Products contraindicated in renal failure. Diet for renal failure in men: diet, menu for a week with recipes. The diet for kidney failure includes fasting carbohydrate days

In chapter diet for kidney failure the characteristics of the diet for renal failure in the initial and severe stages, excluded and recommended foods and dishes, chemical composition, food processing, diet, daily set of products, menus, fasting days, as well as recipes recommended by nutritionists for a diet for kidney failure are presented. .

Chronic kidney failure that occurs with chronic nephritis, bilateral pyelonephritis, amyloidosis of the kidneys, nephrosclerosis is a violation of the nitrogen excretion function of the kidneys, as a result of which protein metabolism products accumulate in the body, the amount of residual nitrogen in the blood increases, and water-salt metabolism is disturbed.

With the most severe degree of kidney failure, poisoning of the body with protein metabolism products (uremia) occurs.

The basic principles of the diet for kidney failure:

Restriction of proteins to 20-70g per day, depending on the severity of kidney failure.

Regulation of the intake of table salt, taking into account the severity of edema, hypertension, protein excretion in the urine.

Ensuring the calorie content of the diet at the expense of fats and carbohydrates.

In the early stages of renal failure,

Diet for kidney failure in the initial stage contains 70g of protein (of which up to 30% are animal proteins) or 60g of protein, of which 40-50% are animal proteins.

Diet for advanced renal failure contains 20 g of protein (diet No. 7a) or 40 g of protein (diet No. 7b), 70-75% of which are animal proteins from meat, fish, dairy products, eggs. Fluid intake is 1-1.5 liters per day, but it should correspond to the amount of urine excreted over the previous day, plus 0.4-0.6 liters.

In case of severe renal failure, it is first prescribed, when the patient's condition improves, they are transferred to, against which the 7a diet is periodically used.

During the application of diet 7a, the patient is periodically given 2-4 g of salt on his hands to add salt to food. When edema occurs, salt is again limited to 1 g or excluded.

The diet for kidney failure includes fasting carbohydrate days:

Apple-sugar, rice-compote, potato.

1. Apple-sugar diet: 1.5kg of ripe or baked apples per day, divided into 5 doses of 300g, 50-100g of sugar

2. Rice and compote diet: per day 1.5 fresh fruits or 240g dried fruits, 120g sugar, 50g rice. Boil compote and rice porridge in water. 1 glass of sweet compote 6 times a day, 2 of them with sweet rice porridge, boiled without salt in water.

3. Potato diet: 1.5 kg of potatoes per day. Boil potatoes in their skins without salt or bake. Eat 300g of potatoes 5 times a day.

4. Special potato diet prescribed for chronic glomerulonephritis with renal failure: potatoes - 1 kg (net weight), other vegetables or fruits - 300 g, vegetable oil - 50 g, butter - 70 g, sugar - 50 g.

Culinary processing for a diet with renal failure in a pronounced stage:

Culinary processing of products for diets No. 7a and 7b without mechanical sparing.

Food is boiled, followed by baking and light frying.

Diet for renal failure, diet:

Take food 5-6 times a day.

Food is cooked without salt, bread is given salt-free.

Exclude from the diet for renal failure in a pronounced stage:

1. Ordinary bread, flour products with the addition of salt.

2. Meat, fish, mushroom broths, milk soups, soups with cereals (except sago) and legumes.

3. All meat and fish products (canned food, sausages).

5. All cereals (limit rice) and pasta.

6. Pickled, salted, pickled vegetables.

7. Sorrel, spinach, cauliflower, legumes, garlic, radish, mushrooms.

8. Chocolate, ice cream, milk jelly.

9.meat, mushroom, fish sauces, mustard, horseradish, pepper.

10. Natural coffee, cocoa, mineral water containing sodium.

11. Pork, beef, mutton fats.

Diet number 7a:

-Soups vegetarian with sago, vegetable, potato, fruit, taking into account the permitted liquid. Soups are seasoned with sour cream, herbs, boiled and then browned onions.

- Meat and fish dishes: 50-60 (gross weight) lean beef or veal, pork (lean meat), rabbit, chicken, turkey, fish. Meat and fish boiled, baked or lightly fried after boiling, in pieces or chopped.

- Dairy: 60g of milk, cream, sour cream, cottage cheese - with the exception of meat and fish.

-cereals- only sago, limited rice, only protein-free pasta. Cooking dishes in milk or water in the form of cereals, pilaf, cutlets, casseroles, puddings.

-Eggs: 1/4-1/2 eggs per day (omelette, soft-boiled).

- Vegetables: potatoes 200-250g and fresh vegetables 400-450g (gross weight) in the form of various dishes. Boiled and fried onions as an additive to dishes, dill and parsley.

- different fruits and berries in raw, dried, baked form, sugar, honey, jam, non-chocolate sweets, jelly, compote, jelly.

- To improve taste dishes use greens, sour fruit and vegetable juices.

- Snacks: vegetable salads with vegetable oil.

-Sauces: tomato, sour cream, sweet and sour sauces, vegetable and fruit sauces. Fried onion after boiling, citric acid, cinnamon, vanillin.

