Endocrine system - symptoms of disturbances in work. Endocrine diseases Diseases of the endocrine system most often

Symptoms of the disease - disorders of the endocrine system

Violations and their causes by category:

Violations and their causes in alphabetical order:

disruption of the endocrine system -

Endocrine disruption- pathological conditions that occur as a result of improper activity of the endocrine glands or endocrine glands, which release the substances (hormones) they produce directly into the blood or lymph.

To endocrine glands are pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands, adrenal glands and glands with a mixed function, carrying out along with internal and external secretion: the gonads and pancreas. The main role of the endocrine glands in the body is expressed in their influence on the processes of metabolism, growth, physical and sexual development. Violation of the endocrine system leads to the emergence of various disorders of the body. The basis of endocrine disorders is either an excessive increase or decrease in the functions of a particular gland.

Pituitary It is considered the center of regulation of the activity of the endocrine system, since it produces hormones that specifically stimulate the growth, differentiation and functional activity of some endocrine glands. Violation of the complex functions of the pituitary gland leads to the development of a number of pituitary disorders: excessive function of the anterior pituitary causes acromegaly (large skull, superciliary arches, cheekbones, nose, chin, hands, feet); a decrease in the function of the anterior pituitary gland can cause obesity, dwarf growth, severe emaciation and atrophy of the gonads; a decrease in the function of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland - the development of diabetes insipidus, (copious urine output, increased thirst).

Increased thyroid function manifests itself in an increase in its volume, palpitations, emaciation, depending on increased metabolism, diarrhea, sweating, phenomena of increased neuropsychic excitability. With a pronounced increase in the function of the thyroid gland (the so-called Graves' disease), protrusion of the eyeballs is observed - bulging eyes.

Decreased thyroid function accompanied by a decrease in the thyroid gland, a slowing of the heart rate and the sinking of the eyeballs. There is a tendency to obesity, constipation, dry skin, a decrease in general excitability, changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which become, as it were, edematous. This condition is called myxedema.

Increased function of the parathyroid glands is rare. Much more often the function of these glands decreases.

At the same time, the calcium content in the blood decreases, which leads to increased excitability, mainly of the motor apparatus of the nervous system, and a tendency to tetanic convulsions, which develop more often in the upper limbs. Convulsive seizures last from a few minutes to 1-2 hours.
This complex of symptoms is called spasmophilia or tetany.

Increased adrenal function accompanied by premature puberty (most often due to the formation of a tumor).

Decreased function of the adrenal cortex in severe cases, it gives a picture of Addison's disease (bronze disease), in which characteristic dark, bronze pigmentation of the skin appears, emaciation, blood pressure decreases, blood sugar decreases, and the body's resistance decreases.

Increased function of the adrenal medulla causes the development of arterial hypertension in the form of seizures.

Increasing the function of the sex glands observed rarely (more often in connection with the development of malignant tumors of these glands), mostly in childhood. The gonads reach their full development prematurely.

A decrease in the function of these glands leads to eunuchoidism - increased growth with a disproportionate lengthening of the lower and upper limbs, a tendency to obesity, with the distribution of fat in men according to the female type and underdevelopment of the genital organs, and the absence of a secondary hairline.

Increased pancreatic function insufficiently studied. Individual manifestations are a persistent decrease in blood sugar, a tendency to obesity. A decrease in the function of this gland leads to an increase in blood and urine sugar, an increase in urination, and a decline in nutrition (diabetes mellitus).

What diseases cause endocrine disorders:

The regulation of the activity of the endocrine glands is carried out by the autonomic nerve centers of the diencephalon through the autonomic nerve fibers and through the pituitary gland under the control of the cerebral cortex. The nervous and endocrine systems are closely related and constantly interact.

The endocrine glands have a great influence on the growth and development of the body, metabolic processes, excitability and tone of the nervous system. Features of the functioning of individual links of the endocrine system play an important role in the formation of the body in general and its constitutional features in particular.

The natural course of age-related changes in the body can be sharply disturbed under the influence of disorders of internal secretion from one or more endocrine glands.

Causes of endocrine disorders:

1. Primary dysfunction of peripheral endocrine glands.

Various pathological processes can develop in the gland itself and lead to disruption of the formation and secretion of the corresponding hormones.

