Respiratory disease report. Diseases of the respiratory system. Disturbances in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveoli of the lungs

The respiratory system is one of the most important "mechanisms" of our body. It not only fills the body with oxygen, participating in the process of respiration and gas exchange, but also performs a number of functions: thermoregulation, voice formation, smell, air humidification, hormone synthesis, protection from environmental factors, etc.

At the same time, the organs respiratory system perhaps more often than others are faced with various diseases. Every year we endure acute respiratory viral infections, acute respiratory infections and laryngitis, and sometimes we struggle with more serious bronchitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis.

We will talk about the features of diseases of the respiratory system, the causes of their occurrence and types in today's article.

Why do diseases of the respiratory system occur?

Diseases of the respiratory system are divided into four types:

infectious- they are caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi that enter the body and cause inflammatory diseases of the respiratory system. For example, bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, etc.
allergic- appear due to pollen, food and household particles, which provoke a violent reaction of the body to some allergens, and contribute to the development of respiratory diseases. For example, bronchial asthma.
Autoimmune diseases of the respiratory system occur when the body fails, and it begins to produce substances directed against its own cells. An example of such an impact is idiopathic hemosiderosis of the lungs.
hereditary- a person is predisposed to the development of certain diseases at the gene level.

Contribute to the development of diseases of the respiratory system and external factors. They do not directly cause the disease, but they can provoke its development. For example, in a poorly ventilated room, the risk of getting ARVI, bronchitis or tonsillitis increases.

Often, this is why office workers get sick viral diseases more often than others. If air conditioning is used in offices in the summer instead of normal ventilation, then the risk of infectious and inflammatory diseases also increases.

Another mandatory office attribute - a printer - provokes the occurrence of allergic diseases of the respiratory system.

The main symptoms of diseases of the respiratory system

You can identify a disease of the respiratory system by the following symptoms:

cough;
pain;
dyspnea;
suffocation;
hemoptysis

Cough is a reflex defensive reaction body on the mucus accumulated in the larynx, trachea or bronchi. By its nature, cough is different: dry (with laryngitis or dry pleurisy) or wet (with chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis), as well as constant (with inflammation of the larynx) and periodic (with infectious diseases - SARS, influenza).

Coughing may cause pain. Pain also accompanies those suffering from diseases of the respiratory system when breathing or a certain position of the body. It may vary in intensity, localization and duration.

Shortness of breath is also divided into several types: subjective, objective and mixed. Subjective appears in patients with neurosis and hysteria, objective occurs with emphysema and is characterized by a change in the rhythm of breathing and the duration of inhalation and exhalation.

Mixed shortness of breath occurs with inflammation of the lungs, bronchogenic lung cancer, tuberculosis and is characterized by an increase in respiratory rate. Also, shortness of breath can be inspiratory with difficulty in inhaling (diseases of the larynx, trachea), expiratory with difficulty exhaling (with bronchial damage) and mixed (thromboembolism pulmonary artery).

Choking is the most severe form of shortness of breath. Sudden attacks of suffocation can be a sign of bronchial or cardiac asthma. With another symptom of diseases of the respiratory system - hemoptysis - when coughing, blood is released with sputum.

Allocations can appear with lung cancer, tuberculosis, lung abscess as well as in diseases of cardio-vascular system(heart defects).

Types of diseases of the respiratory system

In medicine, there are more than twenty types of diseases of the respiratory system: some of them are extremely rare, while others we encounter quite often, especially during cold seasons.

Doctors divide them into two types: diseases of the upper respiratory tract and diseases of the lower respiratory tract. Conventionally, the first of them are considered easier. These are mainly inflammatory diseases: ARVI, acute respiratory infections, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, sinusitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, etc.

Diseases of the lower respiratory tract are considered more serious, as they often occur with complications. These are, for example, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, pulmonary emphysema, etc.

Let us dwell on the diseases of the first and second groups, which are more common than others.

Angina

angina, or acute tonsillitis, - this is infection affecting the palatine tonsils. The bacteria that cause sore throats are especially active in cold and damp weather, so most often we get sick in autumn, winter and early spring.

You can get a sore throat by airborne or alimentary routes (for example, when using one dish). Particularly susceptible to angina are people with chronic tonsillitis– inflammation palatine tonsils and caries.

There are two types of angina: viral and bacterial. Bacterial - a more severe form, it is accompanied severe pain in the throat, enlarged tonsils and lymph nodes, fever up to 39-40 degrees.

The main symptom of this type of angina is a purulent plaque on the tonsils. The disease is treated in this form with antibiotics and antipyretics.

