Outerwear of the indigenous peoples of Chile. Folklore and traditions are the most interesting holidays in Chile. Some Indian tribes

Most of the holidays in Chile are associated with the Catholic religious calendar. The people of Chile have much to be proud of - both their long history and impressive natural landscapes, unique culture, religious traditions and local customs. Chileans are sincere, open and cheerful people. They are ready to celebrate anytime, anywhere! There is something celebrated all year round in Chile.

Day of Saints Peter and Paul

It is religious holidays that are especially honored in the country, since the inhabitants of Chile are deeply religious people. The life of the apostles is for the Chileans a kind of example that all Christians should follow. Peter and Paul, completely different in origin, were united by a single goal: to bring the word of God to people, struggling with unbelief and ignorance. On the day of saints, people go to temples to bow to their patrons.

All Saints Day (November 1) for the inhabitants of the country is a Catholic holiday,
and the next day (November 2) is the date of commemoration of their ancestors. Residents firmly believe that today deceased relatives come to visit their homes. That is why the spirits of deceased relatives receive increased attention.

A festive table is laid in every house. Delicious dishes are intended not only for guests, but also for spirits who have looked into their former homes. Along with good spirits, evil witches also come to the world of the living. In order to protect themselves from their evil jokes, the inhabitants are strenuously asking for protection from their patrons. Scary faces carved from pumpkins also decorate the houses of the inhabitants. But in order to somewhat soften the gloomy atmosphere of the holiday, the inhabitants of the country arrange comic entertainment, dedicating them to their dead ancestors.

Maritime Glory Day

Surprisingly, the Chileans celebrate the actual defeat, because sometimes losing can also become honorable. Apparently this is exactly the case.

In 1879, during the battle of Iquique, the Peruvian armored ship Huascar engaged the Chilean corvette Esmeralda. She was significantly inferior to her opponent both in size and power. Despite the captain's death, the Esmeralda's crew refused to surrender and accepted the fight. The flooded corvette, at the cost of the life of its crew, detained the enemy ship. Thanks to this, the Chilean army won the war. And on this day the whole country honors the memory of its heroes.

New Year

December is the time when residents put aside all their business and go to the coast to celebrate the beginning of the new year. Tourists also flock here. But if you prefer a traditional meeting, with frost and snow, then ski resorts are at your service.

The country has its own ancient beliefs, revered by all residents. Quite curious and unusual
the tradition exists on Easter Island. If you are lucky enough to be the first to find a swallow egg this New Year's Eve, then you will become the most revered person in these parts. Moreover, the privileges are preserved for the whole year, until the moment when there is another lucky one.

New Year is a home holiday, and in Chile it is customary to have many children and everyone is not complete without a gift. A rich table is served in every house. Guests can enjoy hearty and aromatic dishes. Many of them, according to the preferences of the locals, are quite spicy. Well, what a holiday without local liqueurs and wonderful wines.

International Festival "Santiago a Mil"

International Festival "Santiago a Mil" or "Santiago for the Thousands"
is the largest theater festival in Chile. This festival of actors and cultural figures lasts three weeks in January in the capital of Chile - the city of Santiago. Not only in theaters there are numerous performances that are brought from many countries of the world, on the streets of Santiago a huge number of street actors and acrobats show their art. Especially colorful these days in the evening. Numerous processions of street actors with their shows go through the streets of Santiago. In these weeks, Santiago surrenders to the arms of Melpomene.

Viña del Mar Music Festival

Every year during the last week of February, Viña del Mar, a popular resort town located two hours from Santiago, hosts a Music Festival
Viña del Mar. It is the largest music festival in Chile. Not only well-known bands from all over the world, but also local folk groups perform here. Usually, various competitions are held at the festival. In 2014, the festival of arts was held for the 55th time.

Carnival Andino Con la Fuerza del Sol

Carnival Andino Con la Fuersa del Sol is also called the "Festival of the Andes with
the power of the sun." It is one of the most interesting festivals that take place in February in northern Chile in the city of Arica. It goes on for three days. The main feature of the festival is a mixture of Spanish and local, Indian culture, as well as Catholic and local religious customs. The festival brings together Chilean, Peruvian and Bolivian participants who don colorful costumes. Dance groups and brass bands sometimes compete with each other for the attention and approval of a huge audience of spectators. The festival hosts a beauty contest where the queen of the carnival is chosen.

