Factors of psychological health. Psychological health: risk factors for disorders and optimal conditions for its development

They can be conditionally divided into two groups: objective, or environmental factors, and subjective, due to individual personal characteristics.

Let us first discuss the influence of environmental factors. They are usually understood as family adverse factors and unfavorable factors associated with child care facilities, professional activities, and the socio-economic situation in the country. It is clear that environmental factors are most significant for the psychological health of children and adolescents, so we will reveal them in more detail.

Quite often, the difficulties of the child originate in infancy (from birth to a year). It is well known that the most significant factor in the normal development of an infant's personality is communication with the mother, and a lack of communication can lead to various kinds of developmental disorders in the child. However, in addition to the lack of communication, other, less obvious types of interaction between mother and baby can be distinguished, which adversely affect psychological health. Thus, the pathology of an overabundance of communication, which leads to overexcitation and overstimulation of the child, is opposite to the lack of communication. This kind of upbringing is quite typical for many modern families, but it is it that is traditionally regarded as favorable and is not perceived as a risk factor either by the parents themselves or even by psychologists, therefore we will describe ᴇᴦο in more detail. Overexcitation and overstimulation of the child can be observed in the case of maternal overprotection with the removal of the father, when the child plays the role of the mother's "emotional crutch" and is in a symbiotic relationship with her. Such a mother constantly stays with the child, does not leave ᴇᴦο for a minute, because she feels good with him, because without a child she feels emptiness and loneliness. Another option is continuous excitation, selectively directed to one of the functional areas - nutrition or bowel movement. As a rule, this variant of interaction is implemented by an anxious mother, who is madly worried about whether the child has eaten the prescribed grams of milk, whether and how regularly she has emptied her intestines. Usually she is well acquainted with all the norms of child development. For example, she carefully monitors whether the child began to roll over from his back to his stomach in time. And if he is delayed with the coup for several days, he is very worried and runs to the doctor.

The next type of pathological relationships is the alternation of overstimulation with the emptiness of relationships, i.e. structural disorganization, disorder, discontinuity, anarchy of the child's life rhythms. In Russia, this type is most often implemented by a student mother, i.e., who does not have the opportunity permanent care for the child, but then trying to make amends for guilt with continuous caresses.

Although common, their root causes are still being established through scientific research and debate. Psychotherapists are convinced that the tendency to mental disorders is influenced by genetic factors (a predisposition transmitted from the father or mother), as well as social factors (here they mean the situation of a person throughout his life - upbringing, environment, family). Of course, there are risk factors that influence the development of schizophrenia and other bipolar disorders psyche - we will talk about them below.

Biological factors

Biological factors that provoke the development of mental disorders in humans include:

• Genetics (the presence of diagnoses of personality disorders in close relatives in a straight line). The existence of genes responsible for the transmission of mental disorders from parents to a child has been proven;
• Diseases during life, resulting in infectious and toxic processes, the strongest allergic reaction, failure in metabolism and metabolism;
• Harmful factors affecting pregnancy;
• in the human body - in particular, between hormones such as serotonin and dopamine;
• The impact on the body of chemicals that adversely affect the work of the central nervous system.

It has been proven that if the father or mother had a tendency to, then with a 90% probability they will manifest themselves at some of the life stages of the child.

Psychotherapists warn parents that taking their children narcotic substances(ketamine and marijuana) in adolescence, provoke acute mental states close to psychosis.

Psychosis develops in autistic children, as well as in those who have been an antisocial person from a young age. The relationship between brain disorders and psychosis has been proven. Directly, the violations themselves in the work of the cerebral cortex and its departments occur in the prenatal period.

Medical factors

Mental disorders can be triggered by the following factors:

• Long-term treatment of the patient with steroids;
• The impact of pregnancy and childbirth on a woman's body, in particular, on her psyche. According to statistics, 50% of women around the world experience psychosis of varying degrees of manifestation after the birth of a child;
• lack of sleep, hormonal treatment women during pregnancy, in the aggregate leading to psycho-emotional personality disorders;
• The use of narcotic substances;
• Smoking marijuana.

Psychological factors

Under the psychological factors affecting the personality disorder of a person, it is necessary to understand:

• A state of increased anxiety;
• lingering;
• Bipolar personality disorder;
• Violations social behavior person, provoked by his reaction to the people around him.

