Foods rich in minerals table. Sources of minerals. What are minerals

The human body is very complex. It consists of huge amount various substances, cells, vitamins. Minerals must constantly be in the human body, since their role in various processes is great. They take part in the formation of hormones, enzymes, help a person to live and function actively. Not a single organ can do without these substances, since they must be present in a certain amount in almost every cell.

What are minerals?

Many of those who monitor their health are familiar with the statement that vitamins and minerals are the basis proper nutrition. Vitamins are almost never synthesized by the body on their own, so they must come with food. At the same time, they are an important biological regulator of many vital important processes organism. Vitamins and minerals are very closely related to each other, because in their own way chemical composition they can complement each other, sometimes replace, providing full life to a person.

Why do they need the body?

Mineral substances play an important role: they perform a tissue-building function, take part in plastic bioprocesses, and also provide and support many enzymatic reactions of the human body. But their most important function is to conduct electrochemical impulses in nerve fibers and muscle tissues.

All minerals are divided into macroelements and microelements. Microelements include zinc, iodine, fluorine, manganese, and macroelements - calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, chlorine. It is not always possible for a person to replenish the supply of minerals in the body only with the help of nutrition; sometimes it is advisable to use various nutritional supplements and medications. This occurs during intense physical exertion, a period of beriberi in the spring, and also when living conditions do not comply with generally accepted standards. In such cases, the mineral substances of the cell decrease in their quantity, which sometimes leads to irreversible consequences.

Importance of calcium, where is it found?

Calcium is an extremely important macronutrient. It ensures the normal conductivity of the nervous and muscle tissues, acid-base balance, and also performs a building function for bone and cartilage tissues, which contain up to 98% of all calcium reserves in the human body. Its average daily norm for an adult body is 800-1000 mg. To meet the need for calcium, it is necessary to consume cottage cheese, milk, eggs, cheese, cauliflower, nuts, sesame and poppy seeds, wheat bran, vegetables and herbs.

Contrary to popular belief, foods high in milk fat (butter, sour cream, cream), the content of this substance is low. Proper absorption of calcium by the body occurs in combination with vitamin D. The most optimal condition for the entry of this element into the body is water and minerals, namely a combination of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin C and vitamin D. Special attention experts give the content of Ca in the body of children. After all, this element ensures the growth and development of almost all organs of the growing organism. If the calcium content in children is below normal, there may be serious problems With musculoskeletal system(rickets), the growth and health of the teeth are disturbed, there are tendencies to pathological processes in gastrointestinal tract. But high rate the presence of this trace element in the body is also fraught with health problems, especially it is harmful to the kidneys and liver. Therefore, the balance of this substance in cells and systems is important.

Phosphorus in the body and food

Using phosphorus as an example, it is also easy to assess the importance of minerals for human health. As we noted above, the balance of phosphorus is closely dependent on the balance of calcium. AT biological processes phosphorus is responsible for the formation of enzymes, due to which energy is released and absorbed from food. In addition, phosphorus supports proper lipid and energy metabolism, and also stabilizes blood cholesterol levels. daily rate phosphorus is 1000-1500 mg. This macronutrient is best absorbed from animal products. To obtain the daily requirement, it is desirable to include fish in the diet, dairy products, Brewer's yeast, pumpkin seeds, cereals, nuts, beef liver, eggs, rabbit meat, beets, potatoes, cabbage, carrots, apples, strawberries, currants, watermelon, pears. The daily norm of phosphorus is contained, for example, in 150 grams of hard cheese, 350 grams of oatmeal or 125 grams of pumpkin seeds.

The important role of magnesium, content in products

Magnesium, unlike phosphorus, is absorbed better just from foods. plant origin. He contributes proper assimilation phosphorus, calcium, balances other mineral and organic substances. Magnesium is important for work cardiovascular systems s, because it helps to strengthen the walls blood vessels and has a diuretic effect, which helps to stabilize blood pressure.

This microelement is especially important for work nervous system. All minerals in the body in one way or another affect its work. But such processes as excitability, inhibition, speed depend on the amount of magnesium in nerve cells. nerve impulses, their perception by the brain and the reaction to them. Magnesium transmits information from the periphery to the parts of the central nervous system. Many pregnant women are advised to take medications containing this substance to improve the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems. For those who experience constant stress at work or at home, physically and mentally exhausted, this element is also useful.

As the table of minerals below shows, the daily intake of magnesium ranges from 300-500 mg. alcohol, nicotine, fatty food and caffeine significantly impair the absorption of magnesium. The richest in its content buckwheat(one portion of it will provide for the body daily requirement), bananas, pumpkin seeds. In addition, magnesium is found in wheat bran, oatmeal, squid and shrimp, dry beans, flounder, spinach, potatoes, white cabbage.

The importance of sodium and potassium for the functioning of the body, from what foods can they be obtained?

Important is the fact that table salt also contains minerals. For a day you need to use 10-15 grams table salt to provide the body with a daily supply of sodium (3-6 grams). In the body, this macronutrient transports the mineral substances of the cell and is involved in the regulation water-salt metabolism. But it is important not to overdo it with the use of this product, since its excessive amount adversely affects the functioning of some organs and can provoke the accumulation of sand and the formation of kidney stones, gallbladder and so on.

Potassium is an essential element for maintaining healthy work heart and blood vessels. The correct ratio of potassium and calcium allows you to establish the full functioning of the heart muscle. Potassium and sodium are found in bread, legumes, dried apricots, apples.

Do we have iron?

