Are rabies injections harmful to humans? Need for rabies vaccination. Replacement of nerve tissue-based vaccines with CAV

According to the WHO, more than 55,000 people die from rabies every year. There is no other way to protect against this disease, except for vaccinations. What complications are possible if the rabies vaccine is combined with alcohol consumption, how will this affect the immune system? Will the risk of infection increase?

Rabies vaccinations

The rabies virus Rabies virus is transmitted to humans from infected animals through saliva, blood, there are even cases of transmission of the virus by inhalation of air containing viruses, food, through the placenta to the fetus in pregnant women.

The rabies virus is deadly. There is no method of treatment for this infectious disease, in 100% of cases, infection leads to death. The only reliable remedy is prevention. To this end, all victims of the bite are given an anti-rabies vaccine - only 6 injections are given.

The vaccine must be administered as quickly as possible to stay ahead of the spread of the virus. As soon as the virus enters the brain, it causes paralysis of the centers of respiration and heartbeat. When symptoms of infection appear, modern medicine is not able to help the patient.

Vaccinations should be started in the first 3 days after the attack of the animal. Vaccinations are given at 0, 3, 7, 14, 30, 90 days after treatment. Immunity is developed in humans for 1 year.

The vaccine has no contraindications, since the risk of death outweighs the risk of any possible complications. The rabies vaccine is given even to pregnant women and infants, the elderly, and newborns. But is it possible to drink alcohol during the vaccination period?

If the bitten animal did not die on the 10th day after the bite, then you do not have to worry about infection. The animal becomes contagious 7-10 days before death. And if the animal that attacked a person survived after this period, then it does not suffer from rabies. The course of vaccinations in this case is terminated ahead of schedule.

Effect of alcohol on vaccination outcome

Restrictions on alcohol intake during vaccination with anti-rabies vaccine exist only in the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation. There are no prohibitions in the WHO recommendations regarding the use of alcohol during rabies vaccinations, but does this mean that they can be combined?

Of course, doctors do not recommend that victims of a bite mark this sad event with the use of a loading dose of alcohol. Alcoholic drinks have a negative effect even on an absolutely healthy person, especially since they are not useful if a person has been seriously injured by an animal attack.

Moreover, it is not worth the risk that there is no effective treatment for the disease. The only way to stay alive when bitten by a rabid animal is to vaccinate on a regular basis, carefully monitoring all changes in the body.

The ineffectiveness of drug treatment for rabies infection is explained by the fact that the virus infects the nervous tissue, spreading from the bite site to the brain. The time of onset of the first symptoms, the likelihood of infection depends on the site of the lesion. When bitten in the face, neck, symptoms of infection can appear in a person after 5 days.

According to the instructions of the Russian Federation, the inadmissibility of drinking alcohol during the time of vaccination for people and another 6 months after the last vaccination is indicated. Which is a total of more than 9 months.

So why can't they be combined? Such recommendations are explained by the possibility of a general and local allergic reaction.

The vaccine itself, when administered, can cause the following consequences:

• swelling, itching;
• dizziness;
• pain in joints, muscles;
• vomiting;
• soreness, discomfort in the stomach.

And the most dangerous consequence of the introduction of serum is the possibility of anaphylactic shock - an instantly developing allergic response of the body that can lead to death.

If a person drank alcohol after vaccination, then these symptoms may be masked. There is a danger, if the vaccine is compatible with the use of alcohol, not to see, to overlook the appearance of dangerous symptoms that threaten the life of the victim.

And, although the risk of anaphylactic shock is only 0.00001%, it exists. And the high lethality of this complication (up to 2%) should stop a person, force him to refrain from drinking alcohol.

Quincke's edema can be another dangerous complication of rabies vaccinations. This allergic reaction is noted more often (up to 3%) than anaphylactic shock, it is also very dangerous, life-threatening for the victim.

If a drunken person is bitten by a stray animal, you can not wait until the victim sobers up.

It is necessary to help him immediately:

• take measures to sober up - rinse the stomach, give enterosorbents, detoxify with a dropper with glucose-salt solution;
• administer the rabies vaccine to prevent rabies.

Effects

The duration of each injection of the vaccine on the body is 10 days. During rabies vaccinations, side effects in the form of allergies, vomiting, and headaches are observed.

Taking products containing alcohol at this time can exacerbate symptoms, cause a deterioration in the condition of the victim, exacerbation of chronic diseases. During vaccination, alcohol can mask the symptoms of severe allergic reactions, as well as the symptoms of infection.

Good afternoon!
There will be a lot of text, sorry, but I want to describe my situation in more detail so that you can provide a complete picture of what happened. Yesterday (11/15/17) in the evening I walked through the yard, where a couple of stray dogs constantly live. The fact is that I have repeatedly heard complaints from people that they bark, sometimes bite passers-by, tear bags. I also know that earlier there were puppies in the yard, I suspect that this is a female and a male, and these were their puppies, but, alas, in the semi-darkness it was not possible to properly examine the dogs. Now the puppies seem to be gone (I did not notice their presence), but the dogs are still aggressive. They are not much in size, but as someone passes by, they begin to "kad". So, yesterday I was walking through the yard (to the store), and one of the dogs was lying in a pile of foliage, and I didn’t see the second one right away, it seemed to be somewhere ahead too. The one that was in front began to bark, and immediately ran to me, then the second one joined her (which had previously been lying in the foliage). Because was already in the middle of the yard, and they surrounded me, then she didn’t stop or go back, but went further, trying to quickly pass their “territory” (I think this was a wrong decision on my part and I had to step back, or try to hide in the entrance, but I'm terribly confused). There were no people nearby to help me, and I myself was somehow frightened of them and confused, I didn’t even try to drive them away or shout (the thought slipped through my head, and suddenly they would become even more aggressive, in general, fear “fell down”). Then I just went forward, quickening my pace, wanting to pass the yard as soon as possible - I think they might bark and bark, and they will fall behind, after all they are relatively small, and they all barked, and even clung to the next. I also had a small bag with me, with dishes in which I took lunch to work with me, I carried it in my left hand, and pushed it a little away from the body, hoping that the dogs would first of all switch their attention to what is closer to him - that is, a package, but this idea, in general, failed. In general, one of them grabbed me by the left leg under the inner side of the knee, but could not grab and hold, because. I did not stand still, but continued to walk forward, and she is not so large and strong, and it turned out that I kind of pulled my leg out of her mouth. The second one grabbed my bag and tore it up, and my food bowl fell out and went to the dogs.
When I moved far enough away from the dogs, that is, I went beyond their "territory", hiding around the corner of the building, I carefully looked back into the yard and saw that they were chewing and tearing my bag with the dish together. I immediately examined the jeans - they were intact, I also did not see pronounced saliva stains.
Got home in 15-20 minutes. Taking off her clothes, she again examined the clothes and the leg itself.
The jeans were intact and not bitten through. And, here on the leg there were oblong scratches in the place where the dog pressed with longer teeth (fangs?), apparently due to the fact that I pulled my leg out of its mouth. The wounds were superficial, as if brought, a little ichor appeared at one point, but its amount was insignificant (less than one drop). On the inside of the jeans, I found small pieces of my peeled skin (apparently, the material of the jeans worked like sandpaper).
The wound was carefully, lathering abundantly several times, washed with household soap, then treated with hydrogen peroxide, and even moistening a couple of pieces of cotton wool abundantly, applied it to the damaged area for a couple of hours (the wounds “pulled” a little), then she generously smeared the damaged area with brilliant green.
At the moment (lunch 11/16/17), the wounds have dried up, directly around them there is a light, slightly thickened skin, and a little further from the wounds, hematomas under the skin, not swollen, hurt a little when pressed, purple in color (apparently the vessels burst). The bite itself is, as it were, in the shape of a "V", - marks from the teeth of the jaw, just below the inside of the knee. Where the "branches" of the "V" converge, there is also a hematoma. Today I smeared with heparin ointment so that the hematomas would quickly pass.
The fact is that I was 26 and planned a pregnancy, and there were always problems with the liver, and apparently, the rabies vaccine requires certain restrictions to be observed and quite strongly affects the body. Moreover, I can’t get vaccinated against rabies right now, because. there is no vaccine in the city, you need to look for where to go.
Briefly, what I know about the situation:
1) Dogs live in the yard for a long time (at least since the summer).
2) Previously, there were puppies, and they snapped at people passing by, and the dogs consider the territory of this part of the yard to be theirs.
3) Judging by the way they began to gnaw on the dish from under the food, they were hungry.
4) Before that, I heard complaints about these dogs. Yesterday I immediately called a friend who lives in the house of this courtyard, and she said that mine is probably already the 10th or 11th case of such an attack (but I don’t know how traumatic, i.e. whether the clothes were bitten, the skin was damaged etc.).
I read that the vaccination can be done within the first 14 days after the bite (of course, it is desirable immediately, but my reasons for not doing it immediately are indicated above). In addition, although the dogs do not live in my yard, but constantly in the same place, then for 10 days I could visit their habitat, and, carefully, from afar, look at their condition (whether they are alive, whether they).
Based on this, I want to know from you how likely it is that I will be infected with rabies, and can I postpone the vaccination until 10 days have passed?
Sincerely, Maria.
Thank you in advance!