Very often, people go from a nervous breakdown to a mental one after insomnia appears in their lives, with its inherent nightmares and fears. Such people in ordinary life behave very strangely - they are asocial, suspicious even of people close to them. They have a paroidal attitude to everything that happens in their lives. It seems to them that all the negative events that occur in life on a global level directly concern them.

By the way, psychological studies show that in women suffering from postpartum depression, in childhood were subjected to physical abuse and extreme ill-treatment. The parents of these girls drank alcohol, abused drugs, smoked, unhealthy image life.

Scientific experience and numerous studies have shown that psychoses occur in people who have gone through a difficult life event. Those who live in bad social conditions, is influenced by a negative company or is a representative of ethnic and racial minorities, most often faces a diagnosis of "psychosis".

Normality and Abnormality

The concept of normality and abnormality was defined by the psychiatrist and philosopher Neil Burton. He brought out 3 main characteristics by which one can determine whether a person is normal or not. The doctor gave a definition of personality disorder according to the international classification.

So, the first sign is that a person has a disturbed consciousness and recognition of his own self;

The second sign is that it is difficult for the patient to communicate with people around him;

The third sign is that a person's condition cannot be assessed as pathological, that is, he is not under the influence of chemicals or psychotropic drugs.

The general condition of a person can be assessed as: paranoid, asocial, narcissistic, dependent, schizoid. Moreover, such mental disorders practically do not occur in an isolated form - they overlap each other, causing borderline states. Manifestation mental disorder accounts for the processes of a person's personal crisis.

paranoid disorder

If a person has paranoid disorder, then he will be characterized by pronounced discontent and distrust of the people around him. Patients do not have a close environment, friends and life partner. Such a person is very easy to offend, given that they are extremely unsociable.

schizoid type disorder

People of the schizoid type are completely immersed in themselves, but at the same time they are not interested in society, and also love relationship generally. Such people practically do not express emotions, they can be called insensitive. They are painful, but at the same time they adapt well in society and can be successful both in their careers and in their personal lives (if their companion is a person who accepts their oddities).

schizotypal disorder

Such people are extremely strange: they look very strange, they behave atypically, they have an atypical perception of the world around them. Schizotypical people believe in magic, sects. They are suspicious and distrustful. Almost all of their surroundings are allegedly dangerous for them.

Neil Burton also identifies antisocial, borderline, hysterical, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent, compulsive-obsessive disorders.

Creative Group " mental health participants in the educational process” (team leader:).

The composition of the creative team:

Ø K average level - adaptive - we will refer people who are generally adapted to society, but have somewhat increased anxiety. Such people can be classified as a risk group, since they do not have a margin of psychological health and can be included in group work of a preventive and developmental orientation.

Ø lowest level is maladaptive. It includes people seeking to adapt to external circumstances to the detriment of their desires and capabilities, and people seeking to subordinate the environment to their needs. People assigned to this level of psychological health need individual psychological help.

Risk Factors for Mental Health Disorders

There are two groups of risk factors for mental health disorders:

1. Objective, or environmental factors;

2. Subjective factors due to individual personality characteristics.

External factors

Objective should be understood as unfavorable family factors and unfavorable factors associated with children's institutions, professional activities, and the socio-economic situation in the country. Environmental factors are more significant for the psychological health of children and adolescents than for adults.

The most significant for the normal development of the personality of the infant is communication with the mother. Lack of communication, overabundance of communication, formal communication, alternation of overstimulation with the emptiness of the relationship (mother-student) can lead to various developmental disorders of the child. Violations of the interaction of the child with the mother can lead to the formation of such negative personality formations as anxious attachment and distrust of the world around instead of normal affection and basic trust. Anxious attachment in primary school age manifests itself increased dependence on adult assessments, the desire to do homework only with mom. And distrust of the world around is often manifested in junior schoolchildren how destructive aggressiveness or strong unmotivated fears, and both are usually combined with increased anxiety. With the help of psychosomatic symptoms ( stomach colic, sleep disturbances, etc.) the child reports that the maternal function is performed unsatisfactorily.

The relationship with the father is essential for the development of the autonomy of the child. The father must be physically and emotionally available to the child, because: a) he gives the child an example of relations with his mother - relations between autonomous subjects; b) acts as a prototype outside world, i.e., liberation from the mother becomes not a departure to nowhere, but a departure to someone; c) is less of a conflict object than the mother and becomes a source of protection. Thus, disturbed relations with the father most often adversely affect the formation autonomy and independence of the child . The unformed independence of the child in early age leads to a problem expressions of anger and insecurity . The problem may have various symptoms: excessive obesity, fear of growing up and depression, sharp unreasonable outbursts of aggressiveness. More clearly unformed independence can manifest itself in the problems of adolescence. A teenager will either achieve independence with protest reactions that are not always adequate to the situation, perhaps even to the detriment of himself, or continue to remain "behind his mother's back", "paying" for this with certain psychosomatic manifestations.

