Leptospirosis in dogs: symptoms and treatment. Antibiotic therapy is carried out by intramuscular injections of penicillin preparations. Do not use sulfonamides! Stages of disease development

The causative agent of leptospirosis (water fever, infectious jaundice) - pathogenic bacteria genus Leptospira. In nature, there are 6 serotypes of bacteria; L. Icterohaemorrhagiae, L. Canicolau are susceptible to dogs. Bacteria live in moist soil, lakes, rivers up to 280 days. Heat and moisture are the most favorable environment for hydrophiles. Most of them are found in tropical countries. Leptospira cannot exist only in permafrost and Antarctica.

The causative agent of leptospirosis is a bacterium that lives in water bodies and moist soil.

Once inside the dog's body, leptospira begin to move through the lymphatic system, from there they enter the tissues and blood. Directly in the lymphatic system inflammatory processes not happening. Leptospira begin to multiply and accumulate in the internal organs: liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen.

The incubation period of the disease is three to thirty days. Then leptospira again penetrate into the blood, release toxins and poisons. Intoxication of the body occurs, as a result of which the work of the central nervous system is disrupted.

An infected dog, after 5-8 days, begins to release bacteria into the external environment. The process of isolating leptospira from the body of a sick dog takes from several days to several years. In this case, the dog can be an active carrier of the disease, but not get sick with leptospirosis itself.

Is it possible to infect a person

A person can contract leptospirosis from a dog. The infection penetrates through the mucous membranes and skin. Therefore, when treating and caring for a sick animal, you must follow the rules of personal hygiene. If the dog is sick with leptospirosis, the house is kept perfectly clean.

The host can become infected through contact with the animal itself, its urine, feces, saliva. It is enough to touch the hand with microcracks or small wounds to the infected surface, and the bacteria penetrate into the blood.

The main sign of infection with leptospira is a violation of the digestive tract, kidney and liver failure. The pathogen accumulates in the parenchymal organs, affects the network of capillaries, multiplies in the tissues.

Outwardly, the following symptoms indicate the development of the disease:

• Slight rise in temperature.
• Lethargy.
• Decreased appetite.
• Vomit.
• Jaundice of mucous membranes and skin.
• Blood impurities in urine and feces.
• Violation of urination.

The intensity of the manifestation of symptoms depends on the state of the animal's body, the quality of its immunity.

Stages of development and forms of the disease

After infection with leptospira bacteria, the development of the disease begins, which goes through two stages:

From the moment of infection to the final stage, leptospirosis goes through several forms:

• Acute. The disease progresses at a high rate (1-4 days). Such a sharp course in 80% of cases leads to death.
• Subacute. It proceeds at an average speed - from 10 to 20 days. Mortality in this form is reduced to 50%.
• Chronic. If the acute or subacute form does not kill the dog, the disease progresses to chronic stage lasting from 30 days to several years. Symptoms of the disease in this case are not expressed, sometimes there is an exacerbation.
• Microcarrying. An asymptomatic form of the disease, when the dog is an active carrier of the pathogen and a source of infection for other animals.

Special forms of the disease

Depending on the localization of bacteria in the body, two forms of leptospirosis are distinguished.

Hemorrhagic form

Develops with liver damage. It is characterized by an increase in temperature up to 41 degrees, lethargy, lack of appetite. The mucous membranes become bright red. The capillaries begin to bleed. There is severe pain abdominal cavity. Blood clots are observed in vomit, feces and urine.

Within a short time there is a sharp dehydration of the body. Ulcers form in the mouth. There is a hemorrhagic inflammation of the intestine, in the feces there is unclotting scarlet blood. The amount of urine excreted decreases, gradually to complete cessation kidney work. These Clinical signs leptospirosis lead to rapid death of the dog.

icteric form

Similarly with hemorrhagic it is characterized by renal and hepatic insufficiency. The disease is manifested by yellowness of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, genitals, conjunctiva. The animal is in depressed state refuses to eat. There is diarrhea, vomiting.

A possible fatal outcome with this form of leptospirosis can occur due to severe intoxication of the body and dehydration. A complication of the icteric form is keratitis and conjunctivitis.