Vi Tripantu

Vi Tripantu, or the Mapuche New Year, begins before sunrise on June 23rd and ends on
sunrise on June 24, when the recalcitrant Indians are waiting for the "new sun" that returns from the west. New Year coincides with the winter solstice. The Mapuche Indians believe that these days bring the renewal of life. Pachamama (Mother Earth) and Nuke Mapu (Mother of the People) start a new life and everything around them blossoms. At this time, rituals are performed where the ancestors of the Mapuche are called. The rituals are led by leaders of communities and communities.

Score Quelle conducts a series of fashion reviews on how the fair sex dress in all corners of the globe. Today we will talk about an interesting country in the southwest of the Latin American continent.

Chile is a country with a republican form of government and a rich culture dating back several millennia BC. The official borders of the country lie for many kilometers, which is why the climatic conditions in the country vary so much. The country is a narrow strip that occupies the coast of the Pacific Ocean.

The diverse ethnic composition of the population is explained by the conquests that took place during the colonization. To this day, some groups of the population remain xenophobic towards non-whites: for example, getting a job for ethnic Indians or Africans is not always easy. The census shows that about 30% of the country's inhabitants are of European origin, have fair skin and familiar facial features. Mestizos, that is, persons of mixed origin, are the majority here - 65%, and purebred Indians - only 5%.

Inspection of the city, many begin directly from the local markets. It will not be difficult to buy a cheap dress here, because the prices for souvenirs in Latin America are acceptable, and bringing the creation of local artisans is priceless.

The skirt must be of a bright color - this feature is due to both national color and religious beliefs. The religion of the Chileans paradoxically combines the Catholic faith and the worship of the forces of nature. Although the Spanish conquerors tried in every possible way to instill their values ​​in the inhabitants, the Chileans remained true to the ideals of their ancestors.

* * * Text and photo provided by the customer * * *

The culture of Chile, which has been formed over many centuries, although it has predominantly Spanish features, is not an exact copy of Spanish culture, since Indian national folklore had a great influence on it. Modern Chileans carefully preserve the cultural traditions of their ancestors.

Traditional culture of Chile

Modern culture of chile unthinkable without music and dance. Every Chilean from an early age knows how to dance the pair dance samakueku, reminiscent of pantomime, and on the streets of Chilean cities you can meet street musicians performing eskinaso serenades. As for architecture, then, unfortunately, there are practically no more or less ancient structures left in the country. Many of them were destroyed by the Spanish conquerors, the rest - by numerous earthquakes.

Christianity is dominant religion chile. 90% of the country's population consider themselves to be two main currents of the Christian religion - Catholicism (over 70%) and Protestantism (19%). On the whole Chile- a secular country and religion in it is separated from the state.

Mostly Chile's economy based on the extraction of minerals: copper, gold, zinc and coal. The service sector is also well developed. Chile is the country with the least corruption in South America and the highest per capita income.

Natural relief and favorable geography of chile contributed to the rapid development in the country of the science of celestial bodies - astronomy. develops largely due to support from the state. The largest research centers and scientific laboratories in Chile are based on the largest universities in the country.

Of particular interest is the so-called pre-Columbian Chilean art, illustrating the culture, life and crafts of ancient Indian tribes. Of the modern art forms, painting and literature can be distinguished. Two talented Chilean poets have been awarded the Nobel Prize.

Traditional Chilean cuisine is a mixture of Spanish cuisine and the national cuisine of the Indians. The basis of it is seafood.

The diversity of ethnic groups living in the country makes customs and traditions of Chile very varied. Such different peoples are united, perhaps, only by extraordinary friendliness, hospitality and high culture behavior.

Sport Chile

The most popular, as, indeed, in other countries of South America, is football. In second place in popularity is the national Chilean rodeo. And recently, skiing has become increasingly popular in Chile.

The holiday looming on the horizon reminds us that we have not traveled "in style" for a long time. Meanwhile, the countries in my round-the-world tour continue to change each other (and at the same time the stylish and cultural background is changing), accumulating in my head all new materials, impressions, ideas. So today, bye they are still fresh and have not faded under the pressure of new ones, I hasten to issue here on the mountain a new portion of stylish conclusions and observations about ... Chile.

I confess that I was really looking forward to meeting with the Chilean style. The history and culture of Chile looked too tempting and promising on the other side of the Andes. Here is the national pride of the twice unconquered people, and landscapes, incredible in their diversity, and the reputation of the most economically stable country (for who can argue that it is much easier and more pleasant to develop fashion and style with good finances?!). All this, it seemed to me, was a generous soil on which to grow the sprouts of an interesting, original modern style.