Absence of one of the parents or conflict relations between them can lead to gender identity disorders or cause the development of neurotic symptoms: enuresis, hysterical attacks of fear and phobias. In some children, it can lead to characteristic changes in behavior: strongly pronounced general readiness to respond, timidity and timidity, submissiveness, a tendency to depressive moods, insufficient ability to affect and fantasize.

· The most significant risk factor in the family system is the interaction of the "child - family idol" type, when the satisfaction of the child's needs prevails over the satisfaction of the needs of other family members. This type of family interaction can result in violation of the child's ability to perceive and take into account in his behavior the conditions, desires and interests of other people . The child sees the world only from the standpoint of his own interests and desires, does not know how to communicate with peers, understand the requirements of adults. It is these children, often well-intellectually developed, who cannot successfully adapt to school.

· The phenomenon of parental programming has an ambiguous effect on the psychological health of the child. On the one hand, through the phenomenon of parental programming, the assimilation of moral culture and spirituality occurs. On the other hand, due to the extremely pronounced need for parents' love, the child tends to adapt his behavior to meet their expectations, relying on their verbal and non-verbal signals, which hinders the development of his independence. In general, it will appear absence the most important neoplasm school age – initiative . The child shows increased anxiety, self-doubt, and sometimes expressed fears.

· The risk factor may be an absolute ban on the manifestation of aggressiveness, which may result in the complete displacement of aggressiveness. Thus, an always kind and obedient child who is never naughty is the “pride of a mother” and everyone’s favorite often pays for everyone’s love at a rather high price - a violation of their psychological health.

Unnecessarily strict and quick accustoming to neatness small child is a risk factor for mental health disorders. The child develops fear of punishment for untidiness.

The next group of factors is connected with children's institutions.

Noteworthy meeting in kindergarten a child with the first foreign significant adult - a caregiver. This meeting will largely determine his subsequent interaction with significant adults. With the teacher, the child receives the first experience of polyadic (instead of dyadic - with parents) communication. The teacher usually does not notice about 50% of the children's appeals directed to her. And this can lead to an increase in the independence of the child, a decrease in his egocentrism, or maybe to dissatisfaction of the need for security, the development of anxiety, psychosomatization child. In addition, in kindergarten, a child may have a serious internal conflict , in case of conflict relations with peers. Internal conflict is caused by contradictions between the requirements of other people and the child's capabilities, disrupts emotional comfort, and hinders the formation of personality.

· The relationship of children aged 6.5-7 with their parents begins to be mediated by the school. If parents understand the essence of changes in the child, then his status in the family rises, and he is included in new relationships. But more often, conflict in the family increases when the demands made by parents on the child do not correspond to his capabilities. The consequences may be different, but always represent a risk factor for psychological disorders.

· At school, for the first time, a child finds himself in a situation of socially assessed activity, i.e., his skills must correspond to the norms of reading, writing, counting established in society. In addition, for the first time, the child gets the opportunity to objectively compare his activities with the activities of others (through assessments - points or pictures: "clouds", "suns", etc.). As a consequence of this, he realizes for the first time his "non-omnipotence". Accordingly, the dependence on the assessments of adults, especially teachers, increases. But it is especially important that for the first time the self-consciousness and self-esteem of the child receive strict criteria for his development: success in studies and school behavior. Accordingly, the younger schoolchild learns himself only in these areas and builds his self-esteem on the same foundations. However, due to the limited criteria, situations of failure can lead to significant lower self-esteem children. In a situation of persistent long-term failure, the child may become apathetic , purchase deprivation of the claim to recognition. This will manifest itself not only in a decrease in self-esteem, but also in the formation inadequate protective options response. At the same time, an active variant of behavior usually includes various manifestations. aggression towards animate and inanimate objects, compensation in other activities. Passive option - manifestation of insecurity, shyness, laziness, apathy, withdrawal into fantasy or illness. Formed feeling of inferiority .

