Favorable environmental factors impact on health. Which is detrimental to health. Environmental impact

Why should a person take care of their health? A person takes care of his health, because his future, well-being, and lifestyle depend on it.

Factors positively affecting health

Rejection bad habits
balanced diet
State of the environment
physical activity
hardening
Personal hygiene
daily regime

Balanced diet. It is an important component of metabolic processes in the body, provides it necessary energy, without which physical activity is completely impossible. Food should provide our body with all the necessary vitamins and minerals. All these substances are simply necessary to ensure proper life. For efficiency food taken influenced by the following factors:

Origin of products. They should contain only natural ingredients.
The number of calories contained in foods should correspond to the physical and intellectual stress of a person.
Eating should be carried out only when necessary, and not when there is a desire to taste something tasty.

If at least one recommendation is violated, then there will be a possibility of failure in the activity of the whole organism or certain organs. As a result, health will deteriorate and immunity will decrease, a person will not be able to work productively. Most often, the result malnutrition is overweight, the appearance of diabetes, the occurrence of many other diseases.

Motor activity provides muscle tone, the proper functioning of all organs. Sport is tightly connected with the science of a healthy lifestyle, without it there can be no question of healthy body and excellent condition figures. The state of muscular, respiratory, nervous and all other components of the body depends on sports loads. Systematic exercises help to improve the whole image of a person, the figure becomes slim and graceful.

Rejection of bad habits. One of critical factors to maintain health is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These violators of health are the cause of many diseases, drastically reduce life expectancy, reduce efficiency, adversely affect the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

hardening- an obligatory element of physical education, especially important for young people, as it is of great importance for strengthening health, increasing efficiency, improving well-being, mood and vigor. Hardening, as a factor in increasing the body's resistance to various meteorological conditions, has been used since ancient times.

An important element of a healthy lifestyle is personal hygiene. It includes a rational daily regimen, body care, clothing and footwear hygiene. Special meaning has and daily regime. With proper and strict observance of it, a clear rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed. And this, in turn, creates better conditions for work and recovery.

If you adhere to the basic principles of a healthy lifestyle, you can get a bright and painless future, harmony of soul and body as a reward.

It is human nature to protect health. Some do it with great effort, others with little. And some don't take care of themselves at all. Be that as it may, taking care of your health is a completely natural and necessary conscious human desire.

This conscious desire, in fact, along with the ability to think and talk, distinguishes us from representatives of the animal world. At the same time, it is important to be, as they say, in a trend, that is, sometimes listen to advice from various sources.

In this case, it is essential to separate helpful tips from useless, from myths. We bring to your attention ten persistent myths about human health that have become a habit, which not only have little real basis, but also prevent healthy people from keeping their health safe and sound longer.

There is no need to count the number of glasses of water that you drink per day with pharmaceutical accuracy. Studies have repeatedly proven that it is enough for a thirsty person to drink one glass of water on time to remain completely healthy.

Foods that contain fluid (like soups), vegetables, tea, juices, coffee - all of these also help us replenish the necessary fluid supply in the body throughout the day. And at the same time, there is no need to force yourself to choke on water, following unwritten rules.

A healthy person does not need a lot of water so often: then, for example, when he leads an active lifestyle, lives in a country with a hot climate, eats only solid food during the day. By the way, one of the signs of a lack of fluid in the body is the dark yellow color of urine.

Omelette and scrambled egg lovers, you should relax and stop feeling guilty about your body every time you break eggs into a frying pan. Two eggs a day are in no way able to negatively affect the heart of a healthy person.

Yes, of course, egg yolk contains cholesterol. However, its amount is so small compared to the amount of cholesterol that we absorb during the day with some other foods that for most of us it does not pose any threat.

Moreover: in addition to cholesterol, eggs contain quite healthy nutrients, a number of vitamins and even omega-3-unsaturated fatty acids, which objectively reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.

A few years ago, publications began to appear in various media about the terrible harm of using antiperspirants. Allegedly, their use by female representatives can cause breast cancer in them.

The idea, which was immediately picked up by the most "yellow" online publications, was this: the chemicals contained in antiperspirants and deodorants are absorbed deep into the body when applied to the armpits. Absorbed into the tissues of the mammary glands, these substances allegedly contribute to the formation of a cancerous tumor.

