Mineral salts and their biological role. mineral salts. aluminum

Mineral salts in an aqueous solution of the cell dissociate into cations and anions; some of them can be included in complexes with various organic compounds. The content of inorganic ions usually does not exceed 1% of the cell mass. Salt cations, such as potassium, sodium, provide cell irritability. Calcium promotes adhesion of cells to each other. Weak acid anions are responsible for the buffering properties of the cytoplasm, maintaining a weakly alkaline reaction in cells.

The following is an example of the biological role of the most important chemical elements of the cell:

Oxygen Component of organic substances, water, anions of inorganic acids

Carbon Component of all organic substances, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid;

Hydrogen A component of water, organic substances, in the form of a proton, regulates the acidity of the environment and ensures the formation of a transmembrane potential;

Nitrogen A component of nucleotides, amino acids, photosynthesis pigments and many vitamins;

Sulfur A component of amino acids (cysteine, cystine, methionine), vitamin B 1 and some coenzymes;

Phosphorus A component of nucleic acids, pyrophosphate, phosphoric acid, nucleotide triphosphates, some coenzymes;

Calcium Involved in cell signaling;

Potassium Affects the activity of enzymes of protein synthesis, participates in the processes of photosynthesis;

Magnesium Activator of energy metabolism and DNA synthesis, is part of the chlorophyll molecule, is necessary for the assembly of spindle microtubules;

Iron A component of many enzymes, is involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, in the processes of respiration and photosynthesis;

Copper Component of some enzymes involved in photosynthesis;

Manganese Is a component or regulates the activity of some enzymes, is involved in the assimilation of nitrogen and in the process of photosynthesis;

Molybdenum A component of nitrate reductase, is involved in the fixation of molecular nitrogen;

Cobalt Component of vitamin B 12, involved in nitrogen fixation

Boron Plant growth regulator, activator of reductive respiratory enzymes;

Zinc A component of some peptidases involved in the synthesis of auxins (plant hormones) and alcoholic fermentation.

Not only the content of the elements is essential, but also their ratio. So the cell maintains a high concentration of K + ions and a low Na + , in the environment (sea water, intercellular fluid, blood), on the contrary.

The main most important biological functions of mineral elements:

1. Maintenance of acid-base balance in the cell;

2. Creation of buffer properties of the cytoplasm;

3. Activation of enzymes;

4. Creation of osmotic pressure in the cell;

5. Participation in the creation of membrane potentials of cells;

6. Formation of the internal and external skeleton(protozoa, diatoms) .

2. Organic matter

Organic substances make up from 20 to 30% of the mass of a living cell. Of these, approximately 3% is accounted for by low molecular weight compounds: amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, hormones, pigments, and some other substances. The main part of the dry matter of the cell is made up of organic macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and polysaccharides. In animal cells, as a rule, proteins predominate, in plant cells - polysaccharides. There are certain differences in the ratio of these compounds between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Table 1)

Table 1

2.1. Squirrels- the most important irreplaceable nitrogen-containing organic compounds of the cell. Protein bodies play a decisive role both in the construction of living matter and in the implementation of all life processes. These are the main carriers of life, due to the fact that they have a number of features, the most important of which include: the inexhaustible diversity of the structure and, at the same time, its high species uniqueness; a wide range of physical and chemical transformations; the ability to reversibly and naturally change the configuration of the molecule in response to external influences; tendency to form supramolecular structures, complexes with other chemical compounds; the presence of biological activity - hormonal, enzymatic, pathogenic, etc.

Proteins are polymer molecules built from 20 amino acids * arranged in different sequences and connected by a peptide bond (C-N-single and C=N-double). If the number of amino acids in the chain does not exceed twenty, such a chain is called an oligopeptide, from 20 to 50 - a polypeptide **, more than 50 - a protein.

The mass of protein molecules ranges from 6 thousand to 1 million or more daltons (dalton is a unit of molecular weight equal to the mass of a hydrogen atom - (1.674x10 -27 kg). Bacterial cells contain up to three thousand different proteins, in the human body this diversity increases up to five million.

Proteins contain 50-55% carbon, 6.5-7.3% hydrogen, 15-18% nitrogen, 21-24% oxygen, up to 2.5% sulfur. Some proteins contain phosphorus, iron, zinc, copper and other elements. Unlike other elements of the cell, most proteins are characterized by a constant proportion of nitrogen (average 16% of dry matter). This indicator is used when calculating protein by nitrogen: (mass of nitrogen × 6.25). (100:16=6.25).

Protein molecules have several structural levels.

The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

The secondary structure is an α-helix or a folded β-structure, which are formed by stabilizing the molecule by electrostatic hydrogen bonds that form between the -C=O and -NH groups of amino acids.

Tertiary structure - the spatial organization of the molecule, determined by the primary structure. It is stabilized by hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide (-S-S-) bonds that form between sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as hydrophobic interactions.

Only proteins consisting of two or more polypeptide chains have a quaternary structure; it is formed by combining individual protein molecules into a single whole. A certain spatial organization (globular or fibrillar) is necessary for the highly specific work of protein molecules. Most proteins are active only in the form provided by the tertiary or quaternary structure. The secondary structure is sufficient for the functioning of only a few structural proteins. These are fibrillar proteins, and most enzymes and transport proteins are globular.

Proteins consisting only of polypeptide chains are called simple (proteins), and those containing components of a different nature are called complex (proteins). For example, a glycoprotein molecule contains a carbohydrate fragment, a metalloprotein molecule contains metal ions, etc.

By solubility in individual solvents: water-soluble; soluble in saline solutions - albumins, alcohol-soluble - albumins; soluble in alkalis - glutelins.