According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, 55 thousand people die from this infection every year in the world. In Russia, according to the Scientific Center for Expertise of Medicinal Products, 74 people died from rabies between 2008 and 2015. It would seem that many times more people die from the flu. But the problem is that rabies in humans is an absolutely fatal disease.

If a person is bitten by a rabies-sick animal, or his saliva containing the virus somehow gets on the mucous membranes or damaged skin, then death is inevitable if the disease develops. Throughout history, only one single case of a patient being cured after the onset of symptoms of the disease has been described in the literature.

From sick hedgehogs to pets

Experts believe that our population, although theoretically aware of such a disease and how it is transmitted, in practice it is often too late to go to the hospital after being bitten by suspicious animals. In the middle lane and the Moscow region, sick foxes and hedgehogs, which have increased in the forests in recent years, are the most common source of rabies. Such animals either bite a person themselves (often they are unlucky mushroom pickers), or infect pets or stray dogs.

Doctors do not even advise, but shout out loud: if you are bitten by any animal and you do not know if it is vaccinated against rabies, IMMEDIATELY after the bite, you need to wash the wound with running warm water and soap, treat the edges of the wound with 70% alcohol and immediately rush to doctor!

Keep track of your pet

Rabies is one of the few diseases that cannot be cured at all. If the first symptoms appear, death will occur in a maximum of 20 days. No options.

How does infection occur and how to recognize the symptoms of rabies in humans?

Domestic cats and dogs are usually infected by hedgehogs, foxes, wolves or stray animals. 70% of infections happen during trips out of town. The rabies virus is transmitted to people through the saliva of a sick animal - when bitten or when saliva gets on the skin, if there were abrasions on it.

During the incubation period of the disease (from a week to 7 weeks), the animal may appear healthy. And this is especially dangerous because the virus is already in the saliva and the bite is already contagious.

The rabies virus affects the central nervous system in humans and animals. First, aggressiveness rises, the animal becomes angry and restless. After a couple of days, characteristic signs are added - rabies, wool sticks together, saliva flows from the mouth. The death of an animal infected with rabies is inevitable. Human, however, too. That is why recognizing the symptoms of rabies in humans, strictly speaking, has no prospects from a medical point of view: if the disease has begun, then no treatment will help.

What to do?

The only salvation is to get vaccinated as soon as possible after the bite - to do the so-called anti-rabies vaccination (this is a complex of several injections performed at a certain time interval). Sometimes vaccination is supplemented by the introduction of immunoglobulins at the site of an animal bite.

It is necessary to vaccinate against rabies when bitten by any cat or dog - even a domestic one, even a stray, if you are not sure that the animal is vaccinated and definitely healthy.

There are countries where there are no cases of rabies infection (both animals and humans) at all. These are the UK, Cyprus, Japan and Australia. Experts believe that the disease does not occur in these countries due to the strictest quarantine measures. Also, over the past 30 years, cases of rabies have not been recorded in the Scandinavian countries, as well as in the countries of Southern Europe - Portugal and Spain.

In Russia, the most disadvantaged areas for rabies, according to data for 2015, were Tatarstan, Moscow and Lipetsk regions. In the Penza, Ryazan and Saratov regions, the situation is slightly better, Chuvashia, Orenburg, Tula and Tambov regions and the Altai Territory are even more prosperous. The least cases of infection were registered in 2015 in Moscow, the Ivanovo and Sverdlovsk regions, in the Komi Republic and the Trans-Baikal Territory.

What is the difference between a vaccine and immunoglobulin and how quickly you need to get vaccinated

If a person has been bitten by a dog, cat or other animal about which there is no evidence that it is vaccinated against rabies and is definitely healthy, you should contact any nearest emergency room. The victim of the bite must be given the rabies vaccine.

How quickly should you get vaccinated?

It should be done as soon as possible after the bite of the animal. But the introduction of the vaccine is also indicated regardless of the timing of the victim's request for prophylaxis, even several months after contact with a sick or suspicious animal.

The vaccine contains a weakened causative agent of rabies and contributes to the development of immunity against this disease. If the vaccine is administered on time and in accordance with all the rules, then the immune system has time to form and protect the body before the rabies virus causes the development of the disease. If it is possible to observe an animal that has bitten a person, then the vaccine is administered on day 0 (that is, in fact, the day of the bite, - Ed.), 3rd and 7th days. If the animal is healthy, then the introduction of the vaccine ends. If observation of the animal is not possible, continue vaccination on the 14th, 30th and 90th days.

In addition to the vaccine, there are immunoglobulins - these are preparations containing ready-made antibodies, that is, molecules - analogues of immune antibodies that fight the virus. Such drugs are injected directly into the bite site so that they block the incoming virus as quickly as possible. The decision to use immunoglobulin in addition to vaccination is made by the doctor, based on the circumstances of the incident: when the emergency happened, how deep and extensive the wound is, where it is located.

Most often, antibodies are administered if a person has been bitten by a wild animal, regardless of the nature of the wound, or if, when bitten by a domestic animal, the wound is on the head, chest, hands, fingers and toes. Immunoglobulin is administered in the first hours after the bite, but, as a rule, no later than 7 days, and before the introduction of the vaccine. Immunoglobulins put a greater burden on the body than a vaccine, so patients, especially allergy sufferers, may be asked to go to the hospital under medical supervision for several days.

Unfortunately, immunity after vaccination against rabies is unstable, and lasts for a person on average for a year. In the case of a new bite, if no more than a year has passed since the end of the last full course of preventive vaccinations, the vaccine is administered only on days 0, 3 and 7. If a longer period has passed or an incomplete course of vaccinations has not been carried out, then treatment with the use of a vaccine and, if necessary, immunoglobulin is prescribed as in the case of the initial application for anti-rabies help.

Rabies is a deadly disease caused by rhabdoviruses. The main source of infection is animals whose permanent habitat is wildlife. However, there is a risk of transmission of the pathogen during the bite of pets. Immediately after receiving even a minor injury (if the saliva of the animal was in contact with damaged skin), you must contact a medical facility and get an anti-rabies vaccination. The urgency is due to the fact that rabies is incurable. When the first signs of the disease occur, any therapeutic measures are ineffective.

Why does a person need a rabies vaccine?

Even in the modern world, according to statistics, 50,000 people die every year from pathology. In most cases, the death is due to untimely access to a medical institution.

