External signs of alcohol intoxication. Pupil dilation when drinking alcohol. Severe stage of alcohol intoxication

Signs of intoxication are characterized various forms physical and psycho-emotional pathologies that occur to a person after drinking alcohol. Alcoholism is a disease that results from frequent use alcoholic beverages. On the early stage the disease is characterized by psychological attraction, then it turns into physical necessity. Alcoholism in some cases has the ability to proceed without psychoses, but in their place come a variety of psychical deviations episodic type, different shapes and duration. At the same time, the pupils of a person change, and the pulse becomes quickened.

The main signs of drunkenness

Psychosis in such cases can manifest itself either from intoxication of the body or as a result of liver pathologies. Quite often it is alcoholism that leads to the development endogenous psychoses. On the final stages a person may develop dementia along with changes in the pulse.

Alcohol intoxication is manifested by neurological, somatic, mental disorders.

The complexity of their course depends on:

Simple intoxication. This subspecies in medicine is defined as a psychological syndrome. Its complexity and course depends on the amount of alcohol consumed, the characteristics of the organism and the time of day.

Although simple intoxication is considered a psychological syndrome, but in case of a legal violation, this does not relieve a person from punishment.

The duration of any type of intoxication depends on the gender of the person, age and racial characteristics, but the main thing is, after all, the dose of the drink.

Changed forms. Intoxication of the body and its degree depends on the physical and mental state of the human body. These may be: recently past illnesses or various injuries.

There are several options for modified forms:

Dysphoric intoxication. The peculiarity of this state is that at the very beginning of alcohol intake, instead of an elevated mood, a person experiences depression and discontent. In some cases, aggression and conflict may occur. On the other hand, these symptoms may indicate severe form diseases. In fact, such manifestations may contribute to brain failure.
paranoid. AT this case the drinker has a great desire to humiliate another person or deceive.
Hebephrenic features of an altered form. This is manifested by onomatopoeia, antics, violence. All symptoms are observed in those who suffer from a latent schizophrenic process. A similar manifestation also occurs in adolescents and children.
hysterical features. People in this case are prone to hysterical manifestations. main goal is to attract attention. In some cases, this desire leads to suicide.

Pathological or chronic. It is not only an intoxication of the body, but also an idiosyncrasy to alcohol. Such an indicator can manifest itself in case of overwork, psychogeny, and so on.

Chronic intoxication has slightly different symptoms than usual. A person completely lacks coordination of movement and statics, mimic deviations are not observed.

Pathological intoxication has two main forms: epileptoid and paranoid. The first is determined by excessive and sharp excitability, anger and malice. There is also complete amnesia. Paranoid entails hallucinations and screams, which are evaluated as threats.

drunkenness in teenagers

There are many assumptions about the causes of alcoholism in adolescents. According to many experts, the main thing is family feasts and the attitude to alcohol itself. Teens from the very young age perceive alcoholic drinks as an integral part of the holiday.

Children are only drunk atypical form. Compared with adults, this species at a respectable age is much less common than in adolescents. The main symptoms are: headaches, occasional vomiting and nausea.

A simple form of intoxication teenagers endure with high spirits and are easily distracted from difficult situations that, when sober, lead to depression and frustration. Compared with adults, children have a very high activity and the presence of vegetative reactions. All young people after drinking alcohol tend to get into crowded places, in the eyes of neighbors or acquaintances. They are also drawn to meet their peers. In most cases, this ends in fights and robberies.

Almost all forms and types of children's intoxication are somewhat different from adults. As for paranoid intoxication, in such cases, delusional thoughts and interpretations sharply arise in children.

There are several types of accentuation, and each in its own way affects the attitude towards alcohol. Cycloids, hyperthyms and mentally unstable children are very prone to drinking, especially among friends. If there is an opportunity to drink alcohol, then this type of young man prefers only maximum doses. They combine all this with entertainment and communication.

They often try to avoid drinking the cycloid, but only in the subdepressive phase. For them, alcohol does not cause euphoria like most people, but a deep depression.

Also, emotionally labile people do not prefer drinking. Can use a certain amount solely under the influence of friends of the same age. As a result, they get a euphoric state, but often it turns into vomiting and nausea. Exist different cases. In some, despondency transforms into euphoria, which brings pleasure from the feast.

