Poisoning with chemicals than and how to cleanse the body. Chemical poisoning. Berthollet salt poisoning

By virtue of various reasons poisoning can occur with various chemicals: potent, poisonous, chemically hazardous, toxic and harmful to human health and life.

You need to know certain signs that a person has been poisoned by a poisonous substance. Medical assistance will certainly be provided in the hospital for the injured person, if, of course, we call an ambulance, but even this is not enough to reduce the risk of complications from poisoning.

It is necessary to know and be able to do what to do in the current dangerous situation and how to provide the first urgent first aid at home while the ambulance is on its way to the victim.

First aid: what to do

Ammonia poisoning

Ammonia is a gas with a pungent odor, almost twice as heavy as air. It is used in industry (when installing refrigerators, at sugar factories, at petrochemical and paint and varnish enterprises). It is used in the production of fertilizers and explosives. Forms with water or moisture in the air ammonia. Ammonia enters the body through the respiratory tract or skin. It has an irritating and suffocating effect on the body and disrupts blood clotting. When a person is exposed to large doses of ammonia, death quickly occurs.

Symptoms of poisoning

When ammonia vapor is inhaled, there are signs of irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract. Their intensity depends on the concentration of the gas.

Ammonia causes lacrimation, runny nose, frequent sneezing, salivation, flushing of the face, sweating, convulsive cough, chest tightness. Sometimes it can cause laryngospasm and swelling of the vocal folds.

A person who has fallen into the zone of action of ammonia vapor experiences a feeling of suffocation, anxiety, dizziness, pain behind the sternum. Then the vomiting starts. The victim may lose consciousness, he develops convulsions. If exposure to vapors continues, severe muscle weakness sets in, signs of respiratory and circulatory disorders appear. Death occurs with symptoms of cardiovascular insufficiency.

Subsequently, after treatment, various neurological disorders- memory loss, various tics, hearing loss and pain sensitivity, as well as clouding of the lens and cornea. Eventually, the victim may lose their sight.

How to survive?

If a person got into an area poisoned by ammonia, then he should go down to the basement or to the lower floor of the building (ammonia is lighter than air!). You cannot leave the area by running. You should try to walk at a slow pace, covering your mouth and nose with a scarf, gloves or a hat. Leaving the affected area, in no case should you take alcohol or smoke! When providing assistance to victims, you need to wear a protective suit, boots, gloves, gas mask.

First aid

1. Remove the victim from the affected area as soon as possible;
2. oxygen inhalation or fresh air;
3. rinse throat, nose and mouth clean water 10-15 minutes (preferably with the addition of citric or glutamic acid);
4. even if ammonia poisoning was mild, the victim must be provided with complete rest during the day;
5. drip into the eyes of a 0.5% solution of Dikain, close the eyes with a light-protective bandage or wear dark glasses;
6. if poison gets on the skin, rinse the contaminated area with water, apply a clean bandage;
7. if poison enters the stomach, rinse the stomach;
8. hospitalization of all victims is mandatory.

First aid in a hospital setting

1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and wash the affected areas of the skin and mucous membranes of the eyes large quantity water.
2. Give to drink warm milk with Borjomi or soda.
3. Silence mode.
4. With spasm of the glottis and the phenomenon of laryngeal edema, mustard plasters and a warming compress on the neck are used.
5. Hot foot baths are also effective.
6. Inhalation of vapors of citric or acetic acids, oil inhalations and inhalations with antibiotics.
7. Instill into the eyes every 2 hours a 30% solution of sodium sulfacyl, a 12% solution of Novocain or a 0.5% solution of Dicain. Into the nose - vasoconstrictors(3% solution of Ephedrine).
8. Inside - codeine (0.015 g), Dionine (0.01 g).
9. Intravenously or subcutaneously - Morphine, Atropine, with suffocation - tracheotomy.

Poisoning with these drugs is usually very severe and the prognosis is often poor.

Antifreeze poisoning: ethylene glycol

Symptoms and signs in case of poisoning with antifreeze, the following: the victim feels a slight intoxication, gradually increasing. Euphoria sets in (a feeling of joy, a feeling of freedom and complete happiness), facial hyperemia appears, wobbly gait, fussiness.

After a while, the patient begins to feel pain in epigastric region. There is nausea, vomiting. After 6-8 hours, the second stage begins - the nervous one. After a strong excitation, drowsiness sets in, consciousness is darkened. Pupils sluggishly react to light, dilated. Involuntary urination and defecation. Deep noisy breathing. The amount of urine is reduced. In severe cases, this phase can end in the death of the patient. In milder cases of poisoning, consciousness gradually clears up, and the general condition improves.

Treatment almost the same as with alcohol poisoning:

1. gastric lavage and saline laxative,
2. the fight against respiratory disorders and acidosis with a solution of sodium bicarbonate (soda), which is taken orally or injected intravenously.

Specific to this poisoning is the fight against impaired renal function. To do this, you should prescribe plenty of fluids, osmotic diuretics or furosemide (0.04–0.12 g orally or 23 ml of a 1% solution in a vein or muscle).

When taking diuretics, the loss of water, potassium, sodium and chlorine from the body should be compensated by the concomitant administration of saline plasma-substituting solutions in an amount equal to or slightly greater than diuresis.

To prevent damage to the kidneys by calcium oxalate, it is necessary to prescribe intramuscularly magnesium sulfate, 5 ml of a 25% solution per day.

If there are signs of cerebral edema and meningeal symptoms, a lumbar puncture should be performed.

When ingesting more than 200 ml of poison - hemodialysis on the 1st day after poisoning, peritoneal dialysis. With the development of anuria, the prognosis is extremely unfavorable.

After first aid - hospitalization. In the first days after poisoning - a diet with a sharp restriction on the amount of protein.

Poisoning with belloid, bellaspon, bellataminal

There are three phases of poisoning: the phase of oppression of consciousness, the phase of excitation and the coma phase.

At mild poisoning symptoms such as stunning, dizziness, palpitations, skin flushing, dilated pupils are noted. The patient falls asleep and sleeps for 6-8 hours.

At more severe poisoning the patient develops drowsiness, vomiting appears. He falls asleep after 1-1.5 hours, and the dream is sound. During sleep, there are signs of psychosis with hallucinations and attempts to escape. After 2–3 hours, the patient calms down and sleeps for 10–12 hours. At this time, there are signs such as palpitations (pulse reaches 120 beats per minute), dry mucous membranes, moderate dilation of the pupils, skin hyperemia, and slow breathing. Blood pressure drops to 80/40.

At severe poisoning a deep stunning of the patient with visual hallucinations is found, the pupils are dilated, the skin is hyperemic. Strongly expressed shortness of breath and tachycardia. Blood pressure drops to very low numbers. Body temperature is elevated. The patient quickly falls into a coma, hyperemia of the skin is replaced by pallor, tachycardia is replaced by bradycardia (rare heartbeats), body temperature rises to 40 ° C, pulmonary edema develops.

Death occurs from respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

First aid

1. As soon as possible and better to wash the stomach;
2. give a saline laxative, cleanse the intestines;
3. fresh air, if possible - inhalation of oxygen;
4. give a tablet of Panangin, if it is available in the medicine cabinet;
5. urgently deliver the victim to a medical facility - remember: delay in providing medical care is dangerous for the life of the victim.

Emergency care in the hospital

1. Gastric lavage.
2. Forced diuresis.
3. Hemosorption.
4. When excited - antipsychotics (2.5% solution of chlorpromazine intramuscularly: up to 1 year - 0.15-0.2 ml, at the age of 1-2 years - 0.25 ml, 3-6 years - 0.4 ml, 7-9 years - 0.5 ml, 10-14 years - 0.6 ml 1-2 times).
5. With the development of coma, the tactics are the same as for barbiturate poisoning: breathing correction - oxygen therapy, artificial ventilation of the lungs, means that support cardiac activity (0.0.1% Korglikon solution - 0.1-0.8 ml, 0.05 % solution of Strofantin - 0.1-0.4 ml).

Berthollet salt poisoning

It is used in medicine: for rinsing (2-5% aqueous solution) for stomatitis, tonsillitis, to prevent the appearance of mercury stomatitis in the treatment with mercury. The use inside, due to the high toxicity, is irrational. Simultaneous ingestion of potassium iodide and prescribing Berthollet salt in powders together with sulfur, coal, organic (tannin, sugar, starch, etc.) substances are contraindicated (during cooking - ignition, explosion).

Main symptoms in case of poisoning with Berthollet salt are: nausea, vomiting, icteric staining of the skin, pain in the stomach and in the lumbar region, nosebleeds, blood in the urine, increased heart rate, hiccups.

The temperature rises to high numbers.

With severe poisoning - loss of consciousness. Toxic dose- 8-10 g, lethal - 10-30 g.

First aid

1. Cleanse the stomach with plenty of water;
2. put an ice compress on your head, give ice to swallow;
3. if possible, bleed;
4. pour cold water along the spine:
5. urgent hospitalization.

First aid in the hospital

1. Give oxygen;
2. infuse intravenously with an alkaline saline solution;
3. inject a significant amount of diuretic solutions;
4. after sufficient dilution of the blood, prescribe a solution of Pilocarpine under the skin to remove the poison with saliva and sweat; in collapse - Camphor.

In case of poisoning with bartolet salt, acidic drinks, alcohol and its preparations are contraindicated.

Nitrogen dioxide or trioxide poisoning

Nitrous gases (nitrogen oxide, dioxide, trioxide) are formed by the interaction of nitric or nitrous acid with metals or organic materials. The lethal dose of nitrous gases is 0.005% when exposed for a minute.

After inhalation of these gases, burns of the upper respiratory tract, swelling of the vocal folds, and pulmonary edema are detected in the victim.

The picture of intoxication is the same as with chlorine poisoning.

First aid

In case of poisoning nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide the victim is taken out to fresh air, allowed to inhale carbogen, inside the heart means, glucose is injected intravenously (20–30 ml of a 40% solution), if necessary, bloodletting.

In case of poisoning nitrogen dioxide - the same measures as in case of nitric oxide poisoning, oxygen therapy, 10% solution of calcium chloride intravenously (5 ml). With the "gray" type of anoxemia, bloodletting is contraindicated.

1. Rinse eyes, nose and mouth with running water;
2. If the patient is tormented by a strong cough, give him a Codeine tablet or any antitussive drug;
3. In case of violation of the heart or lack of breathing - resuscitation (external heart massage, artificial respiration).