.- Fats: unsalted butter, ghee, vegetable oil.

- Flour products: 100 g of protein-free, salt-free corn starch bread, in the absence of such bread, 50 g of salt-free wheat bread or other salt-free flour products baked with yeast.

-Beverages: fruit and berry juices, tomato juice, rosehip broth, weak tea with lemon.

Diet 7b:

In diet 7b, the amount of protein is doubled due to the inclusion of 125 g of milk and sour cream, 125 g of meat or fish, and 1 egg. Cottage cheese is given only with the exclusion or reduction of meat and fish.

Also in diet 7b, the amount of potatoes was increased to 300g, other vegetables - up to 650g, salt-free, protein-free bread up to 150g, sago (rice).

Daily set of products for diet No. 7a(Samsonov M.A. 1981):

Salt-free, protein-free bread - 100g, meat - 62g, eggs - 1/4pc, milk - 30g, sour cream - 30g, vegetable oil - 7g, butter - 90g, sugar - 80g, sago - 55g, potatoes - 235g, white cabbage - 150g, carrot - 70g, beetroot - 130g, onion - 30g, green onion - 15g, greens - 10g, radish - 20g, fresh cucumbers - 20g, parsley - 7g, tomato - 7g, flour - 18g, corn starch - 70g.

Daily set of products for diet No. 7b(Samsonov M.A. 1981):

Protein-free, salt-free bread - 150g, meat - 125g, milk - 80g, eggs - 48g (1pc), sour cream - 45g, butter - 80g, vegetable oil - 20g, sago - 70g, sugar - 110g, potatoes - 335g, carrots - 80g, white cabbage - 225g, beetroot - 200g, greens - 20g, green onion - 15g, onion - 40g, green peas - 20g, radish - 35g, fresh cucumbers - 40g, parsley - 7g, tomato - 15g, flour - 28g , cornstarch - 80g.

For acute renal failure as a result of poisoning (for example: sublimate, mercury), acute infections, injuries, acute nephritis, severe burns, a diet of 7a (proteins 20-25g) is prescribed, of which animal proteins are 70-75%. The amount of fluid injected should correspond to the amount of urine for the previous day + 0.5l.

The calorie content of the diet should be sufficient so that there is no breakdown of proteins to replenish the energy costs of the body.

With end-stage kidney failure with a sharp deterioration in kidney function, 20-25 g of protein is prescribed, salt is increased to 8-12 g, free fluid - up to 2 liters.

Diet for kidney failure depending on the stage of kidney failure:

1.initial stage- diet No. 7 when replacing bread with protein-free (1 g of protein per 1 kg of patient weight) or diet No. 7 with fasting days, diet 7b (protein 40g, animals - 70-75%) or diet No. 7 (protein 70g, vegetable - 70-75% ).

2.Pronounced stage:

- oligosymptomatic: diet 7b with periodic appointment of diet 7 (load days).

- multisymptomatic: diet 7b with fasting days diet 7a (protein 20g, of which animals - 70-75%).

3.Final stage:

-uncomplicated: with hemodialysis, diet No. 7 is prescribed with fasting days, diet 7b or diet 7g (protein 60g, of which animals - 75%).

- complicated: diet 7a with load days diet 7b.

Diet menu number 7a for 1 day:

1st breakfast: milk sago porridge, apple and carrot cutlets baked in vegetable oil, tea.

2nd breakfast: fruits are fresh.

Dinner: 1/2 servings of vegetarian soup from prefabricated vegetables, boiled potatoes, boiled meat with tomato sauce, jelly.

afternoon tea: a decoction of wheat bran with sugar.

Dinner: vegetable salad in vegetable oil, sago pilaf with fruit. Tea.

For the night: fruit juice.

Diet menu number 7b for 1 day:

1st breakfast: apple and rice pudding, vegetable salad with vegetable oil, tea.

2nd breakfast: raw grated carrots with sugar

Dinner: vegetarian vegetable soup (1/2 servings), boiled potatoes, boiled chicken with milk sauce, dried fruit compote.

afternoon tea: a decoction of wheat bran with sugar.

Dinner: apple pancakes, 1 soft-boiled egg, tea.

When kidney failure is diagnosed, a person is faced with the fact that he should completely revise his diet. This pathology is associated with such a state of organs in which the kidneys are not able to work normally. Basically, the problem appears against the background of a developing other disease.

The form of pathology can be acute or chronic. The first occurs quite suddenly due to shock or poisoning. And the second gradually reduces the functionality of the kidneys, during which the tissue gradually dies. The article deals with the issue of correct renal failure, menu.

Reason for violation

It should be noted that the disease appears for various reasons. The acute phase of renal failure can be triggered by:

• problems associated with heart failure, arrhythmia and reduced blood circulation;
• kidney infections, such as pyelonephritis or nephritis;
• pathologies that impede the patency of the genitourinary system.

The chronic form is associated with urolithiasis, metabolic disorders, diabetes, vascular pathologies, rheumatic and genetic diseases.

It is clear that the disease is due to the fact that the body is not able to cope with its main functions, which include digestion and absorption of substances. That is why a special diet for renal failure should be thought out, the menu of which will be discussed below.