Iron is another vital trace element. Thanks to him, hemoglobin is formed in the body, which combines with oxygen and delivers it to cells, and then removes it. carbon dioxide. Thus, the role of minerals, in particular iron, is in the oxygen supply of the body. Iron also contributes to proper hematopoietic function. In the body of an adult there is 10-30 µmol / liter of iron. A fruit such as quince is very rich in iron, its high content is found in apples, red meat and offal.

Women need iron more than men, since the representatives of the weaker sex live cyclically and lose this trace element in about once a month. in large numbers. To replenish its reserves, you need to use the above products. Lack of iron in the body leads to anemia.

The importance of chlorine for humans

The importance of chlorine for the body is that it is a constituent gastric juice and blood plasma. Together with sodium and potassium, this macronutrient supports water-salt and acid-base metabolism. Up to 90% of the daily norm of chlorine enters the body along with ordinary table salt. In violation of the exchange of chlorine, sodium and potassium, the work of the heart is disrupted, edema appears, and the person suffers from drops in blood pressure.

Iodine - a drug or an important trace element for the body?

Iodine has been familiar to everyone since childhood thanks to its antiseptic properties. But it is also a useful micronutrient. Foods rich in iodine must be consumed for proper functioning thyroid gland. Iodine is part of the hormones produced by the thyroid gland, therefore it directly affects correct work endocrine system. The daily intake of iodine is 100-200 mg. Seaweed and fish are the richest in iodine, but in modern conditions Life is hard enough to ensure the balance of iodine in the body. Therefore, it is recommended to take special drugs that increase its content.

The content and receipt of fluorine by the body

This is a microelement that is part of the enamel of the surface of the teeth, which means it is responsible for their health and beauty. The body needs 2-3 milligrams of fluoride per day, this need is met through the use of different varieties tea, seafood and nuts.

What other trace elements are important for us?

The table of minerals compiled by us contains the main elements and will help you better understand the body's needs for micro and macro elements.

In addition to those mentioned above, the list is vital necessary elements includes zinc and manganese. Zinc is a component of enzymes that support the redox reactions of the body, and manganese is involved in energy reactions and affects the absorption of many vitamins.

It can be noted that minerals in the diet are very important for your health, as they provide all life processes. The use of the correct daily allowance minerals are the key to health.

MINERALS, THEIR ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN NUTRITION.

BIOMICROELEMENTS, ENDEMIC DISEASES

Minerals are essential nutrients that enter the body with food. The significance of minerals in human nutrition is very diverse: they are included in the complex of substances that make up the living protoplasm of cells, in which the main substance is protein, in the composition of all intercellular and interstitial fluids, providing them with the necessary osmotic properties, in the composition of supporting tissues, bones of the skeleton and in the composition of tissues such as teeth, in which hardness and special strength are needed. In addition, minerals are present in some endocrine glands(iodine - in the composition of the thyroid gland, zinc - in the composition of the pancreas and sex glands), are present in some complex organic compounds (iron - in the composition of Hb, phosphorus - in the composition of phosphatides, etc.), as well as in the form of ions participate in the transmission of nerve impulses, provide blood clotting.

The importance of minerals for a growing organism is great. The increased need for them in children is explained by the fact that the processes of growth and development are accompanied by an increase in the mass of cells, mineralization of the skeleton, and this requires the systematic intake of a certain amount of mineral salts into the child's body.

Minerals enter the body mainly with food. Elements, i.e. minerals found in food products can be divided into three groups: macronutrients, micronutrients and ultramicronutrients.

Macronutrients are present in products in significant quantities - tens and hundreds of mg%. These include: phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg).

trace elements present in food products in quantities of not more than a few mg%: fluorine (F), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), etc.

Ultramicroelements- their content in products, as a rule, in µg%: selenium (Se), gold (Au), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), radium (Ra), etc.

Macronutrients

One of the most important minerals is calcium(Sa). Calcium is a constant component of blood, it is involved in blood coagulation, is part of cell and tissue fluids, is part of the cell nucleus and plays an important role in the processes of growth and cell activity, as well as in the regulation of the permeability of cell membranes, participates in the transmission of nerve impulses , muscle contraction, controls the activity of a number of enzymes. The main value of calcium is its participation in the formation of the bones of the skeleton, where it is the main structural element(Calcium content in the bones reaches 99% of its total amount in the body).

The need for calcium is especially increased in children, in whose body bone-forming processes take place. The need for calcium also increases during pregnancy and especially in nursing mothers.

A long-term lack of calcium in food leads to a violation of bone formation: to the occurrence of rickets in children, osteoporosis and osteomalacia in adults.

Calcium metabolism is characterized by a feature that, with a lack of it in food, it continues to be excreted from the body in significant quantities due to the body's reserves (bones), which causes calcium deficiency (in China in the province of Shangui, where there was a vicious custom to feed mothers in within a month after the birth of the child rice porridge, a huge number of women became crippled due to osteomalacia).

Calcium is a hard-to-digest element. Moreover, its digestibility depends on the ratio with other food components and, first of all, with phosphorus, magnesium, as well as protein and fat.

Calcium absorption is primarily influenced by its ratio with phosphorus. The most favorable ratio of calcium and phosphorus is 1:1.5, when easily soluble and well absorbed calcium phosphate salts are formed. If there is a significant excess of phosphorus in food compared to calcium, in this case, tribasic calcium phosphate is formed, which is poorly absorbed (Table 1).