Viral angina is easier. The temperature rises to 37-39 degrees, there is no plaque on the tonsils, but cough and runny nose appear.

If timely start to treat viral sore throat you will be back on your feet in 5-7 days.

Symptoms of angina: Bacterial - malaise, pain when swallowing, fever, headache, white coating on the tonsils, enlarged lymph nodes; viral - sore throat, temperature 37-39 degrees, runny nose, cough.

Bronchitis

Bronchitis is an infectious disease accompanied by diffuse (affecting the entire organ) changes in the bronchi. Bacteria, viruses, or the occurrence of atypical flora can cause bronchitis.

Bronchitis is of three types: acute, chronic and obstructive. The first is cured in less than three weeks. A chronic diagnosis is made if the disease manifests itself for more than three months a year for two years.

If bronchitis is accompanied by shortness of breath, then it is called obstructive. With this type of bronchitis, a spasm occurs, due to which mucus accumulates in the bronchi. the main objective treatment - relieve spasm and remove accumulated sputum.

Symptoms: the main one is cough, shortness of breath with obstructive bronchitis.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma– chronic allergic disease in which the walls of the airways expand and the lumen narrows. Because of this, a lot of mucus appears in the bronchi and it becomes difficult for the patient to breathe.

Bronchial asthma is one of the most common diseases and the number of people suffering from this pathology is increasing every year. In acute forms of bronchial asthma, life-threatening attacks may occur.

Symptoms of bronchial asthma: cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, suffocation.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an acute infectious inflammatory disease in which the lungs are affected. The inflammatory process affects the alveoli - the end part of the respiratory apparatus, and they are filled with fluid.

The causative agents of pneumonia are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Pneumonia is usually severe, especially in children, the elderly, and those who already had other infectious diseases before the onset of pneumonia.

If symptoms appear, it is best to consult a doctor.

Symptoms of pneumonia: fever, weakness, cough, shortness of breath, chest pain.

Sinusitis

Sinusitis - acute or chronic inflammation paranasal sinuses nose, there are four types:

sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary sinus;
frontal sinusitis - inflammation of the frontal paranasal sinus;
ethmoiditis - inflammation of the cells of the ethmoid bone;
sphenoiditis - inflammation of the sphenoid sinus;

Inflammation in sinusitis can be unilateral or bilateral, with damage to all the paranasal sinuses on one or both sides. The most common type of sinusitis is sinusitis.

Acute sinusitis can occur when acute cold, influenza, measles, scarlet fever and other infectious diseases. Diseases of the roots of the four rear upper teeth can also provoke the appearance of sinusitis.

Sinusitis symptoms: fever, nasal congestion, mucous or purulent discharge, deterioration or loss of smell, swelling, pain when pressing on the affected area.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that most often affects the lungs, and in some cases genitourinary system, skin, eyes and peripheral (visible) lymph nodes.

Tuberculosis comes in two forms: open and closed. At open form Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the patient's sputum. This makes it contagious to others. With a closed form, there are no mycobacteria in the sputum, so the carrier cannot harm others.

Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacteria that are transmitted through the air. by drip when coughing and sneezing or talking with the patient.

But you don't necessarily get infected through contact. The likelihood of infection depends on the duration and intensity of contact, as well as the activity of your immune system.

Symptoms of tuberculosis: cough, hemoptysis, fever, sweating, deterioration in performance, weakness, weight loss.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a non-allergic inflammation of the bronchi that causes them to narrow. Obstruction, or more simply, deterioration of patency, affects the normal gas exchange of the body.

COPD occurs as a result of an inflammatory reaction that develops after interaction with aggressive substances (aerosols, particles, gases). The consequences of the disease are irreversible or only partially reversible.

Symptoms of COPD: cough, sputum, shortness of breath.

The diseases listed above are just a few. big list diseases affecting the respiratory system. We will talk about the diseases themselves, and most importantly their prevention and treatment, in the following articles of our blog.

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The human respiratory system includes the nasal passages, larynx, trachea, as well as the bronchi and lungs. The system performs an important function of ensuring gas exchange, which is carried out by the alveoli of the lungs. As a result, body tissues are saturated with oxygen and released from carbon dioxide. Therefore, in the case of diseases, when it is affected lung tissue, there is a violation of the functions of these organs, and pathological processes develop in the bloodstream.