At sodium nitrite poisoning gastric lavage, Carbogen, drip injection of a 5% glucose solution, under the skin - an isotonic solution of sodium chloride, tonics (Camphor, Caffeine, Corazole), with a decrease in breathing - Lobelin.

After providing first aid, the victim should be hospitalized.

dichloroethane poisoning

Dichloroethane is widely used as an organic solvent, both in industry and in agriculture. In everyday life, dichloroethane has become widespread as an integral part of adhesives for plastic products.

Dichloroethane poisoning can occur through the gastrointestinal tract, through the respiratory tract and skin.

When poisoning through the mouth, dichloroethane is rapidly absorbed in the stomach, and absorption is accelerated if it is taken against the background of alcohol intoxication.

As a toxic substance, dichloroethane acts on the liver, central nervous system and heart.

In case of poisoning with this substance, its maximum concentration in the blood is observed after 3-4 hours.

Symptoms patients complain of nausea, vomiting, profuse salivation, pain all over the abdomen, diarrhea, headache. There is a sharp excitation of the central nervous system. In the final stage, renal and hepatic failure, renal coma, shock.

First aid

1. It is necessary to change the clothes of the victim or undress him, as the poison easily soaks the clothes and its vapors can increase the poisoning. Vapors of a poisonous substance can cause poisoning in those who provide assistance. This must be remembered.
2. Call an ambulance immediately, as the delay in providing medical care deadly.
3. If the patient is conscious, gastric lavage 4–6 liters warm water. To induce vomiting, it is necessary to give the patient to drink 1-2 liters (as much as possible) of water, or cold tea, or coffee, and then irritate the root of the tongue with a finger. Repeat the procedure 2-3 times.
4. Give a laxative or enveloping substance (jelly, jelly). Vaseline oil (100–150 ml) can be successfully used as a laxative, since it is not absorbed in the intestines and actively binds fat-soluble toxic substances, in particular dichloroethane. It is possible to reduce the absorption of poison in the stomach with the help of enveloping substances (jelly, jelly).
5. In case of violation of the heart and lungs - resuscitation methods - indirect heart massage and artificial respiration.
6. Hospitalization required.

Precautionary measures

1. If the victim is unconscious, it is impossible to wash the stomach. It is urgent to call an ambulance.
2. Time is of the essence. The sooner assistance is started, the greater the likelihood of a positive outcome.

Kerosene poisoning

The inhalation of concentrated kerosene vapors and the ingestion of 20-50 g of kerosene lead to poisoning. Kerosene has a toxic effect in case of exposure to a large area of ​​the skin. In this case, the central nervous system may suffer.

Signs of poisoning are: severe weakness, pain all over the abdomen, diarrhea, rare pulse, dilated pupils.

First aid

First of all, you need to call a doctor who has been poisoned to place where there is a stream of fresh air to ensure good access to oxygen, to do artificial respiration.

Treatment

Induce vomiting by any means. Give emetics in large quantities (salted warm water). After the patient vomits, give a decoction of flaxseed, milk, water with whipped protein, activated charcoal 2-3 tablets every hour, starch, salep for oral administration. Put a heating pad on your stomach and change it as it cools.

To support the cardiovascular system, you need to take Camphor, Cordiamin or Caffeine.

It is strictly forbidden to use adrenaline, emetics and alcoholic beverages.

To quickly restore all body functions, you should spend more time in the fresh air and follow a sparing diet.

For kerosene pneumonia, ACTH is prescribed (forty units every day) and injections ascorbic acid(5% solution, intramuscularly, 10 ml).

Acid poisoning

In everyday life, poisoning with sulfuric and hydrochloric (“soldering”) acid most often occurs.

Then, according to the frequency of burns, hydrochloric, nitric acids and the so-called "royal vodka" - a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids follow.

When strong acids are taken orally, the victim quickly develops a serious condition due to extensive burns of the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach. This condition is aggravated by the fact that the decay products of acids, being absorbed into the blood, poison the body.

Symptoms

The mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, pharynx, rear wall the pharynx is burned, edematous, the places of burns are covered with raids; a scab of various colors depending on the acid that caused the burn (gray-black with a burn with sulfuric acid, yellow with nitric acid, whitish with hydrochloric acid, light gray or brown with acetic acid).

Often there are burns to the skin of the face near the mouth and neck. There is a sharp pain in the burn area.

Swallowing and even the passage of liquid food is difficult (sometimes to complete obstruction). The secretion of saliva is sharply increased. Excruciating vomiting of sour masses mixed with blood is almost always observed. The victim is excited, groans. Severe pain in the stomach. Patients quickly develop pain shock. Respiratory disturbances (due to swelling of the larynx) and cardiac weakness are possible.

Warning

The minimum lethal doses when taken orally are: for nitric acid - 12 ml; sulfuric - 5 ml; salt - 15-20 ml; acetic - 25 ml; carbolic - 4–10 ml; lemon 30 g; oxalic - 5‑15 (30) g.

Urgent care

Inject subcutaneously 1–2 ml of a 1% solution of morphine (omnopon) and 0.5–1 ml of a 0.1% solution of atropine. Perhaps early (within the first hour after taking the acid) and abundant gastric lavage with warm water using a well-lubricated probe liquid oil. The admixture of blood in the wash water is not a contraindication to the continuation of the wash.

Gastric lavage later than 1 hour after taking acid is useless and even dangerous.

If it is impossible to make a gastric lavage, water with burnt magnesia (20.0 to 200.0) should be given to drink in separate sips. Inside, prescribe vegetable oil in separate sips of 200 g per day, and with next day- milk, egg whites, cow's butter, mucous decoctions.

To combat acidosis, it is necessary to inject a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate intravenously or in a drip enema (500-1000-2000 ml). The amount and method of administration of sodium bicarbonate depends on which acids caused the poisoning (inorganic or organic) and what prevails in the clinical picture of the disease - local or general toxic effect.

500-1000 ml of a mixture of saline is injected intravenously sodium chloride and 5% glucose solution in equal proportions, 10 ml of 10% calcium chloride solution (or 10 ml of 10% calcium gluconate solution intramuscularly).

In case of poisoning oxalic acid or its salts calcium chloride intravenously must be administered in large quantities (10 ml of a 10% solution 2-3 times on the first day), since oxalic acid combines with ionized calcium and forms insoluble calcium oxalate. At the same time, diuretics (1-2 ml of novurite subcutaneously or 1 ml intravenously) should be prescribed to prevent blockage of the renal channels by calcium oxalate crystals.

Poisoning vinegar essence(70–90% acetic acid) has a more pronounced resorptive effect. The absorption of acetic acid into the blood causes a number of toxic manifestations, among which the most important are rapidly occurring massive hemolysis of erythrocytes and hemoglobinuria. The urine of a patient with a high specific gravity, dark red (cherry) or almost black, contains a large amount of protein, decayed red blood cells and lumps of hemoglobin. The latter clog (block) the renal tubules, causing the so-called excretory hemoglobinuric nephrosis with a typical clinical picture of acute renal failure (oliguria, anuria, hypertension, increased residual blood nitrogen, hyperkalemia). RBC hemolysis is accompanied by bilirubinemia (an increase in indirect bilirubin), mild jaundice, and anemia.

The viscosity of the blood increases, favorable conditions for intravascular thrombosis and hemodynamic disturbances.

The resorption of acetic acid causes a sharp acidosis and a decrease in the alkaline reserves of the blood. Acidosis and hemolysis of erythrocytes largely determine the severity of the course and high mortality in the first 2 days after poisoning.

Emergency aid for poisoning with vinegar essence

The main emergency measures for poisoning with vinegar essence are intravenous administration of sodium bicarbonate. This achieves the restoration of normal acid-base balance, alkalization of the urine blood and prevents blockage of the renal tubules, since in alkaline urine, hemoglobin is not deposited in the renal tubules and is freely excreted from the body. First, a jet (300-500 ml), and then a drip into a vein is injected with at least 2000 ml of a 4% sodium bicarbonate solution, 500 ml of a glucose-novocaine mixture (5% glucose solution and 0.25% solution of novocaine in equal amounts) and 500-1000 ml of saline liquid I.R. Petrov containing electrolytes (1.5% sodium chloride, 0.02% potassium chloride, 0.01% calcium chloride). To enhance diuresis, 150-200 ml of a 30% urea solution is injected intravenously (at a rate of 60-80 drops per minute), in its absence, 1 ml of Novurit is injected intravenously (or subcutaneously 1-2 ml). It is very important to administer sodium bicarbonate as early as possible.

In the first hours (days) of the disease, when the clinical picture may be dominated by the phenomena of shock and collapse, and in order to prevent them, intramuscular or intravenous drip (depending on the severity of the patient's condition) should be administered 15-30 mg of Prednisolone or 100-150 mg of Cortisone (hydrocortisone). 0.5–1 ml of a 3% solution of Prednisolone or 4–6 ml of microcrystalline hydrocortisone in 150–200 ml of saline is injected intravenously at a rate of 20–30 drops per minute.

With the development of acute renal failure, hemodialysis using the “artificial kidney” apparatus can have a good effect. The remaining measures are the same as in case of poisoning with other strong acids.

Note: in case of poisoning with phenol and carbolic acid, the patient should not be given fats and milk!

In case of poisoning with acids, do not give emetics!

In all cases of acid poisoning introduce cardiovasotonic agents (Cordiamin, Caffeine, Camphor, with hypotension - Mezaton), apply oxygen inhalations, in case of shock and collapse - a set of appropriate measures. Antibiotics are given to prevent infection. With swelling of the larynx, the patient can be prescribed inhalations of aerosols containing alkalis, Ephedrine, Novocaine and Penicillin (1 ml of a 5% solution of Ephedrine, 3 ml of a 1% solution of Novocaine, in which 300,000 units of Penicillin are dissolved, 3 ml of a 5% solution sodium bicarbonate).

In case of asphyxia, immediate tracheotomy is resorted to, and in cases of gastric perforation, surgical intervention is performed.

manganese poisoning

When potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate) gets on the mucous membranes, a chemical burn of tissues occurs and the content of manganese and potassium in the blood increases.

Symptoms

In case of poisoning through the gastrointestinal tract, patients complain of increased salivation, pain in the epigastric region, vomiting with blood streaks, and diarrhea. There are changes in the nervous system: psychomotor agitation and convulsions may occur. On the skin of the face in the area of ​​the mouth and lips, pinpoint burns with manganese crystals can be seen. mucous membranes oral cavity, gums, pharynx and pharynx brown-violet with bleeding erosions, edematous. In severe poisoning, victims may develop laryngeal edema (from a burn), laryngospasm, and respiratory failure.