Amino acids are inherently amphoteric. If an amino acid has several carboxyl groups, then acidic properties predominate, if several amino groups are basic. Depending on the predominance of certain amino acids, proteins can also have basic or acidic properties. Globular proteins have an isoelectric point - the pH value at which the total charge of the protein is zero. At lower pH values, the protein has a positive charge; at higher pH values, it has a negative charge. Since electrostatic repulsion prevents protein molecules from sticking together, solubility becomes minimal at the isoelectric point and the protein precipitates. For example, the milk protein casein has an isoelectric point at pH 4.7. When lactic acid bacteria acidify the milk to this value, the casein precipitates and the milk "coagulates".

Protein denaturation is a violation of the tertiary and secondary structure under the influence of changes in pH, temperature, some inorganic substances, etc. If at the same time the primary structure was not disturbed, then when normal conditions are restored, renaturation occurs - spontaneous restoration of the tertiary structure and activity of the protein. This property is of great importance in the production of dry food concentrates and medical preparations that contain denatured protein.

*Amino acids are compounds containing one carboxyl and one amino group associated with one carbon atom to which a side chain is attached - any radical. More than 200 amino acids are known, but 20 are involved in the formation of proteins, called basic or fundamental. Depending on the radical, amino acids are divided into non-polar (alanine, methionine, valine, proline, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine), polar uncharged (asparagine, glutamine, serine, glycine, tyrosine, threonine, cysteine) and polar charged (basic: arginine , histidine, lysine, acidic: aspartic and glutamic acids). Non-polar amino acids are hydrophobic, and proteins built from them behave like fat droplets. Polar amino acids are hydrophilic.

**Peptides can be obtained as a result of amino acid polycondensation reactions, as well as by incomplete hydrolysis of proteins. They perform regulatory functions in the cell. A number of hormones (oxytocin, vasopressin) are oligopeptides. This bradykidin (pain peptide) is an opiate (natural drugs - endorphins, enkephalins) of the human body, which have an analgesic effect. (Drugs destroy opiates, so a person becomes very sensitive to the slightest disturbance in the body - withdrawal). Peptides are some toxins (diphtheria), antibiotics (gramicidin A).

Protein Functions:

1. Structural. Proteins serve as a building material for all cell organelles and some extracellular structures.

2. catalytic. Due to the special structure of the molecule or the presence of active groups, many proteins have the ability to catalytically accelerate the course of chemical reactions. From inorganic catalysts, enzymes differ in high specificity, work in a narrow temperature range (from 35 to 45 ° C), at slightly alkaline pH and atmospheric pressure. The rate of reactions catalyzed by enzymes is much higher than that provided by inorganic catalysts.

3. Motor. Special contractile proteins provide all kinds of cell movement. The flagella of prokaryotes are built from flagellins, and the flagella of eukaryotic cells are built from tubulins.

4. Transport. Transport proteins carry substances into and out of the cell. For example, porin proteins promote ion transport; hemoglobin carries oxygen and albumin carries fatty acids. The transport function is carried out by proteins - carriers of plasma membranes.

5. Protective. Antibody proteins bind and neutralize substances foreign to the body. A group of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) prevents the formation of free radicals. Blood immunoglobulins, fibrin, thrombin are involved in blood clotting and thereby stop bleeding. The formation of proteins of a protein nature, for example, diphtheria toxin or Bacillus turingiensis toxin, in some cases can also be considered as a means of protection, although these proteins more often serve to damage the victim in the process of obtaining food.

6. Regulatory. The regulation of the work of a multicellular organism is carried out by protein hormones. Enzymes, controlling the rates of chemical reactions, regulate intracellular metabolism.

7. Signal. The cytoplasmic membrane contains proteins that can respond to changes in the environment by changing their conformation. These signaling molecules are responsible for transmitting external signals to the cell.

8. Energy. Proteins can serve as a reserve of reserve substances used to obtain energy. The breakdown of 1 gram of protein provides the release of 17.6 kJ of energy.

Almost all known elements work around the clock for the benefit of human health. Mineral salts provide a constant acid-base balance and regulate metabolism.

The active role of mineral salts in the metabolic processes of the body and the regulation of its functions leaves no doubt about their necessity. Their endogenous synthesis is impossible, which is why they stand apart from other substances of similar functionality, such as hormones and even vitamins.

Management of the vital processes of the human body is carried out by maintaining the acid-base balance, a certain concentration of certain mineral salts, the mutual ratio of their quantity. These indicators affect the activity and production of hormones, enzymes, determine the course of biochemical reactions.

The human body receives and uses almost all the elements known to the periodic table, but the meaning and function of most of them are still unknown. It is customary to divide microelements into two groups depending on the level of their demand:

• trace elements;
• macronutrients.

All mineral salts are constantly excreted from the body, to the same extent they must be replenished with food, otherwise health problems are inevitable.

Salt

The most famous of the mineral salts, which plays an important role on every table, almost no dish can do without its presence. Chemically, it is sodium chloride.

Chlorine is involved in the formation of hydrochloric acid, which is necessary for digestion, protection against helminthic invasion and is an integral part of gastric juice. The lack of chlorine has an extremely negative effect on the process of digestion of food, provokes the development of urinary blood poisoning.

Sodium is an extremely important element that regulates the amount of water in the body, affects the functioning of the human nervous system. It retains magnesium and lime in tissue cells and the circulatory system. It plays a key role in the regulation of the exchange of mineral salts and water in the body, being the main extracellular cation.

Potassium

Potassium, together with sodium, determines the function of the brain, contributes to its nutrition with glucose, and maintains the excitability of muscle and nervous tissues. Without potassium it is impossible to concentrate, the brain is unable to get to work.

It is necessary to influence potassium salts on the digestion of starch, lipids, they are involved in the formation of muscles, providing their strength and strength. It also affects the exchange of mineral salts and water in the body, being the main intracellular cation.

Magnesium

The value of magnesium for humans and all types of metabolism is extremely high. In addition, it ensures the conductivity of the fibers of nerve cells, regulates the width of the lumen of the vessels of the circulatory system, and participates in the work of the intestines. It is a protector for cells, strengthening their membranes and minimizing the effects of stress. Magnesium salts provide strength to the skeleton and teeth, stimulate the secretion of bile.