An important place among the causes of damage to the peripheral endocrine glands is occupied by infections. Some of them (for example, tuberculosis, syphilis) can be localized in different glands, causing their gradual destruction, in other cases there is a certain selectivity of the lesion (for example, meningococcal sepsis is often accompanied by hemorrhage in the adrenal glands, viral parotitis often causes orchitis and testicular atrophy, and orchitis may also occur in gonorrhea, etc.).

A common cause of gland damage and hormone production disorders are tumors that can develop in any gland. The nature of endocrine disorders in this case depends on the nature of the tumor. If the tumor originates from secretory cells, excessive amounts of hormones are usually produced and a picture of hyperfunction of the gland occurs. If the tumor does not secrete the hormone, but only compresses and causes atrophy or destroys the tissue of the gland, its progressive hypofunction develops. Quite often tumors have metastatic character. In some cases, tumors of the endocrine glands produce hormones that are not characteristic of this gland; ectopic foci of hormone formation in tumors of non-endocrine organs are also possible.

Disorders of the endocrine system may be due to congenital defects in the development of the glands or their atrophy. The latter is caused by various reasons: sclerotic process, chronic inflammation, age-related involution, hormonally active tumor of the paired gland, long-term treatment with exogenous hormones, etc. Damage and atrophy of the gland are sometimes based on autoimmune processes (for example, in some forms of diabetes mellitus, adrenal diseases, thyroid, etc.).

Autoimmune processes can also cause hyperproduction of hormones (for example, by the thyroid gland).

The formation of hormones is disturbed due to hereditary defects in the enzymes necessary for their synthesis, or inactivation (blockade) of these enzymes. In this way, for example, some forms of cortico-genital syndrome, endemic cretinism and other endocrine diseases arise. It is also possible the formation of abnormal forms of hormones in the gland. Such hormones have inferior activity or are completely devoid of it. In some cases, the intraglandular conversion of the prohormone into a hormone is disrupted, and therefore its inactive forms are released into the blood.

The cause of violations of the biosynthesis of hormones can be a deficiency of specific substrates that make up their composition (for example, iodine, which is necessary for the formation of thyroid hormones).

One of the causes of endocrine disorders is the depletion of hormone biosynthesis as a result of prolonged stimulation of the gland and its hyperfunction. In this way, some forms of insufficiency of beta-cells of the pancreatic islet apparatus, stimulated by prolonged hyperglycemia, occur.

2. Extra-glandular (peripheral) forms of endocrine disorders.

Even with a completely normal function of the peripheral glands and adequate needs of the body for the secretion of hormones, various endocrinopathies can occur.

The causes of such extraglandular "peripheral" endocrine disorders may be impaired binding of hormones to proteins at the stage of their transport to target cells, inactivation or destruction of the circulating hormone, impaired hormone reception and metabolism, and impaired permissive mechanisms.

Inactivation of circulating hormones, according to modern concepts, is most often associated with the formation of antibodies to them. This possibility has been established for exogenous hormones: insulin, ACTH, growth hormone.

At present, the possibility of the formation of autoantibodies to one's own hormones has been proven. The possibility of other ways of hormone inactivation at the stage of their circulation is not excluded.

An important form of extraglandular endocrine disorders is associated with impaired hormone reception in target cells - on their surface or inside the cell. Such phenomena may be the result of a genetically determined absence or small number of receptors, defects in their structure, various cell damage, competitive blockade of receptors by “antihormones”, gross shifts in the physicochemical properties of the pericellular and intracellular environment.

Anti-receptor antibodies are now of great importance. It is believed that the mechanisms for the production of antireceptor antibodies may be associated with some features of the immune system itself.

One of the forms of insufficiency of hormonal effects may be associated with a violation of the permissive "intermediary" action of hormones.

Thus, the lack of cortisol, which has a powerful and versatile permissive effect on catecholamines, sharply weakens the glycogenolytic, lipolytic effects of adrenaline, the pressor effect, and some other effects of catecholamines.

In the absence of the necessary amounts of thyroid hormones, the action of somatotropic hormone cannot be normally realized in the early stages of development of the organism.

Violation of the "mutual assistance" of hormones can lead to other endocrine disorders.