Death from manganese poisoning can occur from shock, mechanical asphyxia, or from primary gastrointestinal bleeding.

Urgent care

1. Give the patient plenty of warm water activated carbon, induce vomiting;
2. it is very effective to wash the stomach with 1% ascorbic acid or a mixture of the following composition: add 100 ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide and 200 ml of 3% acetic acid to 2 liters of water:
3. after gastric lavage, give the patient a drink of 0.5% solution of ascorbic acid and 0.5% solution of novocaine;
4. open doors and vents - provide the victim with access to fresh air;
5. give something to relieve pain;
6. if possible, inject subcutaneously 0.5-0.1% solution of Atropine;
7. treat the oral cavity and the skin around the mouth with a swab moistened with a 1% solution of ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid, reacting with manganese, forms non-toxic compounds, which are then easily excreted from the body);
8. in the absence of ascorbic acid, manganese crystals can be removed from tissues with a cloth moistened with a mixture of water, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution and 3% acetic acid (everything is taken in a ratio of 1:1:1);
9. be sure to call a doctor at home or take the patient to a medical institution.

Copper sulphate poisoning - copper

blue vitriol acts locally, irritates and cauterizes mucous membranes. It is a strong hemolytic poison.

Copper poisoning almost never intentional.

It usually occurs when cooking jam or various dishes in copper or poorly tinned dishes.

Main symptoms copper poisoning is nausea, vomiting of green masses, a metallic taste in the mouth, abdominal pain, frequent loose stools with blood, dizziness, weakness. In very severe cases, there is severe gastric bleeding, kidney failure, and shock may develop.

Treatment

1. Mandatory gastric lavage with plenty of water;
2. induce vomiting;
3. The antidote for copper sulphate poisoning is yellow blood salt. If present, give inside 1 tablespoon of a 0.1% solution;

In case of copper sulfate poisoning, do not give the victim oily and acidic foods!

1. folk medicine advises in case of copper sulfate poisoning to give inside sugar syrup with burnt magnesia and skimmed milk with egg white;
2. activated charcoal has a good effect (3-4 tablets every 20-30 minutes).

Poisoning with ammonia, alkalis, caustic soda, washing soda, potash

The most common alkalis in everyday life include caustic soda and ammonia.

Poisoning can occur when these substances are taken orally or when used improperly. Possibly alkaline poisoning if solutions are swallowed baking soda during gargling by children or in case of improper treatment of peptic ulcer and gastritis with alkaline preparations. caustic alkaline substances have a strong cauterizing effect on body tissues. Ammonia also has irritant.

Alkali burns differ from acid burns in greater depth of injury. At the site of contact of the skin or mucous membrane with alkali, ulcerations are formed, covered with a scab.

Symptoms

Poisoning is accompanied by the following symptoms:

1. strong thirst,
2. salivation,
3. bloody vomit.

Characteristic development pain shock.

Signs of poisoning: burning pains in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus; choking, vomiting, often bloody, thirst, bloating, cold skin.

In case of poisoning with ammonia: sneezing, coughing, salivation and after 30 minutes diarrhea, and soon with blood; loss of consciousness, convulsions.

In case of alkali poisoning, all vital organs are affected, internal bleeding develops, which are associated with deep trauma to the walls of the gastrointestinal tract. This can lead to inflammation in abdominal cavity and lethal outcome. In case of poisoning with ammonia, oppression occurs respiratory center development of pulmonary and cerebral edema is observed.

First aid

If alkali gets into the eyes, it is necessary to immediately rinse them under running water, drip a 2% solution of Novocaine. In case of contact with caustic alkaline solutions on the skin, the affected area should also be washed under running water.

In case of superficial burns, a 2% solution can be used to neutralize alkalis and ammonia. citric acid.

When taking alkalis inside, you need to rinse the stomach through a thick rubber tube.

First aid to the victim:

1. give milk or any diluted vegetable acid to drink (lemon, vinegar, crushed gooseberries, cranberries);
2. every 15 minutes give vegetable oil, milk.

Do not give the victim salts and soda, emetics!

Tobacco nicotine poisoning

The tobacco plant in its composition contains a strong poison - nicotine, under the influence of which the blood flow in the capillaries slows down.

Vessels are reduced during smoking and almost half an hour after it. Therefore, a person who smokes a cigarette every 30 minutes keeps his blood vessels in a constant spasmodic state.

In addition, by irritating the adrenal glands, nicotine causes them to secrete an increased amount of adrenaline, which leads to additional vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. Constant vasospasm leads to a change in their walls and, ultimately, to angina pectoris.

Nicotine, like coffee or tea, is a "whip" for the heart, which, in order to restore normal blood supply to organs, must make 10-15 thousand more contractions per day. The heart wears out quickly, life is shortened.

Constant smoking, especially in the morning, leads to the development of gastric and duodenal ulcers, to a progressive deterioration of hearing and vision. Most chronic lung diseases are caused by nicotine.

Acute nicotine poisoning is rare. This happens in cases where the child gets to cigarettes for the first time and smokes “to hell” or non-smoker enters a very smoky room.

First aid for nicotine poisoning

First aid consists of:

• it is necessary to take a person to fresh air, unbutton his clothes, give oxygen access;
• every 15 minutes, the patient should be given ammonia-anise drops (15–20 drops per reception) or a tannin solution (1 tablespoon).

Fish poisoning

Poisoning with fish poison occurs after eating tissues and organs of fish containing poison.

The clinical picture of the disease depends on the type of fish and the conditions in which the poisoning occurred.

There are two main forms of poisoning: cholera-like and paralytic.

At cholera-like form poisoning, the patient experiences nausea, pain in the stomach and throughout the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, thirst, urinary retention, convulsions.

At paralytic form in the first place are the symptoms of damage to the central nervous system. In the initial stage, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dry mouth, thirst are observed. With an increase in phenomena, dry skin, a decrease in temperature, convulsions are observed, usually ending in partial or complete paralysis.

When the first symptoms of poisoning appear (usually after three to four hours), you should seek help from a medical facility.

Treatment

For successful treatment:

1. before the doctor arrives, it is necessary to wash the stomach as quickly as possible and with as much water as possible;
2. give a laxative (two tablespoons castor oil);
3. make a deep enema with two tablespoons of castor oil or freshly prepared strong chamomile infusion;
4. warm baths and general warming are useful;
5. every half an hour, the patient should be given a hot drink inside, strong tea, coffee, hot wine, compote and other drinks;
6. rub the body with a cloth soaked in vinegar or vodka;
7. folk medicine advises using reed in case of poisoning with fish poison, for this the rhizome of the reed is carefully crushed, and the patient is given 4-6 tablespoons of the mixture inside for 5-6 hours.

Mercury poisoning and its compounds: sublimate, calomel, granosan

Poisoning with mercury compounds is characterized by both local irritant and general toxic effects.

Local signs of poisoning: severe salivation, copper-red coloration of the lips, oral cavity and pharynx, metallic taste in the mouth, bleeding gums, later - a dark border of mercury sulfite on the gums.

General signs: vomiting with blood, severe pain and cramps in the stomach and intestines, fever, lack of urine, diarrhea with blood, pain in the joints and bones, convulsions.

First aid

1. Induce vomiting (ipecac, emetic root, drinking large amounts of water followed by induction of vomiting);
2. drinking a large amount of milk with protein (in case of severe poisoning, stir 15–20 egg whites in two glasses of milk or water and drink immediately;
3. after half an hour, drink the same portion (the procedure will cause vomiting and clear the stomach well);

Note: in case of poisoning with mercury and its compounds, the patient should never be given salt (including English salt).

1. every five minutes the patient should be given alkali, lime water, chalk, soda, magnesia;
2. in the absence of alkalis, give fresh or fresh milk;
3. often a good effect is obtained by taking a fine powder of charcoal in oatmeal water. Give in an hour for a tablespoon.

Treatment in case of intoxication with mercury and its compounds, it should be complex, differentiated, taking into account the severity of the pathological process.

1. at acute poisoning– immediate hospitalization;
2. with chronic intoxication - inpatient treatment, in the initial stage - outpatient or sanatorium treatment. In case of occupational poisoning - transfer to another job.

Essential medicines:

1. unithiol
2. taurine
3. methionine
4. DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid, succimer, chemet).

Poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic

Poisoning by compounds of heavy metals and arsenic has been known since ancient times. In the Middle Ages, sublimate and arsenic were the most common inorganic poisons that were used for criminal purposes, both in politics and in everyday life.

Mortality in case of poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic, which used to reach 85%, has now significantly decreased and amounts to 20-25% of all poisoned people.

The lethal dose of soluble mercury compounds is 0.5 g, calomel - 1-2 g, copper sulfate - 10 g, arsenic - 0.1-0.2 g.

Organic and inorganic compounds of heavy metals and arsenic are used in many industries as raw materials or by-products, are used in agriculture as herbicides and insecticides (granosan, etc.). Arsenic and some heavy metals are found in various medicines.

The clinical picture in case of poisoning with compounds of heavy metals and arsenic is diverse and depends on many reasons: on the state of the body of the victim, on taken dose, from the type of poison, etc., but in any case, the gastrointestinal tract is primarily affected. Patients develop a metallic taste in the mouth, pain when swallowing, along the esophagus, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. In severe cases, diarrhea occurs and gastrointestinal bleeding occurs.

Taking large doses of arsenic leads to a pronounced lesion of the central nervous system: general convulsions appear, a state of stupor (severe stunning), collapse, coma.

First aid

Remove toxic foods from the stomach. Induce vomiting (ipecac, vomit, plenty of warm salted water, etc.)

In case of poisoning with arsenic and heavy metal compounds, you should not give the patient any acidic drinks and ammonia!

1. every five minutes, give the patient burnt magnesia 1 teaspoon (to obtain a solution, one and a half tablespoons of magnesia are dissolved in 200 ml of water).
2. If there is a special "arsenic antidote" available, which is often found in special first-aid kits, then give it to the patient every five minutes, 1 tablespoon;
3. rinse the intestines. Make a deep enema with clean water;
4. keep the patient warm.

This site has a separate page dedicated to the baby first aid kit.
Traditional medicine advises in case of poisoning with arsenic, sublimate, yar and other mineral poisons to take cow's milk, cow butter, wood butter, vegetable fat, powdered charcoal.

A specialized remedy for herbalists and healers for poisoning with arsenic and salts of heavy metals - lobia seed juice.

Juice is squeezed from fresh seeds and given to the patient to drink 2-3 tablespoons. It is advisable to drink juice three to four times a day. Fast for 2-3 days. Can I drink tea with mint or St. John's wort.