An excess of fat in food has a negative effect on the absorption of calcium, since a large amount of calcium soaps, i.e., calcium compounds with fatty acids, is formed in this case. In such cases, the usual amount of bile acids is not enough to convert calcium soaps into complex soluble compounds, and these calcium soaps are excreted in the feces in an indigestible form. Favorable ratio of calcium to fats: 1 g of fat should contain at least 10 mg of calcium.

An excess of magnesium in the diet has a negative effect on calcium absorption. This is explained by the fact that for the breakdown of magnesium soaps, as well as calcium ones, bile acids are required. The optimal ratio of Ca:Mg is 1:0.5.

Oxalic and inositol-phosphoric acids, which form insoluble salts, have an adverse effect on the absorption of calcium. Significant amounts of oxalic acid are found in sorrel, spinach, rhubarb, and cocoa. A lot of inositol-phosphoric acid is found in cereals.

A sufficient content of high-grade proteins and lactose in food has a beneficial effect on the absorption of calcium.

One of the decisive factors for good calcium absorption, especially in young children, is vitamin D.

Calcium is best absorbed from milk and dairy products. However, even if up to 80% of the body's need for calcium is met by these products, its absorption in the intestine usually does not exceed 50%. At the same time, in a mixed diet, it is dairy products that make it possible to provide a sufficient amount of calcium and its optimal ratio, which ensures good absorption of this macronutrient.

Calcium is also found in green onions, parsley, and beans. Significantly less in eggs, meat, fish, vegetables, fruits, berries.

Bone meal can also be a source of calcium, which has good digestibility (up to 90%) and can be added in small quantities to various dishes and culinary products (porridge, flour products).

A particularly large need for calcium is observed in patients with bone injuries and in tuberculosis patients. In patients with tuberculosis, along with the breakdown of protein, the body loses a large amount of calcium and therefore a tuberculosis patient needs a large intake of calcium into the body.

Phosphorus(P) is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is an element that is part of the structure of the most important organic compounds, is part of nucleic acids and a number of enzymes, and is also necessary for the formation of ATP. In the human body, up to 80% of all phosphorus is part of bone tissue, about 10% is in muscle tissue.

The body's daily need for phosphorus is 1200 mg. The body's need for phosphorus increases with insufficient intake of protein from food, and especially with increased physical activity. In athletes, the need for phosphorus increases by 2.5 mg, and sometimes by 3-4.5 mg per day.

Above are data on the content of phosphorus in some foodstuffs and its ratio in them with calcium (see Table 1). In foods of plant origin, phosphorus is found in the form of salts and various derivatives of orthophosphoric acid and, mainly, in the form of organic compounds of phosphoric acid - in the form of phytin, which is not broken down in the human intestine (no enzyme). Its slight splitting occurs in the lower sections due to bacteria. In the form of phytin, phosphorus is found in cereal products (up to 50%). The breakdown of phytin is facilitated by the production of bread with yeast and an increase in the rise time of the dough. In cereals, the amount of phytin decreases when they are pre-soaked overnight in hot water.

If necessary, the content of phosphorus in diets can be increased through various products. Here is the data on the content of phosphorus in some foodstuffs, mg%:

Meat and fish products 140 - 230

Hard cheeses 60 - 400

Eggs 210-215

Bread 108-222

Groats (buckwheat, oatmeal, millet) 220-330

Legumes 370-500

Magnesium (Mg), along with potassium, is the main intracellular element. It activates enzymes that regulate carbohydrate metabolism, stimulates the formation of proteins, regulates the storage and release of energy in ATP, reduces excitation in nerve cells, relaxes the heart muscle, increases the motor activity of the intestines, helps to remove toxins and cholesterol from the body.

Magnesium absorption is hindered by the presence of phytin and excess fat and calcium in food.

The daily requirement for magnesium is 400 mg per day. In pregnant and lactating women, the need for 50 mg per day increases. With a lack of magnesium in the diet, the absorption of food is disturbed, growth is delayed, and calcium is found in the walls of blood vessels.

Here is the data on the content of magnesium in some foods, mg%:

Wheat bread 25-51

Bread with bran 60- 90

Brown rice, beans, peas 120-150

Buckwheat groats 78

Sea fish and other seafood 20-75

Meat beef 12-33

Milk 9-13

Hard cheeses 30-56

Parsley, dill, lettuce 150-170

Apricots, apricots, raisins 50-70

Bananas 25-35

Thus, mainly plant foods are rich in magnesium. A large amount contains wheat bran, cereals (oatmeal, etc.), legumes, apricots, dried apricots, apricots, raisins. Little magnesium in dairy products, meat, fish.

Micro and ultra microelements

Iron(Fe) is necessary for the biosynthesis of compounds that provide respiration, hematopoiesis, participates in immunobiological and redox reactions, is part of the cytoplasm, cell nuclei and a number of enzymes.

Iron assimilation is prevented by oxalic acid and phytin. For assimilation, B 12, ascorbic acid is necessary.

Need: men 10 - 20 mg per day, women 20 - 30 mg per day.

With iron deficiency, anemia develops, gas exchange and cellular respiration are disturbed. Excess iron can have a toxic effect on the liver, spleen, brain, and increase inflammation in the human body. With chronic alcohol intoxication iron can accumulate in the body, leading to copper and zinc deficiencies.

Here is the data on the iron content in some foods, mg%:

Wheat and rye bread 3 - 4

Soy, lentils 6-9

Meat beef 9-10

Poultry meat 2-8

Pork liver 15 - 20

Beef and pork kidneys 9-10

Lungs, heart 4 - 5

Spinach 3 - 4

Corn, carrot 2 - 2.5

Eggs 2 - 2.5

Sea fish 2 - 3

However, in an easily digestible form, iron is found only in meat products, liver, egg yolk.