Everyone should understand that after being infected with rabies, a person is doomed. The only way to save a life is vaccination. But the rabies vaccine must be done as soon as possible, otherwise even it will not help.

Rabies is a disease that has claimed thousands of lives. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur tried to stop mortality. He conducted numerous studies, the result of which was a rabies vaccine for humans. Thanks to this, in just a year, it was possible to reduce the mortality rate by several times. The rabies vaccine for humans was developed in 1885. Over the next 12 months, a French microbiologist perfected it.

The vaccine is still in use today. This is due to the high risk of rabies infection from both wild and domestic pets. At the same time, the virus lives on absolutely every continent, that is, anyone can get sick. In addition, even after many years of research, it has not yet been possible to create a cure for a dangerous pathology.

Indications

Rabies vaccine is not for everyone. The rabies vaccine is listed in the national calendar, but with a note that it is only administered according to epidemic indications. This means that it is intended for certain categories of citizens. The drug is also allowed to be used in emergency situations.

The indication for rabies vaccination is urgent prophylaxis. The drug is administered to a person who has been bitten by a wild animal or pet with signs of the disease. In addition, doctors recommend vaccinating people who are planning a trip to potentially dangerous regions.

Who is required to be vaccinated:

• Veterinarians.
• People whose professional activities are related to the capture and keeping of homeless animals.
• Laboratory workers who are forced to periodically encounter a pathogen during research.
• People working in slaughterhouses.
• Hunters.
• Taxidermists.
• Foresters.

In the human body, the rabies virus causes irreversible changes with subsequent death. In this regard, the drug is administered even to pregnant women. With timely vaccination, it is possible to save the life of both the mother and the fetus.

Contraindications

Rabies vaccination is given to everyone if necessary. The annotation to the drug states that the contraindication is the age of up to 16 years. However, if a child is bitten by a wild animal, vaccination is mandatory. As mentioned above, the drug is administered even to pregnant women at any stage of gestation.

In some cases, even after a bite, the risk of transmitting the rabies virus to humans is excluded. Vaccination is not carried out in the following cases:

• The saliva of the animal did not come into contact with the skin in the area of ​​violation of its integrity.
• Injury to tissues occurred with the claws of a bird. Saliva on the legs of birds is excluded. In connection with these scratches from the claws do not pose a danger.
• A wild or domestic animal has bitten a person through tight clothing. As a rule, in such situations there is no through damage.
• Violation of the integrity of the skin was due to the bite of a vaccinated pet. But at the same time, no more than 12 months should pass from the moment of vaccination.

In addition, the vaccine is not given after eating dishes prepared from the meat of sick animals.

When contacting a medical institution, the doctor conducts a thorough examination of the affected area. If bites are located on the face, arms or neck, vaccination is indicated even if the damage is minor.

Number of injections

A few years ago, to prevent the development of rabies in humans, the vaccine was administered 40 times in the abdomen. Moreover, each injection was accompanied by pronounced painful sensations. Currently, a modern vaccine is used in practice, which involves only 6 injections. The drug is guaranteed to prevent the development of pathology, but injections must be given on strictly defined days.

Rabies is a disease with a long incubation period. That is why it is so important to complete a full course of anti-rabies vaccinations. The doctor determines the right number of injections based on the results of the examination. A full course of immunization is indicated for persons whose bites are located on the face, neck, arms and chest. In such situations, immunoglobulin is necessarily injected directly into the damaged area. This manipulation prevents the development of the pathological process within 10 days. During this time, the body's defense system will be able to synthesize its own antibodies in the right amount.

Vaccination schedule

Doctors say that you need to be vaccinated immediately after a bite. In just 2 weeks, vaccination will become ineffective. In this case, nothing else can help a person.

How is emergency vaccination administered?

• The wound of the victim is washed with running water and soap.
• The drug is administered on the day of treatment. It is advisable to arrive at the emergency room within a few hours after the bite.
• The second injection is carried out on the 3rd day after the first injection.
• The third time the drug is administered on the seventh day.
• The fourth injection is given 2 weeks after the first injection.
• The fifth time the drug is administered on the 30th day.

This scheme of emergency vaccination is classical. In some cases, doctors give the sixth vaccination 3 months after the first injection.

Algorithm for routine vaccination:

• On the day appointed by the doctor, the patient comes to the medical facility. There, he was injected with the drug for the first time.
• The second injection is shown after 7 days.
• The third time the drug must be administered on the 30th day.
• Revaccination is carried out after 12 months.

The drug protects against rabies for the next 3 years. In this regard, a preventive course is carried out 1 time in 3 years. The schedule of anti-rabies vaccinations is reflected in the national vaccination calendar.

With regards to which part of the body the drug is injected. A few years ago, injections were made into the subcutaneous tissue. Currently, the drug is administered intramuscularly. For children over 16 years of age and adults, the injection is carried out in the outer contour of the shoulder (deltoid muscle).

If a wild animal has bitten a small child, the drug is injected into the thigh area. Do not inject into the buttock. The vaccination schedule for children is the same as for adults.

Rules of conduct after drug administration

In order for the vaccine to be as effective as possible, a number of rules must be observed. Doctors' recommendations:

• After the introduction of the drug, it is forbidden to drink alcohol-containing drinks. Even a small amount of alcohol can significantly worsen a person's condition. Immediately before the administration of the drug, the doctor warns that it is unacceptable to drink alcohol-containing drinks for the next few days. In this regard, it is recommended to do it not on days that are holidays for the patient.
• Conducting water procedures is not prohibited. On the day of vaccination, it is recommended to take a shower without using a hard washcloth. It is not recommended to swim in the reservoirs for one week. This is due to the fact that most rivers and seas are heavily polluted, and the immune system experiences an increased degree of stress for some time after vaccination. In other words, there is a high risk of contracting some kind of infectious disease.
• Some patients are interested in how long after the administration of the drug you can walk. Doctors say that immediately after the injection. However, hypothermia and overheating must be avoided. Thus, you can walk, but the time spent in the cold and under the scorching sun must be reduced.
• Quarantine after receiving the vaccine is not necessary. The victim is monitored for 2 weeks. In addition, if a pet has bitten him, they also monitor the condition of the pet. If he does not die within 10 days, he is considered healthy. In this case, the vaccination course may be suspended.
• Skipping vaccinations is unacceptable. If you do not enter the drug at the appointed time at least once, the effectiveness of treatment is reduced to a minimum. In other words, the risk of developing rabies again increases significantly. If a person mixed up the days, he needs to contact his doctor and discuss further options for the development of events.

Thus, after the introduction of the drug, it is necessary to give up alcohol, swimming in water bodies. In addition, it is important to avoid overheating and hypothermia.

Side effects

According to numerous reviews, the drug is well tolerated by most people. In some cases, the general well-being of a person worsens. The side effects of rabies vaccination are due to individual health and immune system conditions. In addition, the risk of their occurrence increases significantly if vaccination rules are not followed.

Possible side effects after drug administration:

• Redness at the injection site. Pain and itching also often appear in this area. Swelling is possible.
• Weakness.
• Migraine attacks.
• Dizziness.
• Enlarged lymph nodes.
• Nausea.
• Painful sensations in the abdomen.
• Slight discomfort in the muscle tissue.
• Allergic reaction, manifested in the form of urticaria.
• Increased body temperature.

The most unpleasant consequence is a violation of the functioning of the nervous system. Decreased sensitivity is the most common complication. However, it goes away on its own after a few weeks.

Despite the impressive list of side effects, vaccination is carried out in any case. This is due to the fact that human life is at stake.

Where to get vaccinated, existing vaccines

The drug should be in every budgetary medical institution. These include: feldsher-midwife stations, outpatient clinics, clinics and hospitals. In addition, first aid is provided in emergency rooms. In villages and villages, at least one vaccination can be done at a medical assistant's station.