Help and antidotes for arsenic poisoning: reception aqueous solutions sodium thiosulfate, gastric lavage, milk and cottage cheese intake; specific antidote - unithiol.

Sulfur poisoning: sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide

Sulfur compounds are used in refrigeration, food, leather and pulp industries. At home, they are used as disinfectants, bleaching and preservatives.

Sulfur dioxide is a strong irritant, as it forms sulfuric and sulphurous acids upon contact with water. The gas enters the body through the respiratory tract.

Symptoms of sulfur dioxide poisoning are the same as for chlorine poisoning - tear and salivation, irritation and pain in the eyes, shortness of breath and suffocation, convulsive cough, nausea, vomiting.

First aid

1. Remove the patient to fresh air;
2. unfasten clothes, provide oxygen;
3. put a wet towel on the forehead and back of the head;
4. call a doctor.

First aid

1. In case of contact with skin, mucous membranes - rinsing with running water.
2. If ingested - gastric lavage through a tube.
3. antidote therapy.
4. Forced diuresis.
5. Oxygen therapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
6. Symptomatic therapy.
7. Specific (antidote) therapy for hydrogen sulfide poisoning.
8. Amyl nitrite - inhalation 0.2 ml for 30 seconds every minute.
9. Sodium thiosulfate is contraindicated.
10. Hospitalization in a poison control center.

Symptomatic drug therapy

1. For convulsions - diazepam 10 mg IV.
2. Drugs that improve metabolism and blood supply to the brain and peripheral nervous system (for example, Pyridoxine, Pyritinol).
3. With an indomitable cough - Codeine inside.
4. Bronchodilators.
5. Corticosteroids (Prednisolone 2–5 mg/kg IV).
6. In case of hydrogen sulfide poisoning - 10 ml of 10% solution of calcium chloride or calcium gluconate IV.
7. Antibiotics.

In case of carbon disulfide poisoning, encephalopolyneuritis is formed after coming out of a coma. At functional disorders from the side of the central nervous system, even at the initial stage, it is necessary to transfer to work that excludes contact with carbon disulfide. With pronounced forms, the ability to work is steadily reduced.

Vinegar poisoning

When vinegar essence is ingested by mistake or for the purpose of poisoning, there is a burning pain in the throat and stomach. The patient thrashes about in pain. Appears severe vomiting, often with an admixture of blood, severe thirst, diarrhea, swelling of the oral mucosa and pharynx. Pain comes quickly. Arises severe burn mucous membranes. Severe pain makes it impossible to swallow even liquids. During inhalation, saliva along with air, entering the respiratory tract, can cause suffocation. Therefore, saliva is urgently removed with a gauze swab wound around a finger. Since salivation is usually strong, saliva should be removed constantly. In case of suffocation and violation of the activity of the heart, the victim is given artificial respiration.

First aid

In case of poisoning, first of all, it is necessary to carry out repeated, thorough rinsing of the mouth with water. It is important not to swallow water!

Then - gastric lavage through a tube.

In case of poisoning with "cauterizing" poisons, in no case should the stomach be washed by inducing vomiting! The stomach is washed only through a probe, to clean washings (8-10 liters of cold water).

Before insertion, the probe is liberally lubricated with vaseline oil. If sulfuric acid was used as a cauterizing poison, then it is forbidden to rinse with water. This may lead to chemical burn add thermal!

Even if there is an admixture of blood in the wash water, you should still continue washing. In the first hours of poisoning with acetic acid, there is usually no damage to the large vessels of the stomach.

This may lead to mechanical damage stomach due to excessive gas formation.

The optimal solution for neutralizing acetic acid in the stomach is Almagel.

If possible, an anesthetic solution should be administered to the patient intramuscularly or intravenously before washing.

In the absence of medicines and / or in the absence of skills in inserting a probe, or, even worse, in the absence of the probe itself, before the arrival of the ambulance team, give the victim to swallow ice cubes with smooth edges and give him a few sips of sunflower oil or better Almagel.

Inside it is necessary to give burnt magnesia (1 tablespoon per glass of water), whipped protein, activated charcoal, water, milk, mucous decoctions of rice and flaxseed, lime water, decoctions of flaxseed, rice, barley. Ice compresses on the neck and stomach. Drink cold water. Hospitalization of the patient is required.

Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds: insecticides

Organophosphorus compounds are widely used in agriculture as insecticides and herbicides for the treatment of grain and leguminous crops, vineyards and orchards.

These include drugs such as thiophos, karbofos, chlorophos, etc. Poisoning occurs when these substances enter the skin, respiratory tract and stomach.

There are three stages in organophosphate poisoning.

AT first stage the patient is agitated, complains of a feeling of tightness in the chest, dizziness, nausea, decreased vision. Violations appear mental sphere- the patient becomes aggressive, often refuses treatment, he is haunted by a feeling of fear.

As the poisonous substance is absorbed into the blood, the patient develops sweating, salivation, vomiting, increased blood pressure, and increased heart rate. There are cutting pains in the stomach.

On the second stage poisoning, convulsions appear, the patient is inhibited, the pupils are narrowed, salivation and sweating increase, the patient often falls into a coma, convulsive twitching of individual muscle groups appears, blood pressure rises even more, diarrhea increases, urination becomes more frequent.

Third stage- stage of paralysis. The patient is in a coma. The activity of the heart, respiratory center, nervous system is sharply disturbed.

First aid

The main thing in treatment is the removal of a poisonous substance from the body;

1. in case of poisoning through the mouth, it is necessary to rinse the stomach as soon as possible. The stomach is washed 3-4 times with 5-6 liters of water;
2. vaseline oil 100–200 ml is given inside, flaxseed or hempseed decoction, starch decoction, almond milk;
3. saline laxative (magnesium sulfate - 50 g);
4. instead of the usual emetic, the patient is given 5-7 grains of copper sulfate in a decoction of flaxseed;
5. as an antidote, give 1 tablespoon of burnt magnesia with water several times (in the absence of magnesia, you can give 5-10 drops of purified turpentine with an equal amount of Hoffmann drops;
6. in case of phosphorus poisoning, the patient should be given as much as possible egg white mixed with water;
7. warm water cleansing enema a small amount glycerin;
8. when breathing and cardiac activity stop - indirect heart massage and artificial respiration.
9. in case of contact with organophosphorus substances on the skin, wash the affected areas with soap and water, 2% soda solution, treat with chloramine or ammonia.
10. remove poison-contaminated clothing.
11. if FOS gets into the eyes, they are washed with a 1% solution of soda or clean water.

Medical assistance

1. Gastric lavage through a probe with a solution of potassium permanganate (1:5000), after lavage - introduction into the stomach vaseline oil(100 ml twice).
2. Symptomatic therapy.
3. Hemodialysis.
4. Surgical - excision of necrotic bone mass, removal of sequesters.

In case of contact with eyes, rinse.

Chlorine, phosgene and fluorine poisoning

When exposed to humans low concentrations of chlorine there is redness of the conjunctiva, soft palate and pharynx, shortness of breath, hoarseness of the voice, a feeling of tightness in the chest.

AT high concentration of chlorine causes difficulty in breathing, excruciating shortness of breath, salivation, pain in the eyes, dry cough, lacrimation. Sometimes there is nausea and vomiting. The patient is agitated or very depressed. Soon - usually 15-20 minutes after contact with the poison - all symptoms disappear. There comes a period of imaginary well-being, which lasts from half an hour to 36 hours. The duration of the latent period is important for diagnosing the severity of poisoning - the shorter the latent period, the stronger the poisoning. During the latent period, the general condition of the victim improves. Then, as this period ends, signs of toxic pulmonary edema come to the fore, the first precursors of which are: dry cough, shortness of breath, tightness and pain behind the sternum, general weakness, fatigue, dizziness and headache. Gradually, the cough becomes stronger and more painful, chest pains increase, breathing becomes more and more difficult. There is a cyanosis of the skin and mucous membranes, breathing becomes superficial. Chills begin, coughing intensifies. A large amount of sputum begins to stand out (up to 1.5 liters per day). The victim is excited, rushing about. He is tormented by fear and hopelessness. The face is bluish-red. Arterial pressure falls more and more, collapse develops and the patient dies from paralysis of the respiratory center.

The clinical picture of phosgene and fluorine poisoning is similar.

In high concentrations, chlorine, phosgene and fluorine can lead to lightning death of the poisoned person.

After a short breath, the victim begins to suffocate, rush about, tries to run, but loses consciousness, falls, his face turns blue, the pulse becomes thready. There comes a reflex stop of breathing.

First aid

1. withdraw or remove the victim from the affected area;
2. provide him with an influx of fresh air (unbutton outerwear, open windows, doors);
3. when assisting the victim, try not to poison yourself and apply personal protective measures (protective suit, gloves, gas mask, rubber boots);
4. you need to keep in mind that if poisoning occurs in a building, then in case of ammonia poisoning, you need to go down to the first floor or to the basement (ammonia is much lighter than air and its vapors rise up); in case of poisoning with chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, fluorine - go upstairs, to the fifth floor and above;
5. ensure complete physical rest for all victims;
6. rinse eyes, mouth and nose with 2% soda solution or clean water for 10 minutes;
7. if the poison is swallowed, rinse the stomach;
8. All victims must be hospitalized.

It is also necessary to carry out the following activities:

1. instillation into the eyes of vaseline or olive oil, and for pain in the eyes - 2-3 drops of a 0.5% solution of Dikain;
2. application of eye ointment to prevent infection (0.5% synthomycin, 10% sulfacyl) or 2-3 drops of 30% Albucid, 0.1% zinc sulfate solution and 1% solution boric acid- 2 times a day;
3. the introduction of Hydrocortisone 125 mg / m, Prednisolone 60 mg / in or / m.

Medical assistance

Regardless of the degree of damage to all victims, it is necessary to provide maximum rest and warming, bring them to a sitting or semi-sitting position.

Inhalation of bronchodilators (Salbutamol, etc.), warm milk with Borjomi or drinking soda, inhalation of a sprayed 1–2% solution of sodium hyposulfite for 1–2 days or a 2% solution of drinking soda 2–3 times a day are shown. 10-15 minutes, inhalation of a 10% solution of menthol in chloroform, the use of non-narcotic anti-inflammatory drugs (Ibuprofen), intravenous ascorbic acid 5%. Solution, 50 ml (ingestion of 3 g of the drug is possible), expectorants (Bromhexine, etc.). With difficulty breathing - Teofedrin, Eufillin, inhalations of Solutan 2-3 times a day or Salbutamol, warm soda or water inhalations. With spasm of the glottis - heat on the neck and the introduction of Atropine 0.1-1.0% subcutaneously. When coughing - codeine 0.015 g, 1 tablet 3 times a day.