Dysphoric intoxication with elements of anger is inherent in the epileptoid type of people. There is also a fight and aggression towards others. This type of drunkenness can occasionally be found in adolescents of the latent type.

Epileptoids differ in that after the very first symptoms of intoxication, they have an uncontrollable desire to drink a variety of alcoholic beverages until the body turns off. These often have palimpsests.

Schizoids are one of the special people. When drunk, they never have a feeling of euphoria. Wherein atypical appearance drunkenness also does not appear. Even from the smallest amount of alcohol they drink, they become sociable and try as much as possible to talk about their problems and preferences for something.

When using small doses, the body of a teenager reacts in its own way. Having taken up to 20 g of alcohol, intoxication can occur only if a person has low alcohol processing due to liver disease or sunbathing.

Alcoholism is one of the most complex diseases both in children and adults. It negatively affects everything. internal organs. If the disease is not cured in time, it can lead to the most unpredictable consequences.

Both the pupils and the pulse of a person can show the degree of intoxication. Symptoms at all its stages have their own differences, but it is not so difficult to identify them.

Impaired coordination of movements affects handwriting and writing. With a blood alcohol content of 1.3-2.00% o, Schweitzer observed specific handwriting changes that differ from disorders under the influence of other factors. Violations are observed in the performance of simple graphic tasks with crossed out squares diagonally, sometimes with a blood alcohol content of 0.30% o.

It is widely known that when alcohol there are changes in the eyes and visual impairment. With alcohol intoxication, the sensitivity of the cornea decreases. To determine the decrease in the sensitivity of the cornea, a jet of air of known strength is directed from a special balloon, while blinking is recorded. At a blood alcohol concentration of 1.00%, the sensitivity of the cornea is almost halved.

AT initial period drunkenness and with alcohol anesthesia, the pupils dilate, the reaction of the pupils slows down, convergence is disturbed. Pupil dilation is observed when the concentration of alcohol in the blood is from 1.00 to 3.00% o. At alcoholic coma sometimes there is anisocoria.

Give great diagnostic value sample, which consists in the fact that when painful irritation is applied (skin pinch, needle prick, etc.), the pupils expand and slowly narrow. This feature is important for differential diagnosis when recognizing alcoholic coma from other comatose conditions.

Under the influence alcohol there is a slowdown in the adaptation period or even a sharp violation of adaptation (Ponsold). These observations are based on personal experience and references to statistical reports on intoxicated car drivers who crashed following being dazzled by the headlights of oncoming vehicles.

There is a slowdown reactions eye in twilight lighting, with blurred contrasts of light and shadow, and when constant eye strain is required. Under the influence of alcohol, even with low concentrations it in the blood (0.30-0.40% o) there is a decrease in the susceptibility of the eyes, a violation binocular vision, eye, "sense of space" "plastic vision". When conducting examinations, it is important to use the sign of visual impairment even in office conditions, where it is possible to create such models with the help of which binocular vision impairments are checked.

We are in our practice carried out similar tests. In the subjects, there was a slowdown in responses about the relative position of individual objects placed on the table at the same level with the axis of the eyes, but at different distances. With a blood alcohol content of 1.50-1.70%o, the number of errors was greater than with a lower alcohol concentration. At low and medium concentrations of alcohol in the blood, visual acuity decreases, with high content this manifests itself more sharply and double vision joins here.

Under the influence alcohol narrowing of the field of vision occurs rare cases, at high concentration alcohol in the blood, vision is approaching a tube. Less sharp narrowing fields of vision in some cases can be observed at a low concentration of alcohol in the blood.

color vision under influence alcohol is also undergoing disturbance. According to A. Yu. Zuev, chronic alcoholics are not able to distinguish red from green. Schweitzer checked color vision more than 200 people who are in a state of acute alcohol intoxication. The tests were carried out using Stilin tables. In a sober state, these people in 90% of cases irreproachably determined any color.

At concentration alcohol in the blood, 1.2%o in the determination of colors, 45% of the examined made mistakes, at 1.2-2.0%o-96.8% and above 2.00%o-100% of the examined. The number of errors in each case increased with increasing blood alcohol concentration. Summarizing his observations on the study of living intoxicated people and using sectional data, the author explains the violations of color vision by the swelling of the optic nerve.

The result of alcohol consumption is alcohol intoxication. It lies in disorder autonomic functions, violation of behavioral reactions and the mental state of the drinker. The ability to recognize the signs of alcohol intoxication allows you to timely ascertain the state of intoxication and prevent or remove the employee from work. Such signs are required for documentary reflection in the act of intoxication at work.