Endocrinopathy can occur as a result of a violation of hormone metabolism. A significant part of the hormones is destroyed in the liver, and with its lesions (hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.), signs of endocrine disorders are often observed. Excessive activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of hormones is also possible.

Thus, the causes and mechanisms of endocrine disorders are very diverse.

At the same time, these disorders are not always based on insufficient or excessive production of the corresponding hormones, but always on the inadequacy of their peripheral effects in target cells, leading to a complex interweaving of metabolic, structural and functional disorders.

Which doctors to contact if there is a violation of the endocrine system:

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Violations endocrine system are pathological conditions that occur as a result of improper activity of the endocrine glands or endocrine glands that secrete the substances (hormones) they produce directly into the blood or lymph. The endocrine glands include:

thyroid and parathyroid glands;

adrenal glands and glands with mixed function;

sex glands;

pancreas.

Main role endocrine glands in the body is expressed in their influence on the processes of metabolism, growth, physical and sexual development. Violation of the endocrine system leads to the emergence of various disorders of the body. At the core endocrine disorders either an excessive strengthening or a decrease in the functions of a particular gland lies.

Violation of the complex functions of the pituitary gland leads to the development of a number of pituitary disorders: excessive function of the anterior pituitary gland causes acromegaly. Decreased function of the anterior lobe pituitary gland may cause:

Obesity;

dwarf growth;

severe exhaustion;

atrophy of the sex glands;

A decrease in the function of the posterior pituitary gland provokes the development diabetes insipidus. The patient has profuse urine output and intense thirst.

An increase in thyroid function is manifested in an increase in its volume. The following violations occur:

increased heart rate;

emaciation;

sweating;

neuropsychic excitability.

With a pronounced increase in thyroid function, protrusion of the eyeballs or bulging eyes is observed.

A decrease in thyroid function is accompanied by a decrease in the thyroid gland, a slowing of the heart rate, and a sinking of the eyeballs. There is a tendency to obesity, constipation, dry skin, a decrease in general excitability, changes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue, which become edematous. This state is called myxedema.

Raise adrenal function accompanied by premature puberty (most often due to the formation of tumors). Downgrading a function adrenal cortex in severe cases, it gives a picture of Addison's disease (bronze disease), in which characteristic dark, bronze pigmentation of the skin appears, emaciation, blood pressure decreases, blood sugar decreases, and the body's resistance decreases.

Enhancing the function of the medulla I adrenal gland causes the development of arterial hypertension in the form of seizures. An increase in the function of the gonads is rarely observed (more often due to the development of malignant tumors of these glands), mostly in childhood. The gonads reach their full development prematurely. A decrease in the function of these glands leads to eunuchoidism, increased growth with a disproportionate lengthening of the lower and upper limbs, a tendency to obesity, with the distribution of fat in men according to the female type and underdevelopment of the genital organs, and the absence of a secondary hairline.

Regulation of the endocrine glands

The activity of the endocrine glands is regulated by autonomic nerve centers interstitial brain through autonomic nerve fibers and through the pituitary gland under the control of the cerebral cortex. The nervous and endocrine systems are closely related and constantly interact.

Endocrine glands have a great influence on the growth and development of the body, metabolic processes, excitability and tone of the nervous system. Features of the functioning of individual links of the endocrine system play an important role in the formation of the body in general and its constitutional features in particular.

The natural course of age-related changes in the body can be sharply disturbed under the influence of disorders of internal secretion from one or more endocrine glands.

Reasons for violation endocrine system:

Primary dysfunction of peripheral endocrine glands. Various pathological processes can develop in the gland itself and lead to disruption of the formation and secretion of the corresponding hormones.

Peripheral forms of endocrine disorders. The causes of peripheral endocrine disorders can be impaired binding of hormones to proteins at the stage of their transport to target cells, inactivation or destruction of the circulating hormone, impaired hormone reception and metabolism, and impaired permissive mechanisms.

An important place among the causes of damage to the peripheral endocrine glands is occupied by infections. Some of them (for example, tuberculosis, syphilis) can be localized in different glands, causing their gradual destruction, in other cases there is a certain selectivity of the lesion (for example, meningococcal sepsis is often accompanied by hemorrhage in the adrenal glands, viral parotitis often causes orchitis and testicular atrophy, and orchitis may also occur with gonorrhea).

