A sharp deterioration in vision is the cause of the decline. Damage to the organs of vision in vascular pathology of the brain

Today, “eye” symptoms as signs of brain damage include (A.V. Gorbunov, A.A. Bogomolova, K.V. Khavronina, 2014):

■ retinal hemorrhages;
■ the appearance of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye in the vitreous body (Terson's syndrome);
■ transient mononuclear blindness;
■ paresis of gaze due to damage to the cortical "center of gaze" (Prevost's symptom);
■ diplopia and strobism;
■ paralysis of gaze to the side while maintaining consciousness;
■ strabismus, in which the eyeball on the side of the lesion is turned downward and inwards, and the other - upward and outwards (Hertwig-Magendie syndrome);
■ diplopia and oculomotor disorders;
■ Blindness in both eyes or bilateral hemianopia with possible preservation of central tubular vision.

EXPLANATION
Since the eye is part of the apparatus of the nervous system, circulatory disorders and subsequent cerebral hypoxia are risk factors for the onset and development of ocular ischemic syndrome. The ophthalmic artery is the first intracranial branch of the internal carotid artery(ICA), which largely determines its participation in the blood supply to the brain. Pathological changes in the extracranial and intracranial segments of the great vessels negatively affect not only the blood circulation parameters cerebral vessels, but also exacerbate violations of the blood circulation parameters of the vessels of the eye, which leads to the progression of ocular ischemic syndrome. W. Gowers in 1875 for the first time associated the appearance of right-sided hemiplegia and blindness in the left eye (optopyramidal syndrome) with unilateral occlusion of the ICA, which marked the beginning of the study of the problem of vascular lesions of the brain.

Pathology of the ICA can be accompanied by circulatory disorders not only in the basin of the ICA itself, but also in the basin of its branches involved in the blood supply to the structures of the eye. ICA stenosis can present with a spectrum of “ocular” symptoms, so patients with ICA pathology may seek medical attention for the first time. medical care to an ophthalmologist. Identification of retinal hemorrhages in a patient with clinical signs acute circulatory disorders (ACC) allow us to consider the process as a developed stroke of a hemorrhagic nature. With hemorrhage, along with hemorrhagic foci in the retina, blood may appear in the anterior chamber of the eye in the vitreous body (Terson's syndrome). Dynamic Violation blood flow in the ICA proximal to the origin of the ophthalmic artery is manifested by Petzl's vascular crisis. With it, on the side of the hemodynamic disorder, a short-term visual impairment occurs - transient mononuclear blindness, and on the opposite side - paresthesia. The formation of a lesion in the basin of the middle cerebral artery is accompanied by Prevost's symptom - gaze paresis due to damage to the cortical "center of gaze". In 1952, M. Fisher described patients with transient mononuclear blindness and subsequent contralateral hemiparesis (optopyramidal syndrome).

Clinical lesions vertebrobasilar system may have periodic episodes of diplopia and strobism (strabismus), in combination with other signs of damage to the brain stem or cerebellum, usually indicate the development of vascular crises in the patient by the type of transient ischemic attack in the basin of the vertebrobasilar system. Neuritis is characterized by a rapidly developing decrease in visual acuity with parallel changes in the fundus. The degree of reduction in visual acuity depends on the intensity of inflammation and the degree of damage to the papillomacular bundle. The more he is struck, the sharper the visual acuity is reduced. The change in visual fields in neuritis is characterized by concentric narrowing and the presence of positive central scotomas. The narrowing of the visual fields can be uniform and uneven, which is also affected by the localization and severity of inflammation. With neuritis, central scotomas are recorded less frequently than with retrobulbar neuritis. With retrobulbar neuritis, vision usually drops significantly and quickly - within a few hours. More often one eye suffers, pain in the eye may be disturbing, slight exophthalmos can be observed. With the development of an infarction focus at the base of the brainstem at the level of the pons, more often due to occlusion of the paramedial branches of the basilar artery (BA), it is possible to develop the "locked-in" syndrome, or ventral pontine syndrome or blocking syndrome - tetraplegia, pseudobulbar palsy and paralysis of gaze to the side with preserved conscious and normal electroencephalogram. Also, in violation of hemodynamics in the brain stem, Hertwig-Magendie syndrome is possible. it special shape strabismus, in which the eyeball on the side of the lesion is turned downward and inward, and the other - upward and outward. AD thrombosis is characterized by diplopia and oculomotor disorders, the nature of which is determined by the area of ​​formation of an ischemic focus in the brainstem, there is paralysis of gaze towards the ischemic focus that has arisen in the brain bridge. Occlusion of the BA bifurcation by an embolus or thrombus causes ischemia in the area of ​​both posterior cerebral arteries, this process is characterized by blindness in both eyes or bilateral hemianopia with the possible preservation of central tubular vision.