With bronchospasm - the introduction of a 10% solution of calcium chloride, 5-10 ml intravenously, oxygen therapy. To prevent joining secondary infection use broad-spectrum antibiotics (Ampicillin, Gentamicin, etc.). With persistent bronchospasm, no effect of previous treatment - Atropine 0.1-1.0% intramuscularly, Prednisolone 30-60 mg intravenously, Orciprenaline 0.5% intramuscularly, tracheostomy.

If the clinical manifestations of chlorine poisoning suggest a moderate and even more severe degree of damage, then medical observation is carried out during the day in order to timely detect signs of incipient pulmonary edema. During this period, fluid intake is limited, and food intake is prohibited, strict bed rest is indicated. X-ray studies lungs are carried out every 2-3 hours.

In the latent period, all activities are aimed at preventing pulmonary edema and stopping early signs development of respiratory failure. Among these measures, oxygen therapy, IVA, hydration of the trachea and bronchi, correction of obstructive processes (bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, toilet bronchial tree, aspiration of edematous fluid, massage). Correction of cardiovascular activity, anti-inflammatory therapy and prevention of infectious complications are ongoing.

Oxygen therapy is started at the first signs of hypoxemia in order to reduce the hyperfunction of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It allows you to normalize or reduce the frequency of breathing, tachycardia, lower blood pressure, reduce pathological symptoms from the CNS. However, traditional oxygen therapy is effective only in the initial period.

ADRENALIN IS CONTRAINDICATED, WHICH IN HIGH DOSES IS ABLE TO CAUSE PULMONARY EDEMA.

To prevent intravascular thrombus formation, anticoagulants (anticoagulants) are used, and measures are taken to normalize blood viscosity (introduction of hypertonic or isotonic glucose solutions).

For the treatment and prevention of pneumonia, bacteriostatic drugs (antibiotics, sulfonamides), expectorants are used, banks, mustard plasters are prescribed.

Convalescents should do breathing exercises.

Alkali poisoning

The main strong alkalis are caustic soda (caustic soda) and caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). Alkali poisoning leads to deeper local tissue damage than acid poisoning.

When alkali gets into the gastrointestinal tract, there are severe pains in the mouth, in the esophagus and stomach. Excruciating vomiting almost always occurs, often with an admixture of blood. A burn of the oral mucosa causes profuse salivation, and a sharp pain makes it impossible to swallow. Therefore, just as with acid poisoning, saliva should, if possible, be removed with a gauze swab wound around a finger.

In case of poisoning with concentrated alkalis, it is urgent to rinse the stomach with plenty of warm water (up to Yul) or with a 1% solution of acetic or citric acid. Washing is desirable to do in the first hours after poisoning. To neutralize the alkali, the patient is given to drink lemon juice, a solution of citric acid, enveloping agents. Water the patient every 5-10 minutes (1 tablespoon).

If alkali gets on the skin or mucous membranes, then it must be immediately wiped off with a piece of cloth, and then washed off with plenty of water with vinegar or lemon juice. For washing, you can use a 1% solution of any acid that is at hand.

If a person accidentally gets into a bath or a pit with lime, he should be pulled out as soon as possible, poured over with water from a hose and put in a bath with warm water. Water should be replaced as it gets dirty. In the future - treatment, as with chemical burns.

Symptoms of strong alkali poisoning similar to the symptoms of poisoning with strong acids. The mechanism of action is similar - cauterization (necrosis, protein coagulation, scab formation). The cauterizing effect of alkalis is more pronounced than that of acids, and is characterized by the formation of a loose, spreading deep scab and significant ulceration, and subsequently more severe cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus and stomach. The resorptive action of alkalis is less pronounced.

The minimum lethal dose when taken orally is for caustic sodium and potassium - 5 g, for ammonia - 3-4 (10) ml.

Emergency care is the same, with the exception of intravenous sodium bicarbonate and the use of diuretics. When washing the stomach, it is recommended to slightly acidify the water with acetic acid. If it is impossible to wash the stomach, a 1% solution of citric, tartaric or acetic acid is prescribed orally (each

5 - 10 minutes for an hour on a tablespoon). Swallow pieces of small ice.

Ethylene glycol poisoning: methinol

Ethylene glycol is a compound with an alcohol-fusel smell, which is part of antifreeze, antifreeze, brake fluid and some antistatic agents.

When ingested, it is rapidly absorbed in the stomach and small intestine. It is excreted by the kidneys unchanged or in the form of oxalates. When oxidized in the liver, ethylene glycol forms toxic products that cause poisoning of the body. The toxicogenic stage lasts up to 5 days. The lethal dose is 100–150 ml.

Symptoms

A person who has taken ethylene glycol develops signs of mild intoxication when good health. Sometimes there is vomiting and diarrhea. After 10-12 hours of the latent period, headache, dizziness, thirst, nausea, vomiting, severe pain in the abdomen, lower back (by type renal colic) and muscles. The skin becomes dry, hyperemic, the mucous membranes are bluish-pale. Vision is deteriorating. The pupils are dilated. There is shortness of breath, breathing is noisy, rare. The number of heartbeats increases sharply, blood pressure drops. Clonic convulsions appear.

Death can occur on the first day after poisoning from paralysis of the respiratory center.

First aid

1. Gastric lavage and plenty of fluids. The following mixture should be added to the washing water as an adsorbent: tannin - 1 part, activated carbon - 2 parts, burnt magnesia - 1 part. In the absence of all components, you can use each of them separately. You can use a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate (soda) followed by ingestion of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 100 ml of water. Inside - 200 ml of a 30% solution of ethyl alcohol or vodka (with a history of the fact of taking poison), 3-5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 100 ml of water;
2. give the victim 2-3 egg whites, kefir, milk or jelly 2-3 cups;
3. give the victim a laxative;
4. after first aid - hospitalization.

Medical emergency care in a medical institution

With preserved consciousness - gastric lavage through a thick tube with a 2% solution of sodium bicarbonate, followed by the introduction of 30 g of magnesium sulfate in 200 ml of water (if not previously administered) and 3-5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 100 ml of water, siphon enema.

Inside or intravenously ethyl alcohol according to the scheme intravenously 10-20 ml of a 10% solution of calcium chloride (gluconate).

IV 400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 5-10 ml of 5% ascorbic acid solution and 8 units of insulin, glucose-novocaine mixture (400 ml of 5% glucose solution with 25 ml of 2% novocaine solution), 400 ml of polyglucin, 400 ml of gemodez, 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of aminophylline, 80-120 mg of furosemide (lasix), 50-100 mg of prednisolone or 100-200 mg of hydrocortisone.

Intramuscularly, 2-4 ml of a 6% solution of thiamine bromide and a 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride (do not inject in one syringe).

With the development of cerebral edema, coma - an ice pack on the head, intravenously 40 ml of 40% glucose solution with 4-6 ml of 5% ascorbic acid solution and 8 units of insulin, 50 ml of 30% sodium thiosulfate solution, 10 ml of a 2.4% solution of eufillin, up to 300-500 mg of furosemide (lasix), taking into account the previously administered dose, 50-100 mg of prednisolone or 100-200 mg of hydrocortisone, 2-4 ml of a 6% solution of thiamine bromide and 2-4 ml of a 5% solution of pyridoxine hydrochloride, if not administered (do not inject in one syringe!), Oxygen inhalation. Relief of psychomotor agitation intramuscular injection 10 ml of 25% magnesium sulfate solution. Craniocerebral hypothermia, spinal puncture and extraction of 10–15 ml of CSF, dehydration therapy, eufillin, plasma, albumin, piracetam, steroid hormones, cytochrome C, sodium hydroxybutyrate, tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation, oxygen inhalation.

Repeated (2-3 times a day) gastric lavage and intestinal lavage (preferably through a permanent two-way probe). Antidote therapy ethyl alcohol(at the rate of 1.5-2 g / kg of body weight per day) and calcium gluconate (chloride) during the first 2-3 days. Forcing diuresis with the simultaneous introduction of a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate in volume.

With increasing hepatic and renal insufficiency - infusion therapy (including from 1 to Zl / day trans-umbilically), plasma alkalization, intravenous glucose-novocaine mixture, aminophylline, osmotic diuretics (mannitol at the rate of 1-1.5 g / kg of body weight body) in combination with furosemide (Lasix), lipoic and glutamic acid, a complex of B and C vitamins, cytochrome C, hemosorption in combination with program hemodialysis.

Evacuation to a medical institution (hospital), which has the possibility of hemodialysis, by ambulance, in the supine position on a stretcher (in coma - in the main lateral position with the breathing tube inserted), accompanied by a doctor. Continue along the way infusion therapy, if necessary - the introduction of ethyl alcohol, calcium gluconate (chloride), furosemide (lasix), anticonvulsants (magnesium sulfate, phenazepam), oxygen inhalation.

Getting chemical poisoning is a defeat of the body as a result of the penetration of toxic substances into the blood, stomach and intestines. Many hazardous substances used by a person in everyday life (glue, acetic acid, paints, solvents, varnishes, acetone-based liquids, fertilizers, etc.) or in production (highly toxic chemicals) can provoke intoxication.

The composition of any of these substances contains poisons that are dangerous to human health or life. If caustic chemicals are handled carelessly, there is a high risk of skin contact or ingestion through the mouth or respiratory tract, which can lead to severe intoxication.

In case of poisoning with chemicals, a person needs to urgently provide first aid in order to avoid a fatal outcome.

In the international classifier of diseases (ICD 10), chemical poisonings are listed under the codes X40 - X49.

Types of chemical poisoning

Acute chemical poisonings are divided into several groups:

• By the effect on the body. These include poisons of irritating, nerve-paralytic, lachrymal, psychotomimetic, suffocating, blistering and general toxic effects.
• According to the structure of poisons (FOS, nitrites, arsenic compounds, benzyl acid and its derivatives, halogenated derivatives of carbonic acid, etc.).
• According to the degree of toxicity (especially toxic, chemicals of high or moderate toxicity, non-toxic).
• According to the degree of losses - destroying (combat substances) and temporary (leading to incapacitation for a certain period).
• By exposure time. Persistent poisons evaporate slowly and have an infecting effect for a long time. Unstable - quickly evaporate, and the infecting effect lasts a short time.
• By state of aggregation(aerosols, vapours, solids and liquids).
• By application (industry, drugs, warfare agents, household chemicals and pesticides, biological poisons).
• By the speed of defeat (you can poison yourself quickly, almost immediately, or after a while).

