannot cope with the large amount of bilirubin (an iron-containing pigment formed during the destruction of red blood cells) that enters it with blood.

Normally, red blood cells are removed from the bloodstream with aging and loss of cell plasticity. The erythrocyte iron is reused in the liver.

When a large number of red blood cells are destroyed, the liver does not have time to utilize all the pigment, and it spreads throughout the body, coloring urine, gums and the whites of the eyes yellow-orange.

Jaundice can only be caused by autoimmune destruction of red blood cells? Of course not. Liver failure leads to jaundice when the diseased liver cannot process normal amount bilirubin.

Usually, regenerative anemia with jaundice is indicative of autoimmune destruction of red blood cells.

Spherocytes

Spherocytes are spherical red blood cells found in the blood when the spleen does not completely remove old red blood cells from the bloodstream.

The spleen cells “bite off” a part of the red blood cell, and it goes on to circulate in the blood. normal erythrocyte biconcave and disc-shaped, the center of the cell is paler than the peripheral part. After losing part of the cell, the erythrocyte acquires a spherical shape and becomes darker in color. The presence of spherocytes indicates the process of destruction of erythrocytes.

Autoagglutination

AT acute cases AIHA, the autoimmune destruction of red blood cells so severe that they stick together (because their shells with attached antibodies stick to each other) when a drop of blood is placed on a glass slide under a microscope. The picture appears as follows: yellow spot with small red lumps in the center. This sign is very unfavorable.

Leukemoid reaction

In the classic case of AIHA, the bone marrow response is so strong that white blood cells also undergo changes because they are also produced in the bone marrow. The number of leukocytes in the blood increases significantly.

Additional Research

Coombs test (direct test for antibodies)

The Coombs test was developed for the detection of antibodies on erythrocytes and is a classic test for the detection of AIHA.

Unfortunately, the test results are not unambiguous. It may be false positive in the presence of inflammatory processes or infectious diseases (resulting in the attachment of antibodies to the lining of red blood cells), or after a blood transfusion (ultimately, foreign cells are removed by the immune system).

Also, the Coombs test can be false negative due to various reasons.
If the clinical picture of the disease coincides with AIHA, the Coombs test is often not performed. Remember, the causes of hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) are not always associated with immune reactions. Bow in large quantities(presumably garlic too) can cause hemolysis in dogs.

Zinc poisoning, such as licking zinc oxide ointment off the skin, can lead to hemolysis.

In young animals, a genetically determined deformation of red blood cells can be suspected.

Treatment and supervision during a crisis

Patients with AIHA are often unstable.
If the hematocrit is critically low, a blood transfusion may be required. At acute form the course of the disease may require multiple blood transfusions.

General supportive care includes maintaining fluid balance and supplying the body with essential nutrients.

It is most important to stop hemolysis by suppressing the destructive action of the immune system on red blood cells.

Blood transfusion

Transfusion of whole donated blood can save the patient with a critically low hematocrit. However, it must be remembered: the problem is that the immune system destroys its own cells, what then is the chance for the preservation of foreign cells?

Good RBC compatibility is ideal, but due to an increased immune response, the result of a transfusion may be different. Therefore, multiple blood transfusions should not be performed.

Immune suppression

Corticosteroid hormones in high doses have an immunosuppressive effect. Prednisolone and dexamethasone most commonly used for this purpose.
These hormones are directly toxic effect on lymphocytes - cells that synthesize antibodies. If RBCs are not bound by antibodies, then they are not cleared by the immune system, thus cessation of antibody production is important part AIHA treatment.
These hormones inhibit the activity of reticuloendothelial cells that remove antibody-labelled blood cells.

Corticosteroids are usually sufficient to suppress the immune system. The problem is that if they are stopped early, hemolysis will start again. You will probably need to take hormones for weeks, and even months, before starting to reduce the dose.

Reception of drugs is carried out under the control of the blood picture. Expect that the animal will be on steroid therapy for about 4 months, many will require constant administration of small doses to prevent relapse.