Diagnosis of leptospirosis

The diagnosis of the disease is based on the study of epizootological data for the region. The diagnosis is established after studying the anamnesis, description clinical manifestations illness. If leptospirosis is suspected, a number of laboratory research: biochemical, serological analyses.

When making a diagnosis, the veterinarian takes into account the lifestyle of the dog, finds out possible ways infections: swimming in a pond, drinking water from a puddle, contact with stray animals, tick bites.

What to do if your dog has leptospirosis

Delay in the treatment of leptospirosis can cost your pet life! Treatment of leptospirosis begins only after staging accurate diagnosis. Self-medication with this disease is not permissible. An infected dog is isolated to prevent the spread of the infection.

Therapies include whole complex measures:

During treatment, the dog needs a strict diet. Feeding is carried out fractionally: often and in small portions. The food must be of high quality. Products are given to the dog in boiled form, before eating the dog is given a choleretic decoction of celandine, calendula or corn silk.

Prevention of leptospirosis and its consequences

Leptospirosis is one of the diseases that are easier to prevent than to cure. important measure prevention - dog vaccination. Particularly relevant this action in regions where the disease is spread. The vaccination is given to the animal at the age of 2 to 4 months, then annually. Additional vaccinations are required. If you plan to travel with your pet to regions that are unfavorable in terms of the epidemiological situation.

Dogs are vaccinated with mono- and polyvaccines, associated vaccines, effective against Leptospira Icterohaemorrhagiae, Canicola. Currently, Biovac-L, Leptodog, Multican-6 preparations are used.

Neglect of the rules of caring for a dog and the manifestation of symptoms of leptospirosis can lead to sad consequences. In connection with the intoxication of the body, the disease gives complications in the form of internal and external bleeding, eye damage. The consequences of leptospirosis are meningoencephalitis, cirrhosis, pneumonia, paresis and even complete paralysis of the animal.

Prevention of infection of a dog with leptospirosis is quite possible, so the owner must take all possible measures. By doing this, he will not only save the pet from severe consequences disease, but also to ensure their own safety.

Infectious diseases are especially dangerous for people and animals. Leptospirosis in dogs is quite common, its symptoms usually appear in acute form and treatment should be started immediately. Otherwise, the consequences can be dire. For this reason, pet owners should be aware of the dangers of this disease, what steps to take if it is detected, and how to prevent infection.

The causative agent of the disease are the bacteria leptospira, which belong to the type of spirochetes. In total, several species of these microorganisms have been found in nature, but dogs are susceptible to infection by two species - L. Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. Canicolau. The spiral shape of bacteria and their small size contribute to the rapid spread throughout the body in case of infection.

Unfavorable conditions for the reproduction of leptospira is cold, so they cannot be infected in the cold season. In the rest of the period there is a big risk. Since bacteria thrive in a humid and warm environment, greatest danger they carry during the summer months, especially when near bodies of water.

Leptospira cannot penetrate the animal's body through the skin, but easily enter the bloodstream through microtraumas, as well as mucous membranes. oral cavity, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract, genital organs. Through lymphatic system bacteria enter the bloodstream and spread throughout circulatory system, and then affect the internal organs - the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs. When microorganisms excrete waste products, intoxication of the body begins, which leads to the manifestation of symptoms.

The incubation period is from 3 to 30 days. A sick animal begins to isolate bacteria in 5-7 days. Isolation of harmful organisms may continue even after successful treatment for several months and even years.

How and where can a dog become infected

Infection with leptospirosis can occur in the following ways:

1. By contact with a sick animal.
2. Through food, water, utensils, household items.
3. When swimming in a reservoir contaminated with bacteria.
4. Through the bites of ticks and other blood-sucking insects.
5. When eating the corpses of animals, especially small rodents, which act as a living reservoir for the spread of infection.
6. Through the placenta from mother to puppy, as well as through milk during breastfeeding.

Is leptospirosis dangerous for humans?

Leptospira are dangerous not only for animals, but also for humans. In this regard, when signs of leptospirosis are detected in a dog, a person should observe safety measures:

1. Protective equipment, such as gloves, must be used when caring for a sick animal.
2. Limit the place where the pet is kept and keep it perfectly clean.
3. Limit contact with sick animals.

Bacteria from the body of an animal are excreted along with saliva, feces, and blood. It is important to exclude their contact with the skin if there are injuries (cuts, bruises, wounds). With advanced form of the disease, the veterinarian may recommend euthanasia of the dog.