The excitement rose so much that scientists (in particular, representatives of the National Institute of Oncology, USA) really joined the study. As a result, it was proved that the use of antiperspirants and deodorants by women in no way affects the increase in the risk of getting breast cancer.

The impact of habits on human health

Many of us have been frightened of frost by our parents and grandparents since childhood; despite our protests, they wrapped themselves in warm scarves, put on warm knitted hats, limited their stay outside in winter time to the minimum.

But is the cold really so dangerous for a healthy person's body? Can a long stay (not in underwear, of course) on the street in the cold lower our immunity, making us more prone to different kind colds?

In fact, as various studies show, everything happens exactly the opposite: for a healthy person, spending several hours in the cold is a good help for the immune system in its fight against viruses. Thus, it is much more likely to catch a cold indoors than outside in winter.

Almost every person in their life has come across advertisements (on TV, in other media) urging us to improve our health with nutrients that are not in our usual diet.

Of course, if a doctor prescribes, for example, vitamin B 6 to a pregnant woman in order to reduce the risk of having a child with some kind of congenital malformation, then they must be taken.

But a healthy person usually does not need artificial vitamin supplements. A healthy person needs only healthy diet nutrition, including fruits, vegetables, whole grain cereals, nuts, healthy fats and oils. This will help maintain the health of the body without any vitamins.

In the fight against extra pounds, a person who is carried away by this difficult process often listens to completely useless advice that has no scientific basis.

There is a false belief that people who are losing weight should not deny themselves breakfast. Like, it will help them control their hunger by not eating too much at lunch or dinner. But what about those who simply do not like to eat in the morning (and there are many of them!)? As one of the studies by scientists from Cornell University (USA) shows, this statement is unfounded.

People who don't like to eat breakfast usually don't overeat at lunch or dinner. What’s more, without this meal, they consume an average of 400 fewer calories per day. Conclusion: if you can't live without breakfast, have breakfast. But a healthy person without this meal can even throw off a couple of kilos.

Many people have a deep conviction that green snot is an urgent and unambiguous signal to start taking antibiotics. In fact, green nasal discharge does not always indicate a condition that only antibiotics can handle.

In reality, green snot, in which purulent discharge is clearly present, can clearly indicate the need to take antibiotics. Another condition requiring antibiotics is a confirmed bacterial infection. And keyword here - confirmed!

Of course, it is impossible to determine the presence of such an infection at a glance, although studies do prove a higher probability. bacterial infection especially in the case of the presence of green secretions. However, green snot also occurs with a common cold; and infectious diseases may be present in the case of clear secretions from the nose.

Factors whose influence on our health has been overestimated

Sugar makes kids hyperactive

Is your child sad for no reason? Buy your child his favorite sweet treat and he will probably jump for joy. Does that mean sugar made him hyperactive? No more than a gift in the form of, say, a new smartphone can increase your hyperactivity.

Of course, repeated studies confirm the fact that sugar is clearly not a product of the category of essentials for child's body. However, the presence of sweets in a child's diet is not able to spoil his activity at school by affecting his attentiveness (and this is exactly what hyperactivity is blamed for!).

Fortitude this myth parents themselves are largely to blame, who, having once heard about the effect of sugar on children's hyperactivity, now involuntarily expect their child to demonstrate this condition after he (or she) eats something sweet. And some, not seeing one, begin to invent it for themselves.

A toilet seat in a public toilet is a source of infection

A topic such as the cleanliness of the toilet is still considered delicate by many. To be frank, you are much less likely to catch some kind of infection if you sat down, say, in a shopping center on a toilet seat than when you press the water drain button.

Indeed, as studies show, a toilet seat in a decent public toilet is processed much more thoroughly when cleaning the room with cleaning products than, for example, the same drain button or door handle.

The likelihood of "coming into contact" with some E. coli or norovirus, which will lead to an intestinal infection, is just higher when the toilet door is opened. That is why after visiting the toilet, when you have already washed your hands, it is recommended to throw a piece of toilet paper over the handle to open the door.

Cracking the knuckles of the fingers in a decent society is, of course, ugly. And if you do it extremely persistently, perhaps there is a chance of getting hit in the neck from some especially nervous person! But this, in fact, is the only harm that this activity can pose to your health.