The cause of damage to the glands and disorders of hormone formation are tumors that can develop in any gland. The nature of endocrine disorders in this case depends on the nature of the tumor. If the tumor originates from secretory cells, excessive amounts of hormones are usually produced and a picture of hyperfunction of the gland occurs.

If the tumor does not secrete hormone, but only compresses and causes atrophy or destroys the tissue of the gland, its progressive hypofunction develops. Quite often tumors have metastatic character. In some cases tumors of the endocrine glands produce hormones that are not characteristic of this gland, ectopic foci of hormone formation in tumors of non-endocrine organs are also possible.

Endocrine Disorders may be due to congenital defects in the development of glands or their atrophy. The latter is caused by various reasons, namely:

sclerotic process;

chronic inflammation;

age involution;

hormonally active tumor of the steam gland;

long-term treatment;

exogenous hormones.

The basis of damage and atrophy of the gland is sometimes autoshmming processes(with some forms of diabetes mellitus, diseases of the adrenal glands, thyroid gland).

The formation of hormones is disturbed due to hereditary defects in the enzymes necessary for their synthesis, or inactivation of enzymes. In this way, some forms cortico-genital syndrome, endemic cretinism and others endocrine diseases. It is also possible the formation of abnormal forms of hormones in the gland. Such hormones have inferior activity or are completely devoid of it. In some cases, the intraglandular conversion of the prohormone into a hormone is disrupted, and therefore its inactive forms are released into the blood.

Increased attention is paid to anti-receptor antibodies. It is believed that the mechanisms for the production of antireceptor antibodies may be associated with some features of the immune system itself.

Hormonal disorders

The cause of the formation of antibodies may be a viral infection; suggest that in such cases, the virus binds to a hormone receptor on the cell surface and provokes the formation of anti-receptor antibodies. One of the forms of insufficiency of hormonal effects may be associated with a violation of the permissive action of hormones.

Flaw cortisol, which has a powerful and versatile permissive effect on catecholamines, sharply weakens the glycogenolytic, lipolytic effects of adrenaline, the pressor effect and some other effects of catecholamines. In the absence of the necessary amounts of thyroid hormones, the action of somatotropic hormone cannot be normally realized in the early stages of development of the organism.

Endocrinopathy may result from violation hormone metabolism. A significant part of the hormones is destroyed in the liver, and with its lesions (hepatitis, cirrhosis, etc.), signs of endocrine disorders are often observed. Excessive activity of enzymes involved in the metabolism of hormones is also possible.

Diseases of the endocrine system

The endocrine system consists of several glands located in different parts of the body. The secretion products of these glands enter the bloodstream directly and affect various important functions of the body. Hormones produced by the endocrine glands act as chemical "messengers" of the body. The delicate balance of these hormones can be disturbed by any stress, infection, and some other factors…

The endocrine system plays a key role in important bodily functions such as digestion, reproduction, and homeostasis (keeping the body in optimal condition). The main glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and gonads. Endocrine secretion contributes to the normal functioning of the immune and nervous systems in some situations. The endocrine glands produce key hormones that enter the blood stream directly and are then carried throughout the body.

# Hypothalamus - the center of the endocrine and nervous systems. It regulates the functioning of the pituitary gland.

# Pituitary R Regulates the secretion of all other glands of the endocrine system. The pituitary gland produces important hormones such as growth hormone, prolactin, corticotropin, endorphin, and thyrotropin.

# Hormones thyroid gland necessary for the development of the brain and nervous system in children.

Diseases of the endocrine system develop due to either excessive or excessive production of hormones. These diseases can lead to growth disorders, osteoporosis, diabetes, high levels of cholesterol and triglycerol in the blood, as well as disruption of the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. Diseases of the endocrine system include: hyperthyroidism, hypercalcemia, growth hormone deficiency, Addison's disease, Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome and hypothyroidism (endemic goiter). Triggers for endocrine diseases are tumors, steroid use, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms of such diseases: weight change, mood swings, fatigue, constant thirst or urge to urinate. Diseases of the endocrine system are caused by dysfunction of the endocrine glands. In some cases, one gland produces too many hormones while others produce insufficient amounts of hormones. Uneven secretion of the endocrine glands (hypofunction) can be caused by neoplasms, disease or injury. Excessive activity of the gland (hyperfunction) is usually caused by tumors of the glands or autoimmune reactions of the body. For the treatment of endocrine diseases (in case of insufficient activity of the gland), hormone replacement therapy is used. With excessive activity of the glands, pathological tissues are removed.