· Adolescence- This is the most important period for the formation of independence. In many ways, the success of achieving independence is determined by how the process of separating the adolescent from the family is carried out. The separation of a teenager from a family is usually understood as building a new type of relationship between a teenager and his family, based no longer on guardianship, but on partnership. Consequences of incomplete separation from the family - inability to take responsibility for one's life . Therefore, it is so important that parents know how to provide a teenager with such rights and freedoms that he can dispose of without threatening his psychological and physical health.

· The school can be seen as a place where one of the most important psychosocial conflicts of growing up takes place, also aimed at achieving independence and self-sufficiency.

Internal factors

Mental health involves resilience to stressful situations, so consider those psychological characteristics, which lead to reduced resistance to stress.

v The following properties of temperament, according to A. Thomas, contribute to the formation of low stress resistance: low adaptive ability, tendency to avoid, the prevalence of bad mood, fear of new situations, excessive stubbornness, excessive distractibility, increased or decreased activity. The difficulty of this temperament lies in the increased risk of behavioral disorders and in the fact that it is difficult for adults to apply adequate educational influences.

v Reactivity is a factor affecting psychological health. Reactivity is understood as the ratio of the strength of the reaction to the stimulus that caused it. Accordingly, highly reactive children are those who react strongly even to small stimuli, while weakly reactive children are those with a weak intensity of reactions. Highly reactive children often have increased anxiety. They have a reduced threshold for the emergence of fear, reduced performance. A passive level of self-regulation is characteristic, that is, weak perseverance, low efficiency of actions, poor adaptation of one's goals to the real state of things. Another dependence was also found: the inadequacy of the level of claims (unrealistically low or high).

Reduced resistance to stress is also associated with some personality factors.

v Cheerful people are the most psychologically stable, respectively, people with a low background of mood are less stable.

v Externals who see most events as the result of chance, not associating them with personal involvement, are more prone to stress. Internals cope with stress more successfully.

v Self-esteem is a sense of purpose and own capabilities. People with low self-esteem have more high level fear or anxiety. They perceive themselves as having insufficient ability to face the threat. Accordingly, they are less energetic in taking preventive measures, seek to avoid difficulties, because they are convinced that they will not cope with them. If people rate themselves highly enough, then it is unlikely that they will interpret many events as emotionally difficult or stressful. In addition, if stress arises, they show greater initiative and therefore cope with it more successfully.

v The balance between the desire for risk and safety, for change and for maintaining stability, for accepting uncertainty and for controlling events, is a significant risk factor for maintaining psychological health. Only an equilibrium state will allow a person to develop, change, on the one hand, and prevent self-destruction, on the other.

So, we looked at the risk factors for mental health disorders. However, let's try to dream up: what if the child grows up in an absolutely comfortable environment? Probably, he will be absolutely psychologically healthy? What personality will we get in the case of total absence external stressors? We'll talk about it next time.

younger students.

Determining the criteria for the norm of a child's psychological health, which could become the basis for differentiating psychological assistance to children, we proceed from the following proposition: the foundations of psychological health constitute a complete mental development a person at all stages of ontogenesis, i.e. in everything age periods his general development(I.V. Dubrovina). The psychological health of a child and an adult is distinguished by a set of personality neoplasms that have not yet appeared in a child, but should be present in an adult, and their absence in a child should not be perceived as a violation. Since psychological health presupposes the existence of a dynamic balance between the individual and the environment, the child's adaptation to society becomes a key criterion.

What conditions lead to a violation of the psychological health of younger students? What becomes risk factors? Risk can come from outside (objective or environmental factors) and from within (subjective or individual-personal factors).

Environmental factors as a source of risk of mental health disorders are very significant for primary school age, because. with the beginning of active socialization, the child becomes especially closely dependent on the environment. Adverse psychosocial factors, in turn, are divided into two groups:

• 
  Family.
• 
  Associated with children's institutions.

Often the roots of a child's school problems lie in one of the early age periods.

What are the main risk factors for mental health disorders at different age stages of development? (3.15)

Infancy(from birth to one year). The main thing for the baby is communication with the mother. The lack of this communication becomes a risk factor, the consequences of which can manifest themselves much later. However, the psychological health of the infant is also harmed by excessive communication with the mother, leading to overstimulation of the child.