Currently, there are several drugs that prevent the development of rabies:

• "Kokav". This is a Russian-made vaccine.
• "Rabipur". The drug was developed in Germany.
• "Indirab", made in India.
• "KAV". This is a Russian-made vaccine. Its difference from Kokav lies in the dosage. In "KAV" there is less active component.
• Dry inactivated rabies vaccine.

They come with immunoglobulins. As mentioned above, if necessary, they are injected directly into the area of ​​violation of the integrity of the skin. Doctors give an injection of human or equine immunoglobulin.

Interaction with drugs

Some medicines interfere with the process of producing antibodies to the pathogen. Information about which medications are compatible with the rabies vaccine and which are not will be provided by the doctor during the examination. It is possible that for some time therapeutic measures will need to be stopped.

It is not recommended to vaccinate against the background of chemotherapy, radiation or immunosuppressive treatment. In addition, the drug is incompatible with hormonal agents, cytostatics, as well as with medicines that are designed to combat malaria.

Finally

Rabies is a dangerous viral disease that is fatal. Carriers of the pathogen are animals living in the wild. After their bite, you should contact a medical facility as soon as possible. In addition, pets are also potentially dangerous. Currently, the life of a victim infected with the rabies virus can be saved with the help of vaccination. But it is advisable to start a course of anti-rabies vaccinations on the day of injury. This is due to the fact that when the first signs of rabies appear, any drugs are ineffective.

The rabies vaccine can prevent a deadly disease. The first rabies vaccine (anti-rabies vaccine) was created in 1885 by Louis Pasteur, who vaccinated a nine-year-old boy bitten by a rabid dog, and he survived.

Rabies vaccine for humans

Rabies is a severe acute infectious disease that mainly affects animals. Rabies is caused by viruses from the rhabdovirus family. After the bite of an infected animal, the disease develops in 12-90 days. Sometimes the incubation period can last up to a year or more.

Only vaccination against rabies can save a person from the death of a person bitten by a sick animal.

Rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin

Rabies vaccination Rabies - the prognosis is unfavorable is carried out by an anti-rabies vaccine. The concentrated culture-based rabies vaccine (COCAV) is a rabies vaccine virus grown in special cultures, concentrated and purified using modern techniques and inactivated (killed) by ultraviolet rays. KOKAV is a hygroscopic porous white dry mass. For its dissolution, ampoules with water for injections of 1 ml are attached to the preparation.

Rabies immunoglobulin is produced in two types: from human blood serum and from horse blood serum. The drug contains specific antibodies that can neutralize the rabies virus.

Rabies vaccination course

There are preventive and treatment-and-prophylactic courses of vaccinations against rabies. A prophylactic vaccination course is carried out for persons who carry out work on catching and keeping neglected animals, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, slaughterhouse workers, taxidermists, and persons working with the rabies virus. Primary vaccination is three injections of 1 ml, which are carried out on days 1, 7 and 30. The first revaccination is carried out after 1 year (1 ml), the next - with an interval of three years (also 1 ml each).

A preventive course of vaccinations against rabies is also given to animals. Quarantine after vaccination against rabies in animals is 30 days - it is during this time that antibodies are produced in the body. Antibodies - "soldiers" of immunity to the rabies virus.

The course of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccinations Preventive vaccinations - protect the population from dangerous infections from rabies depends on the degree of damage to the skin during an animal bite:

Rabies vaccination and alcohol are not compatible: you can not drink alcohol during the vaccination course and for six months after its completion.

Is the rabies vaccine harmful?

Like any vaccine, the rabies vaccine can cause side effects. But contraindications for its use matter only when conducting a prophylactic course of vaccinations, the treatment and prophylactic course of the introduction of the anti-rabies vaccine has no contraindications: the drug is administered for health reasons (mortality from rabies is one hundred percent). Prevent death in this case can only be vaccinated against rabies, and pregnancy (including) is not a contraindication.

Rabies prophylaxis is contraindicated in acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases in the acute stage (vaccinations are carried out no earlier than one month after recovery or remission), allergic reactions to previous administration of this drug or to antibiotics Antibiotics - will they help you in the foreseeable future ? and also during pregnancy.

Rabies vaccine side effects

The introduction of KOKAV may be accompanied by a local or general reaction. The local reaction is characterized by slight swelling, redness, itching, enlargement of nearby lymph nodes. The general reaction can manifest itself in the form of malaise, headache, weakness. The temperature may also rise after rabies vaccination.

The introduction of AIH from horse serum can be accompanied by severe allergic reactions.

Rabies vaccination is the only protection against this disease.

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Rabies vaccine for humans: contraindications, vaccination schedule, complications

Rabies is one of the infectious diseases for which there is no effective treatment. Unfortunately, rabies is currently not amenable to therapeutic correction, therefore, it leads to the inevitable death of a sick person. The only way to avoid infection is timely vaccination. Therefore, in order to save your life, it is imperative to get vaccinated against rabies on time.

Do I need to be vaccinated against rabies?

The main source of the virus are wild and domestic animals. Infection occurs after a bite, if the saliva of an infected animal enters the bloodstream. Rabies is a 100% fatal disease. The only way to prevent the death of an infected person will be the introduction of an anti-rabies vaccine. So why should you get vaccinated against rabies?

The vaccine is an effective way to prevent rabies in humans. The need for its creation is expressed in the following:

Unfortunately, the rabies virus is ubiquitous. It is met from time to time in different parts of the world, so absolutely all people have a risk of getting sick. Rabies vaccination is especially necessary for hunters and travelers, because their activities are associated with visiting wildlife.

When is rabies vaccination indicated?

The vaccine against rabies in humans, despite the long history of its existence, remains the only option for a high-quality prevention of rabies infection today. Among the categories of the population for whom mandatory vaccination is indicated, doctors distinguish:

In the national vaccination schedule, the rabies injection is listed as a recommended procedure. It will be mandatory only after a bite, an announcement of an unfavorable epidemiological situation in the region, as well as in the above categories of people.

Are there contraindications for rabies?

As it has already become clear, the indications for the use of the vaccine will be the bite of a sick animal or the desire of a person to instill immunity against rabies. It is known that the introduction of the drug in humans often develop side effects, but they do not constitute a contraindication to its further use in case of emergency. And yet, who is contraindicated for rabies vaccination?

An immune drug that prevents rabies is the only vaccine in the world, it is administered, regardless of the presence of contraindications. It is prescribed to pregnant women and children under 16 years of age, if necessary for health reasons. In cases where an adult or child has been bitten by an infected animal, an injection of anti-rabies serum is given no matter what.

Rabies Immunization Schedule

It is advisable to use the vaccine only during the incubation period of the disease. It is believed that the introduction of the solution two weeks after the bite is ineffective, and its use after the onset of clinical symptoms of the disease does not make sense.

Routine immunization of the population against rabies includes the following points:

As a result of routine vaccine therapy, a person develops stable immunity in his body, it lasts for three years.

Among the main stages of emergency vaccination are:

• the first injection - immediately after the bite of the animal;
• the second time - the third day after the first injection;
• the third time - in a week;
• the fourth time - after 14 days;
• fifth time in a month.

Today, the rabies vaccination is no longer done in the subcutaneous fat in the abdomen. To do this, use the deltoid zone (the outer edge of the shoulder). In addition, thanks to modern technology, scientists have managed to create a well-purified vaccine, it is administered five times, and not 20-40, as was the case in the Soviet Union.

The occurrence of side effects

The anti-rabies immunopreparation, which promotes the production of antibodies against rabies, is quite well tolerated by the body. Despite this, there are cases when its introduction provokes the development of side effects, in particular:

• symptoms of local inflammation at the injection site, which are manifested by the formation of local edema, the appearance of itching and redness, and painful sensations;
• signs of general intoxication in the form of dizziness, headaches and nausea;
• local increase in the size of peripheral lymph nodes;
• extremely rarely, a person may experience pain in the abdomen;
• a slight increase in body temperature;
• pain in the areas of projection of muscle tissue;
• an allergic reaction to the ingestion of an anti-rabies suspension, which will be the result of individual intolerance to the components of the drug;
• violations of the functioning of the nervous system, which are manifested by disorders of motor function and sensitivity, weakness of the work of peripheral nerves.