Many people mistakenly believe that the clicking sound that we hear during the characteristic finger manipulation is made by joints or even bones. If a we are talking about a person who already has arthritis, then this is quite likely. In fact, the sound source may be different.

When a healthy person (without arthritis) cracks his fingers, he reduces the pressure in the interarticular fluid. In this case, gas is released, which forms bubbles that burst with such a familiar to many (and sometimes annoying!) sound. This does not mean that you can "crunch" from morning to evening. But several times a day to stretch your fingers is perfectly acceptable.

Human health is a combination of physical, spiritual and social well-being. Just the absence of disease is not a sign of good health. That's why factors affecting human health quite different. These factors include heredity, environment, level medical care and lifestyle of a person. Further more details about each of them.

Heredity or genetics have about 15-20% on human health. A person is born with certain genes that he received from his parents. Needs, abilities, predispositions and inclinations are largely dictated by heredity. With genes, a person receives talents, dominant needs, interests and desires, a predisposition to diseases and bad habits.

The gene program should not be ignored.

To live in harmony with yourself and be a healthy person, you need to choose the best way of life for yourself according to your heredity. Conflicting with his gene program, a person violates the adaptation mechanism of the body, which leads to physical and mental disorder.

The environment is one of the key factors influencing health. This influence is estimated by experts at 20-25%. The human environment is complete system natural and anthropogenic objects and phenomena in which a person's life takes place: his work, rest, life.

Man exists in an environment consisting of natural and artificially created physical, chemical, biological and social factors.

It is these factors that directly or indirectly affect the life and health of all people on the planet. A person participates in the circulation in the general circulation of substances, since the human body is inextricably linked with the components of the biosphere: plants, animals, microorganisms, etc.

Human health is largely influenced by the quality of air and water, but at the same time, the person himself is main reason, according to which these resources become less. The ecological situation in some regions of our planet has deteriorated so much over the past decades that it causes not only a number of diseases, but also various mutations. Therefore, it is very important to protect the environment in order to preserve clean air and water for our descendants.

The quality of medical care affects the level of health of the population within 10-15%. The health care system, of course, plays an important role in the health of the population of a country. Here, the key factors are the level of qualification of medical personnel, enough medical staff, the availability of medical services, medicines, the level of disease prevention and public awareness.

The main factor on which the state of human health depends is the conditions and lifestyle. 50-55% of human health depends on this factor. A person consists of his habits, which form his body, thinking, mood. Habits can be both negative (smoking, alcohol addiction, overeating, etc.), and positive (playing sports, music, drawing, etc.).

A healthy lifestyle consists of three components:

food culture. Proper nutrition contributes to the natural assimilation of food, which does not cause problems with a lack or excess of kilocalories, trace elements and vitamins;
movement culture. Movement is life and sport is an excellent way to prolong it, fill your body with energy and set the rhythm;
culture of emotions. Positive emotions have the ability not only to preserve the nervous system, but also to prolong life.

Let heredity and ecology are not subject to ordinary person but everyone can lead a healthy lifestyle and live in harmony with themselves and others.

On conditionhealth human influence various indicators. To keep good physical form and remain psycho-emotionally stable, you need to pay attention to the quality of your life in a multifactorial natural and social environment. What are the known factors affecting people's health and how to live more long life, learn from the article.

In contact with

Known Factors

Human health can be affected by various visible and invisible factors. Also known are ways to improve the physical, emotional, psychological state.

All factors affecting human health:

genetics;
medicine, healthcare;
: climate, flora, landscape;
Lifestyle;
physical;
biological;
chemical.

Experts classify the above factors to the following types:

Social and economic;
Ecological - human communication with the outside world and constant indicators;
Hereditary - the presence of diseases, anomalies in the structure of the human body, inherited;
Medical - providing assistance to the population, the frequency and quality of examinations, disease prevention.

All four factors directly affect a person's well-being. Here side effects to consider: age, climatic conditions of the area of residence, individual indicators. However, the general average indicators of the influence of each factor separately on the population are determined:

lifestyle — 55%;
environment - 25%;
genetics - 10%;
medicine - 10%.

Harmful factors affecting human health:

harmful addictions;
incorrect distribution of working time;
wrong diet;
poor living conditions;
poor environmental conditions;
chemically polluted atmosphere;
biological factors;
lack of medical examination;
genetic predisposition to disease.