Why do diseases of the human respiratory system occur, what are they? How are they treated? Let's talk about it today. We will also consider folk recipes that are useful to use for one or another pathology:

Respiratory system diseases - causes

Factors contributing to the development of diseases are allergens: house and street dust, micromites, animal hair, pollen of flowering plants, as well as mold fungi and allergens from insect bites.

They also negatively affect the respiratory system: poor environmental conditions, polluted air outdoors and indoors, smoking and unsuitable climatic conditions.

Pathogenic factors contributing to the development of diseases include alcohol abuse, the presence of chronic pathologies and genetic predisposition.

Treatment of diseases

Respiratory diseases are among the most common diseases in children and adults. Doctors note the importance of their early diagnosis and prompt treatment, and preventive measures. If you miss the moment and the disease will take chronic form, the treatment will be much more difficult and lengthy.

Therapy is always complex, based on the results of diagnosis and individual approach to every patient. The treatment plan includes drug therapy, phytotherapy and physiotherapy, therapeutic gymnastics and etc.

If we talk about medicinal drugs, then etiotropic drugs are usually prescribed, symptomatic remedies, supportive therapy is used ( vitamin complexes). In addition, in the case bacterial infection use antibiotics. The drugs of each group should be prescribed by the attending physician, according to the established diagnosis.

Pathologies of the respiratory system and folk recipes for treatment

We list briefly the most common diseases. And also consider effective folk recipes that can be supplemented with the treatment prescribed by a doctor:

Bronchitis - inflammation of the bronchial mucosa (acute, chronic). Less often, the inflammatory process of all layers of their walls develops.

With this disease, healers recommend using such a remedy: mix together half a liter of natural Cahors, 200 g of finely chopped leaves of centennial aloe or plant extract and 300 g Bee Honey in honeycombs. Mix everything well. Close the jar tightly, leave for 2 weeks in a dark place. Take 1 tablespoon, 3 times throughout the day.

Laryngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx vocal cords. May be chronic catarrhal or chronic hypertrophic.

This recipe is suitable for treatment: mix together half a glass of such a remedy as Borjomi mineral water (warmed up) and hot milk. Add 1 tsp to the mixture natural honey, quality Armenian cognac 5 stars and butter. Mix and drink twice a day.

Sinusitis - inflammation of the maxillary paranasal sinus. Most often it develops against the background (as a complication) of some infectious diseases.

Complex treatment is supplemented with inhalations. For example, from potatoes. Boil a few tubers in uniform, drain the water, slightly remember them with a pusher. To a hot potato, add 1 tsp of a remedy such as propolis tincture in alcohol. Then breathe over the steam, covering your head with a towel.

Rhinitis (runny nose) - inflammation of the nasal mucosa. It is manifested by congestion or, conversely, copious discharge, itching in the nasal ducts.

Try this one folk recipe: prepare an infusion of dried herb woodlice: 1 tsp per glass of boiling water. Strain after an hour. Rinse the nasal passages with warm infusion, pulling it in with one and then the other nostril, spit out the liquid.

Angina is an acute infectious, inflammatory disease of the palatine tonsils, as well as nearby lymph nodes.

Complex therapy can be supplemented with this rinse: dissolve in a glass warm water 1 tbsp natural apple cider vinegar. Gargle with half the volume every couple of hours, and drink the other half.

Pneumonia is an infectious inflammatory process of the lungs caused by pathogens. There is a defeat of the alveoli, saturating the blood with oxygen. Pneumonia often develops as a complication of other pathologies of the respiratory system.

Treatment is always complex. It is useful to supplement folk remedies. Healers suggest using this recipe: pass 300 g of garlic through the spadefoot, squeeze the juice through the gauze. Add it to half a liter of Cahors drink from the holy Mount Athos, shake it up, put it away for 2 weeks.

Then, shaking the contents, take a small sip several times a day. Before taking the infusion must be heated. It is also useful to rub the chest and back with this remedy.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathology characterized by cell allergy, the occurrence of specific granulomas in tissues and organs: lungs, bones, joints, lymph nodes and skin. In the absence of adequate treatment, it ends with the death of a person.

Disease prevention

To protect yourself from respiratory diseases, simple preventive measures that reduce the risk of their development:

Ventilate the room more often warm time sleep for years open window.

Increase your walking time fresh air, go out into nature more often, try to spend your vacation outside the city.

Don't lead sedentary image life, lead active image life, move more, play sports such as swimming.

The state of the respiratory system is very negatively affected by smoking and alcohol. Harmful carcinogens, which are found in tobacco and alcoholic beverages, injure mucous membranes, disrupt normal work organs. Therefore, we need to get rid of these bad habits. It is advisable to stop drinking alcohol and smoking.