With hemodynamic disorders in the hypothalamic-mesencephalic region, Lermitt's peduncular hallucinosis sometimes occurs: peculiar visual hallucinations of the hypnotic type. Visual hallucinations in cerebrovascular pathology can also occur with a stroke in the basin of the branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. With high intracranial pressure, as a result of compression of the cavernous or sigmoid sinus, a violation of the outflow from the venous sinus of the orbit is possible, which leads to the development of exophthalmos and other oculomotor disorders. During epilepsy, with a simple absence, the patient freezes in the same position with a frozen gaze, sometimes there are rhythmic twitches of the eyeballs or eyelids, dilated pupils, visual seizures are characterized by false perceptions, in some cases there is a paroxysmal appearance of scotoma.

© Laesus De Liro

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• Poor vision reduces a person's quality of life. Defects in the visual organs are observed in older and younger age groups. Many celebrities also suffer from them. congenital diseases eye and other acquired diseases (cerebrovascular accident, Parkinson's disease) provoke a change in visual acuity. malfunction, organic lesions one of them provokes visual impairment.

  Our eyes are a very important and at the same time quite vulnerable organ. To understand why vision is falling, you need to know what the structure of the eye consists of.

  The visual mechanism consists of the eyeball and the optic nerve. The optic nerve conducts visual impulses to the brain, the corresponding centers of which process and use the information received. The state of these centers affects visual perception.

  The structure of the eyeball (what it consists of):

  1. membranes: retina vascular network and fibrous layer (cornea, sclera). These are respectively the inner, middle and outer layers;
  2. core - represented by a gelatinous substance containing vitreous body, the eye lens, aqueous humor, is a complex structure.

  The cornea is a film that covers the outside of the eye. It is transparent, its functions are optical and protective. The sclera covers the inside of the eye. This substance is similar to boiled egg white. Some diseases are manifested by changes in the color of the sclera (for example, yellowing with hepatitis or cirrhosis of the liver). The conjunctiva is the mucous structure of the eye. The iris has special muscles that contract and dilate the pupils by regulating the amount of light stimuli. The image is focused on the retina.

  The retina and lens are the main optical parts of the eyeball, visual impairment, loss of vision are often associated with their defects.

  In younger children, the eyes are more vulnerable due to incompletely formed eyes. defense mechanisms.

  Causes of pathological changes

  Poor vision is congenital. Violation of the intrauterine formation of the eye organs leads to the fact that the child is born with visual defects. Other part eye diseases, loss of vision (blindness) is acquired in the process of life due to a number of factors. The activity of the eye organs is impaired various factors.

  Causes of visual impairment:

  • prolonged overload of the eye organs, especially if the labor activity is connected with a computer;
  • atony of the musculature of the lens. The weakening of his muscles leads to the fact that vision falls;
  • desiccation of the conjunctiva. Rare blinking during monotonous work in front of a computer screen or watching TV provokes dehydration, drying of the eye and weakening of vision;
  • blood flow disorder. The correct functioning of the retina directly depends on the state of local blood circulation. Its changes cause visual impairment. The reasons may be systemic diseases- vascular, neurological, metabolic (strokes, Parkinson's disease, diabetes mellitus);
  • age-related changes eye tissues in the elderly. The light-sensitive pigment, due to which visual images are perceived, is destroyed over the years. Other parts of the eye also succumb to aging, which causes visual impairment;
  • infections. Blennorrhea is considered especially dangerous in the youngest - in newborns, the absence timely treatment which provokes various visual defects, even complete blindness;
  • mechanical damage, chemical and thermal burns of the eyes cause visual impairment, depending on their degree, absolute loss of vision can occur.