Symptoms of Leptospirosis in Dogs

When leptospira enters the body, the circulatory system, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, kidney and liver failure develops, the work of the heart and central nervous system is disturbed. Most obvious symptoms Leptospirosis in dogs is:

1. Increased body temperature, sometimes up to 41 degrees.
2. Vomiting and diarrhea.
3. Lethargy, loss of appetite and refusal to eat.
4. Urination disorders.
5. The appearance of blood in the urine and feces.
6. Severe soreness, especially in the abdominal region.

The manifestations of the disease largely depend on its form.

Hemorrhagic form

The main feature of this form of the disease is severe liver damage. One of the signs of the disease is redness of the mucous membranes. Ulcers may appear on the mucous membranes and petechial hemorrhages. This also happens in gastrointestinal tract which results in blood in the stool. Illness is always accompanied high boost body temperature and lethargy.

With absence timely treatment kidney failure develops rapidly, which is manifested by impaired urination and even its absence. High risk of death.

icteric form

With this form of leptospirosis, severe jaundice is observed. It is best seen on the mucous membranes, but is also visible on the skin when the hair is pulled apart. Obvious signs of the disease are severe diarrhea and vomiting, keratitis and conjunctivitis may develop.

As with the hemorrhagic form, hepatic and renal failure develops, but mortality is 50-60%. The cause of death may be dehydration.

If you notice the first symptoms of the disease, you should immediately consult a doctor. After laboratory tests, the doctor diagnoses the disease and prescribes treatment. Lost time can cost the animal its life.

Stages and forms of the disease

There are two main stages in the course of leptospirosis:

1. The bacterial stage is the multiplication of microorganisms through the circulatory system after penetration into the body.
2. Toxic stage - defeat internal organs and severe toxicity. On the this stage disease is symptomatic.

Depending on the course of the disease, several stages are distinguished:

1. Acute. The disease proceeds at high speed. In just a couple of days, complications can develop in the form of failure of the kidneys, liver and other internal organs. High risk of death.
2. Subacute. The disease proceeds at a slower rate (from 10 to 20 days). Decreased mortal danger.
3. Chronic. If the animal's body manages to survive the acute and subacute form, the disease flows into chronic illness which can last from one month to several years. Exacerbations can occur with a decrease in immunity, since it is almost impossible to completely recover from the disease. Bacteria remain in hard-to-reach places and are activated under favorable conditions.
4. Latent or asymptomatic. The disease does not make itself felt, but the animal is a carrier of the infection.

Treatment for leptospirosis in dogs

Self-treatment in case of infection harmful bacteria unacceptable. Treatment is always complex. A number of activities are usually carried out:

No less important is the diet in the treatment of leptospirosis. Necessarily fractional nutrition- in small portions, but often. The food should be boiled, and the food should be of high quality. A balanced diet is important.

Prevention

At the core preventive measures is vaccination. The first vaccination against leptospirosis in dogs is given at the age of 2 to 4 months. Re-vaccination is done after 3-4 weeks. The procedure should be repeated twice a year, because over time, immunity from the disease weakens. In addition, vaccination should be done during an epidemic.

Disease prevention - The best way to ensure the safety of the health of the animal, so do not neglect simple recommendations.

You can also ask a question to our site staff veterinarian, who as soon as possible will answer them in the comment box below.

Alas, our beloved pets sometimes get sick. Sometimes loving hosts survive such a test a little easier than their sick pets. It is important to remember that “silently empathize” with an animal is not worth it: it is important to take it to an experienced veterinarian as soon as possible. Why so urgent? Imagine that your dog has leptospirosis: in dogs this disease is often fatal, and there are not so few cases of infection of the owners ...

An interesting fact - until 1931 in our country, leptospirosis in dogs was not recorded at all. Most likely, the disease was introduced from the territory Western Europe, where "Weil's disease" has been known for a very long time.

In addition, it is still not exactly established how exactly the pathogen survives for a long time in natural reservoirs, including those in which water is not used for drinking by wild animals due to its poor taste and high content salt in it. Be that as it may, but even in a liquid with a pronounced alkaline reaction leptospira feel great. However, a pronounced acid reaction of the environment kills them almost instantly, which is the basis for the action of many disinfectants that are actively used in areas where there are frequent cases of leptospirosis.