The basics of proper nutrition

All nutrition should be based on removing the maximum load from the kidneys and ridding the person of puffiness, if any. For this, no more than 60 grams of animal protein should be consumed per day. Sometimes the dose is reduced to 40 grams. It is desirable to obtain the necessary amino acids from fish, meat or poultry. Salt intake should be kept under strict control. The maximum allowable amount should be no more than one gram per day. But, of course, this is individual, depending on how long the body is able to retain fluid in itself.

Despite the low protein intake, the daily calorie intake should be high enough. It is obtained from fats and carbohydrates. So, it is recommended to eat protein-free bread made from wheat and corn flour, rice noodles and starch mousses. In addition, the diet should contain vitamins obtained from berries and fruits, as well as freshly squeezed juices.

At the same time, you should completely abandon those drinks and foods that irritate the kidneys. These include:

• alcohol;
• thick broths;
• chocolate;
• Black tea;
• hot spices;
• smoked meats, as well as pickled and canned foods.

Small quantities are allowed:

• oily fish;
• caviar;
• legumes;
• dairy products;
• dried fruits;
• nuts;
• seeds.

Nutrition at the onset of illness

If the disease has just arisen, then a diet for renal failure should be prescribed. The menu will include the usual dishes, but a small proportion of them are slightly changed. For example, protein is reduced to 70 grams per day. Sometimes experts use a formula according to which the amount of biologically active substance consumed depends on the weight of a person.

The main part should be of plant origin (for example, vegetables, cereals, lentils and beans, as well as nuts). These products have a lot of alkaline compounds, due to which they are better excreted from the body. Initially, salt intake is reduced quite a bit. Every day it is allowed to eat with products up to 6 grams. And if the excretion of urine is increased, then more salt can be consumed.

The diet should contain more vegetables and fruits. Of the first, it is good to make salads by pouring them with olive or other vegetable oil. It is also useful to do fasting days, which are arranged once a week. At this time they eat, for example, watermelon, apples or pumpkin. The amount of liquid that is drunk during the day should be more than 500 milliliters of what is excreted from the body.

Menu at the initial stage of the disease

For a day, you can offer a person who has this stage of the disease the following menu:

• Breakfast consists of light tea with honey or jam, a boiled chicken egg and a couple of boiled potatoes.
• For a snack, drink herbal tea and eat sour cream or yogurt.
• They dine with a bowl of soup and vegetable stew.
• For dinner, you can eat rice porridge with milk and drink a cup of tea with jam.

chronic stage

With this disease, the work of the kidneys becomes worse and worse. This step is needed more than in the previous case. The body is poisoned by its own metabolic products, which is why many internal organs are affected. In addition to carefully calculating the daily dose of proteins, unsalted food should be consumed. Milk, vegetables and fruits, as well as mushrooms are significantly reduced in quantity. Some foods need to be completely eliminated from the diet. These include bananas, apricots, dried fruits, spicy foods and sausages. It is allowed to drink tomato, apple, cherry and lemon juices.

Menu for the chronic stage of the disease

At the same time, up to 3000 kilocalories should be consumed per day. A sample menu for the day may be as follows:

• Breakfast consists of vegetable salad with rice pudding and tea.
• For a snack, you can eat grated carrots with sugar.
• For lunch, vegetable soup, boiled poultry and boiled potatoes are prepared, and for dessert they drink a glass of compote.
• The afternoon snack includes a decoction of wheat with sugar or jelly from berries.
• For dinner, boil a chicken egg and make pancakes with tea.

Acute stage

During periods of exacerbation, a person may not have an appetite at all. This often causes nausea and even vomiting. Naturally, at such moments there is no desire. However, this is necessary, since the feeling of hunger and thirst increase and the metabolism of minerals and nitrogen is even more disturbed. Protein in the diet should be approximately 20 grams per day. You can drink milk, eat eggs, cream and sour cream, as well as berries, fruits, honey, butter and rice.

Diet for kidney failure: menu

An approximate menu per day in this case may be as follows:

• Breakfast consists of tea with whole grain bread and fruit.
• For a snack, you can eat yogurt.
• For lunch, they make quenelles from potatoes and flour, as well as a salad with vegetables and jelly from berries.
• Berries, such as blueberries, blueberries and strawberries, are eaten for an afternoon snack.
• Dinner may consist of steamed fish cakes and vegetables.

For diabetics

In the morning, it is best for diabetics to eat porridge and drink not strong tea without sugar. Between breakfast and lunch, you can eat fruit, such as tangerine or orange. An ideal lunch will come from borscht cooked in vegetable broth, as well as a glass of compote. For an afternoon snack, they drink a glass of juice from vegetables and eat chicken meat, vegetable salad and drink herbal tea.

Table 7

At the initial stage of diabetes, diet number 7 is the most common. It usually consists of the following products:

• In the morning they eat a hard-boiled egg, buckwheat and drink tea.
• For a snack, baked pumpkin is prepared.
• Lunch consists of milk soup, poultry, casserole and fruit drink.
• For lunch - an orange.
• For dinner, they make a vinaigrette, boil fish and drink a glass of curdled milk.