growth hormone deficiency - if the child suffers from growth hormone deficiency, he has a childish face and a slender physique. This slows down the rate of growth. Growth hormone deficiency can be complete or partial. This endocrine disease can be diagnosed based on blood tests, which measure hormone levels, and x-rays of the hands and wrists, which help determine bone growth. Growth hormone injections are used to treat growth hormone deficiency. As a rule, treatment continues for several years until an acceptable result is achieved.

hypopituitarism (hypofunction of the pituitary gland) - this disease of the endocrine system is sometimes congenital due to the pathology of the formation of the pituitary gland or hypothalamus. Hypopituitarism can be caused by a brain tumor or infection of the brain and surrounding tissues.

hypercalcemia This endocrine disease is caused by an increase in the level of calcium in the blood. Calcium levels are maintained by vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. Symptoms of hypercalcemia: bone pain, nausea, kidney stone formation and hypertension. Also, spinal curvature is not ruled out. Other symptoms include irritability, muscle atrophy, and loss of appetite.

Addison's disease - This endocrine disease is caused by insufficient production of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands. Symptoms of Addison's disease: sudden weight loss, loss of appetite and fatigue. One of the important complications of this endocrine disease is hyperpigmentation, darkening of the skin color in some areas of the body. Cortisol deficiency can lead to irritability and cravings for salty foods.

Itsenko-Cushing syndrome This endocrine disease is caused by excess production of cortisol. The most common symptoms of this syndrome are upper body obesity, fatigue, muscle weakness, and increased bone fragility. Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome is the opposite of Addison's disease.

Acromegaly This endocrine disease is caused by excess secretion of growth hormone. Acromegaly is difficult to recognize and diagnose because it progresses very slowly in middle-aged people. Its main symptoms: abnormal growth of the palms and feet. This growth pathology can also be seen in facial features, in particular, in the line of the chin, nose and forehead. In patients with acromegaly, the liver, spleen and kidneys are enlarged. Common complications of this disease include diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

Goiter Hashimoto (chronic lymphomatous thyroiditis) is a type of chronic thyroiditis caused by an immune system response to thyroid activity. This is a hereditary disease, the symptoms of which are slight weight gain, resistance to cold, dry skin and hair loss. In women, chronic lymphomatous thyroiditis manifests itself in heavy and irregular menstruation.

Hypoparathyroidism This parathyroid dysfunction syndrome is caused by insufficient levels of calcium in the blood. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism: tingling in the hands and muscle spasms. It usually takes years for the disease to show up.

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system, which is characterized by an insufficient level of the pancreatic hormone insulin in the body and disorders of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism that develop against this background. Violation of carbohydrate metabolism entails a significant increase in blood sugar. The main danger of diabetes mellitus lies in the fact that a change in metabolism leads to disturbances in the hormonal system, in the water-salt balance, etc. With the progression of the disease, serious complications are possible in various organs and systems of the human body.

Distinguish true and symptomatic diabetes. Symptomatic diabetes is a concomitant disease with existing lesions of the endocrine glands. In the course of treatment of the underlying disease, manifestations and symptomatic diabetes mellitus practically disappear. True diabetes is divided into insulin-dependent or type I and non-insulin dependent or type II.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused by damage to the beta cells of the pancreatic islets that produce insulin, which leads to an acute lack of insulin in patients. If a diabetic patient does not receive the required amount of insulin, then this causes hyperglycemia, and also leads to the development of diabetic ketoacidosis. Quite often, the insulin-dependent form of diabetes mellitus has a hereditary predisposition, and in this case it acts as an autoimmune disease. In some cases, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is detected after suffering some viral diseases, which result in the destruction of beta cells that produce insulin. Basically, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus develops in young people under 25 years old, so it is also called "juvenile".

In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the work of beta-cells is preserved and an almost sufficient amount of insulin is produced, but the problem is tissue insensitivity to it. Quite often, type II diabetes mellitus is combined with obesity, and it is adipose tissue that blocks the action of insulin. Working in an enhanced mode, beta cells are gradually depleted and insulin deficiency develops in the body. Type II diabetes does not become insulin dependent.