Read also: Hemorrhagic stroke in dogs and cats: clinical picture diseases and therapy

Remember that the only in an efficient way prevention is good vaccine. If you are the owner of a hunting dog, then in no case brush aside the need for regular revaccination of the animal.

In this way, most at risk infections are exposed hunting dogs, which are constantly in those places that are almost ideal for leptospira. In addition, very often the disease is fixed in their wild relatives, as these dogs constantly live near garbage dumps and large landfills, where there are a lot of rodents.

Nimble microorganisms (and they are really very mobile) quickly enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, most often settling in the long-suffering liver and kidneys.

The main signs of the disease

Initially, nothing particularly terrible happens: the dog becomes somewhat lethargic, the body temperature may rise slightly. From food, the animal most often begins to immediately refuse, but now it drinks willingly. Soon the dog's urine acquires a pronounced reddish color, which can later acquire a brick hue. This already indicates severe damage to the kidneys and the entire excretory system.

Interesting! There are few references to this in the literature, but some veterinarians and microbiologists believe that dogs older than two years are most often ill. Younger people are less likely to be affected by this attack.

Please note that all of the above symptoms may well turn out to be signs of severe poisoning, in which the poison intensively begins to destroy the structure renal tissue, and some dangerous diseases transmitted through tick bites. Be that as it may, we strongly advise you to get your dog to a good place as quickly as possible. veterinary clinic.

Read also: Ataxia - incoordination in dogs

Development of leptospirosis

And here's where things get really bad. Urine acquires a red, red-brown or brick color, smells bad. The dog lies all the time, her body temperature is very high. The dog refuses to eat and drink, quickly loses weight. This is how the classic hemorrhagic leptospirosis in dogs. Many novice veterinarians and breeders forget about this, but often decent amounts blood clots are also found in the feces.

In especially severe cases, with massive lesions of all internal organs by leptospira, cases of death of animals from perforation (perforation) of the intestine are generally noted. This is due to the thinning of the walls of blood vessels and the massive release of Leptospira toxins, which have a pronounced lytic (dissolving tissue) activity. Of course, there are practically no cases of recovery in this course of the disease, since the animal urgently needs the most difficult abdominal operation, which a weakened organism in any case is unlikely to withstand.

The literature describes two variants of the manifestation of leptospirosis in dogs: in icteric and hemorrhagic (with hemorrhages and massive excretion of blood in the urine) form. In fairness, it should be noted that in the "pure" form, both of these options are quite rare, since both types of symptoms are most often observed.

It should be noted here that in last years Chronic leptospirosis in dogs is becoming increasingly common. In this case, up to a certain point, everything goes “on the thumb”: a high temperature, weakness and other signs of the pet’s general ill health appear. But, soon after the initial deterioration of the condition, all the symptoms disappear and the dog (according to outward signs) becomes completely healthy. This impression is deceptive, for the dog turns into a real one. biological weapons”, since, together with urine and feces, it releases a considerable amount of completely healthy and live leptospira.

Leptospirosis - infection found in all mammals. In dogs, this disease is especially susceptible to representatives of breeds with a loose (raw) constitution - sharpei, Mastino-Neapolitano,. If a dog is ill with leptospirosis, then its owner is also in danger.

Pathology in dogs is caused by anaerobic facultative microbes - leptospira. Great amount strains of these microorganisms are conditionally divided into 2 classes:

It is the second type (Leptospira interrogans) of microorganisms that causes leptospirosis in dogs. The causative agent is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions - it dies under the influence of UV radiation, high temperature, when processing disinfectants, shifting the pH of the habitat to the acid side. However, in stagnant water, in swampy and damp soil, leptospira can for a long time be in a viable state that plays important role in infecting animals. This pathology has 2 forms:

• Weil-Vasiliev disease - icteric leptospirosis;
• anicteric appearance or "water fever".

The latest form of leptospirosis can be contracted by a dog through injury. skin and mucous (wounds, abrasions). Through the entrance gate of infection - damage to the epidermis, pathogen penetrates into the lymph flow, then into the systemic circulation, carrying it to the organs, provoking total defeat animal body. Leptospira affects the kidneys, liver, circulatory system.