Zinc(Zn). Inadequate intake of this trace element in the body leads to a decrease in appetite, anemia, underweight, decreased visual acuity, hair loss, and contributes to the occurrence of allergic diseases and dermatitis. T-cell immunity is specifically reduced, which leads to frequent and prolonged colds and infectious diseases. Against the background of zinc deficiency in boys, there is a delay in sexual development.

Excess intake of zinc can lower the total body content of such an important element as copper.

The daily requirement of the body for zinc ranges from 12 to 50 mg, depending on gender, age and other factors. Here is the data on the content of zinc in some foods, mg%:

Wheat and rye bread 2 - 4.5

Animal meat 2 - 5

Internal organs of animals 15 - 23

Fish 0.7-1.2

Crabs 2 - 3

Oysters 100-400

Dried cream, hard cheeses 3.5 - 4.5

soy, lentil, green pea 3 - 5

Oats and oatmeal 4.5 - 7.6

Corn 2 - 3

Blueberry 10

Selenium (Se). AT last years very much attention is paid to this ultramicroelement in human nutrition. This is primarily due to its influence on a wide variety of processes in the body. With a deficiency of selenium in the diet, immunity and liver function decrease, there is an increased tendency to inflammatory diseases, cardiopathy, atherosclerosis, diseases of the skin, hair and nails, and the development of cataracts. Growth slows down, reproductive function is disturbed. A relationship was found between selenium deficiency in diets and the incidence of cancer of the stomach, prostate, colon and breast.

Selenium is an antagonist of mercury and arsenic, due to which it is able to protect the body from these elements and cadmium in case of their excessive intake into the body.

The daily requirement for selenium is from 20 to 100 mcg, which, in normal conditions provided by a variety of food products. At the same time, the limited range of products that is typical for our days due to economic reasons, can lead to a deficiency of this element in the diet of the population. Here is the data on the content of selenium in some foods, mg%:

Wheat bread 60

Meat beef 10 - 350

Chicken meat 14 - 22

Beef heart 45

Liver 40 - 60

Pork fat 200 - 400

Sea fish 20 - 200

Soy, lentils, sunflower seeds 60 - 70

Garlic 200-400

Pistachios 450

As can be seen from the above, the content of selenium in food products can fluctuate within a fairly wide range. This is most often associated with the natural biogeochemical features of individual territories. So, in our country, selenium-deficient provinces include the North-Western region (Republic of Karelia, Leningrad region), the Upper Volga region (Yaroslavl, Kostroma and Ivanovo regions), the Udmurt Republic and Transbaikalia. By the way, it was precisely with the deficiency of selenium in the North-West region of our country, as well as in other countries adjacent to it (Finland, Sweden, Norway) that they tried at the beginning of the 20th century. explain the cause of the occurrence of alimentary-paroxysmal-toxic myoglobinuria (Haff and Yuksov's disease) - food poisoning of unclear etiology, recorded in this region. However, this point of view was not confirmed, especially since in subsequent years this disease was repeatedly described in the Novosibirsk region (Sartlan disease), where there is no natural selenium deficiency.

Copper(Cu). Refers to microelements that have natural biogeochemical provinces with a content deficit and artificial biogeochemical provinces with a content that significantly exceeds the norm. Swampy and soddy-podzolic soils are especially poor in copper, on which grown products also contain little copper.

Copper deficiency adversely affects hematopoiesis, iron absorption, the state of connective tissue, myelination processes in the nervous tissue, increases the susceptibility to bronchial asthma, allergic dermatosis, cardiopathy, vitiligo and many other diseases, and disrupts menstrual function in women.

An increased content of copper in the body is often observed in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, bronchial asthma, liver and kidney diseases, myocardial infarction and some malignant neoplasms. The mechanism of this increase is not entirely clear and, obviously, is not the result of excess intake, but the result of changes in the body's metabolic processes.

Chronic intoxication with copper, with its excessive intake in technogenic regions of high content, leads to functional disorders of the nervous system, kidney liver, ulceration and perforation of the nasal septum, and allergic dermatoses.

The body's daily requirement for copper is 1-2 mg. Here is the data on the content of copper in some foods, mg%:

Cucumbers 8 - 9

Pork liver 3.6 - 7.6

Nuts 2.8-3.7

Cocoa beans 3 - 4

Chocolate 1.1 - 2.7

Rose hips 1.5 - 2

Hard cheeses 1 - 1.2

Poultry meat 0.1 - 0.5

Eggs 0.05-0.25

Mushrooms 0.2-1

Fish 0.1-0.6

Walnut 0.9

Parsley, dill, cilantro 0.85

Beef and pork liver 3 - 3.8

Meat miscellaneous 0.1-0.2

Thus, the required amount of copper in normal diets can only be obtained by combining a variety of foods, including rich sources of this trace element. When using products obtained in technogenic biogeochemical provinces and containing excessive amounts of copper, the opposite problem may arise - reducing the total copper content in the diet through the use of products exported from other regions with a low copper content.

Cobalt (Co). This ultramicroelement, as you know, is an integral part of the vitamin B 12 molecule (cyanocobalamin) synthesized under normal conditions in the human body. This vitamin is necessary to ensure rapid cell division, First of all, in the hematopoietic tissues of the bone marrow and nervous tissues. The role of cobalt in stimulating erythropoiesis is great.

