Chim brown bacteria. The role of bacteria in nitrogen production. Harmful food bacteria

These microorganisms, or at least some of them, deserve to be treated well, because many bacteria are friendly to our organisms - in fact, they are beneficial bacteria and live in our bodies all the time, bringing only benefits. Over the past few years, scientists have discovered that of all the bacteria that live in our body, a minority is harmful to our health. In fact, most of the bacteria found in our bodies are good for us.

Thanks to the Human Microbiome Project, a list of five beneficial bacteria that live in our body has been compiled and made public. Although pathogenic strains of some of the bacteria exist, these types are rare. It should also be noted that even beneficial strains of these bacteria, if they are present in people with a severely weakened immune system and/or get into a part of the body where they should not be, can cause disease. However, this does not happen very often. Here is a list of five beneficial bacteria that live in our bodies:

1. Bifidobacterium longum (Bifidobacterium longum)

This microorganism is found in large quantities in the intestines of infants. They produce several acids that make the gut microflora toxic to many pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium longum serve to protect people from various diseases.

Humans cannot digest many plant food molecules on their own. When present in the gastrointestinal tract, Bacteroides thetaiotamicron bacteria break down such molecules. This allows people to digest the components present in plant foods. Without these beneficial bacteria, vegetarians would be in trouble.

3. Lactobacillus Johnsonii

This bacterium is vital for humans and especially for children. It is located in the intestines and greatly facilitates the process of assimilation of milk.

4. E. coli (Escherichia Coli)

E. coli bacteria synthesize the vital vitamin K in the human gastrointestinal tract. The abundance of this vitamin allows people's blood clotting mechanism to function normally. This vitamin is also necessary for the normal functioning of the liver, kidneys and gallbladder, metabolism and normal absorption of calcium.

5. Streptococcus viridans (Viridans Streptococci)

These beneficial bacteria thrive in your throat. Although people are not born with them, over time, after a person is born, these bacteria find a way to enter the body. They multiply there so well that they leave very little room for other, more harmful bacteria to colonize, thereby protecting the human body from disease.

How to keep beneficial bacteria from dying

We need to use antibiotics only in extreme cases, since antibacterial drugs, in addition to pathogenic microorganisms, also destroy beneficial microflora, as a result of which an imbalance occurs in our bodies and diseases develop. In addition, you can also start regularly consuming fermented foods that are rich in beneficial strains of microorganisms (beneficial bacteria), such as sauerkraut and other vegetables, fermented milk products (yogurt, kefir), kombucha, miso, tempeh, etc.

Washing your hands is necessary, but you should not lean heavily on washing your hands with antibacterial soap, as this also contributes to the development of a bacterial imbalance in the body.

Where do bacteria live in the human body?

1. Most of them inhabit the intestines, providing a harmonious microflora.
2. They live on mucous membranes, including in the oral cavity.
3. Many microorganisms inhabit the skin.

What are microorganisms responsible for?

1. They support immune function. With a lack of beneficial microbes, the body is immediately attacked by harmful ones.
2. By feeding on the components of plant foods, bacteria help digestion. Most of the food that reaches the large intestine is digested thanks to bacteria.
3. Benefits of intestinal microorganisms - in the synthesis of B vitamins, antibodies, absorption of fatty acids.
4. The microbiota maintains the water-salt balance.
5. Bacteria on the skin protect the integument from the penetration of harmful microorganisms into them. The same applies to the population of mucous membranes.

What happens if you remove bacteria from the human body? Vitamins will not be absorbed, hemoglobin will fall in the blood, diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, etc. will begin to progress. Conclusion: the main function of bacteria in the human body is protective. Let's take a closer look at what types of microorganisms exist and how to support their work.

Major groups of beneficial bacteria

Good bacteria for humans can be divided into 4 main groups:

• bifidobacteria;
• lactobacilli;
• enterococci;
• coli.

The most abundant beneficial microbiota. The task is to create an acidic environment in the intestines. In such conditions, pathogenic microflora cannot survive. Bacteria produce lactic acid and acetate. Thus, the intestinal tract is not afraid of the processes of fermentation and decay.

Another property of bifidobacteria is antitumor. Microorganisms are involved in the synthesis of vitamin C - the main antioxidant in the body. Vitamins D and B-group are absorbed thanks to this type of microbe. The digestion of carbohydrates is also accelerated. Bifidobacteria increase the ability of the intestinal walls to absorb valuable substances, including calcium, magnesium and iron ions.