Thus, the condition of the victim will depend on the type of poisoning. Depending on this, in each individual case it will be different clinical picture, duration of poisoning and its severity.

Causes of poisoning

Can cause chemical poisoning different substances ranging from medicines and remedies household chemicals and ending with chemical weapons. Poisons can enter the body for several main reasons:

• careless handling of chemicals, as a result of which the poison can accidentally get on the mucous membranes or skin;
• accidental or intentional ingestion of a substance;
• when vapors enter the body through the respiratory system (accidents at work when working with hazardous chemicals, chemical attack, working with poisons at home in an unventilated area, etc.).

The main cause of intoxication with chemicals is carelessness in handling them. Less often, poisoning is caused by exposure to poisons from the outside, which does not depend on the ability of a person to handle dangerous compounds.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depending on the type

Signs of chemical poisoning are always closely related to the way poisons enter the body. Depending on this, the symptoms will vary.

Vapor poisoning

When intoxicated with toxic fumes, a person will have:

• cough;
• dyspnea;
• dry eyes or, conversely, increased lacrimation;
• bluish tint of the skin or its pallor;
• chemical burn of the upper respiratory tract;
• hallucinations and disorientation in space;
• loss of consciousness;
• heart beat disturbances.

In a severe case, poisoning with chemical vapors causes acute respiratory failure, breathing slows down or stops, consciousness is lost. If the victim is not provided with first aid in time, a fatal outcome will occur.

Poisoning through the esophagus

With intentional or accidental ingestion of poison, intoxication is inevitable. In such cases, signs of chemical poisoning will appear as follows:

• nausea;
• vomiting (if internal bleeding develops, the vomit will become dark brown or black);
• severe pain in the mouth, throat and stomach;
• chemical burn of the digestive organs;
• stomach upset, mushy stool black color due to bleeding of internal organs;
• dehydration due to profuse diarrhea and vomiting.

Read also: Poisoning in humans with phenol

The severity of intoxication depends on the chemical itself and its action: alkalis and acids will immediately cause burns to the mucous membranes. Other chemicals are quickly absorbed into the bloodstream, carry it through the organs and poison the entire body.

Skin contact

Here, too, much depends on the chemical. If acids and alkalis get on the skin or mucous membranes, a person will get burns, and some highly toxic substances can be absorbed through the skin and poison the body from the inside.

The symptoms of chemical poisoning are as follows:

• burns varying degrees(from slight redness to deep erosion of skin layers);
• an allergic reaction in the form of a rash, redness, spots;
• strong pain in the affected area;
• uneven breathing, irregular heartbeat.

Concentrated caustic compounds, if not removed in time from the affected area, can lead to tissue necrosis and subsequent amputation.

General symptoms

Regardless of how the poison entered the body, with chemical intoxication, common signs are observed:

• disruption of the central nervous system;
• heart problems up to its stop;
• anaphylactic or toxic shock;
• loss of consciousness (sometimes coma);
• hepatic or renal insufficiency;
• pancreatitis;
• destruction of red cells (erythrocytes) and anemia.

If such symptoms are present, failure to provide first aid for chemical poisoning will lead to a sad outcome.

Symptoms of chemical poisoning depending on severity

There are mild, moderate and severe degrees of intoxication. At mild form the clinical picture is usually:

• dizziness;
• vomiting with preceding nausea;
• lacrimation;
• redness and dryness of the skin;
• nasal congestion;
• sometimes swelling of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract is possible.

Moderate and severe degrees of chemical poisoning are characterized by more dangerous symptoms:

• nausea, vomiting;
• temperature rise;
• swelling of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, angioedema;
• decreased vision;
• bronchospasm;
• convulsions;
• disorientation and hallucinations;
• loss of speech;
• paralysis of the limbs;
• fainting;
• damage to the central nervous system;
• burns of the mucous membranes of the esophagus and respiratory tract and irreversible processes in the gastrointestinal tract.

If a person is not provided with first aid in time for poisoning, a coma will occur, followed by the death of the victim.

In severe cases, all symptoms of chemical poisoning may appear at the same time, but this does not always happen immediately (sometimes the symptoms will not become noticeable until the next day). Victims, as a rule, do not pay attention to minor malaise and weakness, in no way associating this with intoxication. However pathological processes in the body are already running, and if you do not get timely help for chemical poisoning, you may not be able to fully recover.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of chemical poisoning is necessary to determine the poison (if it is initially unknown what poisoned the person), its quantity and duration of exposure to the body. Before receiving the results of the diagnosis, the doctor will be forced to focus only on the symptoms. Therefore, first a general examination of the patient is carried out, a survey of eyewitnesses of the poisoning or the patient himself (if he is conscious). Then they begin a diagnostic examination, which allows not only to determine the chemicals that caused the poisoning, but also to identify possible damage to internal organs:

• urine and blood tests (biochemical and general);
• biochemistry of gastric juice;
• blood for toxins;
• x-ray;
• Ultrasound of internal organs.

After receiving the results of the diagnosis, doctors urgently proceed to targeted treatment of a patient with poisoning.

First aid and treatment for chemical poisoning

For a person who has received chemical poisoning, everything will depend on how quickly he will be helped and how competently this will be done.

What to do in case of chemical poisoning in the first place

Those who were close to the poisoned person at the time the first symptoms appeared should first immediately call an ambulance. Then urgently provide the victim with assistance in case of chemical poisoning:

• if infection has occurred with vapors, evacuate the victim from the poisoned place, thus stopping the toxic effects of vapors;
• loosen clothing on the chest or, in general, remove it (if it is impregnated with a chemical);
• open windows;
• if toxic substances get inside, give 2-3 glasses of water to drink (salted can be) to cleanse the stomach and induce vomiting;
• give milk or starch diluted in water to soothe the affected mucous membranes;
• give a sorbent so that it absorbs poisons;
• give an enema or laxative;
• if symptoms worsen, offer the patient a diuretic or diaphoretic to accelerate the elimination of toxins from the body through sweat and urine;
• if the substance gets on the skin, rinse it thoroughly with running water for 20 minutes so that the chemical does not have time to be absorbed into the blood;
• provide peace.

Usually these measures before the arrival of the doctor is enough. But in the process of providing first aid for chemical poisoning, the principle of "do no harm" should become the main thing, so it is important to know what measures are strictly prohibited. For example, when acid poisoning occurs, one should not give soda solutions, rinse the stomach (caustic compounds, passing through the esophagus a second time along with vomit, will again burn the mucous membranes). It is also impossible to give a laxative, because you can re-burn the intestines.

Professional help

Doctors in the hospital will immediately begin to provide first aid and will definitely carry out the procedures provided for intoxication with any chemical:

• excretion of poisons to prevent their further absorption;
• symptomatic treatment to restore the functions of the affected organs.

AT Everyday life a person is constantly in contact with toxic chemicals. Poisoning with them can occur with improper handling, non-compliance with the dosage and rules. safe application. This is a fairly serious type of poisoning, during which a person with untimely medical care may remain disabled or die.

What it is?

Chemical poisoning- this is the process of damage to the human body by toxic substances when they enter the blood, stomach and intestines through the respiratory system.

Poisoning can occur by inhalation of vapors or ingestion of the product.

The main range of objects of human use that cause poisoning are listed below:

1. acetic acid. When ingested or inhaled vapors may;
2. paints and varnishes on an oil or acetone basis;
3. all types of solvents;
4. glue;
5. pesticides and herbicides (means for treating plants and destroying insects);
6. toxic aerosols;
7. means for the extermination of rodents;
8. acetone;
9. fuels and lubricants.

Almost all of them contain poisons that are harmful to the human body.
Working with the above substances in closed rooms with poor ventilation, contact with mucous membranes, inhalation of vapors or ingestion, chemical poisoning occurs. Most often, this type of poisoning occurs when elementary safety rules are not observed when handling toxic substances.

Symptoms of pesticide poisoning

The manifestation of chemical poisoning. substances depends on the weight and age of the patient, his state of health and the amount poisonous agent entered into the body.

Many toxic substances act on the body for a long period of time with minimal symptoms. It depends on the level of toxicity of the poison. The more toxic the poison, the more signs and faster they appear. And the more detrimental they act on the whole organism.
Often, the same poison will cause one person to experience chemical poisoning and the other experience nothing. This is due to the level of immunity, genetics and susceptibility to toxic substances.

For example, children are more susceptible to poisoning than adults. This is due to the fact that for 1 kg child weight account for more poison than an adult. And due to the low level of immunity and the weakening of the body, an elderly person will be more susceptible to a toxic composition than a 30-year-old man.

The effects of poison and signs of chemical poisoning are very individual and depend on many factors, including those listed above. If people have previously suffered from allergies, bronchial asthma, then they are more sensitive to a pronounced smell, therefore, their body reacts faster to a toxic substance.

Signs of chem. poisoning depends on its severity

For mild types:

• dizziness;
• nausea, vomiting;
• redness, dryness, itching on the skin;
• tearing;
• nasal congestion;
• at medium degree and severe poisoning;
• nausea, vomiting;
• temperature;
• swelling of the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract;
• angioedema;
• bronchospasm;
• convulsions;
• fainting;
• blurred vision;
• paralysis of the limbs;
• loss of speech;
• disorientation;
• hallucinations;
• coma;

In addition, poisoning with chemicals or other poisons can lead to burns of the mucous membranes, respiratory tract and esophagus. Lead to irreversible processes in the gastrointestinal tract. Lead to pulmonary edema, paralysis of the central nervous system. If the patient is not provided with timely medical assistance, the situation with poisoning can be fatal.

In case of severe poisoning, all these signs can occur simultaneously, aggravating the patient's state of health.
Symptoms of chemical poisoning do not appear immediately. A person may feel unwell after a few hours or a few days. Poisoning can occur the next day. The more time passes from the moment of poisoning to the moment of diagnosis, the more difficult it is to help the poisoned person.

Some types of poisoning may not have visible signs at all. Toxins settle in the body and affect the functioning of the liver and kidneys. A person may not know that pesticides have damaged his health. This occurs most often with involuntary inhalation of chemical vapors. A person feels weakness, nausea, which quickly pass.

Depending on the poison, after the intake or use of which poisoning occurred, signs are also classified. Some poisons primarily affect the central nervous system and the brain, other respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract, and the musculoskeletal system. Depending on the type of poisoning, further actions as assistance, diagnosis and selection of drug therapy.