  

  Pathologies contribute to insufficient rest, lack of good sleep, Availability bad habits, malnutrition.

  There is a classification visual pathologies according to the age of people suffering from them (children, age), classification depending on the severity and nature of changes (organic, functional), classification by origin (congenital, acquired, hereditary), etc.

  Pathologies associated with the eyes

  

  Myopia, farsightedness (hypermetropia), astigmatism, cataracts, glaucoma are common pathologies that are accompanied by impaired visual function. Their common symptom is visual impairment. The first three are related to image focus problems, these vision problems often occur in younger students.

  1. Myopia (or nearsightedness) is characterized by poor visibility of objects at some distance. The more severe the form of myopia, the worse man sees distant objects or does not even see them at all. The image is focused in front of the retina. The reasons are a change in the corneal curvature, lengthening of the eyeball. Weakening of vision due to myopia tends to progress. Quite often, acquired myopia develops in younger students with the beginning of school attendance, increased eye overload, resulting in vision problems. To correct poor eyesight, glasses are used in younger children, special lenses in older children, and gymnastics for the eyes is prescribed.
  2. Hypermetropia is caused by abnormal curvature of the cornea, insufficient size eyeballs. The image is formed outside the retina. A person has difficulty distinguishing pictures located nearby. Due to farsightedness, vision problems also often occur in schoolchildren.
  3. Astigmatism is caused by deformation of the eye surface. A healthy eyeball is round. With astigmatism, its structure is disturbed - it becomes oval. Irregular shape disrupts the focusing activity of the eye. Rays of light are projected at two points, so a person sees objects blurry. If the pathology is not corrected in time, vision drops sharply, strabismus develops. Astigmatism tends to develop in younger children, it is often accompanied by other visual impairments (myopia, hypermetropia).

  

  Timely correction of these pathologies in children gives nice results, educational activity practically unaffected.

  History reference: The systematic education of blind children in Russia, the intensive development of typhlopedagogy began at the end of the 19th century.

  How do they deal with illness? To stop the progression of the pathological process, a diet that improves visual ability is used. It is necessary to allocate a little time every day to keep the child busy, as prescribed by the doctor, visual gymnastics- the game form is useful. In some cases is good method laser correction(after 18 years).

  Today, wearing glasses for schoolchildren causes less discomfort, since this accessory is now in trend, it is used by many stylish celebrities. Corrective lenses lead to the restoration of impaired eye abilities.

  With a cataract, there is a change in the transparency of the lens, its clouding.

  

  Causes of congenital cataract: intrauterine infections, genetic, metabolic diseases. Acquired cataracts are the most common eye disease in the elderly population. The progression of the disease is disappointing - the absolute loss of vision.

  Modern ophthalmology offers surgical treatment cataracts (elimination of the cause poor eyesight- clouding of the lens). The operation allows you to partially or completely eliminate visual defects.

  Characterized by increased intraocular pressure. This is a dangerous disease that affects not only the elderly, but also representatives of the younger ones. age categories. In adults and children, it can be both an independent ailment and a symptom of others.

  Varieties and forms of glaucoma depending on etiological factor:

  1. inflammatory;
  2. glaucoma resulting from a pronounced narrowing of the uveitic angle;
  3. corticosteroid (is a consequence of therapy with hormones of this group);
  4. glaucoma associated with structural disorders, chronic inflammatory process.

  

  An increase in intraocular pressure and the associated visual impairment are a sign of certain diseases, such as strokes.

  Its measurement is an important diagnostic aspect in neurological practice, in which partial or complete loss of vision, or a change in its quality, is a precursor serious pathologies nervous system.