Disturbances in the interaction of the infant with the mother can lead to the formation of such negative personality formations as his anxious attachment to his mother and distrust of the world around him (instead of normal attachment and basic trust). These negative formations are stable, persisting until primary school age and beyond, acquiring a child in the process of growing up. various forms, depending on age and individual features. (5.206)

Early age(from one to three years)

In early childhood, the relationship with the mother retains its significance, but at this age, the "I" of the child begins to form. He gradually becomes aware of himself as a separate person, internally separating himself from his mother. The result of development in early childhood should be the formation of autonomy, relative independence of the child, and for this, the mother needs to “let go” him to such a distance that he himself wants and can move away. In early childhood, communication with the father is very important for the development of independence of the child. The father must be physically emotionally available to the child, because, firstly, he is a clear example of relations with the mother as relations of autonomous subjects, and secondly, he acts as a prototype of the outside world, when some distance from the mother turns out to be not a departure to nowhere, but a departure to someone. then, and thirdly, the father is by nature less anxious, more psychologically stable than the mother and can be a source of psychological protection for the child, his peace of mind. If the father is rarely near the child, this negatively affects the formation of such important psychological properties this age, as independence and autonomy. The underdevelopment of these qualities subsequently turns into difficulties in school adaptation. (5.224)

preschool age (from three to six years) is so multifaceted and significant for the formation of the psychological health of the child. Risk factors in preschool age:

a) Sides of the family system as a whole, including the interaction of the child with all loved ones in the house. Many modern families are characterized by the situation of the “child-idol of the family”, when the satisfaction of the needs of the child prevails over the satisfaction of the needs of other family members or even comes to their detriment. The consequence of this type of family interaction can be a violation of emotional decentration, one of the most important neoplasms. preschool age. A child incapable of emotional decentration cannot perceive and take into account, in his behavior, the states, desires and interests of other people, he perceives the world only from the position own desires and interests, does not know how to deal with peers, does not understand the requirements of adults.

b) Parental programming. It can affect the child differently. On the one hand, parental programming ensures that the child learns the moral culture of the family, family traditions and values, creates the prerequisites for individual spirituality. On the other hand, a consequence of the excessive need for explicitly expressed parental love, the child learns to constantly adapt his behavior to the expectations of adults, based on their verbal and non-verbal signals.

c) Communication with children's institutions. The first meeting of a child with someone else's significant adult educator largely determines his further interaction with all significant adults.

In kindergarten, a child may have a serious internal conflict in case of strife with peers.

So, the psychological health of the child is formed with a rigid interaction of external and internal factors, and not only external factors are refracted into internal ones, but the internal force of the personality is also capable of modifying external influences. And once again we repeat that for the development of psychological healthy personality experience of the struggle leading to success is certainly necessary. (5.240)

Junior school age.

The beginning of schooling is one of the most significant moments in a person's life, the period of his qualitative change, the point of transition to a new state. Many teachers and parents underestimate the qualitative changes that occur in the child during his learning. Much more attention is paid to the quantitative parameters of the knowledge and skills acquired by the child. Qualitative changes are especially significant, they can play both a positive and a negative role, they can strengthen psychological health or undermine it. If gaps in knowledge can be subsequently filled, then the resulting psychological disorders may be persistent and difficult to correct. (2.11)

O.A. Loseva notes that the process of adaptation to an educational institution can proceed differently in children with different state health: light, medium and heavy. At easy adaptation state of tension functional systems the child's body is compensated during the first quarter. When adapting moderate violation of well-being and health are more pronounced and can be observed during the first half of the year. In some children, adaptation is difficult, while significant health disorders increase from the beginning school year by the end.

Adapted is most often called the child who fits into the school system of norms and requirements, penitent in the first place - mastery educational material, and interpersonal relationships in the classroom. M.R. Bityanova notes that "sometimes more humanistically minded teachers add another criterion - it is important that this adaptation be carried out by the child without serious internal losses, deterioration in well-being, mood, self-esteem" (1.5)

“Adaptation is not only adaptation to successful functioning in a given environment (field of activity), but also the ability for further personal (sphere of self-awareness), social (sphere of communication) development” (A.L. Wenger)

G.V. Ovcharova notes that the concept of "school adaptation" has been used in recent years to describe various problems and difficulties that arise in children. different ages in connection with schooling. The author refers to such difficulties:

1. 
   Unsuitability for the subject side learning activities because the child has insufficient intellectual and psychomotor development.
2. 
   Inability to voluntarily control one's behavior.
3. 
   Failure to pick up the pace school life(more common in somatically weakened children, children with developmental delay, with a weak type of nervous system).
4. 
   The inability to resolve contradictions between the family and school "we", i.e. school neurosis or "school phobia".