If you are prone to diseases of the respiratory system, grow indoor plants that will increase the level of oxygen in the house and purify the air of harmful substances.

If you still get sick, without losing valuable time, consult a doctor for timely diagnosis and professional treatment. Be healthy!

The organs of the respiratory system are subject to many infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases are diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or protozoa.

Most microorganisms and dust are retained by the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, neutralized and removed from them along with the mucus. However, some of the microorganisms that have entered the respiratory system can cause various diseases: influenza, tuberculosis, tonsillitis, diphtheria, etc.

There are airborne and droplet-dust infections.

Airborne infections transmitted through direct contact with a sick person (when coughing, sneezing or talking).

Drip dust infections transmitted through contact with objects used by the patient.

flu and SARS

Flu and SARS(acute respiratory viral infections) are caused by viruses and transmitted by airborne droplets (possible and household way transmission of influenza, for example through household items).

Influenza viruses are found in the mucus secreted from the nose of sick people, in their sputum and saliva. During sneezing and coughing of sick people, millions of droplets containing viruses invisible to the eye are thrown into the air. If they enter the respiratory organs healthy person, he can catch the flu or SARS.

Influenza begins abruptly and violently (from infection to manifestation clinical symptoms lasts from a few hours to two days). The patient's body temperature quickly rises to 39-40 ° C, chills, aches and weakness in the body, headache, cough and runny nose appear (cough and runny nose may not be).

Influenza is dangerous for its complications. Often, after this disease, there are serious complications associated with disruption of the internal organs - lungs, bronchi, heart, etc.

Influenza spreads very quickly, therefore, sick people should not be allowed to work at enterprises, in institutions, to work in educational institutions. When coughing and sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue to prevent infecting others. When communicating with people with flu, you need to cover your mouth and nose with a cotton-gauze bandage (or mask), which allows air to pass through, but retains droplets that contain pathogens.

The main method of prevention against influenza is vaccination. The virus contained in the vaccine stimulates the body to produce antibodies that prevent the reproduction of viruses, thereby preventing the disease even before it starts.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis the lungs are caused by a bacterium - Koch's bacillus (tuberculosis bacillus), named after the scientist who described it. Tuberculosis bacillus widespread in nature. It can be in the inhaled air, in droplets of sputum, on dishes, clothes, towels and other items used by the patient (therefore, tuberculosis is spread not only by droplets, but also with dust).

Usually, the immune system of a healthy person actively suppresses the development of Koch's bacillus. However, under adverse conditions ( unsanitary conditions, dampness, malnutrition, reduced immunity) the disease can go into an acute form, leading to physical destruction of the lungs. Unfortunately, now this disease is increasingly common even in people leading correct image life.

In damp, unlit sunlight tuberculosis pathogens remain viable in places for a long time. In dry, well-lit places, they quickly die.

The prevention of the disease is facilitated by maintaining cleanliness in residential buildings, on the streets of cities, in public places.

Also, in order to prevent and treat tuberculosis, regular examinations adult and child population.

Bronchial asthma

Bronchial asthma is a common lung disease. With this disease, the muscles that enter the walls of the bronchi are reduced, and an asthma attack occurs. Cause of asthma allergic reaction on the most seemingly harmless substances: household dust, animal hair, plant pollen, etc.

To eliminate painful and dangerous suffocation, a number of drugs are used. Some of them are injected into the lungs as aerosols, and they act directly on the bronchi, dilating them.

Oncological (cancerous) diseases

The respiratory organs are also susceptible to oncological (cancerous) diseases. Most often they occur in chronic smokers.

Diagnosis of respiratory diseases

For early diagnosis of lung diseases, fluorography is used - photographing an image chest, translucent x-rays. Fluorography should be done at least once every two years. This makes it possible to identify a range of most dangerous diseases in the early stages.

Our respiratory system is very complex biological mechanism, which includes a large number of vital organs. In medicine, a special section has been created that studies the respiratory organs and treats their diseases - pulmonology.

Causes of respiratory diseases

The main reason lies in the impact on the body of pathogenic microorganisms.

Main bacterial pathogens are:

pneumococci;
viral infections;
hemophilic bacillus;
influenza viruses;
mycoplasmas;
tuberculosis mycobacterium;
chlamydia.

In addition to infections, respiratory diseases are caused by various allergens, which are divided into several main types:

household - dust, wool, skin particles and so on;
medicinal - enzymes, antibiotics;
food - for example, citrus fruits or milk;
animal allergens;
allergens that are contained in the spores of yeast and mold fungi;
professional - means of household chemicals;
plant pollen.