With insufficient intake of cobalt with food, anemia develops. With a strict vegetarian diet, women have a violation menstrual cycle, degenerative changes in the spinal cord, hyperpigmentation of the skin. It must be remembered that often anemia and other manifestations of deficiency of cobalt and its organically bound form - vitamin B 12 are not caused by a deficiency in intake, but by a decrease in their absorption due to the presence of a mucoprotein synthesized in the gastric mucosa.

The deficit of cobalt intake can be associated with living in biogeochemical provinces, as well as with the impact of certain occupational hazards (for example, carbon disulfide), which disrupt its metabolism in the human body. The daily requirement of the human body for cobalt is 14-78 mcg. Here is the data on the content of cobalt in some foodstuffs, mg%:

Beef and pork liver 19 - 20

Beef and pork meat 7 - 8

Rabbit meat 15.5-16.2

Beef and pork kidneys 8 - 9

Beans and peas 8

River fish 0 - 35

Sea fish 12 - 40

Kalmar 95

Shrimps 120

Beetroot, lettuce, parsley 3 - 4

Black currant 4

Red pepper 3 - 3.5

Buckwheat and millet 3

Manganese(Mn). plays important role in cell metabolism. It is part of the active center of many enzymes, plays a role in protecting the body from the harmful effects of peroxide radicals.

The lack of manganese leads to a violation of carbohydrate metabolism by the type of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypocholesterolemia, stunted hair and nail growth, increased convulsive readiness, allergies, dermatitis, impaired cartilage formation and osteoporosis. With the development of osteoporosis, calcium intake will exacerbate manganese deficiency, as it makes it difficult for the body to absorb it. Phosphates, iron, products containing a large amount of tannin and oxalates (tea, spinach, etc.) also prevent the absorption of manganese in the body. An excess of manganese in the diet increases the deficiency of magnesium and copper.

The body's daily requirement for manganese is 2 - 9 mg. Here is the data on the content of manganese in some foodstuffs, mg%:

Wheat and rye bread 1.2 - 2.3

Sliced ​​loaf bread 0.8

Millet and buckwheat groats 1.1-1.5

Beans and peas 1.3-1.4

Beet, dill, parsley 0.7 - 0.8

Raspberry, black currant 0.6 - 0.9

Beef kidneys and liver 0.16 - 0.3

Iodine (I). The main role of iodine in the body is participation in the formation of thyroid hormones. In addition, it takes part in the oxidation of fats, controls and organizes the protective mechanisms of the human body. Indirectly, through thyroid hormones, iodine affects the nervous system, determines the normal energy metabolism, the quality of reproductive health, affects the mental and physical development of the child's body.

The entry of iodine into the body occurs mainly through digestive tract, a small amount - through the lungs with inhaled air and very little - through the skin.

Inorganic iodine that enters the body, with the blood flow enters thyroid gland and is captured by active proteins, turning into constituent part hormone - thyroxine. During the day, 100-300 micrograms of hormonal iodide enters the blood from the thyroid gland. The consumption of iodine is replenished due to its intake with food.

The problem of iodine deficiency for our country is extremely relevant, since more than 50% of its territory have a lack of iodine in water and soil, and hence in food of local origin.

Research carried out in different countries world have shown that in regions of severe iodine deficiency, 1-10% of the population has cretinism, 5-30% have neurological disorders and mental retardation, and 30-70% have a decrease in mental abilities. The result of chronic iodine deficiency is the development endemic goiter.

Iodine deficiency states are not rare. According to WHO, more than 1.5 billion inhabitants of our planet are at risk of developing such disorders. Iodine deficiency is observed in almost the entire territory of our country. The most widely known in this regard are the foothill and mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, the Urals, Altai, the Siberian Plateau, and the Far East. Iodine-deficient territories include the regions of the Upper and Middle Volga, Verny and Central regions of the European part of the country. About 100 million Russians live in their territories. The conducted studies show that even in the Tambov and Voronezh regions the frequency of goiter in schoolchildren reaches 15 - 40%. The percentage of detection of goiter is also high in schoolchildren in Moscow and the Moscow region - respectively, 14 and 29% (M.V. Veldanova, A.V. Skalny, 2001).

Prevention of iodine deficiency should be carried out in several directions, of which the main one should be recognized as ensuring the intake of sufficient amounts of iodine with food through natural foods with a high content of it.

Here is the data on the content of iodine in some foods, mg%:

Seaweed Up to 3000

Cod 135

Shrimps 110

Chicken egg 20

Animal meat 6.8 - 7.2

Beef liver 6.3

Beetroot Up to 7

Poultry meat 4 - 5.6

Potato 5

Cow's milk 16

Cream 20% 9.3

Beans and soybeans 8.2-12.1

Salad, grapes 8

Bread different 3 - 5.6

Cereals different 3.3 - 5.1

Walnuts 3.1

The richest sources of iodine in the diet are seafood, as well as milk and eggs. As for products of plant origin, the data presented are averaged. In natural iodine-deficient biogeochemical provinces, its content can be significantly lower. In this case importance acquires the importation of products from other iodine-free territories.

But often this way does not solve the problem of iodine supply. In these cases resort to the use in the nutrition of the population special products food fortified with iodine - iodized salt, iodized butter, bread, milk and other foods fortified with iodine.

Monotonous nutrition, low content of minerals in foods, unbalanced in content nutrients food, improper storage of fruits and vegetables, some endocrine diseases- these are the reasons for insufficient provision of the body with minerals.