The lack of magnesium salts leads to increased irritability, violations of such functions of higher nervous activity as memory, attention, disorders of the work of all organs and their systems. Excess magnesium is effectively excreted by the body through the skin, intestines and kidneys.

Manganese

Manganese salts protect the human liver from obesity, help lower cholesterol levels, and take an active part in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. They are also known to have a positive effect on the functions of the nervous system, muscle endurance, hematopoiesis, and bone development. Manganese increases blood clotting, helps the absorption of vitamin B1.

Calcium

First of all, calcium is necessary for the formation and development of bone tissue. Thanks to this element, the membranes of nerve cells are stabilized, and the correct amount of it in relation to potassium ensures the normal functioning of the heart. It also promotes the absorption of phosphorus, proteins, and calcium salts in the composition of the blood affect its coagulability.

Iron

The role of iron for the processes of cellular respiration is well known, since it is an integral part of hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin. Iron deficiency causes oxygen starvation, the consequences of which affect the entire body. Especially vulnerable to this factor is the brain, which instantly loses its working capacity. The absorption of iron salts increases with the help of ascorbic, citric acid, falls due to diseases of the digestive tract.

Copper

Copper salts work in close conjunction with iron and ascorbic acid, participating in the processes of hematopoiesis and cellular respiration. Even with enough iron, copper deficiency leads to anemia and oxygen starvation. The quality of the processes of hematopoiesis and the mental health of a person also depend on this element.

The lack of phosphorus is practically eliminated when providing a balanced diet. However, it should be borne in mind that its excess adversely affects the amount of calcium salts and their supply to the body. He is responsible for the production of energy and heat from nutrients.

The formation of bone and nervous systems without phosphorus and its salts is impossible, it is also necessary to maintain adequate function of the kidneys, liver, heart, hormone synthesis.

Fluorine

Fluoride is part of tooth enamel and bones and helps to keep them healthy. A sufficient amount of its salts in the diet of a pregnant woman reduces the risk of developing dental caries in her child in the future. Their role is great in the processes of skin regeneration, wound healing, they improve the absorption of iron by the body, and help the thyroid gland.

Iodine

The main role of iodine is its participation in the work of the thyroid gland and the synthesis of its hormones. Some of the iodine is found in the blood, ovaries, and muscles. It strengthens the human immune system, participates in the development of the body, helps regulate body temperature.

The construction of nails, skin and hair, nervous and muscle tissues is impossible without silicon salts. It is also of great importance for the development of bone tissue and the formation of cartilage, maintaining the elasticity of the vascular walls. Lack of it creates a risk of developing diabetes and atherosclerosis.

Chromium

Chromium acts as an insulin regulator, controls the activity of the enzyme system involved in glucose metabolism, protein and fatty acid synthesis. Insufficient amounts of it can easily lead to diabetes and is also a risk factor for stroke.

Cobalt

The participation of cobalt in the processes of ensuring the supply of oxygen to the brain obliges to place special emphasis on it. In the body it is presented in two forms: bound, as part of vitamin B12, it is in this form that it plays its role in the synthesis of red blood cells; vitamin independent.

Zinc

Zinc ensures the flow of lipid and protein metabolism, is part of about 150 biologically active substances produced by the body. It is extremely important for the successful development of children, since it participates in the formation of connections between brain cells and ensures the successful functioning of the nervous system. Also, zinc salts are involved in erythropoiesis, normalize the functions of the endocrine glands.

Sulfur

Sulfur is present almost everywhere in the body, in all its tissues and urine. Lack of sulfur contributes to the development of irritability, dysfunction of the nervous system, the development of tumors, skin diseases.

As I wrote in a previous article about vitamins, no one can do without them. Mineral salts play an equally important role for our health. Why should we take minerals and vitamins.
Because not only vitamins, but also mineral salts contain everything necessary for our life. Mineral salts must be found in the food we eat.

For the life and activity of our body, mineral salts are simply necessary. After reading the article, you will definitely find out what these mineral salts are and what role they play in our lives.

mineral salts

In our food, as well as vitamins, there must be mineral salts. They are simply necessary for our body so that its vital activity is normal. Why do you think we should take minerals and vitamins?
But nature has endowed our food with both vitamins and minerals! Due to the fact that we do not eat properly, we do not receive enough mineral salts and vitamins necessary for life, which you can read about.


Now artificial fertilizer is very developed. Of course, it almost everywhere replaced such natural fertilizer as manure. As a result, artificial fertilizer gives growth, beauty and productivity.
But at the same time, plants do not have time to get natural juices from the earth, which are so necessary for plants to form vitamins. People and organizations that grow plant food spray it with a chemical solution.
This solution is used to control harmful insects and this is done instead of fumigation, which was done before. The trouble is that this solution contains arsenic.
Of course, this poison kills pests, but not only. Some of it remains on the plants and then goes to vegetables, fruits and cereals. Then, through these products, the poison enters our stomach, thereby poisoning the body.
For commercial purposes, the core is removed from wheat grains, thereby making them dead. Then, to obtain white varieties of bread, the bran is sifted out very carefully.
Without thinking about the fact that vitamins are mainly found in bran. Cattle are fed with bran, which means that the most valuable thing is given to animals. And people receive not only dead bread, but also harmful.
Now about sugar - dark sugar is natural, which is produced from fodder beets and cane. It contains many minerals and vitamins. But after purification, sugar loses all vitamins and most of the minerals.
We buy snow-white sugar and of course we consume it every day in large quantities about the dangers and benefits of sugar, read in. This is not only sugar, but also all kinds of sweets and muffins in which there are no vitamins or mineral salts.