Provoke the development of respiratory diseases:

smoking;
bad ecology;
household pollution;
hypothermia;
bad climatic conditions high humidity, extreme cold, fluctuations in atmospheric pressure);
alcohol abuse;
the presence in the body of foci of chronic infection.

Major respiratory diseases

Most common the following diseases respiratory organs:

1. Bronchitis. This is a disease characterized by inflammation of the bronchi. The main symptom is cough. Downstream bronchitis is acute and chronic.

2. Pneumonia. A dangerous, acute infectious disease in which inflammation of the lung tissue occurs and the alveoli fill with fluid. The course of the disease is severe.

3. Bronchial asthma. Chronic respiratory disease of allergic origin.

4. COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Non-allergic inflammation of the bronchi, in which their narrowing occurs, which leads to a violation of gas exchange in the body.

5. Thromboembolism. There is a blockage of the pulmonary artery by a thrombus, which was brought into the vessels of the lungs by the blood flow from great circle circulation.

6. Bronchiectasis. Chronically flowing pathology, in which there is an expansion and suppuration of the bronchi.

7. Pleurisy. This is an inflammation of the lining that covers the lungs (pleura). Most often, pleurisy is a complication of other respiratory diseases.

Symptoms of respiratory diseases

Main clinical signs in diseases respiratory organs are:

1. Shortness of breath. Occurs in most diseases (pneumonia, tracheitis, bronchitis). The strength of shortness of breath depends on the severity of the disease, the presence of complications, individual characteristics the patient's body.

2. Pain. Patients often complain about pain in the chest caused by sputum discharge, a fit of coughing, and so on.

3. Cough. This is a reflex act that is needed in order to free the airways from sputum and other pathological fluids. Cough is dry and wet. It is observed in almost all pathologies of the respiratory system.

4. Hemoptysis. If blood appears in the sputum when coughing, then this can be a symptom of serious diseases (lung cancer, tuberculosis, pneumonia) and requires immediate contact with a specialist.

It should be remembered that the symptoms of respiratory diseases may vary depending on the specific disease and the severity of its course.

Diagnosis of respiratory diseases

Pathologies of the respiratory organs are diagnosed according to a specific scheme, which includes the following studies:

questioning and external examination of the patient;
palpation;
percussion;
auscultation.

Let's take a look at the above methods in more detail. During the interview, the doctor is interested in the patient's medical history, asks him about past diseases, listens to complaints.

The inspection is very important part diagnosis of respiratory diseases. With its help, the frequency, depth, type and rhythm of the patient's breathing are detected.

Percussion (percussion) helps to identify the boundaries of the patient's lungs and understand how much their volume is reduced.

Auscultation (listening) allows you to hear wheezing in the lungs.

To make an accurate diagnosis, the following instrumental methods are used:

radiography;
angiopulmonography (usually used to diagnose thromboembolism);
CT scan of the lungs;
bronchography;
bronchoscopy.

From laboratory methods The most commonly used sputum test is pathogenic flora, cytology, atypical cells.

Treatment of respiratory diseases

The choice of method of treatment of a respiratory disease depends on the severity pathological process, the form of the disease, its type, the presence of complications, the state of the patient's immune system and a number of other factors.

The most common is conservative drug treatment, which includes the use of the following groups of drugs:

antibiotics;
detoxifying agents;
anti-inflammatory;
antitussives;
expectorants;
bronchodilators;
respiratory stimulants;
analgesics;
antiallergic drugs.

If a conservative treatment does not give results, the disease progresses, complications develop, then the treatment of respiratory diseases is carried out by operational methods.

It should be remembered that the drugs used for treatment have a number of contraindications and side effects. For example, antibacterial drugs destroy not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also the beneficial flora of the stomach, which is an important part of the body's immune defense.

Modern medicine believes that the most effective method treatment infectious pathologies is to stimulate the patient's immune system, and not a direct effect on bacteria and viruses. Of course when we are talking about severe diseases, there is no time to restore immunity, and the use of antibiotic therapy and other traditional methods treatment is absolutely justified.

In all other cases, it shows complex therapy, which includes the use of immunostimulants and immunomodulators. One of the best immunomodulatory agents is Transfer Factor.

It consists of special immune particles, which, entering the body, have the following effect:

Reinforce healing effect from the use of other drugs;

Strengthen immune defense organism;

They dock side effects from the use of other drugs;

Contribute quick recovery organism.