  Neurological disorders: parkinsonism, stroke

  Many celebrities suffered from Parkinson's disease: Pope John Paul II, politician Mao Zedong, artist Salvador Dali, poet A. Voznesensky, actor M. Fox and many others. Parkinson's disease occurs and atypical syndromes due to biochemical changes in the CNS ( central nervous system). Initially, Parkinson's disease was defined by the presence of characteristic signs.

  History reference. The first mention of the disease, very similar to parkinsonism, archaeologists found in ancient Egyptian manuscripts.

  In the second half of the twentieth century, more modern laboratory technologies provided an opportunity to study the pathogenesis of the disease. The name of the disease is in honor of the English scientist J. Parkinson, who wrote in 1817 a detailed work on the topic of “trembling paralysis”. Depending on the progression and severity, there are various forms and stages of Parkinson's disease.

  

  Clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease: trembling of the limbs, limitation motor ability, muscle rigidity, postural instability. Labor activity is limited. The atypical form, progressive supranuclear gaze paresis (hereinafter referred to as PSPV), at first differs little from the standard form of Parkinson's disease.

  For PSVV disease, the following types of visual impairment are characteristic:

  • gaze limitation over 50% (up, down);
  • the holding of the gaze is disturbed when looking around;
  • disorder of coordination of gaze and head movements. To look to the side, a person first turns his head, and then performs the appropriate movements with his eyeballs;
  • blepharospasm.

  PSPV differs from Parkinson's disease in a slight improvement in the patient's condition on levodopa therapy, the rapid progression of the disease.

  Another common cause is diseases of the nervous system, which are accompanied by an acute violation of cerebral blood flow of varying degrees. In addition to functional pathological changes in the body, a stroke is accompanied by organic changes in brain tissues, its structure is disturbed. It occurs due to interruption of the outflow of blood (it may take only a few minutes).

  

  Ischemia lasting more than five minutes leads to irreversible damage to nerve cells. Sudden deterioration of vision often acts as a harbinger of apoplexy.

  Typical clinical symptoms of the disease:

  • facial asymmetry;
  • paralysis;
  • speech disorder;
  • convulsive syndrome;
  • different forms amnesia.

  Decreased vision in one or both eyes headache, distortion of the face occurs in the first few minutes of an apoplexy.

  A stroke causes significant harm to the body, often without the possibility of restoring all its previous functions. Cerebral embolism, thrombosis of cerebral vessels are the causes of poor vision, its complete loss.

  Required long-term rehabilitation to restore visual functions when vision has fallen due to ischemia. With recurrent seizures or minor microcirculatory disturbances, visual disturbances are observed. lung organs degree.

  

  This is one of late complications dangerous disease - diabetes. Is the defeat of the small blood vessels that feed the retina. Causes of visual impairment: inadequate antidiabetic treatment, toxic effect glucose (excessively high level) on the vascular walls. A rapid decline in vision due to retinopathy is observed in patients with advanced forms of severe diabetes, concomitant hypertension, in an elderly patient.

  Signs of the disease are impaired vision: “flies flying before the eyes”, decreased sharpness, clarity of vision, double vision, blurring of the image. The end of diabetic retinopathy is complete loss of vision.

  What can't be ignored?

  People are often in no hurry to see an ophthalmologist with minor visual impairment. It happens that vision has fallen sharply. Some diseases develop without pronounced signs, visual impairment occurs gradually. Therefore, it is important to undergo an annual preventive examination. The earlier the disease and the causes of visual impairment are detected, the more effectively it is possible to eliminate them, stop the development visual ailments. What symptoms should alert?

  Vision deteriorates rapidly, in particular, its sharpness decreases. A sharp or gradual progressive decrease in visual acuity cannot be ignored, especially if the quality of his life and work activity suffer from this. The pathological change is unilateral (loss of vision in one eye) or the vision in both eyes sits synchronously.

  

  • Partial or complete change in the quality of vision. A person sees objects as vague, bifurcated, their shapes are not clear.
  • Pain in the eyes varying degrees expressiveness, which is observed with tension or at rest, with lowered eyelids.
  • Photophobia, feeling of dryness, pain in the eye sockets. They may indicate different infectious lesions, some forms of which are quite dangerous (blennorrhea).