What are mineral salts

This is Sodium, which is one of the main elements in our body. Iron, which is very important for our blood. Potassium, which is responsible for the structure of muscles.
Calcium, which gives our bones strength. Phosphorus, which is responsible for bone development. Sulfur, which should be found in all tissues and cells of our body.
Silicon is responsible for the construction of skin, nerves, nails, hair and muscles. Chlorine is needed to combine sodium, calcium and potassium like hydrochloric acid. A little muscle, blood and brain.
Iodine is generally responsible for the metabolism in our body, so it should be enough in the thyroid gland. Salt is also part of the mineral salts. It is very necessary for blood and tissues.
And finally Magnesium - this element gives special hardness to teeth and bones. What are mineral salts, I hope that I was able to answer this question.

calcium in the body

We all know how important calcium is for the body. Calcium builds muscles, strengthens the skeleton and all bones. In the human body, the amount of calcium is three-fourths of all the mineral elements that it contains.
The heart must receive seven times more calcium than any other organ. Since the heart muscles need calcium. Calcium is very important in the body for blood clotting.
What substance do you think supplies the blood with alkaline salts? Calcium is the main source and it is very important. After all, our blood is alkaline, if it is in a normal state.
Death can occur if the alkaline balance in the blood is disturbed. For this reason, our body will begin to age prematurely if the glands, cells, tissues do not have enough calcium.
Children and teenagers need four times more calcium than adults. To keep bones, teeth and tissues in order. Very little calcium is produced when you are sick, especially if you have a high fever.
Trouble and overwork also adversely affect health. Increases acidity in the blood, loses its activity and weakens the liver. After all, the liver destroys toxic substances.
The liver loses its activity and inflammation of the tonsils begins, stones appear in the gallbladder. The teeth begin to crumble and stagger, the rash covers mainly the hands.
If you introduce pure calcium into the body, it will not bring much benefit. You need to take calcium in the form of food. That is, eat food that contains alkali.
Eat egg yolks, beans, olives, lentils, yellow turnips, rutabagas, wine berries, whey, cauliflower, bran. Then calcium in the body will be normal.

sodium in the body

Sodium in the body is one of the main alkaline elements. Thanks to sodium, magnesium and lime are retained in blood solutions and tissues. If there is a lack of sodium in the body, hardening will begin in the walls of the arteries.
In the capillary vessels, blood stagnation occurs, and urinary, hepatic and bile stones are also formed. Sodium does a great job in our body.
Due to the lack of sodium, it is very difficult for people with diabetes and obese people to breathe, heart disease appears. With enough sodium in the body, iron safely captures oxygen from fresh air.

To know the role, functions of vitamins, their classification and the main disorders that occur with hypo- and avitaminosis.

Water-salt metabolism - a set of processes for the distribution of water and minerals between the extra- and intracellular spaces of the body, as well as between the body and the external environment. The distribution of water between the water spaces of the body depends on the osmotic pressure of the liquids in these spaces, which is largely determined by their electrolyte composition. The course of all vital processes depends on the quantitative and qualitative composition of mineral substances in body fluids.

Maintaining the constancy of osmotic, volumetric and ionic balance of extra- and intracellular fluids of the body with the help of reflex mechanisms is called water-electrolyte homeostasis. Changes in the consumption of water and salts, excessive loss of these substances are accompanied by a change in the composition of the internal environment and are perceived by the corresponding receptors. The synthesis of information entering the central nervous system ends with the fact that the kidney, the main effector organ that regulates the water-salt balance, receives nervous or humoral stimuli that adapt its work to the needs of the body.

Water functions:

1) an obligatory component of the protoplasm of cells, tissues and organs; the body of an adult is 50-60% (40 - 45 l) consists of water;

2) a good solvent and carrier of mineral and nutrients, metabolic products;

3) participation in metabolic reactions (hydrolysis, swelling of colloids, oxidation of proteins, fats, carbohydrates);

4) weakening of friction between contacting surfaces in the human body;

5) the main component of water-electrolyte homeostasis, is part of the plasma, lymph and tissue fluid;

6) regulation of body temperature;

7) ensuring the flexibility and elasticity of tissues;

8) is part of the digestive juices (together with mineral salts).

The daily requirement of an adult in water at rest is 35-40 ml per kilogram of body weight. This amount enters the body from the following sources:

1) water consumed in the form of drinking (1-1.1 l) and together with food (1-1.1 l);

2) water, which is formed as a result of chemical transformations of nutrients (0.3-0.35 l).

The main organs that remove water from the body are the kidneys, sweat glands, lungs and intestines. The kidneys remove 1-1.5 liters of water per day, the sweat glands through the skin - 0.5 liters, the lungs exhale in the form of vapors 0.35 liters (with increased and deepening breathing - up to 0.8 liters / day), through the intestines with feces - 100-150 ml of water.

The ratio between the amount of water entering the body and the amount of water removed from it is the water balance. For the normal functioning of the organism, it is important that the influx of water completely covers the consumption, otherwise, as a result of the loss of water, serious violations of vital activity occur. Loss of 10% of water leads to a state of dehydration (dehydration), with a loss of 20% of water, death occurs. With a lack of water in the body, there is a movement of fluid from the cells into the interstitial space, and then into the vascular bed. Local and general disorders of water metabolism in tissues can manifest themselves in the form of edema and dropsy. Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the tissues, dropsy is the accumulation of fluid in the body cavities. The fluid that accumulates in the tissues with edema and in the cavities with dropsy is called a transudate.

The body needs a constant supply of not only water, but also mineral salts, which enter the body with food and water, with the exception of table salt, which is specially added to food. In total, 70 chemical elements were found in the body of animals and humans, of which 43 are considered indispensable (essential; lat. essentia - essence). The body's need for various minerals is not the same. Some elements (macroelements) are introduced into the body in significant quantities (in grams and tenths of a gram per day): sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, chlorine. Other elements - trace elements (iron, manganese, cobalt, zinc, fluorine, iodine) are needed by the body in extremely small quantities (in micrograms of a milligram).