Signs of intoxication from alcohol by degree

As alcohol enters, internal changes in the body. They are reflected in external manifestations: speech, coordination, appearance of the drinker, gait, mood. The stronger the drink and the greater the amount, the more pronounced the signs of drunkenness.

Light degree

Light intoxication is achieved after a couple of glasses of alcohol. Changes due to alcohol use are due to psychotropic influence.

After drinking alcohol, the drinker becomes excited, active, sociable. There is a gleam in the eyes, there are visible changes pupils (they dilate inappropriately to light conditions). Movements are abrupt and indistinct. There is a characteristic smell of alcohol from the mouth. Attention is scattered, concentration worsens, therefore, even with internal self-confidence, management vehicle Absolutely forbidden. In addition, clinical signs of alcohol intoxication are redness of the face, increased heart rate. After a couple of hours, the drinker tends to sleep and he falls asleep easily.

Average degree

There are more pronounced neurological disorders. Coordination deteriorates, which outwardly manifests itself in inaccurate movements, wobbly gait. The drinker cannot clearly formulate thoughts, the speech is confused, the sequence of presentation is violated. When you try to put your finger up to your nose with eyes closed inaccurate hit. Pungent odor of alcohol from the mouth.

Nausea and vomiting are possible. A quick change of mood can be observed, from a good-natured and sociable drinker instantly becomes aggressive and hostile, and vice versa. The behavior is impulsive, the drinker is poorly oriented.

Severe degree

It is characterized by a predominance of toxic effects, activity is suppressed nervous system. With such intoxication, the disorder of coordination is expressed in the fact that the drinker cannot stand on his feet. Speech consists of slurred mutterings, emotional cries. The pulse is rare, there may be disturbances from the side respiratory system. There may be strong frequent vomiting, urinary incontinence and stool. The temperature of the extremities is lower than the temperature of the body.

A person who has consumed alcohol ceases to be oriented in time and space at all. The ability of the pupils to focus is noticeably impaired. There is depression of consciousness, abused delirium, hallucinations are possible. Mimic expressions of emotions are difficult. Blood pressure drops, heavy sweating. There may be swelling on the face.

Methods for diagnosing intoxication

In order to identify and fix intoxication, an analysis of the state of the employee is carried out on the spot, as well as in conditions medical clinic. First of all, it is assessed appearance drunk. The presence of visual signs of intoxication is established. These data are subject to mandatory recording in the act of being in a state of intoxication at the workplace.

If necessary, to verify and document drunkenness, measure the concentration of ethanol vapor during exhalation. It is possible without visiting medical institution in the presence of special device breathalyzer. The employee's refusal to be tested on the breathalyzer is reflected in the document. If the norm of 0.16 mg / l in the exhaled air is exceeded, the person is recognized as being in a state of alcoholic intoxication, which must be noted in the act. The results of the study of air vapors are also documented, indicating the full names of those present and certifying with signatures.

With the consent of the worker, he will be examined in a medical institution, where a second check is made with a certified device. After that, the narcologist determines the type additional research for intoxication and conducts urine and/or blood tests. The employee's refusal to be sent for a medical examination is reflected in the act.

A blood test for alcohol is highly accurate. For the most accurate result, the sampling of the material must be carried out no later than 5-6 hours after drinking alcohol. Otherwise, over time, the concentration of alcohol decreases and the result will be less informative.

Urinalysis for alcohol intoxication gives more accurate results. To determine intoxication by urinalysis, a much longer time interval is set. The stronger the drink and the less weight drinker, the longer time presence of alcohol in urine.

How to write an act of intoxication

If there is at least one external sign of alcohol intoxication, an act is drawn up. These symptoms include:

the smell of alcohol on the breath;
confused and slurred speech;
wobbly gait.

The document is drawn up in an arbitrary form, if its form is not approved at the enterprise. It is acceptable to use computer technology or fill out by hand. It is recommended to draw up an act in two copies, one of which remains in the organization, the other is handed over to the violator.

The act is drawn up in the presence of at least 2 witnesses who put their signatures on the document. It is especially important to draw up an act if the employee refuses to undergo further examination. In such a situation, the act will be the only evidence of a state of intoxication while at work. It will also be a formal basis for preventing or removing an employee from work.