  If you notice a deterioration in your vision in yourself or your loved ones, you should contact an ophthalmologist. The doctor diagnoses the existing visual defects: he will examine the eyeball, prescribe additional methods studies to determine the severity of changes, preserved functions. What treatment is required - the doctor decides. Progressive vision loss can be reversed with adequate treatment.

  Prevention

  To avoid problems that are associated with impaired visual function and violate vigorous activity, and stop pathological process, it is recommended to observe the rules of hygiene.

  A child needs to be taught from childhood to perform simple tasks. gymnastic exercises for the eyes - its unobtrusive game form effectively works. While working in front of a computer monitor (eye is badly damaged by radiation), it is necessary to take breaks, take your eyes with exercises. For younger children, the duration of viewing should not exceed 1.5 hours a day.

  

  A person at risk (for example, a patient diabetes), so that his vision does not worsen even more, he must Special attention focus on eye health.

  You can not self-medicate the disease, you need to carefully monitor the level of sugar in the blood. After all, loss of vision swipe for a person: interest in life disappears, severe depression develops.

  The labor activity of the visually impaired and the activity of completely blind people is limited. Today, various social programs to support, adapt such people in the society of the sighted.

  They allow rational free time visually impaired.

  Most common symptom- congestive optic disc(observed in 92% of patients). It is usually bilateral, but asymmetry is possible. In malignant tumors, it develops faster and more often, especially when they are localized in the CSF tract or near them (tumors of the ventricles, cerebellum, cerebellopontine angle). An uncomplicated congestive disc is characterized by long-term preservation of visual functions. Complaints of blurred vision or short-term (from 1-10 seconds to a minute) darkening in the eyes up to complete blindness against the backdrop of a headache. Early symptom- decrease dark adaptation. A persistent decrease in vision is a sign of the transition of stagnation into atrophy. Photopsies occur in 15-20% of patients and can be considered as visual hallucinations. With disc edema, the size of the blind spot increases, sometimes by 3-4 times.

  The boundaries of the disc lose their clarity, the physiological excavation is smoothed out, its diameter is significantly increased due to edema, the retinal vessels (especially the veins) are dilated and tortuous.

  The presence of bilateral congestive discs with severe atrophy on one of them is called the Foerster-Kennedy symptom. It is typical for tumors of the frontal lobe, and more often the tumor is localized on the side of the atrophic disc.

  With the long-term existence of a congestive optic disc, its atrophy begins to develop (see "Gradual loss of vision"). Functional signs of atrophy: concentric narrowing and visual field defects, decreased visual acuity.

  Paralysis and paresis of the extraocular muscles occupy the second place in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Most often affected VI, rarely - III, very rarely - IV pair of cranial nerves. The frequent defeat of the VI pair is due to the fact that it is most open to external influence. Even less often, there are violations of pupillary reactions and changes in the position of the eye in the orbit. All these signs, as well as the features of visual field changes, are taken into account in the topical diagnosis of the disease.

  For tumors temporal lobe short-term visual hallucinations are characteristic, upper quadrant hemianopsia, later turning into complete homonymous hemianopia, unilateral mydriasis (on the side of the tumor), with large tumors - complete paresis oculomotor nerve with ocular deviation, unilateral ptosis, and contralateral lagophthalmos (due to concomitant paralysis facial nerve central genesis).

  Tumors of the parietal lobe: lower quadrant hemianopia, agnosia, especially alexia, agraphia, loss fast phase optokinetic nystagmus when turning the head in the direction opposite to the tumor localization.

  Tumors occipital lobe: congestive discs develop early in 90%, complete homonymous hemianopsia in the field of view, less often central or paracentral scotomas. All changes are usually symmetrical.

  Pituitary adenomas are characterized by chiasmatic syndrome (bitemporal hemianopia, starting from the upper quadrants, decreased visual acuity and primary atrophy of the optic nerve).

  Intermittent attacks of blurred vision in combination with headache, nausea, vomiting often occur with tumors of the third ventricle, and for tumors of the quadrigemina and pineal gland, Parino's syndrome is pathognomonic (vertical paralysis of gaze, pupillary disorders of the Argyle-Robertson type and nuclear oculomotor paresis).