Functions of mineral salts:

1) are biological constants of homeostasis;

2) create and maintain osmotic pressure in the blood and osmotic balance in tissues); 3) maintain the constancy of the active reaction of the blood (pH = 7.36-7.42);

5) participate in water-salt metabolism;

6) sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine ions play an important role in the processes of excitation and inhibition, muscle contraction, blood clotting;

7) are an integral part of bones (phosphorus, calcium), hemoglobin (iron), the hormone thyroxine (iodine), gastric juice (hydrochloric acid);

8) are integral components of all digestive juices.

1) Sodium enters the body in the form of table (table) salt (daily requirement for it for an adult is 10-15 g), is the only mineral salt that is added to food Participates in maintaining osmotic balance and fluid volume in the body, affects body growth. Together with potassium, it regulates the activity of the heart muscle, changing its excitability. Symptoms of sodium deficiency: weakness, apathy, muscle twitching, loss of muscle contractility properties.

2) Potassium enters the body with vegetables, meat, fruits. The daily norm is 1 g. Together with sodium, it participates in the creation of a bioelectric membrane potential (potassium-sodium pump), maintains the osmotic pressure of the intracellular fluid, and stimulates the formation of acetylcholine. With a deficiency, inhibition of rt processes of assimilation (anabolism), weakness, drowsiness, hyporeflexia (decrease in reflexes) is observed.

3) Chlorine comes in the form of table salt. Chlorine anions, together with sodium cations, are involved in creating the osmotic pressure of blood plasma and other body fluids. Chlorine is also part of the hydrochloric acid of gastric juice. No deficiency symptoms were found.

4) Calcium comes from dairy products, vegetables (green leaves). It is contained in the bones along with phosphorus and is one of the most important biological constants of the blood. The calcium content in human blood is normally 2.25-2.75 mmol / l. A decrease in calcium leads to involuntary muscle contractions (calcium tetany) and death due to respiratory arrest. Calcium is essential for blood clotting. Daily requirement - 0.8 g.

5) Phosphorus comes from dairy products, meat, cereals. The daily requirement is 1.5 g. Together with calcium, it is found in bones and teeth, it is part of high-energy compounds (ATP, creatine phosphate). The deposition of phosphorus in the bones is possible only in the presence of vitamin D. With a lack of phosphorus in the body, bone demineralization is observed.

6) Iron comes from meat, liver, beans, dried fruits. The daily requirement is 12-15 mg. It is an integral part of blood hemoglobin and respiratory enzymes. The body contains 3 g of iron, of which 2.5 g is found in erythrocytes as an integral part of hemoglobin, the remaining 0.5 g are part of the cells of the body. Iron deficiency disrupts the synthesis of hemoglobin and, as a result, leads to anemia.

7) Iodine comes from drinking water enriched with it when flowing through rocks or from table salt with the addition of iodine. The daily requirement is 0.03 mg. Participates in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Lack of iodine in the body leads to endemic goiter - an increase in the thyroid gland (some areas of the Urals, the Caucasus, the Pamirs).

vitamins(lat. vita - life + amines) - indispensable substances that come with food, necessary to maintain the vital functions of the body. More than 50 vitamins are known.

Functions of vitamins:

1) are biological catalysts and interact with enzymes and hormones;

2) are coenzymes, i.e. low molecular weight components of enzymes;

3) take part in the regulation of the metabolic process in the form of inhibitors or activators;

4) participate in the formation of hormones and mediators;

5) reduce inflammation and promote the restoration of damaged tissue;

6) promote growth, improve mineral metabolism, resistance to infections, protect against anemia, increased bleeding;

7) provide high performance.

Diseases that develop in the absence of vitamins in food are called beriberi. Functional disorders that occur with partial vitamin deficiency are hypovitaminosis. Diseases caused by excessive intake of vitamins are called hypervitaminosis. Vitamins are denoted by letters of the Latin alphabet, chemical and physiological names. By solubility, all vitamins are divided into 2 groups: water-soluble and fat-soluble.

Water soluble vitamins.

1) Vitamin C - ascorbic acid, antiscorbutic. Contained in rose hips, black currants, lemons. The daily requirement is 50-100 mg. In the absence of vitamin C, scurvy (scurb) develops: bleeding and loosening of the gums, tooth loss, hemorrhages in the muscles and joints. The bone tissue becomes more porous and brittle (there may be fractures). There is a general weakness, lethargy, exhaustion, reduced resistance to infections,

2) Vitamin B1 - thiamine, antineurin. Found in brewer's yeast, liver, pork, nuts, whole grain cereals, egg yolk. The daily requirement is 2-3 mg. In the absence of vitamin B1, the beriberi disease develops: polyneuritis, impaired activity of the heart and gastrointestinal tract.

3) Vitamin B2 - riboflavin (lactoflavin), anti-seborrheic. Contained in the liver, kidneys, yeast. The daily requirement is 2-3 mg. With beriberi in adults, there is a metabolic disorder, damage to the eyes, oral mucosa, lips, atrophy of the papillae of the tongue, seborrhea, dermatitis, weight loss; in children - growth retardation.

4) Vitamin B3 - pantothenic acid, anti-dermatitis. The daily requirement is 10 mg. When beriberi occurs weakness, fatigue, dizziness, dermatitis, damage to the mucous membranes, neuritis.

5) Vitamin B6 - pyridoxine, antidermatitis (adermine). Contained in rice bran, beans, yeast, kidneys, liver, meat. Synthesized by the microflora of the large intestine. The daily requirement is 2-3 mg. With beriberi, nausea, weakness, dermatitis in adults are observed. In infants, a manifestation of beriberi is convulsions (convulsions).

6) Vitamin B12 - cyanocobalamin, anti-anemic. Contained in the liver of cattle and chickens. Synthesized by the microflora of the large intestine. The daily requirement is 2-3 mcg. Affects hematopoiesis and protects against malignant anemia T. Addison-A. Birmer.

