The development of capitalism and the growth of the labor movement in Western Europe. Riots and uprisings under Stalin

On the radio they cheerfully report on the new accomplishments of the Soviet people under the leadership of the CPSU. Joyful songs are heard. There are films in cinemas.

A lot of films were shot and all of them were designed to inspire what an amazing country we live in. But even in a country where there was totalitarian control, something happened that no one wrote or talked about anywhere. In principle, the same as in North Korea now. It is in our time that the old communists arrange propaganda exhibitions with colorful propaganda posters.

And the granddaughters of those who took away bread from the peasants continue to repeat grandfather's tales "Stalin shot correctly, only small, but the head was larger." And the Chekist last ones begin to indoctrinate the youth with their old deceitful Soviet films about "valiant Chekists".

The Tambov uprising of 1920-1921 is one of the largest popular uprisings against the Soviet authorities during the Civil War in Russia, which took place in the Tambov province. It is sometimes called "Antonovism" by the name of one of the leaders of the uprising, the chief of staff of the 2nd insurgent army, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, Alexander Antonov, who is often credited with the leading role in the uprising. The head of the uprising was Pyotr Tokmakov, who was the commander of the United Partisan Army and chairman of the Union of Labor Peasants (STK). The first case in history of the use of chemical weapons by the authorities against the insurgent population.

Under the Bolsheviks, peasants in the Tambov region, as well as throughout Russia, were deprived of all political and economic rights, they were forbidden to trade in bread and they began to take it by force. The relative proximity of the Tambov province to the center and its remoteness from the fronts predetermined the wide scope of the activities of the food detachments, which caused strong discontent among the local peasant population. The population of the Tambov region responded to the communists with active armed resistance. In 1918, up to 40 thousand people took part in the uprisings and partisan movement against the Bolsheviks, food detachments and commanders. The position of the authorities was complicated by the frequent transitions of the Red Army (often with weapons in their hands) to the side of the partisans.

The Yaroslavl uprising (in Soviet historiography known as the Yaroslavl rebellion) is a White Guard uprising in Yaroslavl on July 6–21, 1918. Suppressed by the forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. Izhevsk-Votkinsk uprising (also known as: Izhevsk-Votkinsk anti-Soviet rebellion? Zh) - an armed uprising of workers, officers, gymnasium students, students of the school of weapons technicians under the leadership of the local organization "Union of Front-line Soldiers" against the Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionary Maximalists in the Kama region in August - November 1918.

Izhevsk and Votkinsk, which housed large state defense factories, were the centers of the uprising. At its peak, the uprising covered a territory with a population of more than 1 million people, and the size of the rebel army reached 25 thousand bayonets. A distinctive feature of the uprising was the active participation in it of part of the workers of Izhevsk and Votkinsk, with the neutrality of the majority of the rest of the workers. It began under the slogan "For Soviets without Bolsheviks." The workers of Izhevsk and Votkinsk, together with their families, made up at least 73-74% of the population of these cities, belonged to a special type of Ural workers. In May 1918, 26.7 thousand workers worked at the Izhevsk plant, and 6.3 thousand at Votkinsky. They were based on hereditary cadre workers, each new generation of whom worked in the same factories and often at the same machines as their fathers. In comparison with the newcomers, the indigenous workers had higher qualifications and conscientiousness.

But at the same time, a significant part of the workers were connected with the countryside. Many of them had their own estate, garden and vegetable garden, kept cattle and poultry. In monetary terms, income from subsidiary farming accounted for 15-27% of the average annual income of a worker at the Izhevsk Arms Plant. The ban on free trade carried out by the Bolsheviks as part of the policy of "war communism" aroused the dissatisfaction of the Izhevsk workers and residents of nearby villages and became one of the reasons for the uprising. The rebel authorities began to take measures to create a regular army from the very first days of the uprising. On August 10, the Executive Committee of the Council decided to create the Izhevsk People's Army.

A detachment of Colonel Fedichkin of 300 people, created on August 9 to repel a counterattack by the Red Army, served as the basis for the future Kama People's Army. On August 14–19, the size of the detachment increased by 800 people due to the replenishment of volunteers, and several companies were formed from it. The troops were reinforced with 32 machine guns captured from the Red Army. The Izhevsk plant supplied the emerging rebel army with up to 2,500 rifles per day. By order of the People's Army Headquarters, on August 24, a rifle company consisting of 4 platoons of 2 squads was established as the main tactical unit. Each company had from 100 to 250 fighters. The total number of Izhevsk military units at that time reached 6,300 people, including 300 officers, 3,000 front-line soldiers and about 3,000 volunteer workers.

In the days of the surrender of Izhevsk and Votkinsk, fleeing the Red Terror, the rebels and their families fled from the persecution of the Red Army. A veteran of the Izhevsk uprising, Colonel Efimov, wrote:

About 40,000, maybe up to 50,000 workers and their families abandoned their homes and everything that was dear to them. They were fleeing from the reprisals and revenge of the authorities that called themselves the protector of all working people.

Those residents who were not able to leave, a terrible fate awaited:

The atrocities of the red executioners knew no bounds. Unable to take revenge on the workers and peasants who rebelled against them, they brutally cracked down on their families, who did not have the opportunity to retreat behind the Kama when they left the plant.

- A. G. Efimov. Izhevtsy and Votkintsy (Struggle against the Bolsheviks 1918-20)

In the spring of 1919, when the Russian army re-entered Izhevsk and Votkinsk during the offensive, the rebels learned about the fate of their loved ones. Only in Izhevsk:

Rarely did anyone find their family unscathed. The reality surpassed all the rumors that reached the Izhevsk people at the front. The red executioners knew no mercy. There was a ruthless destruction of those who took any part in the uprising .... Appointed a census of the dead. The census takers for each block went around the houses and wrote down the names of the victims. The calculation gave the sum of 7,983. The indefatigable executioners arrested every day indiscriminately and led out of the city to the ravine. Here they put a bullet in and dumped the corpse into the ravine. Women and teenagers were not spared. Were they charged? Proletarian justice does not demand this...

- A. G. Efimov. Izhevtsy and Votkintsy (Struggle against the Bolsheviks 1918-20)

At the end of 1918, after the occupation of the city by the Reds, the streets were renamed in honor of the dead commissars: Zhechev, Kholmogorov, Likhvintsev.