Corticosteroids in high doses cause thirst, redistribution of body fat, thinning of the skin, shortness of breath, predisposition to diseases of the urinary system, and other signs characteristic of Cushing's syndrome. Such side effects accompany long-term use corticosteroids, but in the case of AIHA there is often no other choice.
It is important to remember that side effects decrease with decreasing drug dose.

Stronger immune suppression

In the absence of the desired effect on the introduction of corticosteroids, additional immunosuppressants are needed. In this case, it is often used azathioprim and cyclophosphamide they are very strong drugs.

Cyclosporine is an immunomodulator popular in transplantology.
Its advantage lies in the absence of the effect of suppression of bone marrow function. It has been used as a promising additional drug with AIHA, but 2 significant drawbacks were revealed: high cost and blood monitoring for control correct dose drug. The cost of treatment is very high, but the results can be very good.

Why did this disease affect your animal?

When something serious happens, you always want to know why.
Unfortunately, if the patient is a dog, then this question will be difficult to answer.
Research results show that in 60-75% of cases exact reason impossible to identify.

In some cases, the cause can be found: a factor provoking the reaction. Some drugs can cause a reaction that stimulates the immune system and masquerades as red blood cell coat proteins. The immune system tracks not only proteins similar to the drug, but also red blood cells with a similar protein. These drugs are penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfa and methimazole.

Some breeds are predisposed to developing AIHA: Cocker Spaniel, Poodle, Old English Sheepdog, Irish Setter.

Complications of AIHA

Thromboembolism

This disease is the leading cause of death in dogs with AIHA (30-80% of dogs that die from AIHA have the disease).

A thrombus is called a large blood clot blocking a blood vessel. The vessel is called thrombosed. An embolism is a process when small parts come off a blood clot and are carried throughout the body. These mini-blood clots clog over small vessels, resulting in impaired circulation. In places of blockage occurs inflammatory response, dissolving clots, it can become health threatening when many vessels are affected.

AIHA is a relatively rare but very serious disease with high level mortality. Unfortunately, many dogs die.

With anemia, the level of hemoglobin decreases, which is needed to supply cells and tissues with oxygen, and the number of red blood cells decreases as a result. profuse blood loss or destruction of red blood cells in the body by disease.

All dogs are susceptible to anemia, regardless of age and gender, but some animals are in the zone increased risk, in particular dogs predisposed to infectious and gastrointestinal diseases.

Causes of Anemia in Dogs

There are many causes of anemia, but one of the most common is blood loss due to severe trauma.

Anemia in dogs occurs with infectious and other serious illnesses, for example, with piroplasmosis, hepatosis, cancer, chronic disease kidneys, liver, tumors gastrointestinal tract, Bladder and spleen, diseases that prevent normal blood clotting.

autoimmune hemolytic anemia it can be hereditary, and develops with a lack of the enzyme pyruvate kinase (more common in basenji, beagles) or a lack of the enzyme phosphofructokinase. Hereditary anemia is rare. The second form of this type of anemia is when the body's immune system attacks its own red blood cells, destroying them.

In case of poisoning chemicals, medicines some dogs develop anemia. There are cases when an animal has experienced anemia when treated with drugs that interfere with the production of red blood cells.

The reason may be a lack of hematopoiesis, a lack of vitamin B12, copper, iron, folic acid. It can be congenital or acquired. Iron deficiency is rare in dogs and is often secondary feature anemia as a result copious loss blood.

A large number of worms, fleas or ticks can cause anemia in puppies and small dogs.

Symptoms

At mild form anemia symptoms are difficult to notice, and a blood test is often required to determine the percentage of red blood cells and confirm the diagnosis. Anemia develops against the background of another disease, therefore, even if there are symptoms, determine it yourself true reason difficult.

because of low level hemoglobin, oxygen starvation of cells occurs, as a result of which such symptoms of anemia as lethargy and decreased activity appear.

The primary sign of anemia is the pallor of the oral mucosa, in particular the gums, which become pale pink or almost white color. Paleness of the gums and lethargy are strong reason performing a blood test.

Other symptoms of anemia are rapid pulse, shortness of breath, loss of appetite, and with hemolytic anemia, jaundice appears.