7) Viatmin Sun - folic acid (folacin), anti-anemic. Contained in lettuce, spinach, cabbage, tomatoes, carrots, wheat, liver, meat, eggs. Synthesized in the large intestine by microflora. The daily requirement is 3 mg. Affects the synthesis of nucleic acids, hematopoiesis and protects against megaloblastic anemia.

8) Vitamin P - rutin (citrine), a capillary-strengthening vitamin. Contained in lemons, buckwheat, blackcurrant, chokeberry, rose hips. The daily requirement is 50 mg. Reduces the permeability and fragility of capillaries, enhances the action of vitamin C and promotes its accumulation in the body.

9) Vitamin B5 (PP) - nicotinic acid (nicotinamide, niacin), anti-pellagic. Contained in yeast, fresh vegetables, meat. The daily requirement is 15 mg. It is synthesized in the large intestine from the amino acid tryptophan. Protects against pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea (diarrhea), dementia (mental disorders).

fat soluble vitamins.

1) Vitamin A - retinol, antixerophthalmic. Contained in fish oil, cod liver and halibut. The daily requirement is 1.5 mg. Promotes growth and protects against night blindness (hemeralopia), dryness of the cornea (xerophthalmia), softening and necrosis of the cornea (keratomalacia). The precursor of vitamin A is carotene, which is found in plants: carrots, apricots, parsley leaves.

2) Vitamin D - calciferol, anti-rachitic. Contained in cow's butter, egg yolk, fish oil. Daily requirement - 5-10 mcg, for infants - 10-25 mcg. Regulates the exchange of calcium and phosphorus in the body and protects against rickets. The precursor of vitamin D in the body is 7-dehydro-cholesterol, which, under the action of ultraviolet rays in tissues (in the skin), is converted to vitamin D.

3). Vitamin E - tocopherol, anti-sterile vitamin. Contained in lettuce, parsley, vegetable oil, oatmeal, corn. The daily requirement is 10-15 mg. Provides the function of reproduction, the normal course of pregnancy. With its absence, muscle degeneration occurs, muscle weakness and bone atrophy develop.

four). Vitamin K - vikasol (phylloquinone), antihemorrhagic vitamin. Contained in the leaves of spinach, lettuce, cabbage, nettle, in tomatoes, rowan berries, in the liver. Synthesized by the microflora of the large intestine. Bile is required for absorption. The daily requirement is 0.2-0.3 mg. It enhances the biosynthesis of prothrombin in the liver and promotes blood clotting.

5). Vitamin F - a complex of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic) is necessary for normal fat metabolism in the body. Daily requirement -10-12 g.

THE ROLE OF MINERAL SALT IN THE BODY. In addition to proteins, fats and carbohydrates, a healthy diet should contain various mineral salts: calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium and others. These minerals are absorbed by plants from the upper layers of the soil and from the atmosphere, and then enter the body of humans and animals through plant foods.

Almost 60 chemical elements are used in the human body, but only 22 chemical elements are considered basic. They make up a total of 4% of a person's body weight.

All minerals that are present in the human body are conditionally divided into macroelements and microelements. Macronutrients: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur are present in large quantities in the human body. Trace elements: copper, manganese, zinc, fluorine, chromium, cobalt, nickel and others are required by the body in small amounts, but are very important. For example, the content of boron in human blood is minimal, but its presence is necessary for the normal exchange of important macronutrients: calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. The body will not benefit even from a huge amount of these three macronutrients without boron.

Mineral salts in the human body maintain the necessary acid-base balance, normalize water-salt metabolism, support the endocrine system, nervous, digestive, cardiovascular and other systems. Also, minerals are involved in hematopoiesis and blood clotting, in metabolism. They are necessary for building muscles, bones, internal organs. Mineral salts also play an important role in the water regime. Therefore, minerals in sufficient quantities must be constantly supplied with food, since a continuous exchange of mineral salts takes place in the human body.

Lack of minerals. The lack of macro and microelements leads to serious diseases. For example, a long-term deficiency table salt can lead to nervous exhaustion and weakening of the heart. Flaw calcium salts leads to increased bone fragility, and rickets can develop in children. With a lack gland anemia develops. With a lack iodine- dementia, deafness, goiter, dwarf growth.

The main reasons for the lack of minerals in the body include:

1. Poor quality drinking water.

2. Monotonous food.

3. Region of residence.

4. Diseases leading to the loss of minerals (bleeding, ulcerative colitis).

5. Drugs that prevent the absorption of macro and microelements.

MINERALS IN PRODUCTS. The only way to supply the body with all the minerals it needs is through a balanced healthy diet and water. You need to regularly eat plant foods: grains, legumes, root crops, fruits, green vegetables - this is an important source of trace elements. As well as fish, poultry, red meat. Most of the mineral salts are not lost during cooking, but a significant amount passes into the broth.

In different products, the content of minerals is also different. For example, dairy products contain more than 20 minerals: iron, calcium, iodine, manganese, zinc, fluorine, etc. Meat products contain: copper, silver, zinc, titanium, etc. Marine products contain fluorine, iodine, nickel. Some foods selectively concentrate only certain minerals.

The ratio of various minerals entering the body is of great importance, since they can reduce the beneficial qualities of each other. For example, with an excess of phosphorus and magnesium, the absorption of calcium decreases. Therefore, their ratio should be 3:2:1 (phosphorus, calcium and magnesium).

DAILY RATE OF MINERALS. To maintain human health, daily norms for the consumption of minerals are officially established. For example, for an adult male, the daily norm of minerals is: calcium - 800 mg, phosphorus - 800 mg, magnesium - 350 mg, iron - 10 mg, zinc - 15 mg, iodine - 0.15 mg, selenium - 0.07 mg, potassium - from 1.6 to 2 g, copper - from 1.5 to 3 mg, manganese - from 2 to 5 mg, fluorine - from 1.5 to 4 mg, molybdenum - from 0.075 to 0.25 mg, chromium - from 0.05 to 0.2 mg. To obtain the daily norm of minerals, a varied diet and proper cooking are required.