On August 12, 2009, a solemn opening of a memorial plaque took place in Izhevsk in memory of the participants in the Izhevsk uprising of 1918. It is installed on the facade of the building of the former General's House, where the headquarters of the uprising was located. The opening ceremony was attended by representatives of the Administration of Izhevsk and the Udmurt diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church.,

Fighters of the Izhevsk or Votkinsk division in the ranks of the Russian army of Kolchak

The Kronstadt uprising (also known as the Kronstadt rebellion in Soviet historiography) is an armed uprising by the garrison of the city of Kronstadt and the crews of some ships of the Baltic Fleet against the Bolsheviks in March 1921.

On February 28, 1921, a meeting of the teams of the battleships "Sevastopol" and "Petropavlovsk" was held, at which a resolution was adopted demanding re-elections of the Soviets, abolishing commissars, granting freedom of activity to socialist parties, and allowing free trade.

On March 1, 1921, a 15,000-strong rally took place on Anchor Square in Kronstadt under the slogan "Power to the Soviets, not to parties!". The chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee arrived at the rally. I. Kalinin, he tried to calm the audience, but the sailors disrupted his speech. After that, he freely left the fortress, but then the commissar of the fleet N. N. Kuzmin and the chairman of the Kronstadt Council P. D. Vasiliev were captured and thrown into prison, an open rebellion began.

The sailors and Red Army soldiers passed a resolution supporting the workers of Petrograd and demanded the release of all representatives of the socialist parties from imprisonment, the holding of re-elections of the Soviets and, as follows from the slogan, the exclusion of all communists from them, the granting of freedom of speech, assembly and unions to all parties, ensuring freedom of trade, permission handicraft production with their own labor, allowing the peasants to freely use their land and dispose of the products of their economy, that is, the elimination of the food dictatorship.

On March 1, 1921, the "Provisional Revolutionary Committee" (VRK) was created in the fortress, headed by the Social Revolutionary, sailor S. M. Petrichenko, the committee also included his deputy Yakovenko, machine foreman Arkhipov, master of the electromechanical plant Tukin and head of the third labor school I E. Oreshin.Using the powerful radio stations of warships, the Military Revolutionary Committee immediately broadcast the resolution of the rally and a request for help.

A brutal reprisal began not only over those who held weapons in their hands, but also over the population, since all the inhabitants of the rebellious city were considered guilty. 2103 people were sentenced to capital punishment and 6459 people were sentenced to various terms of punishment. In the spring of 1922, the mass eviction of the inhabitants of Kronstadt from the island began. Over the following years, the surviving participants in the Kronstadt events were repeatedly repressed later. In the 1990s they were rehabilitated.

The uprising of Khasan Israilov is a major anti-Soviet uprising in the North Caucasus. Many peoples of the North Caucasus sympathized with the Bolsheviks at the very beginning of their state building. However, over time, their position has changed. The anti-religious policy of the Soviet government led to the fact that Caucasians, most of them patriarchal, deeply religious people, began to be forbidden to visit mosques, and then they began to destroy them altogether.

Mullahs were sent to camps or shot. The population was also dissatisfied with the collectivization that had affected it. Those who tried to express dissatisfaction aloud were instantly arrested and exiled to Siberia.

The Ganja rebellion of 1920 (Azerbaijani G?nc? üsyan?), also called the Ganja uprising, was an anti-Soviet rebellion in Ganja (Azerbaijan) from May 22 to June 3, 1920.

Anti-Soviet uprising in the Kuban in 1932

"Armored trains run along the railway from the Caucasus to the southeast (to the Kuban and the Terek), as partisans risk attacking railway stations, smash food warehouses, and beat the communists"

In December last (1932 - Note ed. "Volnaya Stanitsa") in the press ("Renaissance", "L" Ami du Peuple, in the Prague "People's Politics", in the Polish "Zycie Katolickie", etc.) appeared news (mainly through Berlin) about the uprising in the Kuban in the Tikhoretskaya region, which took place at the end of November.

The uprising, which was initially successful, was brutally suppressed by units of the Red Army. According to newspaper reports, events unfolded as follows.

The Kuban Cossacks of several villages in the area of the village of Tikhoretskaya organized an armed uprising, led by regular Cossack officers. All able to bear arms came to the assembly points to take part in the struggle.

The rebels were divided into nine detachments, distributed over an area of about 300 kilometers. The weapons were obtained by capturing three armories. There were also machine guns and bombs. The only thing missing was field artillery.

The local garrisons reacted sympathetically to the uprising, and if they did not openly take the side of the rebels, then they did not come out in defense of the Soviet power and allowed themselves to be disarmed without resistance.

Preparations for the action began in early autumn, when the food shortage became so acute that the population lost patience and began to openly attack the carts with grain products heading from distant villages to the railway line.

From the middle of October, anxious days began for the Cossacks: it became known that in Moscow they decided to withdraw all the active young population of the region and send them to the north. Obviously, this was the signal for action.

The performance began 14 versts from the station. Tikhoretskaya. In general, more than 6 thousand armed Cossacks gathered, and almost the entire male population of the region was unarmed.

The rebels singled out a detachment that occupied Art. Tikhoretskaya after a night battle with a small Soviet detachment guarding the station. Soviet commissars and security officers were partly killed in battle, partly fled to Rostov.

Having seized Tikhoretskaya and other routes of communication, the rebels in all the occupied districts liquidated Soviet power. For almost a week, the occupied areas were under the rule of the rebels.

The weak special forces sent by the Rostov authorities at first were defeated with heavy losses: the rebels managed to capture 4 field guns, 11 machine guns, several hundred rifles with cartridges and a large number of dressings in the first three days.

To the place of the main battle, the Soviet government pulled troops of all types of weapons from different parts of the Caucasus and two schools of red cadets, commanded by a troika specially sent from Moscow. The rebels put up fierce resistance. Every inch of land was defended by them with extraordinary ferocity.

The first five days of the battle, which calmed down only at night, did not give decisively any results. Bayonet attacks always ended in favor of the rebels.

From the sixth day, the advantage was on the side of the Reds, who used artillery, tanks and even gases.

Despite the lack of weapons, the numerical superiority of the enemy, the large number of wounded and killed, and the lack of food and military supplies, the rebels held out for a total of 12 days, and only on the thirteenth day did the battle along the entire line stop.

As a result, thousands were killed and wounded on both sides. All hospitals are overflowing with the wounded and crippled.

The massacre began on the very first day, after the rebels retreated from Tikhoretskaya. Without exception, all prisoners captured in battles were shot.

Human corpses lay everywhere around Tikhoretskaya, because the prisoners were killed on the orders of the red command at the place where they surrendered, without even bringing them to headquarters.