Lactobacilli live in the digestive tract from the mouth to the large intestine. The joint action of these bacteria and other microorganisms controls the reproduction of pathogenic microflora. Intestinal pathogens are much less likely to infect the system if lactobacilli inhabit it in sufficient numbers.

The task of little hard workers is to normalize the work of the intestinal tract and support immune function. The microbiota is used in the food and medical industries: from healthy kefir to preparations for the normalization of the intestinal microflora.

Lactobacilli are especially valuable for women's health: the acidic environment of the mucous membranes of the reproductive system does not allow the development of bacterial vaginosis.

Advice! Biologists say that the immune system starts in the gut. The body's ability to resist harmful bacteria depends on the condition of the tract. Keep the digestive tract normal, and then not only the absorption of food will improve, but the body's defenses will also increase.

Enterococci

The habitat of enterococci is the small intestine. They block the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, help to digest sucrose.

The Polzateevo magazine found out that there is an intermediate group of bacteria - conditionally pathogenic. In one state, they are beneficial, and when any conditions change, they become harmful. These include enterococci. Staphylococci living on the skin also have a dual effect: they protect the integument from harmful microbes, but they themselves are able to get into the wound and cause a pathological process.

E. coli often causes negative associations, but only some species from this group bring harm. Most Escherichia coli have a beneficial effect on the tract.

These microorganisms synthesize a number of B vitamins: folic and nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin. An indirect effect of such synthesis is an improvement in the composition of the blood.

What bacteria are harmful

Harmful bacteria are more widely known than beneficial ones, as they pose a direct threat. Many people know the dangers of salmonella, plague bacillus and vibrio cholerae.

The most dangerous bacteria for humans:

1. Tetanus bacillus: Lives on the skin and can cause tetanus, muscle spasms, and respiratory problems.
2. Botulism stick. If you eat a spoiled product with this pathogen, you can earn a deadly poisoning. Botulism often develops in expired sausages and fish.
3. Staphylococcus aureus can cause several ailments in the body at once, is resistant to many antibiotics and adapts incredibly quickly to drugs, becoming insensitive to them.
4. Salmonella is the cause of acute intestinal infections, including a very dangerous disease - typhoid fever.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

Living in an urban environment with poor ecology and nutrition significantly increases the risk of dysbacteriosis - an imbalance of bacteria in the human body. Most often, the intestines suffer from dysbacteriosis, less often the mucous membranes. Signs of a lack of beneficial bacteria: gas formation, bloating, abdominal pain, upset stool. If you start the disease, vitamin deficiency, anemia, an unpleasant smell of the mucous membranes of the reproductive system, weight loss, and skin defects may develop.

Dysbacteriosis easily develops in conditions of taking antibiotic drugs. To restore the microbiota, probiotics are prescribed - formulations with living organisms and prebiotics - preparations with substances that stimulate their development. Fermented milk drinks containing live bifidus and lactobacilli are also considered useful.

In addition to therapy, the beneficial microbiota responds well to fasting days, eating fresh fruits and vegetables, and whole grains.

The role of bacteria in nature

The kingdom of bacteria is one of the most numerous on the planet. These microscopic creatures bring benefits and harm not only to humans, but also to all other species, provide many processes in nature. Bacteria are found in the air and in the soil. Azotobacter are very useful inhabitants of the soil, which synthesize nitrogen from the air, turning it into ammonium ions. In this form, the element is easily absorbed by plants. The same microorganisms cleanse soils from heavy metals and fill them with biologically active substances.

Do not be afraid of bacteria: our body is so arranged that it cannot function normally without these tiny hard workers. If their number is normal, then the immune, digestive and a number of other functions of the body will be in order.

The word "bacteria" in most people is associated with something unpleasant and a threat to health. At best, sour-milk products are remembered. At worst - dysbacteriosis, plague, dysentery and other troubles. Bacteria are everywhere, good and bad. What can microorganisms hide?

What is bacteria

Bacteria in Greek means "stick". This name does not mean that harmful bacteria are meant.