Consider several recipes for cooking dishes for kidney failure, which are included in table 7, as well as other diets.

First meal

Vegetable soup, broth, vegetarian borscht, cabbage soup and more are prepared as hot first courses. Here are some recipes.

For vegetable soup, take one hundred grams of potatoes and white cabbage, 60 grams of carrots, a glass of milk, 30 grams of butter and a decoction of vegetables. Peeled vegetables are boiled, rubbed on a sieve and added to the broth, where warmed milk is also poured. All ingredients are boiled for several minutes.

Vegetarian borsch includes the following products: 150 grams of potatoes, beets and white cabbage, 100 grams of tomato, 50 grams of carrots and sour cream, as well as 30 grams of onions, butter and greens. The vegetables are chopped, and the beets are rubbed on a coarse grater and boiled. Before serving, chopped greens and sour cream are added to the dish.

The first course can also be prepared with fruit. To do this, take one hundred grams of currants, apples and plums, orange peels, cream and half a dessert spoon of starch. Fruits are washed, pitted and peeled. Then they are boiled, after which they are brewed in starch, which is diluted in cold water, seasoned with orange peels, sugar and cream is added to taste.

Main courses

The main dishes can be especially varied. Prepare, for example, boiled meat or meat puree, boiled fish with vegetables, buckwheat, rice and oatmeal, casseroles, baked apples, sauces with sour cream or milk.

To prepare meat puree, take 120 grams of beef, 40 grams of bechamel sauce and a few grams of butter. The meat is boiled, after which it is passed through a meat grinder three times, sauce is added and rubbed. In addition to the sauce, you can simply pour the meat broth into the dish.

Fish with vegetables is prepared as follows: take 700 grams of pike, cod, bream or pike perch, 200 grams of celery and carrots, and 100 grams of parsley. First, they wash, butcher and cut the fish. Then they wash, clean, cut vegetables and stew a little. When half cooked, add fish to them and stew everything together. Greens are added before serving.

You can also cook porridge. Take 20 grams of cereal, one hundred milliliters of milk, six grams of sugar, up to five grams of butter and 120 milliliters of water. Grains are slowly poured into boiling water, stirring the contents until a homogeneous mass is obtained. Then the pan is placed on low heat and left for another hour. The finished porridge is rubbed through a sieve, milk and sugar are added and boiled for a few more minutes.

For the preparation of baked apples, in addition to themselves, only sugar is required. The core is removed from the fruit and laid out on a baking sheet, where 200 milliliters of water are poured. Sprinkle apples with sugar, lightly brown in the oven, then add sugar again and bake.

Beverages

It is useful to make herbal teas, infusions and compotes.

So, an infusion of wild rose is prepared as follows: for one liter of liquid, one hundred grams of fruit and the same amount of sugar are taken. After washing the wild rose and dousing it with boiling water, it is placed in a saucepan, poured with hot water and boiled with the lid closed for ten minutes. Then they are removed from the fire and left to infuse for a day.

Kissel from berries is very useful. To do this, take three glasses of blueberry, currant and raspberry juice, three-quarters of a glass of potato starch and one hundred grams of sugar. Water is added to the juice to make three glasses, covered with sugar and put on fire, bringing to a boil. Then it is slowly poured into a container with three-quarters of cold water and starch. Kissel is served chilled.

They also prepare all kinds of compotes from fresh berries and fruits.

clarification

For those who suffer from this disease, the question always arises of what you can eat with kidney failure. For example, I wonder why dried fruits and bananas are prohibited?

To answer this question, you need to understand the course of the disease. At this time, the body is very weakened, mainly due to excessive amounts of potassium entering the bloodstream. Since this substance cannot be excreted by the kidneys, the intake of the trace element must be reduced. Potassium is found in large quantities in dried fruits, legumes, bananas. That is why these products should not be eaten.

The minimum amount of salt is allowed because this substance is able to retain fluid in the body. Its excess will lead to severe edema and hypertension. Of course, this will have a very negative impact on the work of such important organs as the kidneys.

Conclusion

Thus, many factors and conditions should be taken into account when choosing a diet and learning what not to eat with kidney failure. So, it is important to know about all concomitant diseases, if any, their form and stage of development. Only in this case can one count on the fact that a restrained diet will be correct and will have a truly effective effect, helping a person cope with his illness.

Unlike many other treatment tables, the kidney failure diet is characterized by a very high-calorie diet. Why is that? The fact is that if a sufficient amount of calories is not supplied to the body with food, it will begin to use internal resources - proteins, which, decomposing, will increase the urea content in the blood. The patient will begin to weaken and lose weight. And only a high-calorie menu will avoid this negative process - urea nitrogen will go to the formation of new protein molecules, and its content in the blood will not increase.

I would like to note right away that the diet for chronic renal failure should only be used by people suffering from precisely this disease - treatment tables No. 7a and 7b in no case apply to any other kidney diseases (pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, etc.).