As soon as power passed again from the military to the GPU, the massacre of the civilian population began. They shot day and night everyone against whom there was the slightest suspicion of sympathy for the rebels. There was no mercy for anyone, neither children, nor the elderly, nor women, nor even the seriously ill.

Stalin's order was short: send the entire active Cossack population north to concentration camps.

In total, about 18 thousand people were prepared for deportation, gathered from all over the region and settled down in anticipation of transport near the railway. stations.

At most, you can send 200-300 people. per day, due to the lack of rolling stock, food, coal, etc.

So far, the entire army of prisoners lives in the open air, partly in hastily dug dugouts, partly on bare ground in the most terrible conditions.

Among the rebels were several dozen German colonists.

"February-March" - "Free Cossacks". 1933. No. 125. P. 3

(Material provided by I. Kiriy)

But even in a country where there was totalitarian control, something happened that no one wrote or talked about anywhere.

1956 Novorossiysk.

The people stormed the police station, smashed it, beat the policemen and burned the documents.

1956 Orenburg.

People's revolt.

1956 Slavyansk.

People's revolt.

1967 Podolsk

People's revolt.

1959 Temirtau.

People's revolt.

The police department and the Party Committee were destroyed. The rebels seized weapons. Troops were sent to suppress the uprising, skirmishes were being waged. 109 soldiers and officers were injured.

Of the participants in the uprising, 11 people were killed and 25 were wounded. Five later died in the hospital.

The order to suppress the uprising was given by a member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Lieutenant General Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev.

There is, of course, not a word about this in the media.

1961 Krasnodar.

People's revolt.

1961 Kirovobad.

People's revolt.

1961 Biysk.

People's revolt.

Shooting in the streets, as in previous cases - a serious call - the overthrow of Soviet power. Three instigators were shot.

1961 Moore.

People's revolt.

In the city, several police stations, the city department of the KGB were destroyed, the city prosecutor was beaten. Weapons were seized and used for self-defense. The rebellion was brutally suppressed by the troops and the police, three instigators were shot.

1962 Novocherkassk.

Rebellion of the workers of the steel mill. I happened to read about the only of these events at the dawn of Perestroika.

The riot was caused by a radio message about a 30% increase in prices for meat and meat products, 25% for butter, as well as a 30% reduction in prices for manufactured products. The rebellion arose quite spontaneously. The railway line that ran next to the plant was blocked, and they wrote on the locomotive: "Khrushchev - for meat."

Tanks and armored personnel carriers were brought to the streets ...

Newspaper editorials continued to appear.

Bravura songs continued to play.

And there were films about a happy life in the USSR in cinemas.

The Soviet people did not suspect anything.

USSR, which we are talking about ...
The looting of the USSR
Let's compare the standard of living of the USSR in 1980 and the USA in 2008
The USSR was killed by idiots and now they have taken up Russia

Detailed solution paragraph § 20 on history for students of grade 7, authors Arsentiev N.M., Danilov A.A., Kurukin I.V. 2016

What segments of the population participated in the popular movements of the 17th century? What were the consequences of these movements?

In the popular movements of the XVII century. different segments of the population participated: peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks. Despite the fact that all popular unrest was suppressed, the authorities had to take into account the reasons for the discontent of the people: to reduce taxes, to soften oppression.

Page 52

What was the essence of the monetary reform of 1654?

The essence of the monetary reform of 1654: the introduction of the copper penny. It was unsuccessful due to the gap in the value of silver and copper kopecks.

Page 52

What was the significance of urban uprisings in the 17th century?

Significance of urban uprisings in the 17th century. that these uprisings forced the tsarist government to cancel unpopular orders.

Page 53

Name the largest popular uprisings that took place in medieval Europe.

The largest popular uprisings that took place in medieval Europe: England - the uprising of Wat Tyler (XIV century), the bourgeois revolution (XVII century),

France - Jacquerie (XIV century),

Germany - Reformation (XVI century)

Netherlands - bourgeois revolution (XVII century)

Page 28. Questions and tasks for the text of the paragraph

1. What do you see as the main reasons for popular uprisings in Russia in the 17th century? Why did this century enter the history of Russia under the name of rebellious?

The main reasons for popular uprisings in Russia in the 17th century.

The tightening of serfdom - the introduction of indefinite lesson years (search for serfs)

Increase in state taxes and taxes

Restriction of self-government of the Cossacks

This century entered the history of Russia under the name of rebellious because it was a period in which there were many popular uprisings and some of them were very large-scale.

2. Who became a member of popular movements? Why do you think the townspeople began to rise so actively to fight?

In the popular movements of the XVII century. different segments of the population participated: peasants, townspeople, archers, Cossacks. The townspeople began to actively rise up to fight because the inhabitants of the white settlements were gradually deprived of their privileges.

3. Prepare a story about the Salt and Copper Riots in Moscow. Why did they get such names?

The “salt riot” during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich (from the Romanov dynasty), one of the major urban uprisings of the middle of the 17th century in Russia, a mass uprising of the lower and middle strata of the townspeople, urban artisans, archers and courtyards.

Reasons for the rebellion

The reasons for the Salt Riot are that during the government of the boyar Boris Morozov, the state was in a very difficult position. In order to relieve the tension that arose in the current situation, the Morozov government decided to partially replace direct taxes with indirect ones. In 1646, goods actively used in everyday life were subject to an additional duty. Salt was also taxed, which caused its price to rise from five kopecks to two hryvnias per pood, a sharp reduction in its consumption and discontent among the population. The reason for the dissatisfaction is that salt at that time was the main preservative.

Chronology of the riot

The immediate reason for the uprising was the unsuccessful delegation of Muscovites to the Tsar on June 1 (11), 1648. When Alexei Mikhailovich was returning from a pilgrimage from the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a large crowd of people on Sretenka stopped the tsar's horse and gave him a petition directed against influential dignitaries. One of the main points of the petition was the demand for the convening of the Zemsky Sobor and the approval of new legislative acts at it.

Boyar Morozov ordered the archers to disperse the crowd. According to eyewitnesses who were in the retinue of the king, “the people, extremely indignant at this, grabbed stones and sticks and began to throw them at the archers, so that the persons accompanying his majesty’s wife even partly suffered and received wounds.”

The next day, the townspeople broke into the Kremlin and, not succumbing to the persuasion of the boyars, the patriarch and the tsar, again tried to hand over the petition, but the boyars, tearing the petition to shreds, threw it into the crowd of petitioners.