The anicteric form of leptospirosis is milder. The defeat of the body systems in Weyl-Vasiliev disease can lead to the death of the dog. Pathogenic spirochetes enter the dog's body by alimentary (fecal-oral), water and contact routes.

Symptoms and signs of the disease

Leptospirosis is characterized by an acute onset, undulating course, fever, hemorrhage (hemorrhage in the tissue), jaundice, intoxication, progressive renal failure and signs of aseptic meningitis (inflammation of the membranes of the brain).

• sudden rise temperature indicators, fever;
• loss of appetite, up to a complete refusal of food;
• thirst;
• dark urine with blood impurities;
• there are difficulties with urination;
• putrid smell from the mouth;
• diarrhea with traces of blood in the stool.

The progression of the disease is characterized by signs of severe liver damage and intoxication:

• the temperature drops to normal values;
• hemorrhages (hemorrhages) and ulcers appear on the mucous membrane in the oral cavity;
• signs of bleeding and ulceration in the intestines ( bloody diarrhea), liver (yellowing of the sclera of the eyes, mucous membranes of the mouth), kidneys (blood in the urine);
• on palpation of the abdomen, pain is noted, especially in the liver;
• pain on percussion (tapping) in the kidney area.

In young dogs and puppies of a week of age and up to 2 years of age, leptospirosis can proceed at lightning speed. All phases of the development of pathology pass within 2 hours, maximum - 2 days. Often the owner of the dog simply does not have time to take action, and the animal dies.

In the subacute phase of the course of the disease, the symptoms become less pronounced, and their manifestations are undulating. Chronic form disease is quite rare. Symptoms of chronic leptospirosis in dogs include:

• anemia - the mucous membranes become pale, the dog is lethargic, lethargic;
• rash and ulceration appear on the skin;
• the animal sheds, bald spots may form, the coat becomes dry, loses its luster;
• noticeable increase on palpation lymph nodes in the neck and groin area.

If a puppy bitch becomes ill with leptospirosis, then, as a rule, miscarriage or a weakened, non-viable offspring is born. The diagnosis of the disease can only be made by a veterinarian. Experienced specialist already at visual inspection able to diagnose pathology, but to confirm it, it is necessary to conduct a series of studies.

It will be interesting:

Methods for diagnosing leptospirosis in dogs

Leptospira seen under a microscope biological fluids- blood serum and urine, therefore, the main diagnostic method is a blood and urine test:

• determination of the presence of microorganisms in liquids;
• study PCR method for the presence of antigens and antibodies;
• serological studies;
• determination of the level of bilirubin, protein in the urine, etc.

To determine the degree of damage parenchymal organs ultrasound may be required. Analyzes are carried out to differentiate leptospirosis from pathologies with similar symptoms - infectious hepatitis, canine distemper, trichomoniasis, listeriosis, etc. After clarifying the diagnosis, a treatment is selected that depends on the stage and severity of the course of the pathology.

Treatment of disease in dogs

Treatment of leptospirosis is complex:

• Direct effect on the pathogen: antiviral therapy with the appointment of antibiotics and antiviral drugs. The introduction of a special serum with leptospira destroyed by boiling is recommended.
• Symptomatic therapy is based on treatment pathological changes in the cardiovascular system (vitamins C, B, drugs Rutin, Cardiamin, Riboxin). Therapy for renal and liver failure(Karsil, Galstena). Prescribed drugs for detoxification of the body, antihistamine therapy. Restore water-salt balance administration of saline solutions.
• Maintenance therapy consists in the introduction of vitamin-mineral complexes and the intake of herbal decoctions with a choleretic effect.

An animal that has been ill with leptospirosis must comply with strict diet. Treatment of leptospirosis is long and not always effective. According to statistics, up to 50% of sick dogs die from infection. Therefore, in order to prevent the disease, you should adhere to preventive measures.

Leptospirosis is one of the most serious diseases in dogs, it affects all organs and leads to irreparable consequences. To save the life and health of the pet, it is necessary to quickly respond to the symptoms and begin the correct treatment.