Recovery normal flora GI tract needed complex application prebiotics and probiotics.

Prevention of respiratory diseases

All major respiratory diseases can be prevented. In order to reduce the likelihood of their development to a minimum, the following recommendations should be observed:

lead healthy lifestyle life, give up bad habits (first of all, stop smoking);
harden the body, increase its immune defense;
walk more in the fresh air;
do sport;
observe the regime of work and rest;
in the presence of chronic pathologies (bronchitis, asthma), avoid contact with possible allergens;
during epidemics of SARS and influenza, avoid crowded places.

Prevention of respiratory diseases also includes an annual preventive medical examination and examination of the respiratory tract by fluorography.

Respiratory diseases

The respiratory system contains the nasal passages, trachea, larynx, bronchi and lungs. The lungs are surrounded by a thin connective membrane called the pleura. left and right lung located in the middle of the chest. They are extremely important body because they affect the blood flow in the body. For this reason, in diseases where lung tissue is affected, in addition to a malfunction in respiratory functions there are more changes pathological in the bloodstream.

The action of the respiratory organs is coordinated respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. Let's move on to getting acquainted with respiratory diseases.

The reasons

There are cases when the disease is caused by a single type of pathogen. This is the so-called monoinfection - it is much more often diagnosed. But much less common in people are mixed infections, which are provoked by a certain number of varieties of pathogens.

In addition to the above reasons, external allergens can be special factors that provoke diseases of the respiratory organs. In this case, we are talking about household everyday allergens, they are ordinary dust, and also house mites, which most often become the main cause of bronchial asthma. Also, the human respiratory organs may well suffer from yeast and mold spores, fungi, allergens from animals, pollen from certain types of vegetation, and also from allergens from various insects.

Certain occupational stressors have a very negative impact on the state of these organs. For example, during electric welding, evaporation of nickel salt and steel comes out. In addition, some medications and food allergens cause respiratory diseases.

Also, polluted air has a negative effect on the respiratory organs of people; increased content individual chemical compositions; household dirt in residential premises, climate conditions undesirable for humans; smoking is active and also passive.

As provoking factors, the immoderate consumption of alcoholic beverages is also distinguished, others chronic diseases human, causative agents of chronic infection in the body, genetic factor.

signs

In the presence of each specific disease of the respiratory organs, certain signs occur. But experts point out individual features, which are characteristic of a number of diseases.

One of these signs is this. It can be subjective (then a person especially complains about difficulty in breathing in the presence of attacks of hysteria or neurosis), objective (people change the rate of breathing, as well as the duration of inhalation and exhalation) and combined (obvious shortness of breath with the presence of a separate component, in which, the frequency of breathing increases with some kind of disease). When there are diseases of the larynx and trachea, then inspiratory shortness of breath occurs, with it it is extremely difficult to inhale. If the bronchi are affected, expiratory dyspnea is obvious, with it it is difficult to exhale. Shortness of breath of a mixed nature occurs with thromboembolism of the pulmonary artery.

The most severe form of such shortness of breath is suffocation, which occurs in the presence of acute edema lungs. Sudden attacks of this suffocation are very characteristic of asthma.

It is the second of the more defining signs of respiratory disease. This cough appears in humans as a reflex to the presence of mucus in the larynx, bronchi or trachea. Another cough occurs when a foreign organism suddenly enters the respiratory system. At various ailments cough occurs various kinds. With dry pleurisy or laryngitis, people suffer from the presence of dry coughing attacks, then sputum is not released.

Cough is wet, during which a variable amount is secreted characteristic sputum, happens with bronchitis, tuberculosis, pneumonia, oncological diseases of the respiratory organs.

In the presence of inflammatory processes in the larynx or bronchi, the cough is mostly regular. A person who has the flu, pneumonia or acute respiratory infections coughs periodically.

At certain diseases respiratory organs, the patient has obvious hemoptysis, then, simultaneously with sputum, blood is released when coughing. This symptom it is quite possible due to severe diseases of the entire respiratory system, and also in diseases of the cardiovascular system.

In addition to the symptoms listed above, patients with respiratory diseases can complain about the presence of pain. Pain is possible in different parts of the body, in some cases, it is directly related to bouts of severe coughing, breathing, or a specific location of the body.

Diagnostics

In order for the patient to be correctly diagnosed, the doctor needs to find out what the patient is complaining about, conduct an examination and perform an examination using auscultation, palpation and percussion. These methods allow you to learn about additional symptoms allowing accurate and correct diagnosis.