In Moscow, "a great turmoil broke out", the city was in the power of angry citizens. The crowd smashed and killed the "traitors" of the boyars. On June 2 (12), most of the archers went over to the side of the townspeople. The people broke into the Kremlin, demanding the extradition of the head of the Zemsky order, Leonty Pleshcheev, who was in charge of the management and police service of Moscow, the Duma clerk Nazariy Chisty, the initiator of the salt tax, the boyar Morozov and his brother-in-law, the roundabout Pyotr Trakhaniotov. The rebels set fire to the White City and Kitay-Gorod, defeated the courtyards of the most hated boyars, devious, clerks and merchants. On June 2 (12) he was killed by Pure. The tsar had to sacrifice Pleshcheev, who on June 4 (14) was taken by an executioner to Red Square and torn to pieces by a crowd. The rebels considered one of their main enemies to be the head of the Pushkarsky order, the roundabout Peter Tikhonovich Trakhaniotov, whom the people considered "the culprit of the duty imposed on salt shortly before." Fearing for his life, Trakhaniotov fled Moscow.

On June 5 (15), Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered Prince Semyon Pozharsky to catch up with Trakhaniotov. “And seeing the sovereign tsar in the whole earth great confusion, and their traitors to the world great annoyance, sent from his royal person okolnichevo prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharskovo, and with him 50 people of Moscow archers, ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to drive away on the road and bring the sovereign to him Moscow. And the roundabout Prince Semyon Romanovich Pozharsky snatched Peter's evo on the road near the Trinity in the Sergeev Monastery and brought it to Moscow bound on June 5th. And the sovereign, the tsar, ordered Peter Trakhaniotov to be executed for that betrayal of them, and for the Moscow one he burned in front of the world to be executed at the Fire.

The tsar removed Morozov from power and sent him into exile on June 11 to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The nobles who did not participate in the uprising took advantage of the movement of the people and on June 10 demanded that the tsar convene the Zemsky Sobor.

In 1648, uprisings also took place in Kozlov, Kursk, Solvychegodsk and other cities. The unrest continued until February 1649.

Taking advantage of the uprising, the nobles and townspeople handed over to the tsar a demand to streamline the laws and the judicial system, to prepare a new Cathedral Code. For the first time in a long time, Alexei Mikhailovich independently resolved the main political issues.

On June 12 (22), the tsar by a special decree postponed the collection of arrears and thereby brought some peace to the rebels. Prominent boyars invited archers to their dinners in order to make amends for former conflicts. By giving the archers a double cash and grain salary, the government split the ranks of its opponents and was able to carry out extensive repressions against the leaders and the most active participants in the uprising, many of whom were executed on July 3 (13). On October 22 (November 1), 1648, Morozov returned to Moscow and rejoined the government, but he no longer played such a big role in government.

Copper Riot - an uprising that took place in Moscow on July 25 (August 4), 1662, an uprising of the city's lower classes against the increase in taxes during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667 and the release of depreciating copper coins since 1654 compared to silver ones.

The excess issue of unsecured (the face value many times exceeds the market value of the metal contained in the coin) copper money led to their significant depreciation in comparison with silver. A year after the riot, the minting of copper coins was discontinued. Like the Salt Riot, the Copper Riot was mainly a speech of the poor against the unsuccessful policies of the first Romanovs and specifically the government of Alexei Mikhailovich.

Reasons for the rebellion

In the 17th century, the Muscovite state did not have its own gold and silver mines, and precious metals were imported from abroad. At the Money Yard, Russian coins were minted from foreign coins: kopecks, money and polushki (half money).

The protracted war with the Commonwealth demanded huge expenses. To find money to continue the war, A. L. Ordin-Nashchokin proposed to issue copper money at the price of silver. Taxes were collected in silver, and salaries were distributed in copper. A small copper coin at first really had circulation on a par with silver kopecks, but soon the excessive issue of unsecured copper money, which was minted in Moscow, Novgorod and Pskov, led to the depreciation of copper money. For 6 rubles in silver they gave 170 rubles in copper. Despite the royal decree, all goods rose sharply in price.

The financial situation in the country led to the flourishing of counterfeiting.

The development and course of the rebellion

The common people were outraged by the impunity of the boyars. On July 25 (August 4), 1662, sheets with accusations against Prince I. D. Miloslavsky, several members of the Boyar Duma and a wealthy guest Vasily Shorin were found in the Lubyanka. They were accused of secret relations with the Commonwealth, which had no basis. But disgruntled people needed a reason. It is significant that the same people who were accused of abuses during the Salt Riot became the object of universal hatred, and just like fourteen years ago, the crowd attacked and destroyed the house of Shorin's guest, who collected the "fifth money" in the whole state. Several thousand people went to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, who was in his country palace in the village of Kolomenskoye. The unexpected appearance of the rebels took the king by surprise, he was forced to go out to the people. He was given a petition, demanding lower prices and taxes, and punishing those responsible. Under the pressure of circumstances, Alexei Mikhailovich gave his word to investigate the case, after which the calmed mass of people, believing in the promises, turned back.

Another crowd of many thousands, much more militant, was moving towards them from Moscow. Small merchants, butchers, bakers, pie-makers, village people again surrounded the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich and this time they no longer asked, but demanded to give them traitors for reprisal, threatening “if he won’t give them those boyars for good, and they will teach him to have them themselves according to your custom." However, archers and soldiers have already appeared in Kolomenskoye, sent by the boyars to the rescue. After refusing to disperse, the order was given to use force. The unarmed crowd was driven into the river, up to a thousand people were killed, hanged, drowned in the Moscow River, several thousand were arrested and exiled after the investigation.

The manhunt in connection with the copper riot had no precedent. All literate Muscovites were forced to give samples of their handwriting in order to compare them with the "thieves' sheets", which served as a signal for indignation. However, the instigators were never found.

results

The result of the copper rebellion was the gradual abolition of the copper coin. In 1663, the copper yards in Novgorod and Pskov were closed, and the minting of silver coins resumed. Copper money was completely withdrawn from circulation and melted down into other necessary copper items.

4. Tell us about the main stages of the uprising of Stepan Razin. Why do some historians call this uprising a peasant war? Justify your answer.

The uprising led by Stepan Razin

The Peasant War of 1670-1671 or the Uprising of Stepan Razin is a war in Russia between the troops of peasants and Cossacks and the tsarist troops. It ended with the defeat of the rebels.