Unlike their "bleached" Argentinean neighbor, who diligently denies the existence of local roots and emphasizes the connection with Europe, the Chileans are firmly rooted in their land with their feet and firmly hold on to their history - the very one in which neither the Incas, nor later could conquer them. coming conquistadors. This national pride, and also integrity (because far fewer emigrants got here because of the high Andes than to neighboring Argentina or Brazil), it would seem that one can promise that today in Chile [at least in the capital Santiago] one can see a modern version of identity inspired by national motifs.

This was even hinted at by some collections of contemporary Chilean designers, which I managed to learn about even before my arrival.

women's national costumes of the Mapuche tribe

European influence on Chilean fashion during the period of colonialism,
exhibit of the historical museum in Santiago

Plus, Chile is "guaso", local South American cowboys dressed in traditional ornamented ponchos, which I (and not only me) think can't help but inspire!

And, of course, there is Cuenca, another reason for national pride (up to the state exam in schools!) - Cuenca! Flirting dance, "Chilean seduction" story.

girls in costumes for the performance of Cuenca

And on top of all this lies a layer of modern (albeit gloomy) history, which has turned today's Chileans into the most ardent activists and demonstrators, ready to go out to public protest for any reason! Such a powerful desire to be heard everywhere and by everyone, it seemed to me, should be reflected in the context of the style of the Chileans, especially the youth!

And again, today's South America Chile - perhaps the most economically stable and stable country - is another token in favor of the development of the modern fashion industry, which cannot but be reflected in the everyday style of modern Chileans, their interest in the issue and the ability to dress.

In general, crossing the Andes, I was full of stylish and fashionable expectations! However, without delaying the intrigue, I hasten to admit that the disappointment was as great as the "great hopes" I raised!!!

Santiago greeted me not only with the dim, dusty-autumn range of streets and facades of houses, but also with the corresponding inexpressiveness of the local street style.

the central street of "Sanhattan", the business center of Santiago

at the Santiago Opera House

From business-oriented Sunhattan to youthful and supposedly hipster Lastarria, from the opera house to the city's bustling central market, today's city dwellers are like a dark and almost uniform stream, from which it is rarely possible to snatch out small bright or textured spots.

but elegant venerable senors almost never fail :)

Even going to a more remote area, for example, to the Atacama pulsing with "raw" energy, you watch how the locals change their hats and ponchos for jeans and T-shirts. Well, in the Chilean capital and even more so you will not seeNational Costume, unlike, for example, the less developed Ecuador.

Walking in the areas where the middle class lives and works today, you can see that it [this very class] is still in the process of its formation. And this formation is no longer taking place with an eye to the "stylish charm of the bourgeoisie" from the past, but through the prism of the globally modern (in the "made in China" style, although it is often sewn right here) - jeans, T-shirts, knitted tops. And at the same time, the Chilean "modern" lags behind modern trends by at least a few years, as a product coming here from a distant American outlet.

at the Santiago Opera House

This can be explained by many reasons, but I singled out two, in my opinion, the main factors and try post-arguing!

The first of the two, these are the years of the most brutal Chilean dictatorship with a policy of "keep a low profile" / "do not stand out." And although the Chileans quickly regained their loud protesting voice after the departure of Pinochet, putting together a new vibrant national style proved to be a more difficult task.

Another reason is that the Chilean people are difficult to describe as adherents of complex and sophisticated tastes. Here I find confirmation of my theory that one can understand the national style by looking into the national plate. And in food, Chileans are characterized by "poor" simplicity, it is not for nothing that many of the dishes popular here have a version of "al pobre" (that is, "poorly"), when a piece of meat or a sandwich is "compacted" with an egg and potatoes in order to get enough faster and for sure.

This straightforward simplicity seems to be in the very nature of the Chileans - people of simple and strong tastes, without halftones and shades: they are vehemently ill at a football match, kiss passionately on the streets, they eat tightly and simply, and are also dressed in a simple way.