From the above, it follows that the main areas of maladaptation of younger students are:

Difficulties at school - the expectation of failure, disbelief in one's own strength, fear of punishment;

Difficulties in relationships with peers;

Difficulties in relationships with parents - fear of not meeting the expectations of parents, fear of punishment;

Depressive symptoms

Real and unreal fears and other emotional disturbances (aggressiveness, anxiety, isolation). (1.30)

Thus, almost half of all junior schoolchildren experience difficulties in adapting to school conditions, and this indicates how important it is during this period to pay close attention to the psychological health of junior schoolchildren and to the characteristics psychological processes characteristic of this age.

Note:

1. 
   Bityanova M.R. Adaptation of the child to school: diagnostics, correction, pedagogical support. - M., 1998, p.112.
2. 
   Davydov V.V. Psychological development younger students. - M., 1990, p. 166.
3. 
   Dubrovina I.V. Management practical psychologist. - M., 1997, p. 162.
4. 
   Obukhova L.F. Age-related psychology. - M., 1996, p. 372.
5. 
   Ovcharova R.V. Practical psychology in primary school. - M., Sphere, 1996, p. 238.

A risk factor is a circumstance (external or internal) that adversely affects human health and creates favorable environment for the occurrence and development of diseases.

Health: definition

Human health is the normal state of the body, in which all organs are able to fully perform their functions to maintain and ensure life. Concerning the state human body the concept of "norm" is used - the correspondence of the value of certain parameters in the range developed by medicine and science.

Any deviation is a sign and evidence of a deterioration in health, which is outwardly expressed as a measurable violation of the body's functions and a change in its adaptive capabilities. At the same time, health is a state of not only physical well-being, but also social and spiritual balance.

Risk factor: definition, classification

Human health is the normal state of the body, in which all organs are able to fully perform their functions.

According to the degree of influence on health, the following risk factors for diseases are distinguished:

1. Primary. Due to:

• wrong way of life. These are alcohol abuse, smoking, unbalanced nutrition, unfavorable material and living conditions, poor moral climate in the family, constant psycho-emotional stress, stressful situations, drug use, poor educational and cultural level;
• high content blood cholesterol;
• aggravated heredity and genetic risk;
• polluted environment, increased and magnetic radiation, a sharp change in atmospheric parameters;
• unsatisfactory performance of health services, which consists in the low quality of care provided medical care, the untimeliness of its provision.

2. Secondary major risk factors associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, arterial hypertension and others.

External and internal risk factors

Risk factors for diseases vary:

External (economic, environmental);

Personal (internal), depending on the person himself and the characteristics of his behavior (hereditary predisposition, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, smoking). The combination of two or more factors greatly enhances their effect.

Risk factors: manageable and unmanageable

According to the effectiveness of elimination, the main risk factors for diseases differ according to two criteria: manageable and unmanageable.

Uncontrollable or unremovable factors (which have to be reckoned with, but it is not possible to change them) include:

• age. People who have crossed the 60-year mark are more prone to the appearance of various diseases in comparison with the younger generation. It is during the period of conscious maturity that there is an almost simultaneous exacerbation of all diseases that a person has managed to “accumulate” over the years of life;
• floor. Women are more tolerant pain, a state of prolonged limitation of movements and immobility in comparison with the male half of humanity;
• heredity. Each person has a certain predisposition to diseases depending on the inherited genes. Hemophilia and cystic fibrosis are inherited. Hereditary predisposition is present in diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, peptic ulcer, eczema, hypertension. Their occurrence and course occurs under the influence of a certain

Controlled risk factor: definition

A controllable factor is one that, if a person wishes, his determination, perseverance and willpower, can be eliminated:

Smoking. People who regularly breathe tobacco smoke are twice as likely to die from heart disease as non-smokers. A risk factor is one cigarette that can increase blood pressure for 15 minutes, and with constant smoking, vascular tone increases and efficiency decreases. medicines. When smoking 5 cigarettes a day, the risk of death increases by 40%, packs - by 400%.

Alcohol abuse. Minimal alcohol consumption significantly reduces the risk of disease of cardio-vascular system. The likelihood of death is increased in people who abuse alcohol.