The term of detecting fugitive peasants became indefinite, and excessive feudal oppression was manifested. Another reason was the strengthening of centralized power, the introduction of the Council Code of 1649. It is quite possible that the immediate cause of the war was the general weakening of the country's economy as a result of a protracted war for Ukraine.

The state tax is increasing. An epidemic of pestilence and mass famine begins.

background

The so-called "zipun campaign" (1667-1669) is often attributed to the uprising of Stepan Razin - the campaign of the rebels "for booty". Razin's detachment blocked the Volga, thereby blocking the most important economic artery of Russia. During this period, Razin's troops captured Russian and Persian merchant ships. Having received booty and captured the Yaitsky town, Razin in the summer of 1669 moved to the Kagalnitsky town, where he began to gather his troops. When enough people had gathered, Razin announced a campaign against Moscow.

Training

Returning from the "campaign for zipuns", Razin visited Astrakhan and Tsaritsyn with his army. There he gained the love of the townspeople. After the campaign, the poor began to go to him in droves, and he gathered a considerable army. He also wrote letters to various Cossack chieftains with calls for an uprising, but only Vasily Us came to him with a detachment.

Military actions

In the spring of 1670, the second period of the uprising began, that is, the war itself. From this moment, and not from 1667, the beginning of the uprising is usually counted. Razintsy captured Tsaritsyn and approached Astrakhan, which the townspeople surrendered to them. There they executed the governor and the nobles and organized their own government, headed by Vasily Us and Fyodor Sheludyak.

Battle for Tsaritsyn

Gathering troops, Stepan Razin went to Tsaritsyn and surrounded him. Leaving Vasily Us to command the army, Razin went to the Tatar settlements with a small detachment. There, he was voluntarily given the cattle that Razin needed in order to feed the army. In Tsaritsyn, meanwhile, the inhabitants experienced a lack of water, the cattle of the Tsaritsyno were cut off from the grass and could soon begin to starve. The Razintsy sent their people to the walls and told the archers that the archers of Ivan Lopatin, who were supposed to come to the aid of Tsaritsin, were going to cut out the Tsaritsytsy and Tsaritsyn archers, and then leave with the Tsaritsyn voivode, Timofey Turgenev, near Saratov. They said they intercepted their messenger. The archers believed and spread this news around the city in secret from the governor. Then the governor sent several townspeople to negotiate with the Razintsy. He hoped that the rebels would be allowed to go to the Volga and take water from there, but those who came to the negotiations told the Razintsy that they had prepared a riot and agreed on a time for its start. The rebels rushed to the gates and knocked down the locks. The archers fired at them from the walls, but when the rioters opened the gates and the Razintsy burst into the city, they surrendered. The city was captured. Timofey Turgenev with his nephew and devoted archers locked himself in the tower. Then Razin returned with the cattle. Under his leadership, the tower was taken. The governor behaved rudely with Razin, for which he was drowned in the Volga along with his nephew, archers and nobles.

The battle with the archers of Ivan Lopatin

Ivan Lopatin led a thousand archers to Tsaritsyn. His last stop was Money Island, which was located on the Volga, north of Tsaritsyn. Lopatin was sure that Razin did not know his location, and therefore did not set sentries. In the midst of the halt, the Razintsy attacked him. They approached from both banks of the river and began to shoot at the Lopatinians. Those in disarray boarded boats and began to row towards Tsaritsyn. Razin's ambush detachments fired on them along the way. Having suffered heavy losses, they sailed to the walls of the city, from which, again, the Razintsy fired at them. The archers gave up. Razin drowned most of the commanders, and made the spared and ordinary archers into captive rowers.

Battle for Kamyshin

Several dozen Razin Cossacks dressed as merchants and entered Kamyshin. At the appointed hour, the Razintsy approached the city. The "merchants" killed the guards of the city gates, opened them, and the main forces broke into the city and took it. Streltsov, nobles, the governor were executed. Residents were told to gather everything they needed and leave the city. When the city was empty, the Razintsy plundered it and then burned it.

Hike to Astrakhan

A military council was held in Tsaritsyn. It decided to go to Astrakhan. In Astrakhan, the archers were positively disposed towards Razin, this mood was fed by anger at the authorities, who paid their salaries late. The news that Razin was going to the city frightened the authorities. The Astrakhan fleet was sent against the rebels. However, when meeting with the rebels, the archers tied up the chiefs of the fleet and went over to the side of Razin. The Cossacks decided the fate of the authorities. Prince Semyon Lvov was spared, and the rest were drowned. At night, the Razintsy attacked the city. At the same time, an uprising of archers and the poor broke out there. The city fell. The rebels carried out their executions, introduced the Cossack regime in the city and went to the Middle Volga region in order to reach Moscow.

Trip to Moscow

After that, the population of the Middle Volga region (Saratov, Samara, Penza), as well as the Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, and Mordovians, voluntarily went over to the side of Razin. This success was facilitated by the fact that Razin declared everyone who went over to his side as a free person. Near Samara, Razin announced that Patriarch Nikon and Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich were coming with him. This further increased the influx of the poor into its ranks. Throughout the road, the Razintsy sent letters to various regions of Russia with calls for an uprising. They called such letters "charming."

In September 1670, the Razintsy besieged Simbirsk, but could not take it. Government troops headed by Prince Yu. A. Dolgorukov moved to Razin. A month after the start of the siege, the tsarist troops defeated the rebels, and the seriously wounded Razin was taken to the Don by his associates. Fearing reprisals, the Cossack elite, led by the military ataman Kornil Yakovlev, handed over Razin to the authorities. In June 1671 he was quartered in Moscow; his brother Frol was allegedly executed on the same day. Despite the execution of the leader, the Razintsy continued to defend themselves and were able to hold Astrakhan until November 1671.

The scale of the massacre of the rebels was enormous. More than 11,000 people were executed in Arzamas alone. In total, there are about 100 thousand rebels killed and executed. Razintsy did not achieve their goal: the destruction of the nobility and serfdom. But the uprising of Stepan Razin showed that Russian society was split.

5. Can Stepan Razin's uprising be called multinational? Support your point of view with quotes from the text of the paragraph.

The uprising of Stepan Razin can be called multinational. “Among the participants in the performance were not only Cossacks and Russian peasants, but also representatives of other peoples of the Volga region: Chuvash, Mari, Tatars, Mordovians”

Page 55. Working with a map

1. On the map, determine the city farthest from Moscow, in which in the 17th century. uprisings broke out.

The city farthest from Moscow, in which in the 17th century. uprisings broke out - the city of Gdov (1650) on the border of Russia and Livonia

2. Compare the areas of the uprising of Stepan Razin with the territories in which the forces of Ivan Bolotnikov operated. Is it possible to find a relationship between these events?