Treatment for Anemia in Dogs

The diagnosis is based on the results of a blood and bone marrow test. The method of treatment depends on the cause of anemia.

The introduction of hemostatic agents and blood transfusion is carried out with severe external or internal bleeding.

If the cause of anemia is poisoning, then the animal is injected with glucocorticoids and detoxifying agents, multivitamins, corticosteroids, depending on the cause of the poisoning.

Compensation for the lack of vitamins, restoration of the balance of nutrients is carried out by introducing vitamin B12, folic acid, iron substance. Foods with high content iron, vitamin B, for example raw beef liver, spleen. You can mix up to 2 teaspoons of finely chopped barley or wheat greens (or wheat, barley juice, powder) into food. Chlorophyll contained in these plants helps to produce blood cells.

Autoimmune anemia in dogs is treated with drugs that suppress the activity of the immune system. But treatment is not always effective due to frequent relapses that lead to the death of the animal.

Hemoglobin can be increased, but it is not always possible to cure anemia, it all depends on the cause of anemia. For example, by eliminating fleas and worms and providing proper nutrition, you can restore the health of the dog, but if the cause is intractable infectious diseases, then the chances of recovery are reduced.

Prevention

Universal preventive measures does not exist, because the causes of anemia are different and it is impossible to protect the pet from all dangers. But you can reduce the risk of developing anemia if you provide the animal with proper care, including proper feeding, regular examination, visits to the veterinarian, vaccination, and thereby protect him from the development of diseases that contribute to anemia.

In the treatment of diseases, it is important to do a blood test frequently, in order to identify backlash body on the administered drugs, and in case of blood loss, a well-designed treatment plan is important.

Anemia in a dog occurs due to the fact that the level of red blood cells in the blood of the animal is significantly reduced. Red blood cells provide the pet's body with oxygen, and if they become smaller, this can negatively affect the normal functionality of the internal organs. This article will discuss the varieties this disease, its causes, as well as the main signs and methods of treatment.

Veterinarians agree that with anemia in a pet, the composition of the blood fluid is significantly disturbed. The disease can act with equal success both as a “background” ailment and as a full-fledged pathology. In advanced forms, anemia poses a serious threat to dogs, as it is quite capable of a short time lead to a fatal outcome.

Often, anemia in dogs is secondary, and the impetus for their occurrence is various pathological processes occurring in parallel in the body of animals. For doctors, their presence sometimes serves as the main link in clinical picture, it is thanks to this that the final diagnosis is differentiated. Although sometimes the disease manifests itself in a very moderate way and rather complicates than facilitates the task of the diagnostician.

The disease can affect absolutely any dog, regardless of breed or age. However, statistical studies have shown that breeds such as greyhounds and pit bull terriers are particularly vulnerable. Experts justify this by the fact that the above dogs are characterized by a rapid and acute course of diseases with an infectious etiology, on the basis of which the disease progresses.

Varieties of anemia

In veterinary medicine, it is customary to divide anemia into the following types:

hypoplastic anemia. It is provoked by a lack of proteins, trace elements and vitamin components in the body, for example, B vitamins, copper, zinc, selenium or iron. In the case when the dog's diet is carefully balanced, it can occur due to the fact that the bone marrow of the pet is affected by toxins. They can be produced against the background of infectious diseases that the pet suffered or due to metabolic disorders.
Aplastic anemia. Experts associate its appearance with severe pathological processes in hematopoiesis. Moreover, they affect both red bodies and other cells of the blood fluid. Complicated hypoplastic anemia is able to flow over time into an aplastic form.
Alimentary form. It is a kind of hypoplastic anemia, and it develops predominantly in the puppy whose feeding was not balanced enough. Its other name is Iron-deficiency anemia, since it is this chemical element the dog is not getting enough food. Much less often, its causes are due to the fact that the intestines do not absorb iron components directly from the stomach.
Posthemorrhagic. Occurs due to significant blood loss in the dog, both external and internal. It may appear due to an animal injury that has affected important blood vessels or internal organs. Especially dangerous form, since it is quite problematic to determine, in particular, this applies to internal bleeding. The owner should pay attention to the characteristic blanching of the mucous membranes of the dog, as well as to possible subcutaneous hemorrhages in the form of dots.