When rabies is vaccinated in a person, the doctor necessarily warns of possible undesirable effects after vaccination. All of the listed consequences of immunization pass without a trace after a few days and do not need medical correction.

Types of rabies vaccines

According to legislative acts, vaccination against a pathological process can be done in almost every medical institution. In rural areas, after contact with a stray animal, it is necessary to contact a rural outpatient clinic or a feldsher-obstetric station. In large cities, there is an opportunity to protect yourself from infection in the clinic, emergency room, infectious diseases department, and surgery.

As of today, there are several options for vaccines used against rabies:

• vaccine dry anti-rabies inactivated;
• domestic vaccine under the trade name "Kokav", is a purified anti-rabies drug from the culture of the pathogen;
• the Indian vaccine "Indirab" is distinguished by its availability;
• the more expensive German Rabipur vaccine;
• the Russian vaccine "Kav", containing small doses of an immune solution, and therefore very often used.

In addition to vaccines, the modern market offers patients rabies immunoglobulin as an addition to the main drug. It is highly purified and can be human as well as equine.

Answers to some frequently asked questions

Very often, patients are interested in doctors about the effectiveness of vaccination, its compatibility with other drugs and alcohol, as well as adverse reactions from the body and the rules for administering injections. Among the questions. The most common concerns for patients are:

1. How long is the incubation period of the disease and when will you need to be vaccinated so as not to get sick? The asymptomatic period of the disease can last from several days to a year. It all depends on the supporting function of the body, the amount of virus that has entered it and the favorable environment for its reproduction. To escape from the disease, a person should be vaccinated in the first days after the bite incident. Otherwise, immunization will be ineffective.
2. Is it necessary to vaccinate if bitten by a vaccinated dog? If the fact of immunization of the animal is documented and it does not have symptoms of the disease, then it is not necessary to be vaccinated. It is only necessary to treat the wound with an antiseptic and, if necessary, consult a doctor.
3. Does a person affected by an unvaccinated domestic cat need to be vaccinated? Doctors insist on vaccinating all people who have suffered from pet bites, regardless of the way they are kept, age and breed characteristics.
4. The child was bitten by a dog on the street. Should he be vaccinated? Definitely, yes! In any case, it is always better to play it safe than risk the life of the baby.
5. Do I need to follow post-vaccination quarantine? After vaccination, the patient does not need to be isolated, but experts prefer to monitor him for another 2 weeks after the procedure. Also, do not appear in very crowded places due to the risk of infection. Naturally, one should not deny oneself walking, but only if they do not take place in severe frost or heat.
6. When can I bathe after vaccination? The introduction of an anti-rabies drug does not provide for a ban on water procedures, with the exception of swimming in natural reservoirs. Since the immune system of a vaccinated person is in a weakened state, it is better for him to avoid crowded places.
7. Can I drink alcohol after immunization? A categorical no! Alcohol is not compatible with the vaccine suspension, so after its introduction it will not be possible to consume even minimal amounts of drinks containing alcohol. This prohibition arose as a result of the fact that alcohol significantly reduces the likelihood of a full and adequate immune response, since it is an immunosuppressant in itself. You can not drink alcohol for 2-6 months after the injection.
8. Is course interruption serious? How will this affect the immune system? It is impossible to interrupt the established vaccination schedule. If this happens, it is important to remember that vaccine therapy is no longer effective. The course can be continued only if a person missed one day. In another scenario, the patient should consult a doctor.

Possible side effects after measles vaccination

Vaccines are not created for all diseases, but only for those that are characterized by a high degree of contagiousness and severity of the course or the risk of complications. Most of the vaccinations are carried out in childhood, adults are mainly revaccinated - the repeated administration of biological preparations to maintain the amount of antibodies at the level necessary to fight the infection.

Measles, mumps and rubella are dangerous childhood diseases of viral origin, which means they are easily transmitted from a sick child to healthy ones. Most often they affect children aged five to seven, ten years and are dangerous for their complications (damage to the membranes of the brain, respiratory system, heart muscle, joints, reproductive organs).

For immunization of children against measles, mumps and rubella, the combined MMR vaccine is more often used, as well as MMR, a vaccine in which the causative agent of chicken pox is added. However, the latter can be replaced by two separate PDAs and from chicken pox. Vaccines are also produced that contain only one type of pathogen. They are called monocomponent. For example, only for measles or only for rubella. Their significant drawback is that in order to prevent three infections, three injections must be made in different areas, since vaccines cannot be mixed.

Dicomponent vaccines contain weakened pathogens of two types (measles-rubella), which is also not enough and you have to add a third. In our country, a dicomponent vaccine KP (rubella-mumps) is produced, which is combined with a measles vaccine. All three-component vaccinations are imported and are not always available to the patient in budgetary clinics. Although the quality of cleaning and the frequency of complications after the use of imported and domestic vaccines are practically the same.

They vaccinate children at the age of one and six years, but the second stage of vaccination can be carried out at any age if at least 28 days have passed since the first administration of the MDA. Contraindications to the introduction of the vaccine are infectious diseases and chronic in the acute stage, pregnancy, the introduction of blood and its preparations. These contraindications are not absolute, and after recovery or after the expiration of the prescribed period, you can again return to the issue of vaccination.

If the patient has previously had an allergic reaction to antibiotics of a certain group, intolerance to egg white, complications from the previous administration of the vaccine, the presence of neoplasms, then the question of vaccination is not worth it at all.

Video "Measles Vaccine"

Common Side Effects

All side effects after using vaccines are divided into local and general manifestations. The local reaction to the measles and mumps vaccine is soreness, swelling and redness at the injection site. These symptoms appear in children in the first days after vaccination and resolve on their own without treatment in three to five days.

The general consequences of vaccination are expressed in: fever in children, enlargement of the lymph nodes of the neck and head, worm-like rash on the head, back, buttocks, muscle and joint pain, redness of the throat, runny nose and coughing. It should be noted that the side effects from the introduction of the vaccine are observed in a fifth of the children, and we can say that it was she who caused them when the above complications appear in the period from the fifth to the fifteenth day after vaccination.

Because it is during this period that pathogenic viruses are gaining their maximum activity. The consequences that occurred outside the specified time frame are not associated with the vaccination and are a manifestation of independent diseases. To reduce the risk of allergic reactions to the vaccine in children, the use of antihistamines for several days is indicated before vaccination.

Serious complications after vaccination

Complications of MMR vaccination are extremely rare (one case per 1,000,000), but they still occur and are expressed in the form of encephalitis, meningitis, anaphylactic shock, pneumonia.

Their frequency is negligible compared to the frequency of complications that occur in children with measles or rubella. And they are explained by the tendency of some patients to allergic reactions and the presence of undiagnosed pathology or chronic processes, as well as the weakness of the immune system.

There is a heated debate in public circles today about how dangerous vaccines can be for children. Of course, there is a risk of getting a complication after vaccination, but it is disproportionate to the danger that unvaccinated children are exposed to. Suffice it to recall what infant mortality was before the mass use of vaccines. In addition, today's medicine does not stand still. Modern vaccines differ in quality and safety compared to drugs twenty years ago.

Video "U.S. Vaccine Experience"

If you are unsure if your child needs any vaccinations, check out the video below. In it you will see the real experience and consequences of mass vaccination in the USA.

DTP vaccination: side effects in children, the pros and cons of vaccination

Vaccination of children is aimed at combating diseases that pose a danger to humans. Among the vaccinations given to children in the first year of life, DPT is also present. Let us examine in more detail the features of such a vaccine, as well as possible adverse reactions to its administration.