Leptospirosis (Weil's disease, infectious jaundice, Stuttgart disease) is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Leptospira. Outwardly (under a microscope), they resemble a thin thread twisted in a spiral. Their main habitats are water bodies and wet ground. Once in the body, leptospira begin to actively multiply and spread through the bloodstream to all organs, causing irreversible changes in them. First of all, the kidneys, liver, and lungs suffer. The following breeds are most susceptible to the disease:

• bulldogs;
• lapdogs;
• boxers;
• Mastino Neapolitano;
• bloodhounds.

The bacteria that cause leptospirosis are tenacious and mobile. They remain viable in frost, with heat up to 34 degrees. In reservoirs with favorable environment they live up to 200 days, in dry land they die after 12 hours.

It happens that a dog is a carrier of leptospirosis, but does not get sick itself. This condition lasts from several months to three years. The pathogen enters the body through wounds on the skin, through the mucous membranes of the nose, eyes, mouth, and can also be transmitted sexually.

In adult dogs, the disease is more difficult and often disrupts blood vessels, and puppies get sick in a weakened form, which is longer in time, but less dangerous to health in the future.

Main symptoms

If a young dog falls ill, then the signs are not clearly manifested, while the liver is first affected, and then other organs. The pet initially has a slight increase in temperature, then it normalizes without drug therapy. This does not mean that the disease has passed, at this time leptospires destroy hemoglobin, symptoms of anemia begin to appear: the dog is lethargic, apathetic, constantly lies. Due to damage to the liver cells, the sclera of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow, traces of hemorrhage are visible in the oral cavity. Diarrhea, vomiting are signs of damage to the gastrointestinal tract.

signs acute course diseases: sharp rise temperature, complete failure from feed, increased water intake, diarrhea with blood, bad smell from mouth.

Symptoms chronic course: normal temperature with the above symptoms, ulcers on the tongue and gums, convulsions, painful stomach. If the dog has low temperature, sunken eyes, dry skin, vomiting, it is necessary urgent appeal to a specialist.

If you do not pay attention to the first signs in a timely manner and do not start treatment, then the pet may die from a heart or kidney failure. Lethal outcome ends in 50% of infections.

Treatment regimen

First of all, it is necessary to destroy pathogens. To do this, the dog is injected with hyperimmune serum - a drug with antibodies to leptospira. Antibiotics are also prescribed to kill bacteria. Moreover, appointments are made only by a veterinarian, taking into account individual features pet. Self-medication is unacceptable.

Removal of intoxication of the body - milestone in the treatment of leptospirosis. The veterinarian constantly monitors blood and urine parameters to assess the effectiveness of therapy.

Recovery of cardio-vascular system prescribe rutin, vitamin C, B, Riboxin, Cordiamin.

Used to support liver and kidney function digestive enzymes, Karsil, Galstenu.

After successful antibiotic therapy, the dog needs to restore immunity, for which vitamin-mineral complexes and immunomodulators (for example, Hemobalance) are prescribed. May prescribe drugs for rehydration: saline, physiological, nutrient solutions.

During treatment, the pet must follow a strict diet. Pets need high-quality food with frequent and fractional feeding. At obvious signs acute intoxication the dog is transferred to a hungry mode with abundant fluid intake. Then gradually it should be transferred to a sparing feeding regimen. An animal that has been ill with leptospirosis should adhere to diet food all life. It is better to include boiled turkey, oats, carrots in the feed. Before feeding the pet, you need to drink a decoction of choleretic herbs, for example, corn silk, celandine, calendula.

Is leptospirosis dangerous for humans?

Leptospirosis in dogs is dangerous to humans. It is easily transmitted from pet to owner. The infection enters a person through the skin or mucous membranes. When caring for a sick animal, you must follow the rules of personal hygiene.

To protect yourself and your family, you need to start treatment when the first symptoms appear, therefore, with any ailment, they consult a doctor.

If the dog's disease is severe and the amount of leptospira in the body is large, the veterinarian suggests euthanizing the animal. To preserve the health of your loved ones, as well as to alleviate the suffering of your pet, you must agree to the procedure.

Prevention measures

Main prophylactic is the immunization of the animal. Puppies are injected twice complex vaccine at the age of 2 to 4 months. An adult pet is vaccinated once a year. It is best to vaccinate in the winter to avoid the spring outbreak period. The main vaccines used are:

• Biovac - L;
• Leptologist;
• Multikan - 6.

regular vaccinations and Attentive attitude to the dog will help to avoid illness.