Chileans in one of the city bars

And this applies equally to both men and women. Chile is the second country after Ecuador where I have observed a culture of "strong femininity" nurtured on restraint and simplicity. History is an influential designer and stylist, and in Chile it has not provided many opportunities for women to be weak, helpless, fragile, but shaping them to be resilient, strong, grounded. So it is not surprising that in modern times, Chile women have moved towards trousers and jeans, and not towards dresses. So you can meet dresses and skirts on the streets of Santiago, but not often:

Which, by the way, does not make Chile women less attractive in the eyes of local men, especially judging by the number of embracing couples of all ages on the streets. And this is in contrast to light and fragile-looking, romantic-feminine outfits that can cause at least intersting, but more often even a question and bewilderment. In what, by the way, I managed to be convinced on own experience. But that's another story! And I will definitely tell you about it, because. to be continued!...

ps
By the way, if you follow my round-the-world trip, you walk closer to the "live broadcast" (and still don't do it), then you can and should do it! on my instagram for you

From the very first years of the conquest, the Spaniards, especially the ordinary participants in the conquest, adopted from the Indians their peculiar types of clothing: a woolen cape and a poncho. Poncho - the clothes of the peoples of the Pacific coast - came to the Spaniards of Argentina through Peru and Chile (and to the Pampa Indians from the Araucans), it became characteristic of the national clothes of many South American countries. The upper strata of society wore Spanish dress. Ladies from high society dressed in black silk, with black or white mantillas. Then they began to follow the French fashion. As early as the beginning of the 19th century. the streets of cities with exotically dressed people looked very colorful. European fashions did not touch the lower strata of society and the cities were full of people in brightly striped ponchos and peculiar headdresses.

In general, in La Plata, as in Chile, even the propertied classes dressed much more simply: there was no pomp and luxury so characteristic of Peru and New Spain of the colonial era. This was explained by the difficulty of transportation.

The gaucho clothes were the most peculiar and picturesque: “a short shirt, often made of checkered calico, wide harem pants, over which a chiripa or a quadrangular piece of black cloth is picturesquely thrown over, wrapping around the legs and holding on to a wide leather belt ... The so-called poncho is thrown over the shirt ... The poncho covers and warms the whole body and is really very comfortable when riding. It is made of dense, almost waterproof wool, and its favorite color is dark orange with large lighter stripes. On his head, a gaucho often wears a hat, soft, round, black with a small brim, and his neck is almost always wrapped in a scarf ... Finally ... the feet of the poorer are shod in a kind of bast shoes ... made of canvas, which is sewn to the sole made from a spirally wrapped long bundle of twisted straw. The more affluent gaucho wears boots...often with huge silver spurs, which are equipped with large iron gears.

Women dress more simply: they wear a simple skirt and a shawl, the latter is thrown over the shoulders, then over the head. Recently, however, women have begun to wear European simple dresses.

Nowadays, the gaucho costume is a little simpler - it is usually wide trousers, a shirt girded with a wide leather belt, a scarf around the neck, an invariable poncho and alpargata or soft boots.

Chile

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. the upper strata of society in Chile followed the Spanish court fashions and outwardly differed sharply from the rest of the population. Separate groups of the urban population differed from each other in appearance, and it was always possible to recognize a prince, a nobleman or an ordinary citizen by clothes and weapons.

Spanish clothes were worn by wealthy Spaniards living in Chile and by high officials. In Chile, however, these garments were less opulent and darker in color than those in neighboring Peru. In folk clothing, the Chileans, like the inhabitants of many other colonies of South America, adopted individual Indian elements, the most characteristic of which was the poncho. The poncho was preserved until the end of the 19th century, it was worn to protect against rain and cold outside the city, and riders in the cities. Folk clothes have changed little since the 17th century. National men's clothing has been preserved among the so-called uaso- riders-shepherds and other agricultural workers of large estates. Once upon a time, the waso was casual: a wide and long poncho raincoat, legs made of thick woolen fabric or rawhide, wide trousers, a woven belt, a short jacket, a sombrero of different styles (depending on the area). By the end of the XIX century. this costume began to change, combining the features of the clothes of a shepherd, a mule driver and a rural nobleman. At present, sombreros are usually black, with a low, flat crown; the shirt is white, with a front folded in vertical folds. The richer people wear silk shirts, the poor wear flannel; on top they put on a very open waistcoat and a short jacket made of light or white-checkered fabric, sheathed with buttons; the waist is pulled together by a narrow belt of dense wool, usually red; black, red or yellow leather boots; raincoats are of two types; ordinary ponchos that protect against cold and bad weather, and the so-called chamanto- a very short cape that does not reach the waist with a slit for the head, like a poncho; Chamanto is woven from wool of very bright colors, with a variety of patterns. Such capes began to be worn about thirty years ago. The cost of such a full suit is very expensive and even higher than the cost of ordinary urban clothing. But even laborers try to acquire and carefully protect at least some parts of this traditional costume.