In addition to the above varieties, veterinarians also divide the disease into a non-regenerative and regenerative form. In the first case, blood cells are formed slowly, and in the second, on the contrary, they are quickly restored by the body.

Causes of the disease

There are many causes of anemia in dogs. The most common among them include:

Symptoms of the disease

An attentive owner is able to detect symptoms of anemia in a dog on his own at home. Signs of this dangerous disease are:

Apathy and lethargy, the dog becomes weak, quickly gets tired while walking.
Appetite is significantly reduced, the dog cannot be tempted even with favorite treats.
Body temperature rises.
The mucous membranes either turn pale or turn yellow.
AT feces and the pet's urine, the owner can detect blood clots.
The pet's belly swells.
On the mucous membranes appear petechial hemorrhages, especially often they can be seen on the gums of the dog.
Breathing becomes difficult or shallow and fast. Frequent breaths The body tries to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the blood.
The heart rate increases significantly.
Anemia reduces the response to external stimuli, the animals become as if inhibited.
Possible loss of consciousness.

The above symptoms are not specific exclusively to the pathology in question. An accurate diagnosis can only be made qualified specialist. The following diagnostic procedures will help him do this.

Diagnosis of the disease

It is necessary to start treating anemia with an accurate differentiation of the diagnosis. A pet blood test can determine this. So at clinical analysis blood fluid, veterinarians, first of all, pay attention to the hemocrit value. If it is 30-35% below the norm, then we can confidently speak about anemia.

The owner, who wondered what to do with an animal suffering from symptoms of anemia, and how to cure it, must first show the pet to a doctor. It should immediately be noted that a single treatment for this pathology is not provided. The versatility of its causes creates a lot of variations and nuances in the choice of means. medical care. This is further complicated by the fact that the specialist must take into account in determining the most effective therapy and individual characteristics patient: age, weight, breed, general condition of the body.

In addition to the above procedures, the dog needs additional support with vitamin courses. Owners must understand that strong immunity in a dog, this is a guarantee that in the future anemia will have no chance of relapse. Four-legged friend needed permanent care and care throughout treatment, which can take anywhere from two weeks to one and a half months. If the disease was launched and turned into a chronic form, then therapy can last for more than a year.

In some cases it may be necessary surgical intervention. Doctors strongly discourage owners from self-medicating, as this can exacerbate the problem. Next section will make it clear what foods are prescribed for the animal to recover faster.

diet for anemia

Owners must clearly understand how to feed a sick pet so that its cure is as quick and effective as possible. First of all, you need to increase the amount of food consumed by the dog, which will be sufficiently represented by vitamins B and iron-containing components. An excellent option for this is the liver, and boiled, not fried or raw.

nutritional supplements: their selection and dosage is made by the attending physician, such of them as Ferroplex and Ferum showed themselves excellently in anemia. The volume of their use largely depends on the age and weight of the pet;
quality food: the dog’s diet should have enough meat, fresh vegetables, dairy products, fish. Make sure that the products are not very fatty and are well absorbed by the pet's body;
vitamin complexes: those that contain a lot of iron are especially important. They can be mixed into dog dishes, and when chronic form anemia - administered as an injection intramuscularly;
the animal must eat at least three times a day, large portions. If there is no appetite, then do not force your pet to eat by force;
if the dog is accustomed to food, then when buying, carefully read their composition. Give preference to those in the production of which waste from meat production is used, they have more useful substances. In no case do not save and do not purchase cheap or universal varieties of feed.

Anemia ( Anaemia) from Greekan- negative particle and haima - blood - clinical and hematological syndrome associated with a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin per unit volume of blood.

Hemoglobin performs the function of delivering oxygen to the tissues and cells of the animal's body. Erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and from there they enter the blood, in which they live for about 2 months. As they age or become damaged, red blood cells are filtered out of the bloodstream, destroyed in the spleen, and removed from the circulatory system. The iron found in red blood cells is recycled to make new red blood cells.