First aid for poisoning

When providing first aid, it is important to understand the condition of the patient so as not to harm him. If the patient has convulsions, severe hallucinations, breathing problems, then he needs qualified medical assistance. In addition, when vomiting and cleansing the stomach, one must remember that the patient may choke on vomit or they will go into the respiratory tract.

With a coma or signs of hemorrhage, you should also not disturb the patient, so as not to worsen his condition.
If the poisoning is not severe, then you can provide first aid to the poisoned person at home. It all depends on the toxicity and the amount of chemical used. If a person has been poisoned by vapors or touched the mucous membrane, it is necessary to provide access to fresh air, rinse the mucous membranes and skin with running water, take activated charcoal and seek medical help.
In the event that chemicals have entered the body through the respiratory tract and esophagus, it is important to try as quickly as possible to eliminate further absorption of the poison and its remnants from the stomach.

To do this, it is necessary to induce an attack of vomiting by pressing on inner part larynx. The poison that got into the cavity of the stomach is initially absorbed only by one third. It takes several hours for the absorption of the remaining chemical. In this regard, it is necessary to quickly remove the contents of the esophagus and stomach.

To facilitate the withdrawal of vomit, you can drink more water. Water will bring out the contents of the stomach faster.
You can also give the poisoned activated charcoal, it absorbs toxins very quickly and contributes to their successful removal from the body. More often, activated charcoal is used in powder or tablets, unlike liquid charcoal, it absorbs toxins better. In the absence of activated carbon, Polysorb or Polyphepan can be used. They also help to eliminate intoxication, but a little slower than coal.
Such assistance can be provided to patients who do not have breathing problems, convulsions and disorders in the musculoskeletal system. If such changes are present, then the patient should be placed in horizontal position face down to remove the vomit and wait for the ambulance to arrive.

If there is a medical facility nearby, it is necessary to transport the patient there for gastric lavage. For these purposes, a probe is inserted through the esophagus into the stomach, with which the contents of the stomach are emptied. But even after washing, there may be residual toxins in the stomach cavity. To remove them, you need to take activated charcoal.

It is important to understand that the life and health of the patient depends on the correct first aid. The bulk of the poison is absorbed in the first minutes, when it is necessary to provide assistance.

If the poisoning was weak, and the person feels a slight malaise in the form of dizziness and nausea, it is necessary to give him activated charcoal. Subsequently, you can take Enterosgel, Polysorb, Polyphepan for several days. Drink fresh milk daily and stay outdoors. But in any case, if the causes and circumstances of the poisoning are known, it is necessary to seek medical help and provide information to the doctor.

The situation is more complicated when those around the unconscious patient or the person himself do not understand what happened and the poisoning becomes known only in the doctor's office or after the ambulance arrives. This means that the patient will not receive timely assistance and the main part of the toxic substance that has entered the body has already been absorbed into the walls of the stomach and spread throughout the body. Consequently, the destructive process of organ damage by poisons has already been launched to the maximum.

Diagnosis of chemical poisoning

If the poisoning is known, then the diagnosis is made in the minimum version, a visual examination, a blood test, urine. Doctors in such cases see the picture more clearly and determine the tools to combat the disease. When determining the poison from which poisoning occurred, it is more clear what drug therapy should be applied. The esophagus, stomach and intestines are washed. Drug therapy is carried out to remove the poison from the body.

It is worse when doctors do not know about the poisoning and the etiology of the poison. In this case, the diagnosis is initially made on the basis of the patient's symptoms. Based biochemical analysis blood, urine, gastric juice occurs more accurate diagnosis. But it takes a certain time, during which toxins have an even greater effect on the body. But unfortunately, with severe poisoning, with lost time during transportation and diagnosis, the patient may be in a coma or unconscious state, and maximum negative changes occur in the body.

Chemical poisonings are classified as dangerous poisonings. In addition to death, a person runs the risk of remaining disabled after hemorrhage or paralysis suffered against the background of poisoning.

Timely diagnosis and treatment play a huge role in the final result after chemical poisoning.

Treatment Methods

In the treatment of chemical poisoning, classical drug and adjuvant therapy. This is a set of measures aimed at removing toxins from the body, eliminating negative consequences and restoring the patient.

The main therapy can be divided into several stages:

1. elimination of the process of absorption of a toxic substance;
2. measures to remove the toxic chemical;
3. drug elimination of symptoms of poisoning in the form of disruption of various organs (gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, respiratory organs);
4. removal of systemic antidotes from the body. These stages of therapy are used for poisoning with almost any poisons and toxic substances.

But the last stage is only when the pesticide is known, with which the patient was poisoned due to the mechanism of action. The first stage includes the removal of vomit, active gastric lavage with a probe, absorption using activated charcoal in powder.

To quickly and successfully remove the absorbed poison, the patient is prescribed laxatives. When moving from the stomach to the intestines and through the rectum, activated charcoal is also effective against partially trapped toxins. The removal of absorbed charcoal has practically no effect on the level of poison that has entered the bloodstream, but improves general condition patient and reduces further intoxication. In case of poisoning with certain types of toxic substances, methods are used in therapy to accelerate the process of bile formation, the functioning of the kidneys and the bladder.

To cleanse the body of toxins in case of poisoning with ethyl alcohol, methanol and other poisons, dialysis and hemosorption are used. These are quite effective methods in the treatment of poisoning. But unfortunately, the equipment necessary for this can not be found in all medical institutions, which makes its use difficult. Depending on the etiology of the poison, when it enters the body, poisoning occurs, the choice of therapy, medicines and methods for removing toxins from the poison occurs. In addition to therapy aimed at combating toxins, concomitant diseases are treated, which were the result of poisoning. For example, treatment of a burn of the respiratory tract and esophagus, restoration of affected areas of the walls of the stomach and intestines, maintaining the functioning of the liver and kidneys, eliminating pulmonary edema, raising protective functions organism as a whole, etc. The most difficult cases are poisoning with highly concentrated poisons that instantly affect the body and are absorbed. For example, pesticides used to treat plants in the fields with the help of aviation. Sometimes in such cases, medical care is no longer effective.

Measures to prevent poisoning:

It is important to understand that a person can get chemical poisoning in standard living conditions if elementary safety rules are not followed. Toxic chemicals are found in almost all cleaning products, laundry products, grease removers, limescale removers, etc. Gasoline and diesel fuel that the driver encounters on a daily basis can also lead to severe poisoning. All paints and solvents that we use to paint windows, doors and fences in the country and at home are not safe. Used for home cooking vinegar essence if consumed, it can be fatal. Almost all aerosols from mosquitoes, flies and other insects are toxic. Even in the deodorant produced in an aerosol can, there is poison. Many types of drugs contain poisonous chemicals. Therefore, an overdose or the use of expired tablets can also lead to severe poisoning. A person almost every hour comes into contact with dangerous toxic substances and risks getting poisoned.

Due to the prevalence of household and interior care products, cosmetics, detergents and repellents, poisoning with household chemicals is possible, with symptoms of which first aid is needed.

How does household chemical poisoning occur?

To keep neat appearance, cleanliness and disinfection of objects and premises, elimination of harmful insects use products of the chemical industry, which have a domestic purpose. However, during operation, household chemicals can be harmful to health. You can poison them in the following way:

• If the product gets inside due to violation of storage rules.
• With frequent use of an abundant amount of the drug, it can accumulate inside the body and cause allergies.
• During the inhalation of vapors of chemicals in the absence of ventilation, irritation of the mucous membrane of the mouth and nose, the formation of ulcers may occur.
• During contact with unprotected skin.

Depending on the composition and scope, household chemicals are classified as follows:

1. Detergents for the body, hair, dishes, characterized by intense foaming.
2. Products containing turpentine or acetone as solvents.
3. Liquids used to eliminate greasy contaminants containing chlorinated hydrocarbons.
4. Repellents, insecticides containing organophosphorus compounds.
5. Detergents containing alkalis: ammonia, caustic soda.
6. Aggressive cleaners for removing heavy soiling, rust and clogging of sinks, bathtubs, toilet bowls. Usually they contain hydrochloric, acetic, oxalic, carbolic acids.
7. Cosmetics containing alcohol.

The use of these products for other than intended purposes can cause irreparable harm to human health. You can prevent a dangerous condition by knowing the symptoms of poisoning.

Symptoms and consequences

Impact on the body various means household chemicals are not the same. Depending on the composition, they can be divided into five groups.

Surfactants

Almost all detergents designed to eliminate grease stains contain surface-active substances (surfactants). They effectively remove dirt that is difficult to wash off with water. Such substances combine with fat molecules and water and "detach" the dirt from the contaminated surface. Thanks to these additives, powder and soap remove stains and grease.

These compounds are detrimental to skin covering by removing its protective lipid layer. They are able to accumulate in the internal organs: the brain, heart muscle and liver.

The main symptoms of surfactant poisoning:

• foamy discharge from mouth;
• pain in the stomach, intestines;
• vomit;
• difficulty breathing;
• disruption of the liver.

Chlorine and oxygen oxidizers

Such compounds provide surface disinfection, destroy organic compounds. They are part of the means for disinfection and elimination of pollution of sanitary ware, bleaches, stain removers.

As a result of regular exposure to oxidizing vapors, the following occurs:

1. Edema of the oral mucosa, respiratory organs.
2. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract, suffocation.
3. Itching in the eye area, tearing.
4. Cough, respiratory failure.

With constant continuous exposure, there are:

• vascular atherosclerosis;
• anemia;
• deterioration of the hair condition: brittleness, dullness, loss;
• high blood pressure.

Once inside, oxidizing agents cause:

1. Destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).
2. Liver damage.
3. Erosion of the mucous membranes in the mouth, trachea.
4. Burns of the stomach, intestines.

alkalis

Alkali may contain means for cleaning blockages of sewer pipes, detergents for dishes and other kitchen utensils. The most common types of alkali are sodium silicate, lime, soda, ammonia (ammonium chloride). When substances with a high concentration of alkali get on the surface of the skin or inside the body, symptoms occur:

• intense thirst.
• Diarrhea or vomiting (may have blood impurities if the alkali has damaged the walls of the stomach and intestines).
• Edema and severe pain due to burns of the mucous membrane of the eyes, nasopharynx.
• Painful ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract.
• Suffocation attacks.

Poisoning with concentrated alkali can cause death as a result of pain shock, internal bleeding, and pulmonary edema.

acids

When dropped into the body, products containing acid burn internal organs can burn the stomach.

Symptoms of poisoning with acidic detergents are similar to those of alkali poisoning.

Organophosphorus compounds

Poisoning with agents containing such compounds is accompanied by:

1. nervous excitement.
2. Lachrymation.
3. Profuse salivation, nausea, vomiting.