This disease is caused by an irreversible damage to the functions of the kidneys, during which the processes of removing such metabolic products from them as uric acid, urea, and creatinine are disrupted. Against this background, the water-electrolyte balance in the body is seriously disturbed. Therefore, the basics of rational nutrition imply a reduction in consumption of:

• salt (no more than 1-2 g per day, and ideally - switch to)
• excess protein (no more than 20-70 g of protein per day, and vegetable protein should be preferred)
• potassium
• fluids (no more than 1 liter per day)

At the same time, a diet for kidney failure should include:

• fractional 5-6 meals a day
• increased energy value of food (up to 2700-3000 kcal per day) by increasing the consumption of carbohydrates and fats
• sufficient content in the daily menu of vegetables and fruits (taking into account the content of proteins, salts and vitamins in them)
• special culinary treatment, which is designed to improve appetite - baking, boiling, followed by frying, adding seasonings, spices, spices to dishes. The diet for acute renal failure involves the rejection of raw fruits and vegetables - cooking compotes, soups, etc. will reduce the content of potassium in them in products by almost a widow

Nutrition for chronic renal failure: a list of prohibited foods

1. Drinks: alcohol, strong coffee, cocoa, tea, hot chocolate.
2. Salty snacks.
3. Refractory fats (beef, pork, lamb) and broths based on them.
4. Mushrooms and mushroom broth.
5. Sorrel, spinach, cauliflower and other foods rich in purine and oxalic acid.
6. Beans, pasta, cereals.
7. Sausages, smoked meats, canned products.
8. Bananas, apricots, dried apricots, prunes, raisins.
9. Seasonings-irritants: mustard, horseradish.
10. Garlic, radish, radish, turnip.

Diet for chronic renal failure: allowed foods

1. Cereals from starch (sago) and dishes from it, rice.
2. Bran, salt-free, protein-free bread (in particular from cornmeal).
3. Vegetarian and fruit soups.
4. Meat: lean beef, veal, rabbit, chicken, turkey.
5. Fish: lean (roach, pike, zander, perch, navaga).
6. Vegetables: potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, pumpkin, green onions, parsley, dill.
7. Eggs: egg white omelette (but no more than 1 egg per day).
8. Dairy products: milk, cream, sour cream, kefir, curdled milk, acidophilus (all in limited quantities)
9. Drinks: diluted juices from fruits and vegetables, weak tea, rosehip broth.
10. Jelly, mousses and other dishes from fruits, berries in starch, honey, sugar, jam, jam. Melon, watermelon are especially useful.
11. Candies, sweets.
12. Spices: allspice, black pepper, bay leaf, cloves, cinnamon, vanillin.

This is what a kidney failure diet looks like. Before planning the menu, be sure to visit your doctor - he will conduct the appropriate research and be able to more accurately suggest what calorie content of the diet you should focus on, depending on the stage and nature of the disease.

Patients with chronic renal failure are forced to constantly take medication and be under medical supervision. An important place in the complex treatment is occupied by a diet for chronic renal failure. Table No. 7, as well as No. 7 A and No. 7 B, are prescribed for impaired renal function.

It makes itself felt by a violation of all kidney functions. The reasons can be very diverse: poisoning of the body, trauma, nephritis, acute infectious diseases. This condition is caused by diabetes mellitus, urolithiasis and oncological diseases.

When proteins are broken down and body cells are destroyed, urea is formed. With kidney failure, urea becomes more concentrated and poisons the body.

Most of all, the body suffers during a decrease in diuresis. The duration of the period is 20 days. During this time, the water-salt balance is disturbed, toxins accumulate in the blood, tissues swell, and acidosis develops.

Symptoms of nausea are pronounced, a person vomits, so nutrition should be special. Despite the lack of appetite, the body must receive protein. Without amino acids, metabolism is disturbed and all systems suffer.

The chronic stage of renal failure is characterized by the fact that kidney function is not fully restored, the state of health can only be maintained.

CRF is additionally accompanied by anemia, as the disease progresses, the level of creatinine falls.

Drinking regimen for chronic renal failure

You can use non-carbonated water. Refuse should be from mineral sodium water. You should also exclude the intake of strong tea and coffee, a complete rejection of alcoholic beverages is required.

The allowable amount of liquid drunk per day is not standardized. The patient is allowed to drink more than half a liter of fluid today than was excreted yesterday.

If the limbs begin to swell and the pressure rises, then limit the amount of salt and fluid consumed.

Nutrition in acute renal failure

In the acute phase, the patient's condition is corrected using diet No. 7 A.

Nutrition principles:

1. Eat more carbohydrates, which provide the main energy. These are vegetables, rice, fruits, sugar, honey. The body also receives energy from vegetable fats, namely butter or vegetable oil.
2. Reduce the intake of potassium and magnesium.
3. With anuria, reduce the restriction of sodium intake.
4. Eliminate salt from the diet.
5. Enter first half a liter of liquid, then the volume is regulated by the doctor, depending on the manifestation of diuresis. It is recommended to drink water without gas, nectars, weak teas, kefir.
6. The daily protein intake should not exceed 20 g.