Influence of genetic factors

For general health directly affectsheredity.

A person with genes inherited from his parents begins to adapt to the world.

This factor affects the physical and emotional state.

The gene is subject to natural selection.

It can make the owner more resistant to diseases and other aggressive factors, or, on the contrary, worsen the state of health.

Important! Each cell carries a large number of genes that control the processes of human development. A newborn baby has a set of genes from both parents. These traits are passed on to the next generation.

It has been proven that marriage between relatives increases the risk of diseases by fifty times, the mortality rate among such people is much higher. Genes are very sensitive to the harmful effects of the environment, the wrong behavior of people, having bad habits.

When planning a child, future parents should prepare for conception several months in advance, providing all the conditions for the birth of a healthy baby. If this factor is foreseen, then it is possible to significantly reduce the risk of the influence of heredity on the unborn child and lay down a healthy gene code for him.

Influence of lifestyle

The impact of lifestyle on human health is enormous! A person who leads a healthy lifestyle feels full of energy, visits doctors less often and has clearly more advantages than those who do not follow their health and have bad habits.

Lifestyle has an impact into three environments:

the closest environment of a person: friends, acquaintances, colleagues, family;
an environment that includes people united by ethnicity, standard of living, place of residence;
an environment that includes all people living in a particular country, who are united by social and economic relations, climatic conditions.

Each person has an impact not only on himself, but also on the people around him. The chosen way of life can be constructive or destructive.

Negative factors such as alcohol, smoking, drugs, can cause serious illness.

Also, lifestyle concerns not only physical, but also mental, mental aspects.

A lot is said about a person by what he is fond of, whether he goes in for sports, whether he follows his diet.

Attention! Scientists have found that bad habits are passed on through the parental line even after several generations. This means that any incorrect choice fraught with health loss in offspring.

It is important that at the national level a positive outlook on . To change the situation, you need to understand what impact the following factors have on human health:

inactivity, lack of physical activity of the population;
glut of junk food and GMOs in products, which leads to obesity and disease;
the active rhythm of life leads to stress, the nervous system suffers;
bad habits: alcohol, smoking, sexual promiscuity.

Environmental influence

Influence of environmental factors for a healthy lifestyle is huge. Human intervention in natural environment, even with good intentions, also has a direct impact on the environment, and it subsequently affects human body.

In addition to human impact on the ecological situation, the following environmental factors influence health:

temperature;
air humidity;
vibration;
radiation;
wind gusts,;
electromagnetic and sound vibrations.

For well-being and normal life influenced by weather conditions. They can cause pressure drops, exacerbate joint diseases, and lead to headaches.

If a person is healthy, then the change in weather conditions will pass without consequences. However weather sensitive people feel unwell.

AT recent times a person constantly experiences the influence of electromagnetic waves, radiation. It is emitted by all household appliances, telephones. Radiation affects not only the physical state of the body, but also destabilizes the psyche, changes the functioning of organs.

Important! The regular influence of electromagnetic waves adversely affects the nervous system, immunity, thyroid gland,. For several decades, the number of oncological pathologies has increased.

Environmental factors include the influence of radiation. All living beings are exposed to background radiation. Radiation leads to a change in the genetic structure, slows down the regeneration processes, impairs the function of the digestive tract.

Socio-economic factors

The economic situation in the country, as a factor, is one of the decisive ones for the health of the population. This also includes medical care. Although now medicine is less and less focused on health, and more and more on the treatment of diseases. Currently, the structure of morbidity has changed: infections are ill in 10% of cases, and 40% of the incidence is due to mental disorders, alcoholism, and drug addiction.

Important! Of the majority of deaths, the most common causes are due to diseases such as: atherosclerosis, obesity, mental disorders, oncology.

Now medicine is aimed at treating these pathologies, and not at preventing the problem.

Chemical Factors

Chemical pollution of the planet- this is far from a fairy tale, but a reality in which we live constantly. Even in the womb, the fetus is at risk of getting chemical harm which affects health and quality of life.

Pollution of water bodies, increased radiation background - all this becomes the cause of huge amount diseases.

Chemical compounds penetrate through food, oxygen, and drink. Negative influence may have the following chemical factors:

synthetic food additives, pesticides;
household chemicals, hygiene products;
medicines and biological additives;
additives for the growth of animals, birds;
building materials, paints;
industrial waste;
exhaust gases, etc.