This name was given to them because of the shape. Most of these single cells look like rods. They also come in squares, stellate cells. For a billion years, bacteria do not change their external appearance, they can only change internally. They can be mobile and immobile. Bacteria Outside, it is covered with a thin shell. This allows her to keep her shape. Inside the cell there is no nucleus, chlorophyll. There are ribosomes, vacuoles, outgrowths of the cytoplasm, protoplasm. The largest bacterium was found in 1999. It was called the "Gray Pearl of Namibia". Bacteria and bacillus mean the same thing, only they have a different origin.

Man and bacteria

In our body, there is a constant struggle between harmful and beneficial bacteria. Through this process, a person receives protection from various infections. Various microorganisms surround us at every step. They live on clothes, they fly in the air, they are omnipresent.

The presence of bacteria in the mouth, and this is about forty thousand microorganisms, protects the gums from bleeding, from periodontal disease and even from tonsillitis. If a woman's microflora is disturbed, she may develop gynecological diseases. Compliance with the basic rules of personal hygiene will help to avoid such failures.

Human immunity depends entirely on the state of the microflora. Almost 60% of all bacteria are found in the gastrointestinal tract alone. The rest are located in the respiratory system and in the genital. About two kilograms of bacteria live in a person.

The appearance of bacteria in the body

A newly born baby has a sterile intestine.

After his first breath, many microorganisms enter the body, with which he was not previously familiar. When the baby is first attached to the breast, the mother transfers beneficial bacteria with milk that will help normalize the intestinal microflora. No wonder doctors insist that the mother immediately after the birth of her child breastfeed him. They also recommend extending such feeding as long as possible.

Beneficial bacteria

Useful bacteria are: lactic acid, bifidobacteria, E. coli, streptomycents, mycorrhiza, cyanobacteria.

All of them play an important role in human life. Some of them prevent the occurrence of infections, others are used in the production of medicines, and others maintain a balance in the ecosystem of our planet.

Types of harmful bacteria

Harmful bacteria can cause a number of serious diseases in humans. For example, diphtheria, tonsillitis, plague and many others. They are easily transmitted from an infected person through air, food, touch. It is the harmful bacteria, whose names will be given below, that spoil food. They give off an unpleasant odor, rot and decompose, and cause disease.

Bacteria can be gram-positive, gram-negative, rod-shaped.

Names of harmful bacteria

Harmful bacteria are able to stay in the body for a long time and absorb useful substances from it. However, they can cause an infectious disease.

The most dangerous bacteria

One of the most resistant bacteria is methicillin. It is better known under the name "Staphylococcus aureus" (Staphylococcus aureus). can cause not one, but several infectious diseases. Some types of these bacteria are resistant to powerful antibiotics and antiseptics. Strains of this bacterium can live in the upper respiratory tract, open wounds and urinary tracts of every third inhabitant of the Earth. For a person with a strong immune system, this is not dangerous.

Harmful bacteria to humans are also pathogens called Salmonella typhi. They are the causative agents of acute intestinal infections and typhoid fever. These types of bacteria that are harmful to humans are dangerous because they produce toxic substances that are extremely life-threatening. During the course of the disease, intoxication of the body occurs, a very strong fever, rashes on the body, the liver and spleen increase. The bacterium is very resistant to various external influences. It lives well in water, on vegetables, fruits and reproduces well in milk products.

Clostridium tetan is also one of the most dangerous bacteria. It produces a poison called tetanus exotoxin. People who become infected with this pathogen experience terrible pain, convulsions and die very hard. The disease is called tetanus. Despite the fact that the vaccine was created back in 1890, every year on Earth 60 thousand people die from it.

And another bacterium that can lead to the death of a person is It causes tuberculosis, which is resistant to drugs. If you do not seek help in a timely manner, a person may die.

Measures to prevent the spread of infections

Harmful bacteria, the names of microorganisms are studied from the student bench by physicians of all directions. Every year, healthcare is looking for new methods to prevent the spread of infections that are dangerous to human life. With the observance of preventive measures, you will not have to waste your energy on finding new ways to deal with such diseases.

To do this, it is necessary to identify the source of the infection in time, determine the circle of the sick and possible victims. It is imperative to isolate those who are infected and disinfect the source of infection.

The second stage is the destruction of the ways through which harmful bacteria can be transmitted. To do this, carry out appropriate propaganda among the population.

Food facilities, reservoirs, warehouses with food storage are taken under control.