Anemia in dogs is usually secondary and is based on a variety of pathological processes. Sometimes the anemic syndrome is the main one in the clinical picture and determines the prognosis of the disease, in other cases anemia can be very moderately expressed.

Veterinarians in the process of diagnosis should determine pathogenetic mechanism anemic syndrome(bleeding, deficiency of iron, vitamin B12, hemolysis, etc.) with subsequent identification of the disease underlying anemia.

Etiology. Anemia in dogs can be caused by:

Anemia affects dogs of all breeds and ages. The mass of blood in anemia can be normal, reduced or even increased due to compensatory replenishment of the lack of the liquid part with tissue fluid. Simultaneously with quantitative changes in anemia, qualitative changes occur in the body of a sick dog. shaped elements blood, which are caused by a low content of hemoglobin in each erythrocyte and accompanied by a functional insufficiency of the erythrocyte system.

Pathogenesis. With anemia in the body of a sick dog, due to a violation of the blood supply to organs and tissues, oxidative processes are disturbed, oxygen starvation (hypoxia) and hypoxemia develop in the tissues. In the blood of a sick dog, incompletely oxidized metabolic products and toxins accumulate, which must be excreted from the body with urine. Thanks to the adaptive reactions of the body (reflex enhancement of cardiac activity, respiration, the flow of erythrocytes from blood depots, activation of hematopoiesis), gas exchange and oxidative processes are maintained at a sufficient level even with significant anemia in dogs. At the same time, with severe anemia, even a small load on the dog causes her heart to speed up, shortness of breath and other pathological phenomena appear. With a pronounced anemia in a dog, the central nervous system which can cause the dog to faint.

At chronic course anemia in dogs dystrophic changes in parenchymal organs (fatty degeneration muscles of the heart, liver, kidneys) up to the point that sometimes there are small hemorrhages in serous and mucous membranes.

clinical picture. Depending on the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin (color indicator), veterinarians distinguish normo-, hypo- and hyperchromic anemia in dogs. In normochromic anemia, the hemoglobin content in erythrocytes is within physiological norm(color indicator of blood is close to one). In hypochromic anemia, erythrocytes appear in the blood with low content hemoglobin. At the same time, the decrease in hemoglobin content is more pronounced than the decrease in the number of erythrocytes. The color index is less than one. All hypochromic anemia iron-deficient. Hyperchromic anemia is characterized sharp decline number of red blood cells and an increase in their hemoglobin content. In the dog's blood, anisocytosis is observed, as well as normablastosis and poikolocytosis.

During a clinical examination of a dog with anemia, a veterinarian notes lethargy, depression, decreased activity, visible mucous membranes are pale, have pinkish and white hues, bleeding of the mucous membranes (gums) is noted. The pulse is frequent on palpation, the heartbeat is quickened, murmurs are heard on auscultation of the heart, as a result sharp drop blood pressure The dog may collapse. A sick dog often refuses food, breathing is often labored. We register fever, thirst, the presence of blood in the stool.

Diagnosis for anemia in dogs is put on the basis of the clinic, the results of a laboratory study of blood and urine. Blood is examined for coagulability, the laboratory reveals a decrease in the number of red blood cells, their structure, red blood cell abnormalities. Spend biochemical research bone marrow. If internal bleeding is suspected, the veterinarian will perform a laparocentesis (puncture abdominal cavity with a special needle and taking a small amount abdominal fluid). When conducting complex diagnostics anemia in veterinary clinics x-ray and ultrasound of the abdominal cavity. If a tumor, ulcer, etc. is suspected, which can cause anemia in a dog, an endoscopy is performed. Special analyzes for the purpose of determining in the blood - mycoplasmas, leptospira, babesia, etc. If during the examination of an anemic dog, the veterinarian suspects oncological disease perform a chest x-ray.

Forecast with anemia depends on the cause that caused anemia and the general condition of the dog's body. At timely diagnosis anemia and satisfactory general condition sick dog, the prognosis is favorable. If anemia was the result of poisoning with pesticides (), leukemia, autoimmune diseases often unfavorable.

Treatment. Treatment of anemia in dogs is directly dependent on the cause that led the dog to anemia.