With prolonged exposure to funds with FOS, the development of tremor and paralysis, convulsions, respiratory failure is possible.

If the substance is ingested (more than 50 ml), disorders are observed respiratory function, damage to the optic nerve.

If poisoning with household chemicals occurs, it is necessary to call a doctor and take measures to provide first aid to the victim.

First aid

Before starting first aid measures for poisoning with household chemicals, it is necessary to find out the alleged cause of the poisoning. When contacting the hospital, notify the dispatcher about the impact of the poisonous substance and ask for advice from the doctor on duty over the phone.

While waiting qualified assistance need to eliminate the impact chemical agent, provide the patient with access to a stream of fresh air.

Depending on the cause of poisoning, take the following measures:

• If the toxic substance has entered the oral cavity, rinse it with water.
• Place the patient in such a way that in case of vomiting he does not choke on vomit. If a person is unconscious, open his mouth slightly, make sure that the tongue does not fall. In the presence of dentures, braces - remove them from the oral cavity.
• If a product containing caustic substances gets into the eyes, rinse them with plenty of water. Chlorine-containing products are recommended to be washed out with a 2% solution of baking soda.
• In case of poisoning with cosmetics - drink a large amount of liquid, induce vomiting.
• A burn caused by contact with lime must not be wetted. It is necessary to remove the remnants of the substance with a napkin, and grease the burn site with glycerin.
• If a chemical with a high concentration of acid, alkali, chlorine gets on the skin surface, it is necessary to keep the affected area under a stream of cold water for at least 20 minutes. If the cause of irritation is hydrofluoric acid, pre-moisten the area of ​​​​contact with the substance with a napkin.
• For internal alkali poisoning: prepare a weak acetic solution by adding 4 tbsp. l. vinegar 3% concentration. The patient needs to take the solution at intervals of 15 minutes. 1 st. l. Also, taking 1 tbsp will help alleviate the condition of the victim. l. vegetable oil every 30 minutes.
• In case of internal poisoning with acid-containing substances, it is necessary to prepare a soda solution by adding 5 tbsp. l. soda in 1 liter. water. Give the victim 3 tbsp. l. solution at intervals of 10 minutes. It is recommended to give the patient milk - 1 sip every 10-15 minutes. A good way to prevent the absorption of a substance into the blood is the use of raw egg white.

What can not be done in case of accidental internal use?

A number of actions that help eliminate the symptoms of standard food poisoning can be harmful when poisoning with household chemicals. In such cases, it is not recommended:

1. Give the victim activated charcoal.
2. Drink a solution of potassium permanganate, a large volume of liquid.
3. Apply an enema wash.

To weaken the effect of a poisonous substance, it is recommended to take several tablets of activated charcoal, however, in a victim with damage to the oral cavity and larynx, this will cause severe pain.

Taking a solution of potassium permanganate or drinking plenty of water (more than 400 ml) will cause vomiting. Then the masses of toxic substances will go back through the esophagus. Means containing acid, alkali, chlorine will cause a second burn of the esophagus and respiratory organs, and foaming substances can block the flow of air into the lungs.

To wash the stomach, doctors use a special probe that excludes damage small intestine. Therefore, washing at home is undesirable.

The patient receives further assistance to eliminate the consequences of poisoning in a medical facility.

Video: how not to get poisoned by household chemicals?

Ways to prevent poisoning

To avoid poisoning with household chemicals, it is necessary to limit its use as much as possible. If it becomes necessary to clean sewer pipes, clean the surface of plumbing fixtures with concentrated cleaning agents, work only with gloves, do not inhale the vapors of the detergent or use a protective mask when working with it.

You should follow the basic rules for the use of household chemicals:

• Before use, carefully read the instructions for possible reactions when exposed to the substance.
• Store detergents and cosmetics in a place inaccessible to children. Close the container carefully after use. It is better to use products that have child protection on the lid.
• Do not pour household chemicals into containers from food products, drinks, even if a warning label is left on it. An adult may not notice it, and a child will not be able to read it.
• Do not leave products that can cause harm to health near food.

In case of poisoning with household chemicals, you cannot self-medicate, otherwise you can cause irreparable harm to the body. Avoid occurrence dangerous states a careful and careful attitude to the use of the achievements of the chemical industry, designed to make living conditions more comfortable and homework easier, will help.

Chemical poisoning develops when direct contact skin and mucous membrane with toxic substances, when poisonous compounds are ingested through the digestive and respiratory systems. Medicines, pesticides and household chemicals can cause intoxication of the body if handled carelessly. If symptoms of chemical poisoning appear, the victim needs to provide first aid in order to avoid serious consequences and death.

Reasons for the development of chemical poisoning

Chemical poisoning develops in the human body due to the ingestion of harmful toxins:

The abuse of drugs or pesticides when irrigating vegetation leads to a chronic form of intoxication. Toxic components gradually accumulate in the body, poisoning the cells as the concentration of toxins increases.

General symptoms and manifestations

Regardless of the route of penetration of toxins, chemical poisoning has the same clinical manifestations:

• nausea, vomiting;
• abdominal pain;
• shortness of breath, pulmonary edema;
• unnatural expansion and contraction of the pupils, muscle spasms, convulsions;
• dizziness, headache, increased sweating;
• pallor of the skin;
• toxic shock;
• allergic reactions up to the development of anaphylactic shock;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• incorrect work of cardio-vascular system(arrhythmia, myocardial infarction).

The symptoms of chemical poisoning depend in part on the absorption of the poisonous substance and individual features person.

First aid and treatment

If symptoms of chemical poisoning are detected, emergency care is required. The first action is a call to the ambulance brigade. Without the professional skills of medical personnel, toxins can damage organs up to and including death. Before the arrival of the ambulance, it is recommended to carry out pre-medical measures:

1. Limit or stop the flow of poisons into the body.
2. Use activated charcoal in the ratio of 1 tablet per 10 kg of body weight.
3. If toxic fumes are found, remove from the victim contact lenses and rinse with 2% soda solution.

The medical team needs to accurately describe the actions taken. In a medical facility, doctors administer an antidote that can fight the toxin. A poisonous substance is diagnosed using general blood and urine tests.

Poisoning by mouth

Intoxication when taken orally is characterized by contact with the mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagus, stomach. At oral administration victims of alkalis, acids, it is strictly forbidden to wash the stomach or provoke vomiting. Repeated exposure to toxins increases damage to the mouth and esophagus. During gastric lavage, the diluted substance increases in volume, causing internal bleeding.

When intoxicating the body through the mouth, it is necessary to act according to a step-by-step algorithm:

1. In case of loss of consciousness, the poisoned person must be placed on a flat surface. The head is turned to one side so that the victim does not choke on vomit. In this position, the tongue will not be able to fall inward, blocking the access of air. If consciousness is present, it is necessary to find out the possible cause of the poisoning.
2. If poisoning occurs due to the use medicines, the patient is required to give a liter of warm water to drink. After draining the container, it is necessary to artificially provoke vomiting by pressing your fingers on the root of the tongue.
3. With an unknown substance, the victim is asked to drink 300-400 ml of water. The liquid will reduce the concentration of poisons, reducing the risk of negative effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

After providing first aid, it is necessary to continue to monitor the patient's condition and wait for the arrival of the ambulance.

Respiratory poisoning

In case of poisoning with vapors of toxic substances, it is required to bring the victim to clean air, and then follow the algorithm:

1. The chest is freed from restrictive clothing so that nothing interferes with free breathing.
2. In the absence of consciousness, it is necessary to put a person in a horizontal position on a hard, even surface. Turn the head of the victim to one side to avoid blockage of the airways and esophagus by vomit.
3. If the poisoned person is conscious, it is recommended to help to take a sitting position.

The patient is asked to drink water.

Skin contact with chemicals

If a toxic component comes into contact with the skin, it is required to rinse the site of intoxication with plenty of low-temperature running water for 15–20 minutes. The skin is cleansed of the remnants of a toxic substance that did not have time to penetrate into the bloodstream by diffusion. Cold water will reduce pain. In case of skin contact, the degree of poisoning and the manifestation of symptoms depend on the level of toxicity of the chemical.

Folk remedies and herbs for the treatment of poisoning

Folk remedies are used as additional measure to remove toxins:

1. Elecampane is recommended by traditional medicine specialists for liver damage. You need to pour 1 tbsp. l. dry mixture 250 ml of boiling water and leave to infuse for 15 minutes.
2. In case of poisoning with strontium, cobalt, they drink a decoction based on reed flowers and sunflower leaves. For 1 tsp. each collection accounts for 800 ml hot water. The liquid is infused for 20 minutes. Take on an empty stomach 4 times a day, 100 ml. Knotweed has a similar effect on toxins.
3. Relieve poisoning carbon monoxide a tincture of 100 g of cranberries and 200 g of lingonberries will help. Brewed in 300 ml of boiling water and taken 6 times a day, 50 ml each.

The introduction of an antidote in a medical facility is mandatory.

Application herbal decoctions possible only after consultation with your doctor.

Possible Complications

Chemicals increase the risk of severe organ dysfunction and can be fatal. Even during the period of treatment and rehabilitation, complications can occur. Type and shape negative consequences depend on the amount of poison that got inside, the route of penetration.

After intoxication, they can develop:

1. Internal bleeding due to damage to the gastrointestinal tract.
2. RBC hemolysis (breakdown), leading to anemia and hypoxia ( oxygen starvation) cell structures.
3. A sharp drop in blood pressure.
4. Arrhythmia, heart failure.
5. Failure of the central nervous system up to coma.
6. Acute condition in renal and hepatic insufficiency. It leads to a violation of the water-salt balance of the body.

Intoxication of the body with chemical compounds can lead to disability. You can not ignore the symptoms of poisoning. The victim must be given first aid and first call the doctors.

Prevention of poisoning

Storage conditions and transport regulations for hazardous chemicals must be observed. When interacting and using with drugs, toxic substances, household chemicals, you must adhere to the safety rules:

1. Keep first aid kits, hazardous products (soda, vinegar, alcoholic beverages), cleaning chemicals out of the reach of children.
2. Do not use toxic substances in places where there is access to fire.
3. Before working in the laboratory and at an industrial enterprise, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the instructions and safety measures.
4. It is recommended to follow a healthy diet so as not to expose the body to the danger of food poisoning.
5. Medications should be taken in accordance with the recommendations of the attending physician.

Preventive measures must be taken to prevent intoxication with toxic compounds. Safety measures are designed to prevent serious conditions that cannot be recovered, reduce the risk of death.