Chemical elements especially dangerous due to the rapid accumulation in the body, and it is not so easy to remove them. As a result, the human body is prone to manifestation allergic reactions develop various pathologies associated with nervous diseases, the liver and kidneys are affected. There is a risk of developing asthma.

Among the many facts about a person, I would like to note the following:

The human skull is made up of twenty-nine bones;
the body stops working when sneezing, including heart function;
the nervous reaction has a speed of two hundred kilometers per hour;
the child still in the womb at 3 months receives unique fingerprints;
a woman's heart beats faster than a man's;
right-handers live longer than left-handers;
length of blood vessels in the body equals one hundred thousand km;
there are about a hundred viruses that cause a runny nose;
a smoker absorbs half a cup of tar in a year;
after 60 people lose 50% taste buds, decreased sense of smell, vision;
a tooth is the only part of a person that is not capable of self-healing.\

What affects our health

The main factors that affect the body

Conclusion

Harmful factors affecting human health can be reduced if you are attentive to your body, give up bad habits, improve your diet, and play sports. Healthy people can adapt in time to social, biological, chemical factors. Human - single organism on a planet that has the ability to adapt the environment to suit itself. Be healthy!

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Hosted at http://www.allbest.ru

Introduction

A person throughout his life is under the constant influence of a number of environmental factors - from environmental to social. In addition to individual biological features all of them directly affect its vital activity, health and, ultimately, life expectancy. The data show that greatest influence lifestyle affects health. Almost half of all cases of diseases depend on it. The second place in terms of impact on health is occupied by the state of the human environment (at least one third of diseases are determined by adverse environmental influences). Heredity causes about 20% of diseases.

A healthy organism constantly ensures the optimal functioning of all its systems in response to any changes in the environment. Preservation of optimal human life in interaction with the environment is determined by the fact that for his body there is a certain physiological limit of endurance in relation to any environmental factor, and beyond the limit this factor will inevitably have a depressing effect on human health. For example, as tests have shown, in urban conditions, factors affecting health are divided into five main groups: residential environment, factors of production, social, biological and individual lifestyle.

Of great concern is the fact that currently Russian Federation in terms of mortality and medium duration life steadily occupies one of last places among industrialized countries.

1. Smoking

Smoking is the inhalation of the smoke of preparations, mainly of plant origin, smoldering in the inhaled air stream, in order to saturate the body with the substances contained in them. active substances by their sublimation and subsequent absorption in the lungs and respiratory tract. As a rule, it is used for the use of smoking mixtures that have narcotic properties due to the rapid flow of blood saturated with psychoactive substances into the brain.

Studies have proven the harm of smoking. Tobacco smoke contains more than 30 toxic substances: Nicotine, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrocyanic acid, Ammonia, Resinous substances, organic acids and others.

Statistics say: compared to non-smokers, long-term smokers are 13 times more likely to develop angina pectoris, 12 times more likely to have myocardial infarction, and 10 times more likely to get stomach ulcers. Smokers make up 96 - 100 % of all lung cancer patients. One in seven long-term smokers gets sick obliterating endarteritis- a severe disease of the blood vessels.

Nicotine is a nerve poison. In experiments on animals and observations on humans, it has been established that nicotine in small doses excites nerve cells, contributes to increased respiration and heart rate, heart rhythm disturbance, nausea and vomiting. In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of cells CNS, including vegetative. Disorder nervous system manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of hands, weakening of memory.

Nicotine also affects the endocrine glands, in particular the adrenal glands, which at the same time release the hormone adrenaline into the blood, spasmodic blood vessels, increase blood pressure and increased heart rate. Adversely affecting the sex glands, nicotine contributes to the development of sexual weakness in men - impotence.

Smoking is especially harmful to children and teenagers. The nervous and circulatory systems, which are not yet strong, react painfully to tobacco.

In addition to nicotine negative impact provide other components tobacco smoke. When carbon monoxide enters the body, oxygen starvation develops, due to the fact that carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin more easily than oxygen and is delivered with blood to all human tissues and organs. Cancer people who smoke occurs 20 times more often than non-smokers. The longer a person smokes, the more likely he is to die from this serious disease. Statistical studies have shown that people who smoke often have cancerous tumors and other organs - the esophagus, stomach, larynx, kidneys. It is not uncommon for smokers to develop cancer of the lower lip due to the carcinogenic effect of the extract accumulating in the mouthpiece of the pipe.