  Overview information:

  Vascular diseases of the head, as a rule, become noticeable even at the first stages of their development, as they quickly give characteristic symptoms. , dizziness, fainting accompanied by disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and other systems. It is often difficult to determine what comes first and what comes next. However, in human body there is nothing isolated, especially when it comes to the head.

  The vessels that feed the brain are under neuro-humoral control, the disorder of which will cause them to constrict or expand, or both. Healthy, elastic vessels better adapt to unfavorable factors(psycho-emotional experiences, change atmospheric pressure, influence toxic substances etc.), quickly respond to the impact and thus quickly return to normal. If sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions autonomic nervous system (ANS) work harmoniously, not ahead of each other, and everything is in order with the hormonal status ...

  Problems of cerebral vessels at a young age

  Vegetative-vascular dystonia

  Violations in the work of the ANS, just like hormonal disorders, can cause narrowing of the vessels of the head, the motive of which may be a seemingly insignificant trifle. This state has many names , vegetative-vascular dystonia, autonomic dysfunction etc.), appears in childhood or adolescence, usually has a hereditary predisposition and accompanies a person all his life. The vascular wall itself suffers little from this, but the symptoms of discomfort in the head can be significant, because the vessels are not able to quickly adapt, which is reflected in well-being. or an increase in blood pressure, an increase in heart rate, nausea, vomiting, can cause a reaction of the vessels of the head, the narrowing of which will be accompanied by the listed symptoms, dizziness, sweating, and sometimes fainting. Vicious circle.

  Treatment autonomic dysfunction prolonged and in most cases symptomatic. Due to the fact that the central nervous system often initiates the next (crisis, attack), the help of a psychologist and the appointment of tranquilizers and antidepressants is desirable. great attention given to the regime of work, rest and nutrition. For vegetative-vascular dystonia, treatment with folk remedies is very suitable.

  Migraine

  Or (hemicrania) - paroxysmal lesion of the arterial vessels of the head. The disease also has a hereditary predisposition and is characterized by the expansion of extracranial arteries (vasodilation) and simultaneous spasm small vessels(vasoconstriction) that feed the brain. Naturally, this phenomenon causes severe headaches, which can be very difficult to cope with, because the usual antispasmodics prescribed for removal will not only not help here, but also aggravate the situation.

  This is an example of a classic migraine, but there are other forms:

  • Associated migraine, characterized by focal manifestations resulting from ischemia or edema in the vasoconstriction phase;
  • Migraine of the main artery, which is characterized by signs of vertebrobasilar insufficiency;
  • Random migraine (dysphrenic) in children, which has vivid symptoms and is accompanied by irrational behavior and aggressiveness;
  • Post-traumatic migraine, the provoking factor of which is a traumatic brain injury;
  • Rare types of migraine: Alice in Wonderland syndrome, cervicogenia, migraine status.

  As a rule, migraine, which first examines the patient, establishes its type, and then prescribes drugs to alleviate the suffering of a person.

  And for those over 40

  Hypertension

  

  (AH, hypertension) is very often the cause of narrowing of small vessels (arterioles). With - a variety of symptoms that accompany high blood pressure: headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and other manifestations. The causes are as diverse as the symptoms: atherosclerosis, endocrine disorders, hereditary predisposition, stress, bad habits.

  Patients with arterial hypertension usually take a bunch of drugs, but it is better not to show independence here, since this disease requires individual selection and medicinal product, and optimal dose his. Finding "your" drug is not always possible the first time, sometimes you have to try many others.

  Atherosclerosis

  It is not limited to the brain, because cholesterol plaques are deposited in all arteries and arterioles of the body. Due to morphological changes in vascular wall, the adaptive abilities of arterial vessels are disrupted, which sometimes leads to serious complications in the form of acute cerebrovascular accident. or may be the result of atherosclerotic changes and arterial hypertension.