In the process of culinary processing of products, a significant amount of minerals and trace elements is lost: for example, when thawing fish - 18%, when cooking meat - from 20 to 67% enters the broth, when cooking peeled potatoes - more than 20%. Therefore, vegetable broth must be used for cooking (if the vegetables are organic).

Types of minerals

Mineral elements are divided into cations (potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium), which have an alkaline orientation, and anions (phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine), which have an acidic orientation in the body.

There are also minerals that are found in foods in small quantities, but they show more in the body biological activity. These are the so-called biomicroelements (iron, iodine, manganese, copper, zinc, cobalt, molybdenum, fluorine and others).

Minerals can also be divided into macronutrients and micronutrients.

Macronutrients- sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur - are found in the body in high concentrations.

trace elements- iron, copper, manganese, zinc, cobalt, iodine, fluorine, chromium, molybdenum - in small concentrations.

The daily human need for macronutrients is calculated in grams, and micronutrients - in milligrams and micrograms.

Minerals enter the human body as part of food and liquids.

The assortment of Argo includes a large number of drugs that are additional sources any mineral substance. One of them is Cal di Mag. It includes two minerals - calcium and magnesium, those nutrients that are vital for the health of the whole organism.

Minerals

Definition

Minerals are considered to be all elements of plant and animal origin, with the exception of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

In the animal body, there are from 30 to 35 different minerals, of which 15-20 are vital.

Tasks

• Construction materials of the skeleton
• Components biologically active substances and metabolic regulators
• Regulation of acid-base balance

Sulfur- the structure of hair, horn parts, wool, feathers

Iron, sodium composition of blood and other body fluids

Zinc- component of the cell nucleus

Potassium– regulation of pressure in cells

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum- skeletal structure, muscle function

Chlorine, copper- digestion of food

Phosphorus, selenium– fertility

Calcium, sodium, potassium- milk synthesis

Classification

Minerals are divided into

Macronutrients: Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Cl, S

Trace elements: Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, J, Se

The body of the animal strives to maintain a balance between the minerals that come from the digestive tract, their excretions from the body and metabolic processes in the body.

Hormones are primarily responsible for maintaining mineral balance. parathyroid gland and the adrenal cortex.

Regulation occurs mainly through the skeleton (Ca, P) and kidneys (Na, K, Cl, P). Vitamin D is also involved in mineral metabolism. Calcium and phosphorus can accumulate in the skeleton in large quantities. These reserves can be used by the body when the animals do not receive enough minerals from the feed or when the body needs an increased amount of them. If the used reserves of minerals are replenished again during periods of reduced demand for them, then this does not entail negative consequences for animal health.

Mineral requirement and mineral supply

For animals, it is important not only the amount of individual minerals, but also a certain ratio of individual minerals to each other.

The most important ratio is the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, but other ratios are also important (depending on the animal species).

Depending on the amount of minerals that comes with the feed, there are:

• minimum allowable security: the amount of incoming minerals is so limited that signs of deficiency in minerals almost begin to appear;
• optimal provision: the amount at which there is no improvement in health, fertility and productivity.

For optimal supply of animals, it is necessary to know the content of minerals in the feed and the need for them in the body.

• Botanical accessories of the plant

Legumes, beets, beet leaves and rapeseed have high content calcium, cereals (including corn) are poor in minerals and have an almost equal ratio of calcium to phosphorus. Herbs are rich in minerals.

When fertilizing the soil with organic fertilizers (liquid slurry, manure), a lot of potassium enters the soil, then almost all plants are rich in potassium. Roots and tubers are poor in minerals.

Oilseeds, meal, seeds and bran are poor in potassium and relatively rich in phosphorus. Phosphorus in grains and seeds is mostly phytic phosphorus, which is only partially used by monogastric animals.

• Soil nutrient content

The better the soil is fertilized, the richer in minerals the feed grown on it.

• From weather conditions

Both severe drought and excessive moisture adversely affect the mineral content of plants. Drought especially strongly reduces the content of phosphorus in them.

• From harvesting conditions

Accurate collection and conservation reduces the loss of minerals.

More about minerals in animal nutrition:

Definition

Vitamins are vital necessary substances which act in the body in very small quantities.

Tasks

Formation and maintenance of certain tissues ( fat soluble vitamins), regulation of metabolism as constituent enzymes ( water soluble vitamins). Each vitamin performs certain tasks in the body and cannot be replaced by any other.

Insufficient supply of vitamins leads to vitamin deficiency (avitaminosis). An overdose (hypervitaminosis), especially vitamin D, is also possible.

Solubility classification

Vitamins are:

• fat soluble: A, D, E, K
• water-soluble: B 1, B 2, B 6, B 12, C, a nicotinic acid, choline, pantothenic acid, folic acid, biotin, etc.

Fat soluble vitamins

Tasks: responsible for growth, protection of the epithelium, fertility

Origin: as a vitamin in animal feed (milk, fish oil, fishmeal, etc.), as a provitamin (carotene) in all green parts of plants

Sensitivity: vitamin and provitamin are destroyed by oxygen. Over time (storage of feed), carotene decomposes.

Vitamin D

Tasks: stimulation of mineral metabolism (calcium and phosphorus), productivity (anti-rachitic vitamin)

Origin: as a vitamin in hay dried in the sun and in fish oil. As a provitamin in many plants. Can be activated in animals ultraviolet radiation(in the sun)

Tasks: stimulates the absorption and action of vitamin A; fertility, muscle activity; it is a natural antioxidant. Particularly important in corn-based diets

Origin: in young green mass, in wheat germ and malt seedlings.