Changes in carbohydrate metabolism lead to an increase in blood sugar and its active excretion in the urine, which leads to tissue dehydration. A diabetic patient is constantly thirsty and consumes large amounts of liquid. With an increase in the amount of fluid consumed, the amount of urine with which sugar is excreted also increases. The patient begins to experience general weakness, his working capacity and the body's resistance to infections decrease.

To prevent serious complications, blood sugar levels are lowered. In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, patients are prescribed daily insulin injections, and in non-insulin dependent diabetes, sugar-lowering drugs are prescribed. It also prescribes the strictest adherence to a diet that helps to significantly reduce sugar levels, normalize well-being and prevent the development of various complications in the future. With strict observance of all the doctor's prescriptions, the disease can be controlled, as well as maintain normal working capacity and a full standard of living. In addition to dieting, regular exercise is recommended, which also helps to reduce sugar levels, due to the active oxidation of glucose in muscle tissue.

Treatment of diabetes mellitus of any type should be carried out under the strict supervision of a doctor, which will allow you to develop both an individual program of physical activity and calculate the required daily calorie intake.

Endocrine diseases are pathologies resulting from a violation of the normal functioning of the endocrine glands. All diseases of the endocrine system develop as a result of hyperfunction (excessive synthesis of hormones), hypofunction (insufficient production of hormones) or dysfunction (improper functioning) of the endocrine organs.

Causes of endocrine diseases

All diseases of the endocrine glands occur as a result of exposure to the following causes:

an excess of gomons;
lack of hormones;
production of abnormal hormones;
violation of the production and delivery of hormones;
hormonal resistance.

The reason for insufficient synthesis of hormones can be:

inflammation of the endocrine glands (for example, in diabetes mellitus or pancreatitis);
hereditary predisposition;
complications after infectious diseases of the endocrine organs;
the effect of radiation or toxic substances on the organs of internal secretion;
immune failure;
lack of a number of essential substances in the body (for example, a lack of iodine leads to a decrease in thyroid function).

The cause of hyperfunction of a particular gland may be:

its excessive stimulation;
synthesis of similar hormones by different tissues and glands.

Hormonal resistance is usually hereditary. The exact reasons for the development of such resistance are currently unknown.

Defective abnormal hormones in the endocrine system are rarely produced. The cause of this phenomenon is usually a gene mutation.

In some cases, the body fails and the immune system begins to fight against its own cells, which leads to the destruction of the endocrine gland and its inability to perform its functions. Such causes of endocrine diseases are called autoimmune.

Classification of endocrine diseases

Diseases of the endocrine organs are divided into the following groups:

1. Pathologies of the pituitary gland and hypothalamus:

diabetes insipidus;
gigantism and acromegaly;
hyperprolactinemia;
prolactinoma;
Itsenko-Cushing's disease.

2. Diseases of the gonads in women:

cycle disorders;
Stein-Leventhal syndrome.

3. Diseases of the thyroid gland:

hypothyroidism;
thyroid cancer;
hyperthyroidism;
goiter (nodular, endemic, toxic);
thyroiditis (subacute, autoimmune);
thyrotoxic adenoma.

4. Diseases of the adrenal glands:

chronic insufficiency;
tumors (hormonally active).

5. Diseases of the pancreas:

diabetes.

Symptoms of endocrine diseases

Endocrine diseases manifest themselves in different ways, since we can talk about pathologies of several endocrine glands at once.

Often the patient does not attach importance to some symptoms, attributing them to fatigue, overeating or stress. As a result, the disease progresses, which complicates subsequent treatment and worsens the prognosis.

The following are the most common symptoms that characterize diseases of the endocrine glands:

Causeless fatigue, feeling of weakness and weakness;

A sharp change in weight in one direction or another;

Tachycardia, pain in the heart;

Headaches, hypertension;

increased sweating;

Constant feeling of thirst;

Frequent urination;

Drowsiness;

Increased nervous excitability.

Diagnosis of endocrine diseases

As a rule, it is impossible to self-diagnose this or that pathology of the internal secretion organs due to the non-specificity of symptoms. If any suspicions arise, you need to seek help from an endocrinologist who will conduct the necessary examinations, make a diagnosis and prescribe adequate treatment.