Excessive weight. Not only increases the risk of disease, but also has an extremely negative effect on already diseases present. The danger is the so-called central obesity, when the deposition of fat occurs on the abdomen. The most common cause of overweight is a family risk factor. overeating, inactivity (insufficient physical activity), a diet high in carbohydrates and fats.

Permanent heavy exercise stress. This is considered hard work, performed for most of the day and associated with active movement, severe fatigue lifting or carrying heavy objects. Occupational sports associated with chronic excessive loads on the musculoskeletal system (bodybuilding, several times increase the risk of osteoporosis due to constant stress on the joints.

Insufficient physical activity is also a manageable risk factor. it negative impact on the tone of the body, a decrease in the endurance of the body, a decrease in resistance to external factors.

Wrong nutrition. May be due to:

• eating without feeling hungry
• use in large quantities salt, sugar, fatty and fried foods,
• eating on the go, at night, in front of the TV or reading the newspaper,
• eating too much or too little food
• lack of fruits and vegetables in the diet,
• wrong breakfast or its absence,
• hearty late dinner
• absence exemplary regime food,
• not drinking enough water,
• exhaustion of the body various diets and starvation.

Stress. In this state, the body functions incompletely, thereby causing the development of various kinds of diseases, and acute stress can become an impetus for the onset of a heart attack, which is life-threatening.

The presence of at least one of the mentioned risk factors increases mortality by 3 times, the combination of several - by 5-7 times.

Joint diseases

The most common joint diseases in humans are:

Osteoarthritis. The risk of the disease increases in proportion to age: after 65 years, 87% of people are affected by osteoarthritis, while up to 45 years - 2%;

Osteoporosis - systemic disease, accompanied by a decrease in bone strength, which increases the risk of fractures even with minimal trauma. Most common in women over 60;

Osteochondrosis is a disease of the spine, in which there is a degenerative-dystrophic lesion of the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, ligaments and muscles.

Major risk factors for joint disease

In addition to common risk factors (heredity, age, overweight), dangerous throughout the body, cause diseases of the joints can:

• irrational nutrition, provoking a deficiency of trace elements in the body;
• bacterial infection;
• trauma;
• excessive physical activity or, conversely, physical inactivity;
• operations performed on the joints;
• overweight.

Diseases of the nervous system

The most common diseases of the central nervous system are:

Stress is a constant companion of the modern lifestyle, especially for residents of large cities. aggravated given state unsatisfactory financial situation, social decline, crisis phenomena, personal and family problems. About 80% of the adult population in developed countries lives with constant stress.

Syndrome chronic fatigue. Habitual phenomenon modern world especially relevant for the working population. The extreme degree of the syndrome is the burnout syndrome, which is expressed by fatigue, weakness, lethargy, lack of psychological tone, replaced by a feeling of indifference, hopelessness and a complete lack of desire to do anything.

Neurosis. Conditioned by life in megacities, competitive nature modern society, the rapidity of production, trade and consumption, information overload.

Risk factors for diseases of the nervous system

The main risk factors for diseases of the nervous system are as follows:

• chronic illnesses and frequent relapses lead to disruption of coherence immune system and depletion of vital forces, thereby loading the activity of the nervous system;
• frequent depression, anxiety, gloomy thoughts that cause overwork and constant fatigue;
• lack of holidays and weekends;
• maintaining an unhealthy lifestyle: stable lack of sleep, prolonged physical or mental overstrain, lack of fresh air and sunlight;
• viruses and infections. According to the existing theory, herpes viruses, cytomegaloviruses, enteroviruses, retroviruses, evocative chronic fatigue;
• effects that cause a weakening of the body, immune and neuropsychic resistance ( surgical interventions, anesthesia, chemotherapy, non-ionizing radiation (computers);
• hard monotonous work;
• psycho-emotional chronic stress;
• lack of interest in life and life prospects;
• hypertension, vegetative-vascular dystonia, chronic diseases genital tract;
• climax.

Factors that cause diseases of the respiratory organs

One of the most widespread diseases of the respiratory system are considered, a terrible variety of which is lung cancer. Chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - the list is far from complete, but very dangerous.

Risk factors for respiratory diseases:

Risk factors for diseases of the hematopoietic and immune systems

A serious problem of the present time is the deficiency of immunity, determined in many respects by irrational and unbalanced diet, unfavorable and bad habits. If the work of the immune system is clearly established, the road to viruses and microbes is ordered. Failure of the immune system leads to disease different systems, including hematopoietic. These are leukemia, anemia, diseases associated with impaired blood clotting.