A relationship can be found between these events: the areas of the uprisings are almost the same. This is explained by the fact that the social composition of the uprisings was the same: Cossacks, free people, serfs, serfs, and uprisings broke out in the areas of their residence.

Page 56. Studying documents

1. Who did Stepan Razin address in this document?

In this document, Stepan Razin addressed the lower strata of the population: impoverished Cossacks, peasants, serfs.

2. Guess why the document got such a name?

The document received such a name because in the old Russian transcription: the word charming from the word seduce meant to lure, attract to one's side.

Page 56. Studying documents

What promises did Stepan Razin make to the people?

Stepan Razin gave out promises of freedom and freedom to the people.

Page 57. Studying documents

1. What is the main idea of the lyrics of this song?

The main idea of the text of this song is that the supporters of S. Razin are not robbers, poor, kind people, hunters.

2. Why do you think Stepan Razin became a folk hero?

Stepan Razin became a national hero because the slogans of his movement were liberation from oppression, he considered his main goal to be the protection of poor, disenfranchised people.

Page 57. Think, compare, reflect

The authors of the textbook used the principle of the relationship of S. Razin's actions with respect to the state to highlight the stages of the uprising of Stepan Razin. At the 1st stage - a campaign for zipuns - there is no anti-government component in his actions. And at the 2nd stage - the opening of hostilities against the state.

Another approach to the periodization of this uprising: you can divide the 2nd stage of the uprising into chronological periods of the conquest of cities: Tsaritsyn, Kamyshin, Astrakhan, Moscow.

2. Research the ingredients of the foods you eat. Which ones use salt? Make a conclusion about the importance of salt in human life and the validity of the causes of the Salt Riot.

Almost every food we eat contains salt.

In human life, salt occupies an important place, especially since in the 17th century. salt was the only preservative. And the rising price of salt is a compelling rationale for the Salt Riot.

3. There are many legends about the treasures buried by Stepan Razin and his associates. After reviewing additional materials on this topic, offer a justification for the search for the treasure in the form of a note to the historical society with a request to organize a scientific expedition.

Much is known about Razin's treasures. Until now, in the places where his freemen were operating, these legends are passed from mouth to mouth, the places where, allegedly, Stenka Razin hid his wealth are indicated. But it is also surprising that not a single treasure of the dashing ataman has been found from the moment of his death to the present day. Many believed, after his execution, that he did not die, but moved underground, closer to his treasures, that his sinful soul toiled and could not find peace. Somewhat later, many “eyewitnesses” met with the ataman himself, he was overgrown with moss, you can’t make out where the eyes are, where the teeth are ... Or they see a dashing ataman on a white horse - different describe cases when Razin personally guards his possessions ... They say about Stepan, like about his main wife, Marina, that both of them were warlocks and sorcerers, in a word, they knew how to safely hide treasures from strangers.

If you believe in these legends and compare the facts that say that the treasures of Razin, although they were opened to people, but also suddenly disappeared, then the truth comes out - you shouldn’t look for them on purpose, you definitely won’t make good! The foregoing is confirmed by many different examples of how the search for some of Razin's caches took place.

So, the daughter of Baron von Rode, the same one who took possession of all the diagrams and maps indicating a short path to the treasure, decided to get to them together with her husband, but failed. It must be said that Razin, in addition to the art of conspiracy, is credited with remarkable engineering talent, with which he equipped each treasure vault, building entire underground galleries, extensive cellars and equipping caves.

The unlucky treasure hunters did not get to the treasure - the arch and walls of the vault collapsed, and the treasure hunters themselves were taken into custody by the authorities.

The great-grandson of von Rode, military engineer Pyotr Metlyaev, also tried to storm impregnable treasures, but also to no avail: using old schemes, he discovered a complex of underground galleries near the legendary Volga cliff. But he did not have time to finish the excavations, he died ...

The amazing discovery of the Razin treasure is also told by a case that allegedly occurred during the Great Patriotic War, during the days of the battles for Stalingrad: after a raid by German aircraft and the most severe bombing, part of the coast crumbled, exposing for a while several ancient cast-iron cannons lying side by side. Due to a chip in the muzzle of one of the cannons, a rain of gold jewelry suddenly poured down the slope from it! Rings, brooches, earrings - all this turned out to be in the hands of the soldiers who watched this picture. But before they had time to try to extract the rest of the barrels from the frozen ground, the bombing was repeated, and the ancient guns were covered with earth and lost forever! ..

Another treasure attributed to the ataman was found a hundred years ago in Tsaritsyn. In one of the local churches, the earth failed, revealing coffins filled with Persian gold. Later, an underground passage was discovered there, leading to the pier, to which the ships of the great ataman came ...

There are a lot of legends, they are one more colorful than the other. For example, there is a legend about a whole ship filled with gold, which is hidden in a mound near the village of Peskovatovka ... And the largest treasure of Stepan Razin is hidden near the village of Shatrashany, in an underground gallery: behind an iron door, in the depths of the earth, chests with pearls and bars of gold.

There are many Razin treasures, but only ... where are they? For so long, nothing has been found, it has not opened itself so that you can see, feel these innumerable treasures! From Astrakhan to Zhiguli there are legends about sunken ships and boats with gold, about ingenious underground structures that store charmed chests, but many who tried to find them, who died suddenly, and who simply disappeared ... It seems that the conspiracy is stronger than desire people to become the owners of the stolen treasures! Even the "testament" drawn up by Stepan himself does not help open at least one of his richest treasuries. Here is an excerpt from this text (we are talking about one of the very valuable treasures hidden in the ground using various engineering tricks): “... Whoever finds this place, and there will be shaking for one minute, and the distance from the stump of the flight is fat (shafts); and having found it, distribute this treasury forty thousand on a white horse, and having distributed it, shoot from my Turkish and say: "Here you are, Stepan Timofeevich son Razin, eternal memory!" And cut off the head of the horse... First, say three prayers - to the Mother of God, to the Archangel Michael and Nicholas the Wonderworker, and then there will be three shakings ... ".

According to those who tried to get closer to the caches of the ataman, visions arose in front of them, so strong that the seeker forever lost the desire to look for the charmed treasures.