Tasks: increased blood clotting

Origin: widely present in many feed components. An additional introduction is needed for the bird.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Tasks: perform various functions in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats, in the formation of blood, the functioning of the nervous system, fermentation processes, affect the condition of the skin and fertility.

Origin: yeast, cereals, bran, milk, whey

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Tasks: maintenance and stimulation immune system organism

Origin: in all green parts of plants.

Its significance for practical feeding is relatively insignificant.

Providing animals with vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D and E must be additionally supplied to the animal's body with food.

Vitamin K in ruminants and pigs is synthesized by microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins can be synthesized by ruminants with the help of rumen microbes. Pigs and poultry should receive them along with the feed.

More about vitamins:

Other feed additives

Growth stimulants

Antibiotics as growth promoters

These are metabolic products of mold fungi, they improve feed conversion and gains. In fattening animals, they can be used to prevent diseases (flavophospholipol, sodium monensin, sodium salinomycin, avilamycin).

Other growth promoters

Various chemical origin, act as antibiotics.

Antioxidants

They protect other substances from decomposition due to contact with oxygen, especially feed containing fat. Example: L-ascorbic acid, ethoxyquin

Aromatic and Appetizing Substances

All substances natural origin and their corresponding synthetic substances. This is a large group of spices, herbal extracts, etc., including synthetic aromatics.

Binders and coatings

Binders make it easier to compact the feed or compact it (eg mineral licks).

Coating agents ensure better flowability in screws and conveyors.

Emulsifiers, stabilizers, thickeners and gelling agents

Emulsifiers improve the distribution of fats in feed (e.g. in whole milk substitutes)

Dyes including pigments

Dyes improve the color of the skin or yolk, as well as the palatability of the feed. Application: poultry, fish, pets

Supplements to Prevent Common Diseases

Supplements to prevent histomonosis

This Supplement Prevents Disease in Turkeys

Supplements to Prevent Coccidiosis

Coccidiostats prevent coccidiosis in birds. Allowed for young birds, broilers and turkeys, but not for laying hens.

preservatives

A very extensive group of additives that improve the shelf life of feed. For example: acids and their salts

Humidifiers

Example: aluminum sulfate (cement) for the production of lick stones

Microorganisms and enzymes

The former were formerly considered microbial growth promoters and include large group microorganisms, such as lactic acid bacteria or spores of various bacterial strains. They can also be called gut flora regulators.

Enzymes are produced by microorganisms and affect metabolism (improve the absorption of nutrients and minerals).

organic acids

They have a positive effect on feed hygiene, feed digestion and metabolism.

Bibliography:

Prof. Manfred Kirchgesner. Animal Feeding: A Textbook for Study, Counseling and Practice. Prof. Manfred Kirchgesner, 11th revised edition, DLG, Frankfurt am Main, 2004,

H. Hieroch, G. Flachowski and F. Weisbach. The doctrine of feed. Gustov Fischer Publishing House, Stuttgart. 1993

My lecture notes from FH Weihstephan, Germany

Articles on the site scientific center Office Agriculture Bavaria, Germany

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Minerals are important food elements that enter the human body with food. They are part of the substances that make up the living protoplasm of cells, where protein acts as the main component.

Significance for life

Minerals are present in the composition of interstitial and intercellular fluids giving them certain osmotic properties. They are also in the bones of the skeleton, supporting tissues, where they create special strength.

Minerals are in the composition of the endocrine glands:

• iodine is found in the thyroid gland;
• zinc is present in the sex glands.

Phosphorus and iron ions are involved in the transmission of nerve impulses that ensure blood clotting.

Importance for children

Minerals are essential for children. The increased need of a growing organism for such elements is explained by the fact that development is associated with an increase in the mass of cells, the process of mineralization of the skeleton, which is possible only if they are systematically supplied to the child's body.

The importance of minerals is obvious, which is why it is so important that foods containing micro and macro elements are used in children's nutrition.

Macronutrients in products are present in significant amounts: tens and hundreds of mg%. Among them are: calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium.

Trace elements in food products are contained in small quantities: iron, copper, cobalt, zinc, fluorine.

Importance of Calcium

This chemical element is a permanent constituent of the blood. It is this mineral substance in the diet that is needed for the processes of activity and growth of cells, the regulation of the permeability of their membranes, and the transmission of nerve impulses. Calcium is needed to control the activity of enzymes, muscle contractions.

It acts as the main structural element in the formation of the bones of the skeleton. The need for calcium is high in children, in whose organisms bone-forming processes occur, as well as in pregnant women, nursing mothers.

In the case of a prolonged lack of calcium in food, disturbances in bone formation appear, rickets develop in children, and osteomalacia appears in adults.

Insufficient content of minerals causes the appearance of many problems, not only physical, but also psychological.

Calcium is considered a difficult to digest element. It depends on its ratio with other food components, for example, magnesium, phosphorus, fat, protein.

Among those food products in which it is present in significant quantities, there are: rye and wheat bread, oatmeal, buckwheat.

With an excess of fat in food, the absorption of calcium decreases, since a significant amount of its compounds with fatty acids is formed.

AT similar situations bile acids are not enough to convert calcium soaps into soluble complex compounds, as a result of which they are not absorbed, they are excreted along with feces. The ratio of fats with calcium is considered favorable at the rate of 10 mg per 1 g of fat.

This process is negatively affected by excess amount magnesium in the diet. Salts of this alkaline earth metal also need bile acids therefore, calcium absorption is reduced. Oxalic acid, contained in spinach, sorrel, cocoa, rhubarb, also negatively affects the absorption of calcium by the human body.