When the disease has passed its peak period and the body began to recover, a transition is made to table No. 7 B. The amount of salt in the diet increases, and the protein content reaches 40 g.

After the tests are normalized, the doctor transfers the patient to table No. 7. It must be observed for at least one year. If renal failure is mild, then table number 7 is observed from the first day of treatment, but with the exception of products containing potassium.

Proper nutrition in chronic renal failure

The kidneys should be under minimal stress. Pay attention to the principles of the diet for chronic renal failure, which are applied in the diet.

Depending on the severity of the disease, protein is limited. The more severe the patient's condition, the less protein can be consumed. Protein should be easily absorbed by the body, so the main source of amino acids are eggs and milk. It is not forbidden to use vegetable proteins.

Before use, meat and fish are boiled and stewed or baked to remove excess extractive substances from the products. To prevent protein restriction from harming health, analogues of histidine and essential amino acids are introduced.

Calcium necessary for the body is obtained from vegetables, dairy products, eggs. Easily digested and removes phosphorus from the intestine calcium carbonate. The dose and course of administration is determined by the doctor depending on the clinical picture.

A sparing regimen for CKD implies a decrease in the intake of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, you need to give up sea fish, cottage cheese, cheese, whole grain bread, cereals, bananas, bran, nuts, fruit juices.

In minimal quantities, potassium should also enter the body. Otherwise, hyperkalemia may develop. It is found in large quantities in dried fruits, fresh fruits, and vegetables.

In fresh form, it is forbidden to use greens, onions, garlic. This is due to the presence of essential oils in them.

Due to the large number of restrictions, the body may not have enough energy, so it is necessary to introduce polyunsaturated fatty acids into the diet. Together with carbohydrates, they allow the protein to be better absorbed.

If the diet does not allow you to get a daily calorie intake, in the first half of the day, the consumption of protein, sour cream, and honey increases. Preference is given to complex carbohydrates, it is worth abandoning refractory fats.

With diabetes, butter, margarine, sugar, honey, rice, semolina and pearl barley, juices, fruits are excluded from the diet.

The menu for the week is developed depending on the daily norm of kilocalories. With chronic renal failure, it is 2700 kcal. With insufficient intake of calories in the body, it begins to use its own resources, in particular. tissue proteins. The breakdown of proteins leads to an increase in the level of nitrogen in the blood, which aggravates the situation of the patient. Therefore, useful substances should be ingested regularly throughout the day, the number of meals should be at least 4-5.

Fasting days

In chronic renal failure, the diet is supplemented by the introduction of fasting days. There can be from one to three per week. These days, only one low-calorie food is consumed.

On a vegetable day - 1.5 kg of vegetables. They are boiled or salads are made with vegetable oil. On this day, you can eat only cucumbers, pumpkins, potatoes, each serving is about 300-400 g. Vegetable dishes are not salted.

A fasting day can be spent using only juices, vegetable and fruit, always unsweetened. Instead of each meal, 200 ml of weakly concentrated juice is drunk.

Unloading can be carried out with the help of apples, strawberries, grapes, watermelon. Each meal includes 300 g of fruit.

Nutrition depending on the degree of CRF

• CRF 1 degree. Amino acids are not assigned. The daily intake of protein is about 50 g, bread is replaced with protein-free.
• CRF 2 degrees. Amino acid supplements are prescribed to remove phosphate from the intestines. The amount of protein and phosphorus decreases. You can eat beef, fish, rice, potatoes. The use of egg yolk, meat, cheeses, milk is limited.
• CRF 3 degrees. The amount of protein per day ranges from 20 to 40 grams, depending on the patient's well-being and tests. The emphasis is on animal proteins.

The less urine is excreted, the less salt can be consumed. To normalize the level of iron and calcium in the blood, synthetic drugs are prescribed, as well as complexes of vitamins and microelements.

If you pre-boil or stew fresh vegetables and fruits, their potassium content will decrease. To improve the taste, spices, sweet and sour sauces can be added to dishes.

• 4 degree CRF. The menu is saturated with carbohydrates and fats. Hemodialysis is added to the course of treatment. The procedure provokes the excretion of amino acids and other necessary elements from the body, so more protein is introduced into the diet.

Since the digestive organs suffer, the patient loses his appetite, taste sensations change, food should be light.

Special dietary nutrition is prescribed for diabetes mellitus. This condition is called diabetic nephropathy. The amount of carbohydrates in nephropathy should be kept to a minimum.

Sugar, sweet fruits, flour products are considered diabetic food, so they should be discarded. It is important not to allow a sharp increase in blood sugar levels.

Kidney failure is a very formidable disease in which all the functions of this important internal organ are disrupted. With insufficient attention to this problem, water, electrolyte, nitrogen, and so on are disturbed.

Doctors distinguish between acute and chronic renal failure.

Acute renal failure develops suddenly and may be the result of shock (traumatic, burn, surgical, etc.), kidney poisoning with poisons (for example, mercury, arsenic, mushroom poison). An overdose of drugs can act as a poison. Infections, acute kidney diseases (nephritis, pyelonephritis, etc.), upper urinary tract obstruction are all possible causes of acute renal failure.