Each person can resist harmful bacteria in every possible way strengthening their immunity. Healthy lifestyle, observance of elementary hygiene rules, self-protection during sexual contact, use of sterile disposable medical instruments and equipment, complete restriction from communication with quarantined people. When entering the epidemiological region or the focus of infection, it is necessary to strictly comply with all the requirements of the sanitary and epidemiological services. A number of infections are equated in their impact to bacteriological weapons.

In addition to harmful, there are beneficial bacteria that provide the body with great help.

For the layman, the term "bacteria" is most often associated with something harmful and life-threatening.

Most often, among the beneficial bacteria, lactic-acid microorganisms are recalled.

If we talk about harmful bacteria, then people most often remember such diseases as:

• dysbacteriosis;
• plague;
• dysentery and some others.

Beneficial bacteria for humans help to carry out some biochemical processes in the body that ensure normal life.

Bacterial microorganisms live almost everywhere. They are found in air, water, soil, in any type of tissue, both living and dead.

A harmful microorganism can cause serious harm to the body, and the resulting pathologies can seriously undermine the state of health.

The list of the most famous pathogenic microbes includes:

1. Salmonella.
2. Staphylococcus.
3. Streptococcus.
4. Vibrio cholerae.
5. Plague wand and some others.

If harmful microorganisms are known to most people, then not everyone knows about beneficial bacterial microorganisms, and those people who have heard about the presence of beneficial bacteria are unlikely to be able to name them and how they are useful to humans.

Depending on the impact on humans, the microflora can be divided into three groups of microorganisms:

• pathogenic;
• conditionally pathogenic;
• non-pathogenic.

Non-pathogenic microorganisms are the most useful for humans, pathogenic ones are the most harmful, and conditionally pathogenic microorganisms can be beneficial under certain conditions, and become harmful when external conditions change.

In the body, beneficial and harmful bacteria are in balance, but when some factors change, the predominance of pathogenic flora can be observed, which leads to the development of various ailments.

Beneficial bacteria for humans

The most useful for the human body are sour-milk and bifidobacteria.

These types of bacteria are not capable of leading to the development of diseases in the body.

Beneficial bacteria for the intestines are a group of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria.

Beneficial microbes - lactic acid bacteria are used in the production of a variety of products from milk. In addition, they can be used in the preparation of dough and some other types of products.

Bifidobacteria form the basis of the intestinal flora in the human body. In young breastfed children, this type of microorganism accounts for up to 90% of all types of bacteria living in the intestines.

These bacteria are entrusted with the performance of a large number of functions, the main among which are the following:

1. Ensuring the physiological protection of the digestive tract from penetration and damage by pathogenic microflora.
2. Provides the production of organic acids. Preventing the reproduction of pathogenic organisms.
3. They participate in the synthesis of B vitamins and vitamin K, in addition, they participate in the process of protein synthesis necessary for the human body.
4. Accelerates the absorption of vitamin D.

Bacteria useful to humans perform a huge number of functions and their role is difficult to overestimate. Without their participation, it is impossible to carry out normal digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The colonization of the intestines with beneficial bacteria occurs in the first days of a baby's life.

Bacteria enter the baby's stomach and begin to participate in all the digestive processes that occur in the body of the newborn.

In addition to fermented milk and bifidobacteria, E. coli, streptomycetes, mycorrhiza and cyanobacteria are useful for humans.

These groups of organisms play a huge role in human life. Some of them prevent the development of infectious diseases, others are used in drug production technologies, and still others ensure balance in the planet's ecological system.

The third type of microbes are Azotobacteria, their impact on the environment is difficult to overestimate.

Characteristics of sour milk stick

The lactic acid microbes are rod-shaped and Gram-positive.

The habitat of various microbes of this group is milk, dairy products such as yogurt, kefir, they also multiply in fermented foods and are part of the microflora of the intestines, mouth and female vagina. If the microflora is disturbed, thrush and some dangerous diseases can develop. The most common species of these microorganisms are L. acidophilus, L. reuteri, L. Plantarum and some others.

This group of microorganisms is known for its ability to use lactose for life and produce lactic acid as a by-product.

This ability of bacteria is used in the production of products that require fermentation. With the help of this process, it is possible to produce such a product from milk as yogurt. In addition, fermented milk organisms can be used in the salting process. This is due to the fact that lactic acid can act as a preservative.

In humans, lactic acid bacteria are involved in the process of digestion, ensuring the breakdown of lactose.