For an act in the workplace, it is important to observe some key points. The location and date of drawing up the document, the position and names of the persons present at the time of registration must be indicated. The conditions under which the worker was found drunk should be documented. Importance has a description of the symptoms of intoxication observed in the employee:

disorder of coordination of movements;
the characteristic smell of alcohol on the breath;
dilated pupils;
redness of the face;
posture instability;
incoherent speech;
trembling in the hands;
obscene language in relation to others, etc.

Carrying out a breathalyzer test at the enterprise is reflected in the act, if it is refused or medical examination a note is made about it. The drunk employee is asked to explain his condition, his explanations are recorded verbatim. In case of refusal to explain the situation, a note about this is also made. The worker is invited to familiarize himself with the act and put his signature, in case of disagreement, a record is made that the employee refused to familiarize and / or sign the document.

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Alcohol in small doses is not only not harmful, but is a good remedy from stress and has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular system. Like any useful in moderation. Through measured consumption of alcohol, it is fraught with intoxication and intoxication, which can lead to severe, serious illness and, in certain cases, death. Signs of alcohol intoxication can be conditionally divided into external and clinical. There are three degrees of alcohol intoxication, each of which has its own characteristics.

Degrees of intoxication and external signs.

A mild degree of intoxication is characterized by an increased feeling of lightness, a feeling of euphoria, and talkativeness. Human movements become sharp, impetuous and inaccurate. Strongly scattered attention and concentration. There is a feeling of omnipotence, which is manifested in hooligan antics and increased sexual desire.
The average degree of intoxication is manifested by the appearance strong irritability, a feeling of euphoria is replaced by depression, which can turn into a suicidal mood. There is a rejection of someone else's opinion, anger and not matted aggression. Nausea and vomiting are possible. The gait of a person becomes shaky and unsure, speech is not intelligible and difficult to understand. Partial memory loss is possible.
A severe degree of intoxication is accompanied by a loss of orientation in the surrounding space, facial expressions do not express anything, a person’s speech is extremely incomprehensible, slowed down and accompanied by indistinct muttering, groans, sobs. In some cases, a person cannot stand on his feet, and not holding feces and urine is also characteristic. Very few people remember the period of their stay in this state.

Clinical signs of intoxication

It is worth knowing that there is no clear criterion for clinical signs of intoxication and any of the following signs may be a manifestation of illness, fatigue, or a consequence of medication.

Clinical signs include frequent or intermittent, slow breathing, overshooting by a person when trying to perform a test for precise movements. Violent trembling of fingers and eyelids. Paleness or redness of the face and skin. Increased salivation, swelling of the face, redness of the eyes and pupillary changes. High or low arterial pressure pressure, tachycardia.

Alcohol in the body

There are generally accepted norms of intoxication that look like this:

from 20 to 100 mmol / l - mild degree;
from 100 to 250 mmol / l - the average degree;
from 250 mmol / l - severe.

However, it must be remembered that each individual case depends on many factors, such as body weight, alcohol habit, fatigue and alcohol consumption. What can lead to hospital bed one person, another will only cheer up. Even the same person gets drunk in different ways, on an empty stomach quickly, and after eating meat and fatty foods significantly slower.

Alcoholic poison, so many say, but any medicine in large doses also poison. Think for yourself, decide for yourself whether to drink or not to drink. But if you drink, carefully watch yourself and do not reach the severe stage of intoxication.

Drinking alcohol entails a disorder of behavior, mental, vegetative reactions. Understanding what the external and clinical signs of alcohol intoxication are, what are the main stages of this condition, can help to act correctly in a situation of inadequate manifestations of a drunk person. When drawing up a medical examination report, the symptoms of drunkenness are noted in without fail.

What is alcohol intoxication

The totality of neurological, vegetative, mental disorders that occur to a person after drinking alcohol is called alcohol intoxication. The degree of influence that alcohol has on physical state and behavior of the individual depends on a number of factors: age, physiological characteristics, state of the body. A number of behavioral or clinical signs can determine the degree of drunkenness.

stages

medical science defines three stages of alcohol intoxication and their signs. They depend on the amount of alcohol consumed, are assigned to a certain percentage of the concentration of ethanol breakdown products in the blood. Each stage has its own clinical and behavioral signs. Allocate light, medium, severe stage. From stage to stage, behavioral disorders intensify, well-being worsens, the adequacy of perception is disturbed, control of the drunk person over himself, his actions is lost.