Very often, smoking leads to the development of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by persistent cough and bad breath. As a result of chronic inflammation, the bronchi expand, bronchiectasis is formed with severe consequences- pneumosclerosis leading to circulatory failure. Often smokers experience pain in the heart. This is due to a spasm of the coronary vessels that feed the heart muscle with the development of angina pectoris (coronary heart failure). Myocardial infarction in smokers occurs 3 times more often than in non-smokers.

Smokers endanger not only themselves, but also those around them. In medicine, even the term " Second hand smoke". In the body of non-smokers after staying in a smoky and unventilated room, a significant concentration of nicotine is determined.

For countries and territories of the world that provide relevant information to WHO, adult tobacco smoking prevalence ranges from 4% in Libya to 54% in Nauru. The top ten countries in which tobacco smoking is most widespread include, in addition to Nauru, Guinea, Namibia, and Kenya. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mongolia, Yemen, Sao Tome and Principe, Turkey, Romania. Russia in this series of 153 countries ranks 33rd (37% of smokers among the adult population). However, despite the fact that, for example, the United States in this series is in 98th place (24%), cigarette consumption here on average per capita is higher than in many countries of the world with a higher prevalence of smoking among the adult population. If in the United States an average of about 6 cigarettes per capita is consumed daily (that is, including children and all non-smokers), then in Russia it is less than 5. And the highest level of per capita consumption of cigarettes is in Greece - almost 12 pieces per day per person.

2. Alcoholism

The thief of reason - this is how alcohol has been called since ancient times. People learned about the intoxicating properties of alcoholic beverages at least 8000 years before our era - with the advent of ceramic dishes, which made it possible to make alcoholic beverages from honey, fruit juices and wild grapes. Perhaps winemaking arose even before the beginning of cultivated agriculture. So, the famous traveler N.N. Miklukho-Maclay observed the Papuans of New Guinea, who still did not know how to make fire, but who already knew how to prepare intoxicating drinks. pure alcohol the Arabs began to receive it in the 6th-7th centuries and called it "al cogol", which means "intoxicating". The first bottle of vodka was made by the Arab Ragez in 860. The distillation of wine to obtain alcohol sharply aggravated drunkenness. It is possible that this was the reason for the ban on the use of alcoholic beverages by the founder of Islam (the Muslim religion) Muhammad (Mohammed, 570-632). This prohibition was subsequently included in the code of Muslim laws - the Koran (7th century). Since then, for 12 centuries, alcohol was not consumed in Muslim countries, and the apostates of this law (drunkards) were severely punished.

But even in Asian countries, where the consumption of wine was forbidden by religion (the Koran), the cult of wine still flourished and was sung in verse.

In the Middle Ages in Western Europe also learned how to obtain strong alcoholic beverages by sublimation of wine and other fermenting sugary liquids. According to legend, this operation was first performed by the Italian monk alchemist Valentius. After trying the newly obtained product and coming into a state of extreme intoxication. The alchemist declared that he had discovered a miraculous elixir that makes an old man young, tired, cheerful, yearning cheerful.

Since then, strong alcoholic beverages have quickly spread throughout the world, primarily due to the constantly growing industrial production of alcohol from cheap raw materials (potatoes, sugar production waste, etc.).

The spread of drunkenness in Russia is connected with the policy of the ruling classes. An opinion was even created that drunkenness is supposedly an ancient tradition of the Russian people. At the same time, they referred to the words of the chronicle: "Fun in Russia is to drink." But this is a slander against the Russian nation. Russian historian and ethnographer, expert on the customs and mores of the people, Professor N.I. Kostomarov (1817-1885) completely refuted this opinion. He proved that in ancient Russia they drank very little. Only on selected holidays they brewed mead, mash or beer, the strength of which did not exceed 5-10 degrees. The cup was passed around in circles, and everyone drank a few sips from it. On weekdays, no alcoholic drinks were allowed, and drunkenness was considered the greatest shame and sin.