It should also be borne in mind that for some reason an increased intake of minerals is required. For example, with heavy physical labor, during pregnancy and lactation, with various diseases, with a decrease in immunity.

mineral salts. MAGNESIUM

The role of magnesium in the body:

Magnesium in the body is necessary for the normal course of biological processes in the brain and muscles. Magnesium salts give special hardness to bones and teeth, normalize the functioning of the cardiovascular and nervous systems, stimulate bile secretion and intestinal activity. With a lack of magnesium, nervous tension is observed. In diseases: atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia, gallbladder, intestines, it is necessary to increase the amount of magnesium.

The daily intake of magnesium for a healthy adult is 500-600 mg.

Magnesium in foods:

Most magnesium - 100 mg (per 100 g of food) - in bran, oatmeal, millet, seaweed (kelp), prunes, apricots.

A lot of magnesium - 50-100 mg - in herring, mackerel, squid, eggs. In cereals: buckwheat, barley, peas. In greens: parsley, dill, lettuce.

Less than 50 mg of magnesium - in chickens, cheese, semolina. In meat, boiled sausage, milk, cottage cheese. In fish: horse mackerel, cod, hake. In white bread, pasta. In potatoes, cabbage, tomatoes. In apples, apricots, grapes. In carrots, beets, black currants, cherries, raisins.

mineral salts. CALCIUM:

The role of calcium in the body:

Calcium in the body contributes to better absorption of phosphorus and proteins. Calcium salts are part of the blood, affect blood clotting. Lack of calcium weakens the heart muscle. Salts of calcium and phosphorus are necessary for building teeth and bones of the skeleton and are the main elements of bone tissue. Calcium is best absorbed from milk and dairy products. The daily need for calcium will be satisfied by 100 g of cheese or 0.5 l of milk. Milk also enhances the absorption of calcium from other foods, so it should be included in any diet.

daily intake of calcium – 800-1000 mg.

Calcium in foods:

Most calcium - 100 mg (per 100 g of food) - in milk, cottage cheese, cheese, kefir. In green onions, parsley, beans.

A lot of calcium - 50-100 mg - in eggs, sour cream, buckwheat, oatmeal, peas, carrots. In fish: herring, horse mackerel, carp, caviar.

Less than 50 mg of calcium - in butter, 2nd grade bread, millet, pearl barley, pasta, semolina. In fish: pike perch, perch, cod, mackerel. In cabbage, beets, green peas, radishes, potatoes, cucumbers, tomatoes. In apricots, oranges, plums, grapes, cherries, strawberries, watermelons, apples and pears.

mineral salts. POTASSIUM:

The role of potassium in the body:

Potassium in the body promotes the digestion of fats and starch, is necessary for building muscles, for the liver, spleen, intestines, is useful for constipation, heart disease, skin inflammation, and hot flashes. Potassium removes water and sodium from the body. The lack of potassium salts reduces mental activity, makes muscles flabby.

Daily intake of potassium – 2-3g. The amount of potassium must be increased with hypertension, kidney disease, while taking diuretics, with diarrhea and vomiting.

Potassium in foods:

Most potassium is found in egg yolks, milk, potatoes, cabbage, peas. Lemons, cranberries, bran, nuts contain a lot of potassium.

mineral salts. PHOSPHORUS :

The role of phosphorus in the body:

Phosphorus salts are involved in metabolism, in the construction of bone tissue, hormones, and are necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system, heart, brain, liver and kidneys. From animal products, phosphorus is absorbed by 70%, from plant products - by 40%. The absorption of phosphorus is improved by soaking cereals before cooking.

daily phosphorus intake– 1600 mg. The amount of phosphorus must be increased in diseases of the bones and fractures, in tuberculosis, in diseases of the nervous system.

Phosphorus in products:

Most phosphorus is found in cheeses, beef liver, caviar, beans, oatmeal and pearl barley.

A lot of phosphorus - in chicken, fish, cottage cheese, peas, buckwheat and millet, in chocolate.

Less phosphorus – in beef, pork, boiled sausages, eggs, milk, sour cream, pasta, rice, semolina, potatoes and carrots.

mineral salts. IRON :

The role of iron in the body:

Iron in the body is necessary for the formation of blood hemoglobin and muscle myoglobin. The best sources of iron are: meat, chicken, liver. For better absorption of iron, citric and ascorbic acid, fruits, berries and juices from them are used. When meat and fish are added to grains and legumes, the absorption of iron from them improves. Strong tea interferes with the absorption of iron from foods. The absorption of iron salts is reduced in diseases of the intestines and stomach.

With a lack of iron, anemia (iron deficiency anemia) develops. Anemia develops with a lack of nutrition of animal proteins, vitamins and trace elements, with large blood loss, with diseases of the stomach (gastritis, enteritis), and worms. In such cases, it is necessary to increase the amount of iron in the diet.

Daily intake of iron – 15 mg for an adult.

Iron in foods:

Most iron (more than 4 mg) in 100g of food – in beef liver, kidneys, tongue, porcini mushrooms, buckwheat, beans, peas, blueberries, chocolate.

A lot of iron - in beef, lamb, rabbit, eggs, bread 1 and 2 grades, oatmeal and millet, nuts, apples, pears, persimmons, quince, figs, spinach.

mineral salts. SODIUM:

The role of sodium in the body:

Sodium is supplied to the body mainly by table salt (sodium chloride). Thanks to sodium in the body, lime and magnesium are retained in the blood and tissues, and iron captures oxygen from the air. With a lack of sodium salts, stagnation of blood in the capillaries occurs, the walls of the arteries harden, heart diseases develop, gall and urinary stones form, and the liver suffers.

With an increase in physical activity, the body's need for mineral salts, especially potassium and sodium, also increases. Their content in the diet should be increased by 20-25%.

Daily requirement for sodium:

For an adult, 2-6 g of salt per day is enough. Excessive salt content in food contributes to the development of diseases: atherosclerosis, hypertension, gout. Lack of salt leads to weight loss.