Diseases of the endocrine system are diagnosed using the following methods:

1. Survey - conducted in order to find out the causes of endocrine diseases and understand the mechanism of their development.

2. External examination. An experienced doctor can make a preliminary diagnosis already at the first appointment, after analyzing the condition of the patient's hair and skin, noting atypical hair growth, enlargement of the thyroid gland, and so on.

3. Palpation. Typically, this technique is used to diagnose diseases of the thyroid gland.

4. Diseases of the endocrine organs can be detected using the following laboratory and instrumental research methods:

CT and MRI;
radiography;
radioisotope research;
blood test for sugar and a number of others.

Treatment of endocrine diseases

There are quite a few diseases of the endocrine organs and each of them is treated in its own way. When choosing a treatment regimen, the doctor pays attention to the localization of the pathological process, the stage and nature of the course of the disease, the state of the patient's immune system and the individual characteristics of his body.

Treatment of endocrine diseases is carried out in order to achieve the following results:

restoration of normal hormone synthesis;
achieving remission of the disease, when positive changes in the patient's state of health become persistent (ideally, it is desirable to achieve a complete recovery).

The most effective is the complex treatment of diseases of the organs of internal secretion, which includes endocrine and immune therapy.

The most important organ of the human body, which is responsible for the creation of cellular immunity and affects the metabolic processes in the body (including hormonal metabolism), is the thymus, which is also called the thymus gland.

It is in this organ that the maturation of the body's immune cells occurs. When the thymus malfunctions, not only does the immune defense of the body decrease, but the work of the endocrine organs is also disrupted, which can lead to the development of various pathologies.

Fortunately, modern medicine does not stand still and today there is a drug on the market that helps the thymus gland to function normally and, if necessary, duplicates its functions.

This drug is called Transfer Factor. It is based on immunomodulatory molecules, which, when they enter the patient's body, have the following complex effect:

eliminate possible side effects associated with taking other drugs;
remember information about pathogenic microorganisms that enter the human body and, when they reappear, immediately activate the immune system to fight them;
eliminate failures in the immune and endocrine systems.

To date, a whole line of Transfer Factor has been created for all occasions. In diseases of the endocrine system, the most effective are Transfer factor Glucouch and Transfer factor Advance.

Prevention of endocrine diseases

In order to reduce the likelihood of developing diseases of the endocrine organs to a minimum, the following recommendations must be observed:

eat right, lead an active lifestyle;
to refuse from bad habits;
timely treat infectious diseases and pathologies of other origin, which can adversely affect the state of the endocrine system;
if possible, avoid exposure to the body of harmful environmental factors (ultraviolet radiation, chemical compounds, and so on);
if any suspicious symptoms are found, you should immediately contact an endocrinologist and undergo examinations prescribed by a specialist.

If one or another disease of the endocrine organs is detected, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor, to follow all his recommendations. This will help prevent the development of complications and improve the quality of life of the patient.

Endocrine diseases are often the cause of the manifestation of various abnormalities in the functioning of the body.

Dangerous conditions of this nature require an immediate response.

Endocrinology is developing rapidly, and great attention is paid to the treatment of ES pathologies, therefore timely access to a doctor is a factor that ensures recovery with minimization of risk for the patient.

Hormones are complex, specific substances that are produced by the glands.

Each individual element has its own functions and renders or systems, generally providing individual tasks.

The structures that ensure the production of hormones in the human body can be divided into 2 types: endocrine glands and exocrine.

All provide the body with the necessary functions, because endocrine disorders are a serious deviation in the functioning of the human body. Symptoms of endocrine diseases always require a quick response.

Most of the glands in the human body are endocrine glands. Their specificity lies in the fact that they do not have ducts, and the produced components enter directly into the bloodstream.

The components stay in the circulatory system until they reach the cell for which this compound is intended.

Organs with endocrine function include the following structures:

Endocrine glands, located in the brain - the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Their task is to transmit centralized signals.
Thymus (thymus). Provides maturation of T-cells of the immune system.
Thyroid. Accumulates iodine and ensures the production of iodine-containing hormones in the human body. Provides regulation of metabolism and energy.
Pancreas. Provides the production of glucagon and insulin.
Adrenals. They are cone-shaped elements localized in the region of the kidneys. The medulla provides the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine.
Sex glands. At their expense, the formation of the human body according to the female or male type occurs, and they ensure the development of secondary sexual characteristics. They belong to the peripheral endocrine glands.