  On the formation of chronic insufficiency cerebral blood supply affect the branches of the aortic arch. Extracranial (extracranial) brachiocephalic arteries (carotid, subclavian vertebral) affected by atherosclerosis, carrying blood to the brain, can deliver not only nutrients, but also pieces of atherosclerotic plaque (emboli), aggregates of platelets and erythrocytes. The result of damage to the main arteries can be expected ischemic stroke.

  The main cause of the arterial walls, first of all, doctors call, which is very rich daily diet modern man. Cholesterol is the scourge of our time, but it has wonderful “taste qualities,” which is why we love it very much. And day after day we deposit it on the walls of our vessels, closing their lumen and turning into a thorny path a smooth road for the movement of blood that carries nutrients to the brain.

  

  Atherosclerosis, by changing the walls of the vessels of the brain, at the same time changes the character of a person, his level of intelligence and ability. Chronic hypoxia in violation of blood flow for many years should not necessarily lead to to , heart attack or hemorrhage, however constant oxygen starvation will form signs in a person, from which to (dementia) is within easy reach.

  With atherosclerotic changes, advice is very helpful traditional medicine. AT severe cases patients are prescribed lipostatins, which are used for a long time. They will not be able to fight irreversible changes in blood vessels, but prevent further development atherosclerotic process will be.

  The eyes are the mirror of brain health

  Is it difficult to look into the head and see what is happening with the vessels? With the naked eye, of course, it is problematic, but with the help of an ophthalmoscope, an eye doctor can visualize and tell everything. As ophthalmologists say: “The eye is the brain brought out”, neurologists and cardiologists also agree that the eyes are a mirror of health. In the fundus, excessively tortuous vessels are clearly visible, indicating a low arterial pressure or narrowed and overflowing with blood, arteries characteristic of vegetative-vascular dystonia according to hypertonic type or arterial hypertension. As a rule, hypertensive patients, having visited an ophthalmologist, have his diagnosis: hypertensive. That is, the vessels of the fundus reflect changes that occur not only in the eye, but throughout the body: atherosclerosis of the retinal vessels - atherosclerosis of the vessels of the brain - atherosclerosis of all arterial vessels.

  From birth or circumstances?

  

  You can be born with it, or you can acquire it in the process of life. Pathological protrusion and wall changes threaten to rupture the vessel and hemorrhage, which, as a rule, leads to lethal outcome if the vessel is large. If an aneurysm is diagnosed in a timely manner and operated on before it ruptures arterial wall, we can hope for a favorable outcome. The essence of the problem is that an aneurysm does not always give severe symptoms (impaired hearing, vision, speech, paroxysmal headaches, etc.), therefore, it can develop unnoticed, and will be found only on the pathologist's table, as the cause of death of a young man.

  It is often congenital and occurs when the blood moving through the arteries does not pass through the capillary bed (it is simply absent), but is discharged directly into the veins. Such a pathology, like an aneurysm, is also often the cause of death in the event of a hemorrhagic stroke. The disease can long time not to show oneself, and the consequences of such anatomical structure may be the most serious. Treatment of arteriovenous malformation is surgical.

  Severe complications of pathological changes in blood vessels are and, which not only lead to disability, but often pose a direct threat to the life of the patient.

  It delivers a lot of trouble (VBN) and as a result of it - a violation normal blood flow in the vessels of the brain. most main reason VBN is considered osteochondrosis cervical spine, which begins to develop quite early (from the age of 30) and is often associated with professional activity. Narrowing of the basilar artery is promoted by the atherosclerotic process and arterial hypertension. Of course, the restoration of blood flow in such an important artery for the head should begin with the elimination of the prerequisites for the occurrence of VBI, that is, to treat diseases that lead to squeezing of the vessel or a decrease in its lumen.

  Increased blood flow to the brain can lead to intracranial pressure(), which became the result of a traumatic brain injury, sometimes very distant in time.

  The cause and disturbance of blood flow in the brain can be such a rare pathology as, which refers to diseases of the aorta, therefore, it is considered in and main artery organism.

  The systemic nature (Schonlein-Genoch disease), caused by allergic, toxic-infectious, neoplastic processes, is manifested by damage to small vessels (arterioles, venules, capillaries) and leads to bleeding and multiple hemorrhages in the brain in case of malignant forms of vasculitis.