What is it and what diseases are vaccinated against?

The DPT vaccine is aimed at preventing the occurrence of several diseases at once:

All these infections are classified as serious and very dangerous diseases with a high percentage of death or disability. The letters K, D and C in the name of the vaccine indicate these infections, and the letter A means "adsorbed".

• This vaccine is one of the most reactogenic, so many babies develop side effects on its administration (especially on the second or third vaccination).
• The injection is quite painful and many babies cry for a long time because of it.
• Parents have to pay for imported vaccines separately.

Possible adverse reactions

A reaction to the introduction of DTP appears in every third child, but is not a pathology, since in most cases it disappears without a trace. Most often, side effects are caused by the second and third vaccinations.

There are such adverse reactions to DTP:

• Local. This is a change in the skin at the injection site (redness, induration or swelling), as well as impaired walking due to soreness of the injection site.
• General. DPT can cause hyperthermia, diarrhea, loss of appetite, lethargy, vomiting, moody mood, prolonged sleep.

Increased body temperature, as well as local changes, are observed in 25% of babies. Vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness and poor appetite are typical for the first day after DTP vaccination in 10% of children.

All these side effects are found on the first day after vaccination. If several days have already passed, and they do not pass, the child probably developed an infection (very often, children become infected in the clinic while they are waiting for manipulation).

It is also imperative to contact a pediatrician if the reaction to vaccination is very pronounced - the injection site is very swollen (more than 8 cm), the child has been crying for more than 3 hours, his body temperature is more than 39 degrees.

Serious side effects and statistics on them

The complications that the DTP vaccine causes can be caused by ignoring contraindications to vaccination, using a spoiled drug, or improperly administering the vaccine. The incidence of complications during DTP vaccination is 1-3 per 100 thousand.

After vaccination are possible:

Seizures develop in one child in 14,500 vaccinated babies. The incidence of a serious allergy to DPT is 1 in a million.

It is extremely rare that an abscess appears at the injection site, associated with a violation of sterile conditions during vaccination. In the past, the incidence of abscesses was greater because DTP was injected into the buttock.

Studies have not found a direct effect of DTP on neurological disorders, therefore, it is believed that in the event of such complications, the vaccine acts as a provoking factor for the manifestation of disorders that were before, but did not manifest themselves openly.

Meanwhile, it is known that the pertussis component of the vaccine irritates the membranes of the brain, which causes short-term disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. In such cases, the child is no longer vaccinated with DTP (administered DTP).

General contraindications (in which vaccinations are not carried out) are:

• Acute period of any disease;
• Allergy to any component of the vaccine;
• Immunodeficiency.

A serious obstacle to DTP vaccination is an enlarged thymus gland. If you ignore this contraindication, the vaccine can result in big health problems for the child.

It is necessary to refuse the introduction of DPT for a while with an exacerbation of diathesis until remission is achieved. After acute respiratory infections in a mild form, a child can be vaccinated 2 weeks after recovery, and after other acute illnesses - after 4 weeks.

There are also contraindications to the introduction of DTP, but allowing vaccination with ATP. These are neurological pathologies (for example, encephalopathy), the presence of seizures or allergies in the baby's relatives, as well as prematurity.

Why you need a vaccine: the statistics speak for themselves

At present, DPT is indicated for administration to children in all developed countries, since thanks to this vaccine, thousands of children's lives are being saved. In some countries, over the past 5 years, a light version of this vaccine has been used, which does not contain the pertussis component. The result was a significant increase in the incidence of whooping cough, as well as complications and deaths of this infection.

If parents decide not to vaccinate at all, then they are not interested in AKSD at all, but if they doubt the need for such a vaccine, believing that a large number of components can harm the child, their worries are in vain. Since the components of the vaccine are aimed at different infections, they are well tolerated by the baby's body. In addition, the compatibility of these components has been proven over the years.

Recall that until the 1950s, when vaccination began in Russia, diphtheria developed in 20% of children, and death was in almost 50% of cases. Tetanus is an even more dangerous infection with a mortality rate of about 85%. Well, whooping cough before the start of DTP vaccination developed in all children, proceeding with varying severity. Now, when all children are offered vaccination, the statistics of whooping cough has decreased by 20 times.

Why is a vaccine better than a disease?

Many adults have the mistaken belief that immunity is stronger after illness than after vaccination. This is indeed characteristic of some infections, but diphtheria and tetanus are not among them. If a child gets sick with any of these infections, immunity to them will not develop. While the basic triple vaccination using DTP will protect the baby from these diseases for a period of 6 to 12 years. As for whooping cough, immunity appears after its transfer, but its duration is the same as with the introduction of vaccination (from 6 to 10 years). It turns out that vaccination is safer and more beneficial.

At what age do they get vaccinated?

In childhood, vaccination against tetanus, whooping cough and diphtheria is done three times. The interval between administration of the DPT vaccine should be 30 to 45 days. The minimum period after which the next vaccine can be administered to the baby is 4 weeks.

The vaccination schedule notes that the first time the DTP vaccine is administered to children at 3 months of age. This is due to a decrease in the protection of the baby from infections due to the antibodies received from the mother. For the first vaccination, you can use any vaccine - both imported and domestically produced. At the same time, it is noted that Infanrix is ​​more easily tolerated by 3-month-old babies, since the pertussis component in this vaccine is acellular.

If there were reasons to cancel the vaccination at 3 months, DTP can be given at any time up to 4 years of age. If a 4-year-old child has not previously been vaccinated with the DPT vaccine, he is no longer given this vaccine, but DTP.

30-45 days after the first DTP injection, the vaccination is repeated, so the average age for the second DTP is 4.5 months. The vaccination can be carried out either with the same vaccine that was used for the first vaccination, or with any other type.

The reaction to the second injection of the vaccine may be more pronounced (it is to this administration of DTP that most babies react), but this is not a pathology, but due to the fact that the baby’s body has already become acquainted with the ingredients of the vaccine and has developed a certain immune response, therefore, with the second "meeting" response will be stronger.

The missed second DPT should be given as soon as there is such an opportunity, then the vaccination will be the second and it is not necessary to start the vaccination process again. If the baby had a serious reaction to the first injection of DTP, then it is possible to replace the second vaccine with ATP, since the pertussis component is most often the cause of the side effects of this vaccine.

The third time DTP is also given 30-45 days after the second vaccination, so the age of the third vaccination is often 6 months. If the vaccine was not delivered during this period, DTP should be administered as soon as possible, then the vaccine will be considered the third.

In some children, the reaction to this vaccine administration is most pronounced, which is also not considered a pathology, as in the case of a reaction to the second vaccination.

The fourth administration of the DPT vaccine is called the first revaccination and is carried out at the age of one and a half years (one year after the previous vaccination). It, like all subsequent vaccinations, provides support for the immunity of the child and adult from these diseases. Next, the child is no longer injected with DTP, but with a version of this vaccine without pertussis toxoid - ADS-M. This vaccine is given at age 7, then at 14, and then every 10 years for the life of an adult.

Vaccination with the DTP vaccine begins at an early age and maintains the immunity formed after vaccination throughout a person's life. Such a vaccination is important not only for babies in the first years of life, but also for adults, since the risk of contracting tetanus exists at any age.

If the vaccination schedule is violated, it is not necessary to start introducing DTP again from the very beginning. Vaccination is continued from the stage when the next vaccination was missed.

Are vaccines from different manufacturers compatible?