Its main features: a sharp decrease or complete absence of urination (the daily amount of urine is less than 400-500 ml), retention of nitrogenous waste in the body, disturbances in water-electrolyte and acid-base balance, cardiovascular activity, anemia, etc. Acute renal failure is very formidable and dangerous condition, in the most difficult cases - fatal, one cannot do without the help of specialists.

If you respond to the first signs on time and correctly, then all changes in the kidneys can be corrected within 2 weeks (less often 1-2 months). Treatment is aimed at eliminating the cause (shock, intoxication, etc.) and disorders.

Therapeutic nutrition in acute kidney failure is designed to prevent the breakdown of tissue proteins. The main principle is the maximum sparing of the kidneys and the correction of metabolic disorders. The diet is selected by the doctor and depends on the stage of the disease.

You should reduce the consumption of foods rich in vegetable protein: cereals, legumes, flour and all products from it, including bread. Vegetable proteins in their composition are significantly inferior to proteins of animal origin, are used to a lesser extent to build the proteins of the body, but overload it with protein metabolism products.
Excessive restriction of animal proteins in the diet can disrupt the formation in the body of many substances of a protein nature: enzymes, antibodies, hormones. Therefore, the bulk of the proteins (70-75%) should be proteins of animal origin (milk, eggs, meat, fish) to provide the body with essential amino acids.

Due to the drastic reduction in the amount of protein increase the energy value of the diet due to milk and vegetable fats of all kinds (with the exception of refractory ones - lamb, pork, beef), and carbohydrates. They also achieve maximum fortification of food by including vegetable and fruit juices - watermelon, melon, cherry, apple, plum, etc.

The chemical composition of the diet includes:

• proteins in the amount of 40-50 g,
• where 50-60% of animal origin, and with kidney disease up to 70%,
• fats in the amount of 85-90 g (20-25% of the vegetable composition),
• carbohydrates from 400 to 450 g, where 100 g of sugar,
• the amount of free fluid is adjusted individually, the average is 1-1.2 liters.

At present, specialists have the opportunity to determine the optimal amount of protein, the use of which does not lead to a significant accumulation of substances of protein metabolism in the blood and, at the same time, does not bring the body to protein starvation. This amount depends on the degree of renal insufficiency.

Patients whose residual nitrogen content in the blood is increased to no more than 50 milligram percent are recommended 40 grams of protein per day, of which 30 grams are of animal origin and only 10 grams are of plant origin. This protein content provides the patient with diet No. 7, which will be discussed in the article. It is essential for those suffering from chronic renal failure. With an improvement in well-being and laboratory data, you can slightly expand the diet, increase the protein content in the diet up to 60 grams.

In cases where the content of residual nitrogen in the blood rises sharply, the amount of protein in the diet is limited to 20 grams per day. Such a diet is used for a short time, mainly in a hospital setting.

Diet No. 7 provides 2700-2800 kilocalories per day. If an insufficient amount of energy is supplied with food, the body has to expend energy resources, its own tissue proteins are used, and their supply is very limited. In addition, the breakdown of proteins inevitably increases the content of nitrogenous substances in the blood. Therefore, the patient should not deny himself food, feel hungry. You need to eat 5-6 times a day.

Kidneys weakened by the disease do not remove sodium from the body. It lingers in the tissues and "attracts" water. This is the mechanism of edema that often occurs with kidney damage. In addition, kidney disease is often accompanied by hypertension, and excessive salt intake is one of the factors contributing to high blood pressure. For these reasons, salt should be limited.

All dishes based on cereals, pasta, potatoes and other vegetables are well suited for patients with diseased kidneys. The following foods are included in the daily diet: meat (100-120 g), cottage cheese dishes, cereal dishes, semolina, rice, buckwheat, pearl barley porridges.
Particularly suitable due to low protein content and high energy value at the same time potato dishes(pancakes, cutlets, grandmothers, fried potatoes, mashed potatoes, etc.), salads with sour cream, vinaigrettes with a significant amount (50-100 g) of vegetable oil.
Tea or coffee can be acidified with lemon, put 2-3 tablespoons of sugar in a glass, it is recommended to use honey, jam, jam.

Thus, the main composition of food is carbohydrates (~230-380g) and fats (~120-130g) and dosed - proteins. Calculating the daily amount of protein in the diet is a must. When compiling the menu, you should use tables that reflect the protein content in the product and its energy value ( tab. one ).

Table 1. Protein content and energy value
some food products (per 100 g of product)

FOOD SET FOR THE DAY

Table 2. Approximate daily set of products (diet number 7)

Approximate Diet Options #7

Option 1

Option 2

HOW TO COOK SAGO

Wash the sago, cover with cold water and put to boil. When the water boils, reduce the heat and, stirring, cook until the grains become like glass.
After that, discard the sago in a colander to glass the water; and spread on a clean towel. When the sago is dry, place in a saucepan and refrigerate.
As needed, use it to prepare various dishes.

You can pre-soak (overnight) sago, and then boil for 40 minutes.