During the examination, you can find out the pathology in the form of the chest, and also the characteristic of breathing - type, frequency, rhythm, depth.

When palpation is performed, it is possible to make an assessment of the degree of voice trembling, which, in the presence of pneumonia, can increase, and in the presence of pleurisy - weaken.

During the examination, with the help of percussion, it is realistic to determine the decrease in the amount of total air in the lungs in the presence of edema or fibrosis. In the presence of an abscess in a certain lobe or part of the lobe of the lungs there is no air at all; in patients with emphysema, the amount of air available is increased. In addition, percussion makes it possible to determine clear boundaries in the patient's lungs.

Auscultation helps to assess the existing breathing, and also hear wheezing, their character is different, depending on the type of disease.

Apart from specified methods studies are also used instrumental and laboratory methods. The most informative are different types radiological methods.

With intervention endoscopic methods, which are thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy, you can identify individual purulent ailments, and also detect the presence of tumors. Bronchoscopy can also help foreign organisms falling inside.

In addition, functional diagnostic methods are used, with the help of them it is possible to identify the presence of a respiratory deficiency. Moreover, in some moments, it is detected before the first symptoms of the disease appear. Therefore, lung volume is measured using a method called spirography. The intensity of pulmonary ventilation is also examined.

Use during diagnostics of data laboratory methods research allows you to determine the component of sputum, and this is excellent information in the study of the diagnosis of the disease. In the presence of acute bronchitis, sputum is viscous, has no color, has a mucous character. If there is pulmonary edema , sputum appears in the form of foam, colorless, has a serous character. In the presence , chronic bronchitis, sputum has a greenish tint and is very viscous, has a mucopurulent character. If there is a mild abscess , sputum is completely purulent, greenish, half liquid. When severe lung disease is present , blood is evident in the sputum.

Microscopic analysis of sputum reveals its cell structure. Blood and urine tests are also practiced. All these research methods make it possible to diagnose ailments that severely affect the respiratory organs, and to prescribe the necessary treatment process.

Treatment

Considering the established fact that diseases of the respiratory organs are the most common diseases in adults and children, their treatment process and prevention must be completely clear and fully adequate. Diseases of the respiratory organs not diagnosed in a timely manner, it will be necessary to subsequently seriously treat more long time, and the therapeutic system will be more complex.

How medical methods therapy, some means are used, prescribed in a complex manner. In this case, etiotropic therapy is used (these are drugs that can eliminate the main cause of the disease), symptomatic treatment (eliminates the main symptoms), supportive therapy (means for restoring individual functions impaired during the progression of the disease). But any kind of drugs must be prescribed only by a doctor, after a comprehensive appropriate examination. AT more cases of antibiotic use, that are particularly effective against a particular pathogen.

In addition, other methods are used in the treatment of diseases: inhalations, physiotherapy, exercise therapy, manual therapy, reflexology, breathing exercises, chest massage, etc.

For the prevention of diseases of the respiratory organs, taking into account their structure and the special properties of the transmission of dangerous pathogens, means are used that protect the respiratory organs. It is extremely important to use personal protective equipment (these are special cotton-gauze bandages) while in direct contact with the person who has been diagnosed with a viral infection.

At the time of progression of bronchitis, the disease occurs inflammatory acute process in the bronchial mucosa, in extremely rare situations, inflammation of all layers of the bronchial walls occurs. The progression of the disease is caused by influenza viruses, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, a host of bacteria and also mycoplasmas. Rarely, specific physical stressors are the cause of bronchitis. Bronchitis can develop against the background of respiratory acute illness, and also, in parallel with it. The development of bronchitis occurs due to a violation of the ability to filter air particles with respiratory upper ways. In addition, bronchitis affects those who smoke, people with chronic inflammation nasopharynx, and also with complete deformation of the chest cell.

Signs of exacerbated bronchitis, occur due to prolonged runny nose or laryngitis. The patient is disturbed by frequent bouts of dry or wet cough, the presence of weakness. The temperature in the body rises, if the disease is severe, then this temperature is very high. Breathing becomes difficult, shortness of breath appears. Due to continuous tension due to coughing, pain in the chest and also in the abdominal wall can disturb. After a certain period of time, it begins moist cough and sputum is separated. Mostly, acute symptoms diseases subside after about four days, if the course of the disease is favorable, it can be treated on the 10th day. And if bronchospasm also joins the malaise, bronchitis can become chronic.