If we speak in modern terms and obey modern ideas, then, despite the abundance of information about the adventures of the ataman, in those territorial spaces where the life of the ataman Razin's army proceeded, where great riches should be buried and hidden, then in fact it turns out that it will be specifically to look for them based on the available information is not possible. This happens with many events that at first glance are described in detail, but upon closer examination lose all the authority of the collected facts.

Many have tried to find them, and many will look for them in the future. Probably, you should not rely only on the information that has come down to our days and which seems to be very accurate. It is possible that someone will still be able to discover the treasures of the ataman, which he hid with such care and wit. The search continues. They are led not only by single researchers, but also by professional historians, archaeologists, local historians. Gold and pearls, weapons, utensils and jewelry, everything that was collected by Razin, is waiting in the wings and its owner.

The expedition can be sent to Volgograd (former Stalingrad), where many eyewitnesses observed the presence of the treasure.

During this period, France experienced a change of three political regimes: two monarchical and one republican. The then established empire of Napoleon III also turned out to be fragile, despite serious economic achievements and some foreign policy successes.

Restoration of the Bourbons and the July Revolution of 1830

After the second abdication of Napoleon I in 1815, the Bourbon royal dynasty was again restored in France, headed by Louis XVIII. Under the Restoration regime, which lasted until 1830, France was no longer a feudal-absolutist monarchy, as before the revolution of the 18th century, but a constitutional-monarchical state. The main role in governing the country belonged to the king, but his power was somewhat limited by parliament. The dominant positions were occupied by large landowners-nobles, but they could no longer ignore the interests and strength of the strengthened bourgeoisie and gradually became bourgeois themselves.

The nobles surrounding the king advised him to restore the pre-revolutionary feudal-absolutist order and take revenge on the leaders of the revolution and the empire for their disasters and humiliations. This desire was even more intensified when Charles X (1824-1830), who openly hated everything connected with the revolution and Napoleon, became king. The policy of Charles X six years later caused general indignation, which grew into a revolution on July 27-29, 1830.

It all started with the fact that Charles X tried to dissolve the lower house of parliament, introduce censorship, and restrict voting rights. This caused an uprising of Parisian workers, small merchants, and students. The rebels took possession of Paris, Charles X was overthrown. But then the big bourgeoisie seized the initiative. She achieved the proclamation as king of her protege, Louis Philippe of Orleans, who ruled under the name of Louis Philippe I.

The main result of the revolution was the final victory of the bourgeoisie over the nobility and the transfer of power from large landowners to the financial aristocracy. In its scope and depth of transformation, it bore a moderately bourgeois character. The personification of the new power was Louis Philippe himself, the largest financier and forest owner, the “bourgeois king”.

France during the July Bourgeois Monarchy (1830-1848)

In terms of industrial development, France was still second only to England, and in silk production it ranked first in Europe. The industrial revolution unfolded in the country, which began at the end of the 18th century. In foreign policy, the July Monarchy acted cautiously, but without much success. She could only be "proud" of the bloody conquest of Algeria, which France held until 1962.

The internal situation of France became more and more complicated. The July bourgeois monarchy was the time of the undivided domination of the small elite of the bourgeoisie, the so-called "moneybags". The robbery of the country by bankers and speculators gave rise to growing protest. Many opposition political groups have emerged in the country. In the 30s. There were two major uprisings of workers in the second largest city in France - Lyon.

In 1831, the workers of Lyon, seeking higher wages, revolted under the slogan "Live working or die fighting." In 1834 they were already fighting not only for work, but also for the republic. For the first time, the workers joined the political struggle as an independent force independent of the bourgeois leadership. With the help of the army and the police, the authorities brutally suppressed both uprisings and severely punished their participants.

In the 40s. the crisis of the July Monarchy intensified. It was opposed not only by the workers, but also by the petty, middle and even part of the big bourgeoisie.

Revolution of 1848-1849 in France

In 1848-1849. revolutions and national liberation movements swept many European countries. The revolutionary movement acquired its greatest scope in France. The crop failure and the economic crisis of 1847 exacerbated all the contradictions of the July Monarchy and made a new revolution inevitable. It faced the following tasks: overthrowing the domination of the financial elite and opening the way to power for other layers of the bourgeoisie, replacing the monarchy with a republic and democratizing society; improvement of the economic and political position of the workers and petty-bourgeois sections of the population.

Europe during the revolutions of 1830 - 1848. (green - centers of the revolutionary movement of 1830, red - centers of the revolutionary movement of 1848)

The government's ban on the meeting of reformers caused a powerful uprising in Paris that began on February 24, 1848. Louis Philippe immediately abdicated and fled to England. Placed on the throne by the revolution, he was overthrown by the revolution. Power passed to the Provisional Government, which was dominated by supporters of the bourgeois republic and moderate reforms, headed by the famous poet and historian A. Lamartine.

Armed workers had a strong influence on the course of events. At their request, the Provisional Government on February 25, 1848, proclaimed France a republic. It went down in history under the name of the Second Republic (1848-1852). Yielding to the workers, the government carried out a number of reforms: introduced universal suffrage for men over the age of 21; actually recognized the right to work; shortened the working day by one hour; to reduce unemployment organized the so-called national workshops. 100 thousand people signed up for them, who cleaned the squares, repaired the streets, planted trees for two francs a day - there was no other work. At the same time, the government tried to provide large financial benefits to the big bourgeoisie.

In order to get rid of further pressure from the workers, the bourgeois republicans defeated them in open battle.

Before that, they dissolved the national workshops and thereby pushed thousands of workers left without a livelihood into an armed uprising. For four days, from June 23 to June 26, 1848, 45,000 rebels fought on the streets of Paris against 150,000 soldiers loyal to the government and were defeated. There has never been such a bloody battle between the forces of the bourgeois government and the proletariat. Both sides acted brutally, but the vanquished suffered the most. 11 thousand people were killed, 25 thousand were arrested, 3 thousand were sent to hard labor.

The defeat of the June uprising saved the power of the bourgeoisie, but it also doomed the republic: the defeated workers could no longer support it.

At the end of 1848, a republican constitution was adopted and, on its basis, elections were held for the head of the executive branch - the president, as well as for the parliament. Thanks to the votes of the peasants, dissatisfied with the increase in taxes, the nephew of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, who was eager for the imperial crown, was elected president.

On December 2, 1851, on the anniversary of the Austerlitz victory of Napoleon I, Louis Napoleon dispersed parliament by force, and exactly a year later, on December 2, 1852, he was proclaimed emperor under the name of Napoleon III. The Second Republic fell, the Second Empire was established (1852-1870). The revolution has failed. In its content it was a bourgeois-democratic revolution. The leading role in it belonged to the bourgeoisie, but all democratic changes were carried out under the direct pressure of the armed workers.