  Diagnostics of the vessels of the head

  Volume diagnostic measures is made in proportion to the presumptive diagnosis and indications for a particular procedure. Vegetative-vascular dystonia may not require any special studies, while the suspicion of an aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation requires a thorough investigation. The brain includes:

  1. , examining blood flow in the cerebral vessels;
  2. Doppler ultrasound;
  3. CT scan(CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) capable of recognizing pathologies such as aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation;
  4. , prescribed to clarify and confirm a malformation or aneurysm - the method is invasive and rather painful. Angiography is performed by injecting contrast agent into the femoral artery.

  Methods for diagnosing the state of the vascular bed include laboratory research with which the diagnosis often begins:

  • Lipid spectrum with the calculation of the coefficient of atherogenicity, indicating how the vessels are affected by atherosclerosis;
  • Coagulogram characterizing the state of the blood coagulation system.

  Prevention of cerebrovascular disease

  Many pathological changes cerebral vessels. The key to success in most cases is a healthy lifestyle. Any person, being interested in a bright and clear head, and a light and healthy body, should:

  1. Distribute your own sleep, outdoor activities, work;
  2. Learn to fully relax, but this does not mean that you need to lie on the couch in front of the TV. Active, uplifting, energizing, relaxing fresh air able to provide good spirits for the working week;
  3. Fight hypodynamia with everyone available means: swimming pool, physical education (albeit therapeutic), walking;
  4. Exclude from the diet foods that;
  5. Alcohol, good quality wine, aged cognac should be used only on the days of great holidays, in a moderate dose, so as not to overshadow the solemnity of the moment and not get a morning headache;
  6. Say "No!" everyone tobacco products both on holidays and on weekdays;
  7. Try to resolve any conflict situation peacefully, not succumb to panic and depression, and if, by nature, this is difficult, seek help from a psychologist or psychotherapist;
  8. Take the drugs prescribed by the doctor carefully, observing all dosages, sequence, time and rules of administration;
  9. Do not ignore the signals of the vessels of the brain, indicating trouble in the blood supply, consult a doctor in time and undergo an examination to identify pathology;
  10. Listen to the advice of herbalists, sometimes they can help better than any pharmacy, because taking medicines is always in time, and at first it is better to try to do without them.

  Yes, everything in the body is interconnected and not a single pathology of the cerebral vessels can be isolated and separated from other diseases that are or cause, or consequence violations of blood flow and, accordingly, the nutrition of such an important part of the human body.

  Vision is one of the most necessary qualities person. With its help we move, find necessary items, in a word, we are oriented in space. But it often happens that vision deteriorates. This is always unpleasant, because you really want to preserve the clarity and colors of the world around you.

  What diseases cause vision problems

  Visual impairment does not come on its own. Often this problem is caused by a number of factors:

  Spinal disorders

  The spinal cord is closely related to the brain. All processes occurring in it are reflected in other organs and systems. Vision is no exception.

  Neoplasms

  It can be both benign and malignant tumors. All of them require advice from a good specialist. They will help you choose an oncologist reviews about him. It is better to use special medical search portals, as all information from patients is carefully checked. This way you get real feedback.

  Various eye diseases

  Violations can occur not only under the influence of other organs, but also in the eyeball under the influence of bacteria and microorganisms. An important role is played by heredity.

  The general condition of the body, caused by its pollution with toxins

  These are wastes deposited on the walls of vessels. Very often they interfere with blood circulation. It causes malnutrition individual bodies and systems, which often leads to visual impairment.

  Various neurological problems

  Psychosomatic disorders and constant stress adversely affect the entire body. Vision is no exception. In case of deterioration of vision, in addition to the ophthalmologist, consultation with a neurologist is also necessary.

  There are many other factors that can affect the condition of the eyes. But the reasons presented above put you at risk. Therefore, it is so necessary to regularly visit an ophthalmologist to check your eyesight. This procedure should be carried out once a year. This will allow you to notice the problem in time and fix it.