Tracheitis

During the period of acute tracheitis, the patient develops a process of inflammation of the mucous membrane. It is formed under the influence of viral, bacterial, or viral-bacterial infections. Inflammation can also develop under the action of chemical and physical factors. And the patient's mucous membrane of the trachea swells, a dry cough occurs, the voice becomes hoarse, breathing becomes difficult. Still worried about coughing fits, because of which a headache is formed. Cough in the morning and also at night, the temperature rises a little, general ailment weakly expressed. Acute tracheitis can sometimes become chronic.

Laryngitis

When laryngitis is present, the inflammation can affect the lining of the larynx and also the vocal cords. Doctors divide this disease into catarrhal, chronic and chronic hypertrophic. If the pathological process is actively spreading, then a definite clinical picture appears. Patients often complain of hoarseness, dryness and itching in the throat, incessant sensation of a foreign body in the throat, cough with sputum difficult to separate.

Sinusitis

When there is sinusitis , then an inflammatory process is formed in the accessory maxillary sinus nose. Thus, a complication is accompanied by the presence of certain infectious diseases. Sinusitis is spread by the action of bacteria or viruses that penetrate through the blood or nasal cavity into the maxillary sinus. Then the patient is disturbed by the continuously increasing discomfort in the nose and around the nose. Painful colic becomes more intense in the evening, gradually turning into a headache. Often sinusitis is formed from one part. Nasal breathing becomes difficult, the voice changes - it becomes nasal. At some points, the patient notices that the nostrils are alternately stuffed up. Discharge in the nose can be either mucous and transparent, or purulent, with greenish tint. And if the nose is very clogged, then the mucus is not released. The temperature sometimes rises to 38°C, sometimes higher.

It is an inflammation of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity. As a result, congestion and irritation in the nose, discharge are obvious. Rhinitis is manifested as a result of severe hypothermia, under the influence of viruses or bacteria. Separately, allergic rhinitis appears, which manifests itself in people prone to allergies. The disease develops under the action of various allergens - ticks, pollen of vegetation, wool from animals, etc. Chronic acute form ailments. Chronic rhinitis is a consequence of external influences that disrupt the nutrition of the shell. The disease can also become chronic if there are frequent inflammations in the nasal cavity. Diagnose this disease only a doctor is obliged, because chronic rhinitis can turn into sinusitis or sinusitis.

Angina

Angina is an exacerbated infectious disease, during which the palatine tonsils are also formed. The pathogen spreads to the tonsils, after which it often moves to other organs, and causes complications of the disease. Due to streptococcal angina in humans, immunity ceases to develop. The disease begins with weakness, headache, chills. Pain is felt when swallowing, breaking in the joints. The temperature can rise to 39°C. Then the sore throat gets worse. Submandibular lymph nodes increase, begin to hurt. The redness of the arches of the palatine, tonsils is noticed. Even on the tonsils there are abscesses or areas where pus collects.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is accompanied by inflammation of the lungs during the action of the infection. The alveoli responsible for providing blood with oxygen are affected. The disease provokes a wide range of individual pathogens. It is often detected as a complication of other diseases of the respiratory organs. Often the disease occurs in the elderly, children, and in people with weak protective forces in the body. Pathogens are among the lungs, passing through the respiratory tract. The signs of the disease appear very sharply and unexpectedly: the temperature in the body rises to 39-40 ° C, pain in the chest area is formed and also a cough with the presence of purulent sputum. The patient is disturbed at night copious excretion sweat, during the day - slight weakness. Need to take timely treatment otherwise he is in danger of death.

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient develops cellular allergy, specific granulomas in various tissues and organs. Bones, lungs, joints, skin, lymph nodes, and other systems and organs are slowly affected. If there is no appropriate treatment, the disease ends fatally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is highly resistant to various activities. Infection is carried out by airborne droplets. If a tuberculosis infection is detected in a person, then a general therapeutic course is prescribed for him with drugs to counter tuberculosis. Treatment takes about 8 months. In cases of running, surgery- a particle of the lung is removed.

Prevention

The simplest, but important way prevention of these diseases is to increase the period that a person spends in the air.

It is necessary to completely give up smoking and regular drinking, because such habits have a negative impact on the respiratory system. Harmful elements present in tobacco alcoholic beverages, penetrate into the environment of the lungs, injure, and have a bad effect on the mucous membranes. Smokers are much more likely to have lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis.

Other methods of prevention of respiratory organs are respiratory gymnastics, preventive inhalations from medicinal herbs, and with the use of essential oils. Those prone to diseases of the respiratory organs are advised to keep in the room many indoor flowers that produce oxygen.