France during the Second Empire

Napoleon III defended the interests of the big commercial and industrial bourgeoisie and the prosperous peasantry, but did not offend the financial aristocracy that dominated during the years of the July Monarchy. He enjoyed unlimited power. The dictatorial nature of government was most fully manifested in 1852-1860, when almost all democratic rights and freedoms were eliminated in France.

Then the regime of the Second Empire became less rigid. In an effort to bring down the growing dissatisfaction with his policies, Napoleon III made some concessions. He expanded the rights of parliament, permitted strikes and workers' organizations, and introduced freedom of assembly and the press, albeit with restrictions. But these measures did not strengthen the Second Empire. In the parliamentary elections of 1869, the Republicans, opponents of Napoleon III, received a huge number of votes (3 million out of 7.8 million), which testified to the weakness of the regime.

At the same time, the French economy developed very intensively. In the 50-60s. the industrial revolution ended, there was a powerful financial and industrial upsurge. Major cities were overhauled - Lyon, Marseille, Bordeaux and, above all, Paris. Agricultural mechanization took place.

In foreign policy successes alternated with failures. Napoleon III wanted to become the head of Europe, but achieved only a temporary strengthening of the position of the empire. France expanded its colonial possessions (New Caledonia, Senegal, South Vietnam), increased its penetration into China and Japan, but was expelled from Mexico in disgrace, where the rebels shot its protege-emperor.

References:
V. S. Koshelev, I. V. Orzhehovsky, V. I. Sinitsa / World History of the Modern Times XIX - early. XX century., 1998.

The first performance of hired workers known to us took place in Florence in 1343. Four thousand combers

wool took to the streets shouting: "Down with taxes!" "Death

fat townspeople! "Fat townspeople" the masses of Florence called big businessmen, merchants and bankers. Two years later, in 1345, the wool comber Chuto Brandini created an organization of carders and dyers in Florence and called them to political action, but was soon arrested and executed. His arrest and execution sparked a wild carders' strike.

The difficult financial situation of hired workers led in the second half of the XIV century. to a number of major uprisings. In May 1371, an uprising of woolen workers broke out in Perugia. Two months later, an even more formidable uprising began in Siena. At the beginning of July, the exhausted carders demanded that their employers increase their wages. Having been refused, they moved to the palace of the signoria, but they could not penetrate it. Their leaders were captured, tortured and sentenced to death. Then the rebels armed themselves, laid siege to the palace of the signoria and achieved the release of the condemned - Francesco d "Agnolo and their other leaders. The rebellious woolen workers were supported by other artisans. In Siena, the government of the "skinny people" was formed, as hired workers were called in many cities of Italy at that time, and also small artisans and merchants. Francesco d "Agnolo also joined the new government.

The masses had neither the experience of government nor a clear political program.

The old order was preserved in the city, the former owners continued to own workshops and shops, only the most hated exploiters were expelled. The wealthy townspeople took advantage of the new government's inexperience and indecisiveness. Not daring to openly oppose the people's government, they led their agents into government bodies and bribed the "captain of the people" Francino Naddo, who was in charge of protecting the city. Naddo was supposed to open the gates of the city and let the detachments of feudal lords recruited in the Sienese lands into it. These detachments were ready to link up with the militia of the city's rich. The feudal lords and the city's rich in the face of the insurgent people forgot their feuds. The traitor Francino Naddo was exposed and arrested, but it came too late. Pre-prepared detachments of armed wealthy citizens suddenly laid siege to the palace.

The government of the rebels did not expect this attack, and besides, it could only count on the support of the poor (“dispossessed”), since most of the small merchants and some of the artisans left it at a decisive moment. The split that occurred in the camp of the “lean people” was explained by the inequality in the social status of artisans and small traders, who were private owners, and the “destitute”, poor people. The uprising failed. Detachments of wealthy citizens brutally killed the poor, without distinction of age and sex. “There was no pity towards them, so as not to encourage those who coveted a lot, but had nothing,” the chronicler wrote.

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The first uprisings of wage workers

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The first performance of hired workers known to us took place in Florence in 1343.

Four thousand wool carders took to the streets shouting, "Down with taxes!" "Death to the Fat Citizens!"

"Fat townspeople" the masses of Florence called big businessmen, merchants and bankers.

Two years later, in 1345, the wool comber Chuto Brandini created an organization of carders and dyers in Florence and called them to political action, but was soon arrested and executed. His arrest and execution sparked a wild carders' strike.

At the beginning of July, the exhausted carders demanded that their employers increase their wages. Having received a refusal, they moved to the palace of the signoria, but they could not penetrate it.

The Signoria was the government body in Perugia, Siena, Florence and other Italian city-republics. Formally, the signoria was isolated by the entire people, in fact, a minority of the townspeople were members of the workshops.

Their leaders were captured, tortured and sentenced to death.

Then the rebels armed themselves, besieged the palace of the signoria and achieved the release of the condemned - Francesco d "Agnolo and their other leaders.

The rebellious wool workers were supported by other artisans. In Siena, the government of the "skinny people" was formed, as hired workers, as well as small artisans and merchants, were called in many cities of Italy at that time. Francesco d'Agnolo also joined the new government.

The masses had neither the experience of government nor a clear political program. The old order was preserved in the city, the former owners continued to own workshops and shops, only the most hated exploiters were expelled.

The wealthy townspeople took advantage of the new government's inexperience and indecisiveness.

Not daring to openly oppose the people's government, they led their agents into government bodies and bribed the "captain of the people" Francino Naddo, who was in charge of protecting the city.

Naddo was supposed to open the gates of the city and let the detachments of feudal lords recruited in the Sienese lands into it. These detachments were ready to link up with the militia of the city's rich. The feudal lords and the city's rich in the face of the insurgent people forgot their feuds.

The traitor Francino Naddo was exposed and arrested, but it came too late. Pre-prepared detachments of armed wealthy citizens suddenly laid siege to the palace.

The split that occurred in the camp of the “lean people” was explained by the inequality in the social status of artisans and small traders, who were private owners, and the “destitute”, poor people.

The uprising failed.

Detachments of wealthy citizens brutally killed the poor, without distinction of age and sex.

“There was no pity towards them, so as not to encourage those who coveted a lot, but had nothing,” the chronicler wrote.