Sago and rice porridge

Pour equal amounts of washed rice and pre-soaked sago with water so that it is twice as much as cereals, and set to boil.
Bring the water to a boil, lower the heat and simmer for 40-45 minutes. You can cook porridge more than a serving and refrigerate.
As needed, take 200 grams of porridge per serving, add a little water, a tablespoon of sugar to it and, closing the lid, keep it on fire until it swells completely. Before eating, add 50 grams of cream to the porridge. One serving contains 5.4 grams of protein, calorie content - 480 kilocalories.

Sago with meat

Take one serving (100 grams) of sago prepared in advance and stored in the refrigerator, heat it in a water bath (putting a small pot of sago into a larger pot of boiling water).
Pass through a meat grinder 30 grams of meat cooked without salt, salt (if salt is not limited) and lightly pepper.
Put a piece of butter (30 grams) into a heated frying pan, sauté finely chopped onion on it, add minced meat from boiled meat and sago.
Mix everything. One serving contains 7.4 grams of protein, calorie content - 610 kilocalories.

Potato and potato-egg diets are widely used. These diets are high in calories due to protein-free foods - carbohydrates and fats. High caloric content of food reduces catabolism, reduces the breakdown of its own protein.

Here is one of the interpretations of this diet

1st breakfast: boiled potatoes - 200g, egg - 1 pc., tea with sugar, jam (honey) - 50g.
2nd breakfast: sour cream - 200g, tea with sugar.
Lunch: rice soup - 300g (draining butter - 5g, sour cream - 20g, potatoes - 100g, carrots - 20g, rice - 30g, onions - 5g, tomato juice - 5g), vegetable stew - 200g (draining butter - 10g, carrots - 70g, beets - 100g, rutabagas - 100g), fresh apple jelly - 200g.
Dinner: rice porridge - 200g (rice - 50g, sugar - 5g, milk - 100g, plum oil - 5g), tea with sugar, jam (honey) - 50g.
All day: drain. butter - 70g, sugar - 100g, egg - 1 pc., tea.

As high-calorie foods, you can also recommend honey, sweet fruits (poor in protein and potassium), vegetable oil, lard(in the absence of edema and hypertension).
There is no need to prohibit alcohol (with the exception of alcoholic nephritis, when abstaining from alcohol can lead to improved kidney function).

All meals are prepared without salt, but you can use 5-6 g of salt per day (dishes are slightly salted when cooked).

Meat(lean beef, veal, chicken, turkey, rabbit) and fish are used boiled or fried. This requires the complete removal of extractives (i.e. broths are not used).

From vegetables acceptable potatoes, beets, carrots, cauliflower, lettuce, tomatoes, fresh cucumbers, green onions, dill, parsley. Legumes, onions, radishes, garlic, sorrel, mushrooms are harmful to sick kidneys.

Eggs consumed in the form of a protein omelet (no more than one per day).

Useful fruits and berries raw and boiled, sweets - honey, sugar, jam, sweets, dried apricots and apricots on the recommendation of a doctor.

From drinks in diet No. 7 compotes, kissels, juices, rosehip broth, weak tea with lemon, weak coffee are allowed. Cocoa, mineral sodium-containing waters are undesirable.

The total amount of liquid drunk per day (including the first course) should be no more than 1-1.1 liters.

Patients with severe renal insufficiency have limit potassium. And its content in products is largely (almost half) can be reduced by boiling because potassium is released into the water. Therefore, when preparing dishes from vegetables such as potatoes, beets, zucchini or eggplant, rich in potassium, they must first be boiled.
Prepare fruit soup and compote from apples, pears, but without dried apricots, raisins or apricots, since these dried fruits contain a lot of potassium.

Since appetite is usually reduced in chronic renal failure, and taste sensations can be unrecognizably distorted, the “principle of goodness” should be the basis of diet therapy. Considering that you have to cook food without salt, it is quite difficult to adhere to this principle. But, using different methods of cooking and peculiar “salt substitutes”, it is quite possible. To improve the taste, sour and sweet and sour sauces, food acids (citric, vinegar), spices, and spicy vegetables are used. You can use onions to a limited extent.
To improve the taste, spices are added to dishes (dill, bay leaf, cinnamon, cloves, allspice, parsley, vanillin), herbs, sour vegetable and fruit juices (lemon, orange, tomato, etc.).
Seasonings-irritants are prohibited: horseradish, garlic, radish, mustard (contain essential oils that irritate the kidneys).

LIMITED

• Bread of all kinds
• dough products,
• pasta,
• cereals, cereal casseroles (with the exception of sago, which contains a small amount of vegetable protein and is high in calories),
• the use of black currants, melons, peaches, rhubarb, celery, chicory.

ALLOWED

PROHIBITED

• all salty foods
• salty and spicy sauces and snacks,
• salted, pickled and pickled vegetables are also not recommended,
• meat broths, fish and mushroom broths (since sodium comes out of these products when boiled),
• fresh and dried mushrooms
• canned food, sausages, smoked meats,
• chocolate, but you can eat almost all sweets: jam, jam, marshmallows, sweet dough dishes

Based on materials health.wild-mistress.ru, sci-rus.com, www.bibliotekar.ru, 10diet.net