Diseases of the endocrine system are extremely dangerous, because there is a close relationship in the functioning of all its components:

The main glands located in the brain give commands to the rest of the structure of the endocrine system, and also receive and process feedback signals.
If the work of any element from an integral system is disrupted, this will affect other organs.
, entails various disturbances in the work of the organs of internal secretion.

If the human hormonal system fails, the whole body suffers.

Hormonal diseases are amenable to medical correction, but it is better to pay attention to the prevention of their occurrence in a timely manner.

Checking the endocrine system with a specialist is useful for every person, because the timely detection of pathology significantly increases the chance of therapeutic success.

Disorders of the endocrine system are dangerous. One or more reasons can provoke its manifestation:

the production of any hormone in volumes above or below the norm;
violations of the production process of components (anomalies);
resistance to the influence of such substances on the body;
metabolic failures;
violations of the delivery of substances with blood flow to the body;
violations in the work of the main elements of the hormonal system.

The reasons for the manifestation of such "defects" in the operation of the system have not been finally determined and have not been studied by specialists.

Symptoms of endocrine disorders can manifest themselves with different intensity. Possible reasons for the decrease in the production of elements include the following:

infectious processes of the endocrine glands;
congenital dysfunction of the endocrine glands;
sluggish inflammatory processes associated with the organs of the endocrine system;
tumor processes;
hypothyroidism;
removal of an organ of the endocrine system.

Among the list of causes that provoke an excess of hormones, which can also lead to the manifestation of endocrine disorders, the following are distinguished:

Abnormal stimulation of the endocrine glands, which can be triggered by pathological or physiological factors.
Release of substances by organs that are not normally involved in their release.
The use of hormone therapy.

Basically, the manifestation of such causes is associated with liver diseases, but in some cases the cause may lie in physiological conditions, for example, a metabolic delay often occurs during pregnancy.

One of the reasons for the manifestation of diseases of the endocrine system is the production of abnormal substances. Such a deviation associated with a mutation is extremely rare.

List of endocrine diseases

The class of endocrine disorders includes pathologies caused by a disorder in the work of one or more glands. The list of the main diseases of ES is given in the table:

Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary system

Pathology of the thyroid gland

Diseases of the islet apparatus of the pancreas - Diabetes mellitus

Adrenal Gland Diseases - Hormonally Active Tumors

Chronic adrenal insufficiency

Primary hyperaldosterionis

Violations of the female gonads - Premenstrual syndrome

Failures of menstrual functions

Prevention of endocrine diseases should occupy a special place in the modern world, because the pathologies of this system are difficult to correct and often cause irreversible changes in the body.

Only endocrinological diseases can determine or refute. You should not try to diagnose yourself and self-medicate.

In order to identify a violation of the endocrine system, the following diagnostic manipulations are used:

Primary examination. An experienced specialist, considering the primary signs (pigmentation, hairline, body proportions, skin condition, thyroid size), will be able to make an assumption about the presence of pathology.
Palpation. In the absence of external, palpation will help determine the presence of an enlarged gland.
Ultrasound techniques (ultrasound, CT, auscultation). X-ray method is also used.
Laboratory methods - to determine any deviations from the norm, a blood test for hormones should be taken.

Hormones are components that play an important role in the human body.

If the process of their production is disturbed, this entails various negative consequences for the patient's body.

The main principle of treatment of disorders of the endocrine system is hormonal therapy. Not only true hormones are used, but also their synthetic counterparts.

In modern medical practice, there are 4 options for hormone therapy. The peculiarity of the impact of each is considered in the table.

Doctors say that preventive measures can prevent and stop the progress of certain diseases.

The list of preventive obligations of the patient is as follows:

Passing regular medical examinations.
Compliance with the rules of a healthy lifestyle.
Exclusion from the diet of harmful products.
Refusal of alcohol and getting rid of nicotine addiction.
Moderate exercise and outdoor activities.

Problems with, the diagnosis and treatment of which is complicated, are easier to prevent than to get rid of them after.

That is why special attention should be paid to the prevention of their manifestation. If symptoms of an endocrine system disease appear, a doctor should be consulted immediately.