The acidic environment that occurs during the life of these bacteria prevents the development of pathogenic microflora in the intestine.

For this reason, lactic acid bacteria are an important component of probiotic preparations and dietary supplements.

Reviews of people using such drugs and dietary supplements to restore the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract indicate that these medicines have a high degree of effectiveness.

Brief description of bifidobacteria and Escherichia coli

This variety of microorganisms belongs to the group of gram-positive. They are branched and rod-shaped.

The habitat of this type of microbes is the human gastrointestinal tract.

This type of microflora is capable of producing acetic acid in addition to lactic acid.

This compound inhibits the growth of pathogenic microflora. The production of these compounds contributes to the control of pH levels in the stomach and intestines.

Such a representative as the B. Longum bacterium ensures the destruction of indigestible plant polymers.

Microorganisms B. longum and B. Infantis in the course of their activity produce compounds that prevent the development of diarrhea, candidiasis and fungal infections in infants and children.

Due to the presence of these beneficial properties, this type of microbe is often included in the composition of tablets sold in pharmacies of probiotic medicines.

Bifidobacteria are used in the production of various lactic acid products, such as yogurt, ryazhenka, and some others. Being in the gastrointestinal tract, they act as purifiers of the intestinal environment from harmful microflora.

The composition of the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract also includes Escherichia coli. She takes an active part in the processes of digestion of food. In addition, they are involved in some processes that ensure the vital activity of the cells of the body.

Some varieties of the stick are capable of causing poisoning in case of excessive development. Diarrhea and kidney failure.

Brief description of streptomycetes, nodule bacteria and cyanobacteria

Streptomycetes in nature live in soil, water and the remains of decaying organic matter.

These microbes are Gram-positive and filamentous under the microscope.

Most streptomycetes play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance in nature. Due to the fact that these microbes have the ability to process decaying organic matter, it is considered as a biorestorative agent.

Some types of streptomycetes are used to make effective antibiotics and antifungal drugs.

Mycorrhiza live in the soil, they exist in the roots of plants, entering into symbiosis with the plant. The most common symbiont of mycorrhiza are plants of the legume family.

Their benefit lies in the ability to bind atmospheric nitrogen, converting it in compounds into a form that is easily absorbed by plants.

Plants are not able to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen, so they are entirely dependent on the activity of this type of microorganism.

Cyanobacteria live most often in water and on the surface of bare rocks.

This group of living organisms are known as blue-green algae. This type of living organisms play an important role in wildlife. They are responsible for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen in the aquatic environment.

The presence of such abilities in these bacteria as calcification and decalcification make them an essential component of the system for maintaining the ecological balance in nature.

Microorganisms harmful to humans

Pathogenic representatives of microflora are microbes capable of provoking the development of various ailments in the human body.

Some types of microbes can provoke the development of deadly diseases.

Very often, such diseases can be transmitted from an infected person to a healthy person. In addition, a large number of pathogenic microflora can spoil food.

Representatives of pathogenic microflora can be gram-positive, gram-negative and rod-shaped microbes.

The table below shows the most famous representatives of the microflora.

Pathogenic microflora can develop in the body for a long time and feed on useful substances, weakening its condition, which leads to the development of various infectious diseases.

The most dangerous bacteria for humans

One of the most dangerous and resistant bacteria is a bacterium called Staphylococcus aureus. In the ranking of dangerous bacteria, it can rightfully take a prize.

This microbe is capable of provoking the development of several infectious diseases in the body.

Some varieties of this microflora are resistant to the strongest antibiotics and antiseptics.

Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus are able to live:

• in the upper parts of the human respiratory system;
• on the surface of open wounds;
• In the channels of the urinary organs.

For a human body with a strong immune system, this microbe is not dangerous, but if the body is weakened, it can manifest itself in all its glory.

The bacteria called Salmonella typhi are very dangerous. They are able to provoke the appearance of such a terrible and deadly infection in the body as typhoid fever, in addition, acute intestinal infections can develop.

The specified pathological flora is dangerous for the human body in that they produce toxic compounds that are very dangerous to health.

Poisoning by these compounds of the body can provoke the appearance of serious and fatal diseases.

Many types of bacteria are useful and successfully used by humans.

Firstly, beneficial bacteria are widely used in the food industry.