Sodium in foods:

Most sodium is in cheese, cheese, sausages, salted and smoked fish, sauerkraut.

mineral salts. CHLORINE:

The role of chlorine in the body:

Chlorine in products found in large quantities in egg white, milk, whey, oysters, cabbage, parsley, celery, bananas, rye bread.

mineral salts. IODINE:

The role of iodine in the body:

Iodine in the body is present in the thyroid gland, regulates metabolism. With a lack of iodine in the body, immunity is weakened, thyroid disease develops. The disease develops with a lack of animal protein, vitamins A and C, and some trace elements. For the purpose of prevention, iodized table salt is used.

Daily intake of iodine– 0.1-0.2 mg. The amount of iodine must be increased with insufficient thyroid function, with atherosclerosis and obesity.

Iodine in products:

A lot of iodine - in seaweed (kelp), sea fish, seafood. Also, iodine is found in beets, tomatoes, turnips, lettuce.

Iodine is present in small amounts — in meat, freshwater fish and drinking water.

mineral salts. FLUORINE:

The role of fluorine in the body:

Fluoride in the body is found in bones and teeth. With a lack of fluorine, teeth rot, tooth enamel cracks, and the bones of the skeleton hurt.

Daily fluoride intake – 0.8-1.6 mg.

Fluorine in products:

Most fluorine is found in sea fish and seafood, in tea.

Fluorine is also found in cereals, nuts, peas and beans, egg whites, green vegetables and fruits.

mineral salts. SULFUR:

The role of sulfur in the body:

Sulfur is found in all tissues of the human body: in hair, nails, muscles, bile, urine. With a lack of sulfur, irritability, various tumors, and skin diseases appear.

Daily need for sulfur- 1 mg.

Sulfur in products:

Sulfur is found in large quantities in egg whites, cabbage, turnips, horseradish, bran, walnuts, wheat and rye.

mineral salts. SILICON:

Silicon in the human body goes to building hair, nails, skin, muscles and nerves. With a lack of silicon, hair falls out, nails break, and there is a risk of diabetes.

Silicon in products:

Silicon is found in large quantities in cereals, in the peel of fresh fruits. In small quantities: in beets, cucumbers, parsley, strawberries.

mineral salts. COPPER:

Copper in the human body participates in hematopoiesis, it is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus.

Norm of copper – 2 mg.

Copper in products found - in beef and pork liver, in the liver of cod and halibut, in oysters.

mineral salts. ZINC:

Zinc in the human body normalizes the function of the endocrine system, participates in hematopoiesis.

daily requirement for zinc – 12-16 mg.

Zinc in products:

Most of the zinc – in meat and offal, fish, oysters, eggs.

mineral salts. ALUMINUM:

daily requirement for aluminum- 12-13 mg.

mineral salts. MANGANESE:

Manganese in the human body:

Manganese has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, is actively involved in the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates, prevents fat from being deposited in the liver, and lowers cholesterol. Manganese increases muscle endurance, participates in hematopoiesis, increases blood clotting, participates in the construction of bone tissue, helps the absorption of vitamin B1.

daily requirement for manganese- 5-9 mg per day.

Manganese in products:

The main sources of manganese are: chicken meat, beef liver, cheese, egg yolk, potatoes, beets, carrots, onions, beans, peas, lettuce, celery, bananas, tea (leaf), ginger, cloves.

Hazelnuts - 4.2 mg, oatmeal (hercules) - 3.8 mg, walnuts and almonds - about 2 mg, rye bread - 1.6 mg, buckwheat - 1.3 mg, rice - 1.2 mg.

It is recommended to include nutritious oatmeal in your diet more often in the morning - with it you will get almost half of the daily requirement of manganese. Manganese is not lost during cooking, but a significant part of it is lost during defrosting and soaking. To retain most of the manganese, frozen vegetables should be fried and boiled without thawing. Manganese is stored in vegetables boiled in their skins or steamed.

Lack of manganese in the body:

With a lack of manganese, the level of cholesterol in the blood rises, poor appetite, insomnia, nausea, muscle weakness, sometimes cramps in the legs (because the absorption of vitamin B1 is impaired), and bone tissue is deformed.

mineral salts. CADMIUM- found in scallop mollusk.

mineral salts. NICKEL- participates in hematopoiesis.

mineral salts. COBALT, CESIUM, STRONTIUM and other trace elements are needed by the body in small quantities, but their role in metabolism is very large.

Mineral salts:ACID-ALKALINE BALANCE IN THE BODY:

Proper, healthy nutrition maintains the acid-base balance in the human body constantly. But sometimes changing the diet with a predominance of acidic or alkaline minerals can upset the acid-base balance. Most often, there is a predominance of acidic mineral salts, which is the cause of the development of atherosclerosis, diabetes, diseases of the kidneys, stomach, etc. If the alkali content in the body rises, then diseases arise: tetanus, narrowing of the stomach.

People of mature age in the diet need to increase the amount of alkaline foods.

Acid mineral salts : phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, contain such products: meat and fish, bread and cereals, eggs.

Alkaline mineral salts: calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium contain such products: dairy products (except cheese), potatoes, vegetables, fruits, berries. And although vegetables and fruits taste sour, they are converted into alkaline minerals in the body.

How to restore acid-base balance?

* In the human body, there is a constant struggle between the mineral salts of potassium and sodium. The lack of potassium in the blood is manifested by edema. It is necessary to exclude salt from the diet, and replace it with products rich in potassium salts: garlic, onion, horseradish, dill, celery, parsley, caraway seeds. In addition, use carrots, parsley, spinach, baked potatoes, cabbage, green peas, tomatoes, radishes, raisins, dried apricots, grapefruit, legumes, oatmeal, dried rye bread.

* Observe the drinking regimen: drink clean water; water with the addition of apple cider vinegar, lemon juice, honey; infusion of wild rose, raspberry leaves and blackcurrant.

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