The maximum amount of this important element a person receives from milk and dairy products. It is also found in beans, parsley, green onions. An excellent source of calcium is bone meal, which can be added to flour products and cereals. The need for calcium in patients with bone injuries is essential. In the absence of it, human body recovery takes much longer.

Importance of Phosphorus

Minerals include compounds that contain this non-metal. It is phosphorus that is the component that is included in the structure of important organic substances: nucleic acids, enzymes, it is needed for the formation of ATP. In the human body most of of this element is found in bone tissue, and about ten percent of it is present in muscle tissue.

The daily requirement of the body in it is 1200 mg. The need for the element increases in case of insufficient intake of protein with food, as well as with a significant increase in physical activity.

Phosphorus is found in foodstuffs of plant origin, as well as various derivatives of phosphoric acid, for example, in the form of phytin. This confirms the importance and significance of the content of phosphorus in the water in the form of ions.

Iron is an essential micronutrient

Let's continue the conversation about why minerals are so important. Iron salts are required by the body for the biosynthesis of substances, full respiration, and hematopoiesis. Iron takes part in redox and immunobiological reactions. It is in the composition of the cytoplasm, some enzymes, cell nuclei.

An excess of iron has a toxic effect on the spleen, liver, brain, leads to inflammatory processes in the human body.

In the case of alcohol intoxication, iron accumulates, resulting in copper.

Even though it is in various products nutrition, in an easily digestible form, iron is present only in the liver, meat products, egg yolk.

Purpose of zinc

The lack of this microelement contributes to a decrease in appetite, the appearance of anemia, weakening of visual acuity, hair loss, the appearance of numerous allergic diseases and dermatitis. As a result, a person develops long and frequent colds, and in boys, inhibition of sexual development is observed. This element is found in dry cream, hard cheeses, corn, onions, rice, blueberries, mushrooms. Only with a sufficient content of this element in water, food, you can count on a full-fledged physiological development the rising generation.

Ultra trace elements: selenium

Minerals in the soil, food containing this element, help to increase immunity. With a lack of selenium, the number of inflammatory diseases increases, atherosclerosis develops, cardiopathy develops, nail and hair diseases appear, cataracts develop, development and growth are inhibited, problems with reproductive function. This element protects the body from cancer of the prostate, stomach, breast, colon.

For example, selenium deficiency is observed in the Leningrad, Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Kostroma regions, Karelia.

Copper

The lack of mineral substances in water, food, for example, copper, leads to a deterioration connective tissue, menstrual disorders in women, allergic dermatoses, cardiopathy.

With its increased content in the body, chronic and acute inflammatory diseases, develops bronchial asthma, diseases of the kidneys, liver appear, are formed malignant neoplasms. At chronic intoxication body with copper, a person has functional disorders nervous system.

iodine deficiency

If a given mineral substance in soil, water, is present in enough, this contributes to the failure of the thyroid gland. Iodine has a significant effect on the nervous system, is responsible for the normality of energy metabolism, reproductive health, affects the physical and mental development of the child.

Iodine enters the body through the digestive tract, as well as with air through the lungs. In an inorganic form, it enters the thyroid gland with the bloodstream, is captured by active proteins, and turns into part of the hormone thyroxine. About 300 mg of this iodide enters the bloodstream per day. Its deficiency in water, food causes cretinism, neurological disorders, mental retardation. At chronic deficiency endemic goiter develops.

Such problems are typical for residents of the northern regions, in whose diet there are insufficient amounts of seafood.

Such violations have been identified in 1.5 billion inhabitants of our planet. As universal remedy prevention, the use of iodized table salt in the amount of 5-10 g per day is allowed. For example, for children and adolescents, doctors consider an excellent option for preventing iodine deficiency daily use a tablespoon of dry kelp.

In plant products, some of the important compounds are removed with waste. cleaning vegetables, heat treatment, leads to a loss of 10-20% of minerals.

The human body is a complex biochemical laboratory, where metabolic processes. They are the ones who provide normal functioning living organism, are needed to build bone tissue, regulate water-salt metabolism, maintain in cells internal pressure. Without minerals, the functioning of the digestive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems is impossible.

Important Facts

It is impossible to determine the mineral substance that is most necessary for the human body, since with a lack of one mineral, a complete metabolic failure occurs, numerous diseases appear.

Without the presence of iron, manganese, copper, manganese, nickel, and calcium cations in sufficient quantities, hormones, enzymes, and vitamins do not work. This leads to violation full exchange substances that lower the immune system.

Causes of imbalance

Prolonged deficiency or excess of minerals - serious danger for a person. The main reasons for such violations are:

• Monotony of nutrition, use in the diet individual products, which contain small amounts mineral components.
• Specificity mineral composition products associated with the chemical content of water, soil in some geographical areas. Too much or too little mineral salts leads to specific diseases.
• Unbalanced nutrition, insufficient content in food of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins reduces the absorption of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus.
• Violation of the culinary processing of food products.
• Improper defrosting of fish and meat are accompanied by total loss minerals.
• Prolonged digestion of vegetables leads to the fact that almost 30 percent of the mineral salts turn into a decoction.

Conclusion

Not only water, but also the soil is a pantry of minerals. A significant amount of various salts is found in the bowels of the earth. As a result of natural corrosion, they enter the water in the form of cations and anions. It is water that plays an important role in organizing the basic processes within a living organism. With an insufficient content of the main micro, macroelements in it, it ceases to fully fulfill its main functions, which negatively affects the health of the individual.