In the production of cheese, kefir, cream, milk coagulation is necessary, which occurs under the action of lactic acid. Lactic acid is produced by lactic acid bacteria, which are part of the starter cultures and feed on the sugar contained in milk. Lactic acid itself promotes the absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorus. These beneficial elements help us fight infectious diseases.

In the production of cheese, it is pressed into pieces (heads). The cheese heads are sent to the ripening chambers, where the activity of various lactic and propionic acid bacteria included in its composition begins. As a result of their activity, the cheese "ripens" - it acquires a characteristic taste, smell, pattern and color.

For the production of kefir, a starter containing lactic acid bacilli and lactic acid streptococci is used.

Yogurt is a tasty and healthy fermented milk product. Milk for the production of yogurt must be of very high quality. It should have a minimum amount of harmful bacteria that can interfere with the development of beneficial yogurt bacteria. Yoghurt bacteria convert milk into yogurt and give it a distinctive flavor.

Rice. 14. Lactobacilli - lactic acid bacteria.

Lactic acid and yogurt bacteria entering the human body with food help fight not only harmful bacteria in the intestines, but also viruses that cause colds and other infections. In the course of their life activity, these beneficial bacteria create such an acidic environment (due to the excreted metabolic products) that only a microbe very adapted to harsh conditions, such as E. coli, can survive next to them.

The activity of beneficial bacteria is used in the fermentation of cabbage and other vegetables.

Secondly, bacteria are used to leach ores in the extraction of copper, zinc, nickel, uranium and other metals from natural ores. Leaching is the extraction of minerals from ore that is not rich in them with the help of bacteria, when other methods of obtaining (for example, smelting the ore) are inefficient and expensive. Leaching is carried out by aerobic bacteria.

Thirdly, beneficial aerobic bacteria are used to clean wastewater from cities and industrial enterprises from organic remains.

The main purpose of such biological treatment is the neutralization of complex and insoluble organic substances of wastewater that cannot be extracted from it by mechanical treatment, and their decomposition into simple water-soluble elements.

Fourth, bacteria are used in the production of silk and leather processing, etc. Raw materials for the manufacture of artificial silk are produced by special transgenic bacteria. Technical lactic acid bacteria are used in the leather industry for swelling and deashing (treatment of raw materials from solid compounds), in the textile industry, as an auxiliary agent for dyeing and printing.

Fifth, bacteria are used to control agricultural pests. Agricultural plants are treated with special preparations that contain certain types of bacteria. Insects - pests, absorbing parts of plants treated with biological products, swallow bacterial spores with food. This leads to the death of pests.

sixth, bacteria are used to produce various medicines (for example, interferon) that kill viruses and support human immunity (protection).

And the last, harmful bacteria also have beneficial properties.

Decay bacteria (coprophytic bacteria) destroy the corpses of dead animals, leaves of trees and shrubs that have fallen to the ground, and the trunks of dead trees themselves. These bacteria are a kind of orderlies of our planet. They feed on organic matter and turn it into humus - a fertile layer of the earth.

Soil bacteria live in the soil and also provide many benefits in nature. Mineral salts, which are produced by soil bacteria, are then absorbed from the soil by plant roots. One cubic centimeter of the surface layer of forest soil contains hundreds of millions of soil bacteria.

Rice. 15. Clostridia - soil bacteria.

Bacteria also live in the soil, which absorb nitrogen from the air, accumulating it in their body. This nitrogen is then converted into proteins. After the death of bacterial cells, these proteins turn into nitrogenous compounds (nitrates), which are fertilizer and are well absorbed by plants.

Conclusion.

Bacteria are a large, well-studied group of microorganisms. Bacteria are found everywhere and a person meets with them in his life all the time. Bacteria can be beneficial to humans, and can become a source of dangerous diseases.

The study of the properties of bacteria, the fight against their harmful manifestations and the use of the beneficial properties of the vital activity of bacteria is one of the main tasks for humans.

6th grade student B _________________________________ / Yaroslav Shchipanov /

Literature.

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2. Ivchenko, T. V. Electronic textbook “Biology: Grade 6. Living organism". // Biology at school. - 2007.

3. Pasechnik V.V. Biology. 6 cells Bacteria, fungi, plants: Proc. for general education textbook establishments, - 4th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2000.

4. Smelova, V.G. Digital microscope at biology lessons // Publishing House "First of September" Biology. - 2012. - No. 1.