DPT vaccines are currently produced by several manufacturers and may include other components. Current vaccine options:

• Domestic DPT;
• Infanrix;
• Bubo - against tetanus, diphtheria and hepatitis B;
• Pentaxim - the DTP vaccine is supplemented with components that protect against hemophilic infection and poliomyelitis;
• Tritanrix-HB - vaccinated against whooping cough, hepatitis B, tetanus and diphtheria;
• Tetracoccus - includes DPT and polio vaccine;
• ADS - a vaccine in which there is no pertussis component (there is also ADS-M, which is administered from the age of 6);
• AC - only against tetanus;
• AD-M - only against diphtheria.

Since reactions to DTP occur much more often than to other mandatory vaccinations, therefore, parents and medical staff should be more attentive to both the child and the vaccination itself.

• It is important that the child is vaccinated in a healthy state.
• It is best to vaccinate the baby after a stool and on an empty stomach, while it is not recommended to dress the baby too warmly.
• Parents should purchase antipyretic drugs of several groups in different forms of release (syrup and suppositories).
• Medicinal anti-allergic preparation makes sense for children who have a high risk of allergies. Such children are given antihistamines 1-2 days before vaccination and continue to receive them until the third day after vaccination.

The vaccine is injected into the muscle tissue, since it is from it that the DTP components are released at the rate necessary for the formation of immunity. If the drug is injected under the skin, it will be released for an unnecessarily long time, as a result of which the injection will become useless.

For the introduction of DTP, the thigh is usually chosen, since the muscle tissue on the legs is often well developed even in very young children. For school-age children and adults, vaccination is carried out in the shoulder, provided that it enters the muscle tissue.

It is not recommended to administer the vaccine into the buttocks, since this area has a large layer of adipose tissue. In addition, with such an introduction, there is a risk that the components of the vaccine will enter the nerve or blood vessel. Intravenous administration of the drug is unacceptable.

What to do if there are negative reactions?

At home, the baby is advised to immediately give an antipyretic drug and control body temperature all day. Fever is a common reaction to DPT, but since it does not affect the development of the immune response, any hyperthermia after vaccination should be eliminated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

When redness appears, nothing needs to be done. If a seal appears at the injection site, its resorption can take up to two weeks. It is also a common reaction due to localized tissue inflammation at the site where the vaccine is absorbed. You can help the baby with the help of troxevasin ointment.

Some children may develop a cough after DTP administration. It does not require any treatment if it occurs within a day after vaccination. If the appearance of a cough is noted later, most likely, during a visit to the clinic, the child contracted some kind of infection.

After vaccination, give the child more drink, and feed as desired, while do not introduce new foods into the baby's diet. It is also recommended to limit meetings with other people and often ventilate the room.

side effect of rabies vaccination in puppies

Tetanus shot for adults

How do vaccinations affect morbidity? In some countries, thanks to universal immunization, many diseases have been permanently eliminated, and the possibility of contracting seasonal infections has decreased by several tens of percent. Then perhaps the time has come to eliminate vaccinations from mandatory status?

Is the tetanus shot really necessary and when is it given to adults? Why are such injections dangerous and how long does the next vaccine last? Do vaccinations really help protect a person from disease, and how often do they need to be given?

Tetanus is easy to get infected

This is a zoonotic infection. What does it mean? The causative agent of tetanus is normally found in the body of humans and animals, mainly in the intestines, from where it easily enters the soil, that is, you can get infected from an animal and a person.

The causative agent of infection is a gram-positive bacillus, which forms spores in the external environment under unusual conditions. They are insensitive to cold, can withstand high temperatures for up to three hours, and can survive in the soil for up to 100 years.

Tetanus is difficult to treat, so the only optimal way to get rid of the disease is vaccination. How long does the protective effect of the vaccine last? How long is the tetanus shot for adults? Vaccination of people begins at three months after birth. Until age 16 or 17, a person receives a full course of injections for tetanus. The vaccine is usually complex and additionally includes protection against whooping cough and diphtheria. From the age of 17, a tetanus shot is given every 10 years. That is, immunity after vaccination lasts for 10 years. And if earlier there were recommendations to limit the vaccination age (up to 66 years), now it is not. This is due to the increase in life expectancy and the widespread prevalence of tetanus.

Complications after vaccination of dogs and cats

Not often, but sometimes, after vaccination of dogs and cats, complications appear and are quite serious, which can end in the death of the animal. In this post, we will again talk about vaccinations, but we will pay special attention to the complications after vaccination of dogs. In cats, everything happens almost the same way, so in the text I will say dogs, and mean both.

Modern immunobiological preparations or, more simply, vaccines, practically do not cause side effects, but it must be borne in mind that these are foreign substances. And the body can react unpredictably to foreign substances.

So, the first complication after vaccination of dogs is an allergic reaction, probably the most dangerous complication, especially if it develops rapidly.

Its signs can be very different: salivation, lacrimation, fever, sudden defecation, swelling in different places, most often the nose, ears and eyes swell. The head becomes hot. The behavior of the animal changes, it can either be depressed or, on the contrary, run around the room from corner to corner. Often a large swelling, redness is formed at the injection site (it will be clearly visible with a light color).

You may have already seen this cat when I wrote about allergies in animals. The photo was posted as an example of an allergic reaction to a vaccine.

What to do to avoid such a side effect after vaccination of dogs? Your doctor or the person who gave the injection should observe the dog for 10-15 minutes. Usually, an acute allergy attack appears for the first time in a few minutes.

Such signs, as I listed above, do not necessarily have to appear all, one or two are enough, then antihistamines should be used. For example, I often use dexamethasone in such cases, but this is not the only drug that can stop

dog after vaccination

Everyone, even an inexperienced dog owner, knows about the need to vaccinate their pet. Timely vaccinations will save the puppy from many diseases, ease the course of diseases and increase immunity.

Before vaccination, it is advisable to cure the dog of worms by giving it anthelmintic drugs 10 days before the intended vaccination.

So, your pet has been vaccinated. And then what? Please note that immunity after vaccination is formed no earlier than 10-15 days later. Therefore, it is during this period that it is necessary to carefully monitor so that the dog does not get tired after vaccination, does not catch a cold, does not overcool. The puppy should not be bathed and walked with him on the street, you should not allow communication with other dogs.

If the dog does catch a cold, then a very severe course of the disease and serious complications are possible. It is best to start walking in 2 weeks.

Also, after vaccination, your pet may develop symptoms of the disease: loss of appetite, fever, depression. Do not be afraid, these symptoms should disappear soon.

Please note that allergic reactions to the vaccine are sometimes possible. They can manifest as itching, peeling, redness, inflammation, or a rash. In the most severe cases, it comes to anaphylactic shock, in which case the animal urgently needs veterinary care and hospitalization. Symptoms of shock are: shortness of breath, cyanosis of the mouth and mucous membranes, pallor, weakness or salivation. If the dog shows any of these reactions after vaccination, then before the arrival of the veterinarian it is advisable to give her suprastin or diphenhydramine.

I didn't have much difficulty. The first male after distemper vaccination developed symptoms of this disease, but in a milder form. A greenish sap oozes out of the nose and eyes.

The rabies vaccine is the only cure for a deadly infection.

The disease begins gradually, while the central and peripheral nervous system is affected, as a result of which the patient dies.

The rabies vaccine is given with the rabies vaccine. The concentrated culture-based rabies vaccine (COCAV) is a rabies vaccine virus grown in special cultures, concentrated and purified using modern techniques and inactivated (killed) by ultraviolet rays. KOKAV is a hygroscopic porous white dry mass. For its dissolution, ampoules with water for injections of 1 ml are attached to the preparation.

Rabies immunoglobulin is produced in two types: from human blood serum and from horse blood serum. The drug contains specific antibodies Antibodies - "soldiers" of immunity that can neutralize the rabies virus Rabies - the prognosis is unfavorable.

There are preventive and treatment-and-prophylactic courses of vaccinations against rabies. A prophylactic vaccination course is carried out for persons who carry out work on catching and keeping neglected animals, veterinarians, hunters, foresters, slaughterhouse workers, taxidermists, and persons working with the rabies virus. Primary vaccination is three injections

Rabies vaccination

To compile the answers, the regulatory documentation of the Russian Federation and international recommendations were used.