Clinical signs of intoxication

Symptoms of alcohol intoxication at each stage are different from each other. As the concentration of alcohol in the blood increases, the mental condition drunk person, his ability to concentrate, control his emotions and his body. There are the following stages of drunkenness:

Lung (ethanol concentration 0.5-1.5%). It is characterized by a surge of strength, a rise in mood, the onset of mild euphoria. The person is sociable, emotionally excited. However, even at such low doses, there is a violation of concentration, which can lead to serious Negative consequences while doing complex work, management of transport or mechanisms.
Medium(1.5-2.5%). With an increase in intoxication, irritability, anger appear, manifestations of aggression are possible. This effect is called dysphoric intoxication. Changes in coordination of movements movement disorders. Mental excitement is replaced by lethargy, drowsiness. This stage ends with the entry into deep dream.
Heavy (2.5-3%). neurological disorder characterized by a disorder of orientation in space and time. Disorders of activity begin vestibular apparatus, consciousness is depressed (subsequently this manifests itself in the form of amnesia), the pulse slows down, there are respiratory disorders. The person may fall into an unconscious state.

External signs

As the degree of drunkenness increases, more and more manifest external signs drunk person. It is possible to recognize an individual who has consumed alcohol not only by the smell of alcohol. The condition of the drunk is characterized by mental excitement, expressed in non-standard behavior. Motor activity, as a rule, increases, while the ability to coordinate movements deteriorates with each subsequent serving of alcohol. Each sign is modified as the concentration of ethanol increases.

pupil change

After the first doses of alcohol, the effect appears " shining eyes"As the concentration of ethanol increases, the pupils expand, because the speed of reaction to light decreases, convergence is disturbed - the ability of the pupil to narrow, focus in a certain direction of gaze. In a severe stage of drunkenness - with an alcoholic coma - anisocoria is possible (pupils of the right and left eyes become different size).

Signs of arousal

On the different stages emotional, motor excitement manifests itself in different ways. At first, the excitement is pleasant, expressed as an increase in sociability, motor activity. As the concentration of ethanol increases, coordination of movements is disturbed, emotional manifestations are also out of control. In a severe stage, pathological intoxication may occur, accompanied by paranoid or hysterical psychosis.

Disorder of coordination

The ability to control your body is getting worse from mild stage to heavy. Disorder of coordination is characterized by the inability to walk or stand straight, the movements of the arms and legs become spontaneous, the work of the vestibular apparatus is disrupted. With a severe degree of drunkenness, a person falls into a semi-conscious or unconscious state, loses the ability to motor activity.

Disorder of consciousness

From an easy stage to a severe one, a person who has consumed alcohol loses the ability to control the movements of his body, ceases to be adequately aware and evaluate what is happening to him. There is a revaluation own capabilities, which, with atypical intoxication, is replaced by a deterioration in mood, the adequacy of self-perception and perception of the surrounding reality is violated. AT severe stages there is a complete loss of control over their thoughts, which may be accompanied by hallucinations and delusions.

Conduct violations

Signs of inappropriate behavior when drinking alcohol can manifest themselves individually. When falling into aggression, a person may begin to provoke conflicts or fights. Moderate and severe states are characterized by behavior that is radically different from behavior in a sober state. Physically weak men demonstrate manifestations of strength, cowardly - recklessness and courage, timid - determination. An individual who has taken alcohol can, in a state of passion, perform actions dictated by desires and needs suppressed by a sober consciousness.

Residual signs

residual sign drunkenness is the intoxication of the body, which occurs and worsens as the decay products of ethanol are removed from the body. Headaches, nausea and vomiting, dry mouth, dehydration, dizziness, great weakness, pain in the bones, muscles, aching joints and other symptoms of poisoning ethyl alcohol can last from 2 to 20 hours, depending on the state of the body and the amount of alcohol consumed.

drunkenness in teenagers

Specific features alcohol intoxication in adolescents is no different, all the symptoms have a strong expression, they make themselves felt difficulties and problems that a young man or girl experiences in society. Due to the lack of habits of alcoholic beverages, more pronounced autonomic disorders and lack of coordination. alcohol withdrawal also appears stronger. In the case of regular use, dependence on chemical and emotional level formed quickly, within a year and a half.