This is undoubtedly due to the fact that this costume has become mandatory for participants. rodeo, in which young people show their dexterity by trying to lasso and tame the bulls that are released into special pens. Rodeos are the favorite national spectacle of Chileans. They often perform in pairs, competing in strength and ability to wield a lasso. The contestants are usually estancia workers, while the horses are more often owned by estancia owners.

In between individual competitions, songs are performed to the accompaniment of the guitar. Fifteen or twenty years ago, only women sang to the guitar, now men also sing.

national dance cueca, old songs, also performed with the guitar, are very popular. There are many folk youth ensembles. Folk dances and the so-called Creole music became popular on the stage as well. Participants in such performances are dressed in a waso costume, but highly stylized - emphasized tight waists, strangely shaped sombreros, too short capes. According to one of the greatest connoisseurs of Chilean folk art, Thomas Lago, such costumes are beginning to "discredit the national dress."

Venezuela

The streets of big cities, and especially Caracas, are filled with a motley crowd: men usually wear light-colored, but not white suits, women - bright dresses and jewelry. The wives of Creole aristocrats, following the old Spanish fashion, dress in black. Spanish national clothes were preserved for quite a long time, only in the middle of the 19th century. cities began to follow European fashions. Fabrics for urban clothing are imported. But the villagers wear local fabrics, mostly blue and white; This clothing for men consists of wide trousers, a shirt and a scarf belt, for women it consists of a wide dress or skirt and sweater. They wear wide-brimmed hats woven from straw. They go barefoot or, which is much less common, wear alpargaty- a type of sandal.

Peru

Citizens wear factory-made clothing, mostly imported from the United States. In contrast to the ruling strata of society, among the people, an integral part of the costume is a hat, while shoes are often absent. A lot of money is spent on a hat; both men and women wear factory fedoras. The outerwear of workers and artisans, as well as farmers, is an Indian cloak for men. poncho, and for women - a shawl.

Brazil

At the beginning of the XX century. the clothes of a Negro man, an inhabitant of the suburbs of Bahia, usually consisted of short trousers and a shirt, tightly fitting the body; both of white paper tissue. The clothes of the Negro women were more picturesque. They wore long, wide skirts in bright colors. On the shoulder, over a light jacket, a long wide scarf was thrown, called panel yes post(matter from the coast). A black woman's head was tied with a large scarf, the three ends of which were tied in a knot on her forehead. It was torso. In Bahia, Negro women were dominated by short hair, and in the north, Negro women arranged elaborate hairstyles for themselves. If a black woman had some means, she put on bracelets, sometimes covering her arms up to the very elbow, and also a belt, consisting of many charms, among which there was invariably a carved image of fingers folded into two figs. Curiously, the custom of wearing such fig-shaped amulets, borrowed from the Negroes, is very common in Brazil. Often a Brazilian mother hangs on her child's neck instead of a Catholic cross such an amulet, which, according to popular belief, should protect its owner from all kinds of misfortunes and diseases.

The costumes of the Negro women of Bahia have gained popularity among the Brazilian population, and any woman dressed in the manner of a Negro woman from Bahia should be called bayan.

The clothes of the vaqueiro herders are simple - a shirt and pantaloons made of linen - it is well adapted to wandering through the sultry expanses of the island. You can always recognize the vaqueiros from Marajo Island by their wide-brimmed straw hat. To protect from the scorching rays of the sun and from heavy rains, dry leaves are laid between the top and the lining of the hat.

In the northeast of Brazil, the vaqueiro spends a significant part of his life wandering the steppe. His clothes are almost entirely made of leather. This is necessary, as large areas of the hinterland are covered with thorny bushes, through which the vaqueiro makes the way for herds.

In the south of Brazil, Gaucho clothing is very picturesque: a leather or felt hat; a colorful scarf tied in a knot around the neck; loose shirt and bombasho(such as harem pants), intercepted from the calves; boots with large spurs. Outerwear - Poncho (Portuguese poncho)- a cape made of a square piece of cloth with a hole for the head in the middle.

"Peoples of America", 2nd volume, publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow, 1959