The vaccinated person should know: he is prohibited from drinking any alcoholic beverages during the entire course of vaccinations and 6 months after its completion. Overwork, hypothermia, overheating should also be avoided.

It is believed that these recommendations are an echo of the past, when previous "generations" of rabies vaccines were used. To ensure protection, it was necessary to introduce 40 vaccinations, people were given a sick leave for this period so that no activity would distract from vaccination. Some people used the free time to work on their own agricultural plots or drink, and missed vaccinations, which could lead to rabies and death.

It should be noted that this situation may be relevant today. The modern scheme of anti-rabies vaccination after contact with an animal is vaccinations for 0 (day of treatment) - 3 - 7 - 14 - 30 - 90 days. The first vaccinations are on a rather tight schedule, so if the victim goes into a binge or leaves to do his own business (work in the country, etc.) and miss the vaccination period, this will lead to the ineffectiveness of the vaccination course.

Abroad, in the recommendations for anti-rabies prevention of the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control, in the instructions for rabies vaccines from foreign manufacturers, there are no restrictions on alcohol, physical activity, etc. not indicated either during the vaccination period or after the end of the vaccination course.

You naturally know about masturbation, you can hold on to it (those behind bars somehow hold on). If there is a chance for the recovery of the spouse and her adaptation in life, hold on with the help of masturbation to the last. If a

Claims about the possibility of reviving inactivated rabies

When is a rabies vaccination required? Indications, contraindications and side effects

Pets need to be vaccinated against rabies every year. Only in this case can we expect that the pet will not become infected itself and will not endanger people nearby. After all, this disease is incurable, if rabies has developed, nothing will help either the dog or the person. As for people, they do not need annual prophylaxis, the vaccine is used only as an emergency measure: if it has been bitten by an animal that is suspected of being contagious.

The disease is caused by viruses of the genus Lyssavirus of the Rhabdovirida family. It is carried most often by wild animals, in particular, bats. The pathogen enters the blood along with the saliva of the carrier and affects the nerve cells of the spinal cord and brain. The result is acute encephalitis, leading to death within a week - one and a half from the onset of the manifestation of the disease. The cause of death was respiratory arrest. The incubation period can be either short (10 days) or long (up to 7 weeks).

Today, rabies vaccination is a widespread measure, and most pet owners regularly vaccinate them against the virus, so wild, stray dogs remain the main source of infection. In developing countries, disease outbreaks occur more frequently than in civilized ones. According to statistics, people are vaccinated about 10-12 million times a year, about 35 thousand people die as a result of rabies. Most often these are children.

One fine day you decided to get a dog and opted for a small breed. Among other advantages of the baby, you probably pleased yourself with the thought that he will be a convenient companion on any trip.

The rabies vaccine was invented by a French scientist named Louis Pasteur over a hundred years ago - in 1885 - based on a weakened virus. In the 1980s, researchers created a new, inactivated vaccine that was more effective and safer. After her in

Side effects of the rabies vaccine in humans

Side effects of rabies vaccination in humans, its complications, allergic reactions are the topic of many discussions. Although this disease is a huge threat to life, the fight against it is also unsafe.

Vaccine Contraindications

There is a risk of developing adverse events after taking any drug. Rabies vaccinations for humans also have contraindications.

Exacerbation of any diseases (acute, chronic, non-infectious, infectious, tumors, immunodeficiency states, etc.). Sustained recovery, by the time of vaccination should last at least a month.

It must be taken into account that this is only true for the prophylactic administration of the vaccine if it is prescribed before the bite of a suspicious animal (people who may come into contact with rabid animals). Vaccinations are applied to persons whose profession implies the possibility of such contact (hunters, veterinarians, foresters, etc.). For preventive purposes, vaccination of residents of natural foci of the disease can also be carried out. After all, the danger of contracting rabies from wild animals is quite real today.

If a bite with damage to the skin or contact of an animal (fox, wolf, dog, cat, etc.) with saliva getting into the places of scratches has already occurred, then there can be no question of the impossibility of prophylaxis. Pregnant women are vaccinated to save the mother's life. Since when symptoms of the disease appear, her death, and hence the death of the fetus, is inevitable. The vaccine is also given at the time of exacerbation of the bitten other life-threatening diseases (including neurological, oncological, etc.). This is done because rabies is a particularly dangerous disease caused by a virus. If left untreated, this disease leads to death in the vast majority of cases.

Vaccinations: vaccination schedule, forms of vaccination, side effects

Vaccinations against childhood diseases save millions of lives. Illness and death from diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenza) type B are reaching record lows. In adults, vaccinations against influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, hepatitis and other diseases have also saved many lives and prevented many serious illnesses. The new vaccine has shown high efficacy against a virus that causes cervical cancer, as well as cases of genital warts, oral and anal cancer.

Our bodies are designed to protect us from infections. When you are exposed to viruses or bacteria, the immune system actually learns from experience. The next time your body is exposed to the same infection, your immune system will often recognize it and mount it to destroy it.

Immunization exposes you to very small and safe amounts of the most dangerous and common infections. This action helps your immune system recognize and attack infections, which can help prevent disease. If you are susceptible to a full-blown disease later in life, you will either not get infected, or the infection will be much milder, because your body has already developed antibodies and knows how to fight off this infection.

Most vaccines are given by injection, but some can be taken by mouth (by mouth) or as a nasal spray (through the nose). They usually contain components that trigger an immune response:

Live but weakened viruses. Live virus (live) vaccines provide longer-lasting immunity than inactivated vaccines, but they can cause serious infections in people with weakened immune systems and, in rare cases, serious medical conditions.

— Inactivated vaccines(immune preparations that contain microorganisms that have lost their ability to reproduce. The term "inactivated" refers to the viability of the microorganisms that make up this vaccine) - bacteria, viruses or toxoids. Inactivated vaccines are safe even for people with compromised immune systems.

— Toxoid-altered form harmful substances (toxins) with some bacteria. The toxoid in vaccines is modified in such a way that it does not harm the person, but always produces an immune response.

- Bacterial or viral components of not the whole organism. These are just some of the microbes that elicit a strong immune response. The harmless infectious components in the vaccine teach the immune system to recognize the full strength of the harmful substances. The immune system will know when to start fighting the real impact of these substances. Antibodies produced in response to a vaccine remain in the body, preventing future diseases from such exposure. This is called immunity.

- Combined vaccines. The use of combined vaccines, rather than individual components, is recommended whenever possible. Combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines (DPT - adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine - consists of a suspension of killed pertussis microbes and purified diphtheria and tetanus toxoids adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide gel) are also suitable for measles, mumps and rubella, and they available for many years.

New combinations are being developed that contain up to 5 vaccinations and are safe and well tolerated in children as young as 2 months of age. For example, a vaccine is available that combines DTP, hepatitis B, and the polio vaccine (Pediarix). It is just as effective when given to children aged 6 weeks to 6 years as separate vaccines. There is concern that the increasing use of combinations may reduce the potency of some vaccines. Some parents are also concerned about increased side effects. Research to date, however, shows that the combinations are effective and safe.

- Passive immunity. Another form of protection against disease is called passive immunity. This approach uses immunoglobulin, which is a blood product that contains antibodies. Immunoglobulin is usually used for people who cannot be vaccinated when immediate protection is needed, or to prevent severe complications of the disease. In some cases, passive immunity may interfere with active vaccination, especially with live virus vaccines. Therefore, if possible, these two types of immunization should not be carried out within one week or even one month.

Vaccines can have side effects, and they are almost always mild, such as swelling at the injection site or fever.

Conventional childhood vaccines. Experts recommend that all children be regularly vaccinated against the following diseases.