The problem of alcohol consumption is very relevant today. Now the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the world is characterized by huge numbers. The whole society suffers from this, but first of all, the younger generation is at risk: children, adolescents, youth, as well as the health of expectant mothers. After all, alcohol has a particularly active effect on the unformed body, gradually destroying it.

The harm of alcohol is obvious. It has been proven that when alcohol enters the body, it spreads through the blood to all organs and adversely affects them up to destruction.

With the systematic use of alcohol develops dangerous disease- alcoholism. Alcoholism is dangerous to human health, but it is curable, like many other diseases.

But the main problem is that most of the alcoholic products produced by non-state enterprises contain a large amount of toxic substances. Poor quality products often lead to poisoning and even death.

All this causes great damage to society, its cultural values.

The reasons for the first initiation to alcohol are varied. But their characteristic changes depending on age are traced.

Until the age of 11, the first acquaintance with alcohol occurs either by chance, or it is given “for appetite”, “treated” with wine, or the child himself tastes alcohol out of curiosity (a motive mainly inherent in boys). At an older age, traditional occasions become the motives for the first use of alcohol: “holiday”, “family celebration”, “guests”, etc. From the age of 14-15, such reasons appear as “it was inconvenient to be left behind the guys”, “friends persuaded”, “for the company”, “for courage”, etc. Boys are characterized by all these groups of motives for the first acquaintance with alcohol. For girls, the second, "traditional" group of motives is mainly typical. Usually it happens, so to speak, an “innocent” glass in honor of a birthday or other celebration.

The second group of alcohol consumption motives, which form drunkenness as a type of behavior of offenders, deserves special attention. Among these motives is the desire to get rid of boredom. In psychology, boredom is a special mental state of a person associated with emotional hunger. Adolescents in this category have significantly weakened or lost interest in cognitive activity. Adolescents who drink alcohol almost do not engage in social activities. Significant shifts are observed in the sphere of leisure. Finally, some teenagers consume alcohol to relieve themselves of stress, to free themselves from unpleasant experiences. A tense, anxious state may arise in connection with their certain position in the family, school community.

But not only teenagers drink alcohol regularly, and despite the widespread development of anti-alcohol propaganda, many adults are not even aware of the extent of the harm caused by alcohol to the body.

The fact is that in everyday life there are many myths about the benefits of alcoholic beverages. It is believed, for example, that alcohol has a therapeutic effect, not only for colds, but also for a number of other diseases, including gastrointestinal tract such as stomach ulcers. Doctors, on the contrary, believe that a peptic ulcer patient should absolutely not take alcohol. Where is the truth? After all, small doses of alcohol de really whet the appetite.

Or another belief that exists among people: alcohol excites, invigorates, improves mood, well-being, makes the conversation more lively and interesting, which is important for the company of young people. It is not for nothing that alcohol is taken “against fatigue”, with ailments, and at almost all festivities. Moreover, there is an opinion that alcohol is a high-calorie product that quickly provides the energy needs of the body, which is important, for example, during a hike, etc. And in beer and dry grape wines, in addition, there is a whole set of vitamins and aromatic substances. In medical practice, the bacteriostatic properties of alcohol are used, using it for disinfection (for injections, etc.), preparation of medicines, but by no means for the treatment of diseases.

So, alcohol is taken to cheer up, to warm the body, to prevent and treat diseases, in particular as a disinfectant, as well as a means of increasing appetite and an energetically valuable product. Is it really as useful as it is commonly believed?

One of the Pirogov congresses of Russian doctors adopted a resolution on the dangers of alcohol: “ there is not a single organ in the human body that has not been subjected to destructive action alcohol; alcohol does not have any such action that could not be achieved by another remedy, acting healthier, safer and more reliable. Not such a morbid condition in which it is necessary to prescribe alcohol for any length of time. So the reasoning about the benefits of alcohol is still just a common misconception.

Alcohol from the stomach enters the bloodstream two minutes after drinking. The blood carries it to all cells of the body. First of all, the cells of the cerebral hemispheres suffer. The conditioned reflex activity of a person worsens, the formation of complex movements slows down, the ratio of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system changes. Under the influence of alcohol, voluntary movements are disturbed, a person loses there is the ability to manage oneself.

The penetration of alcohol to the cells of the frontal lobe of the cortex liberates the emotions of a person, unjustified joy, stupid laughter, lightness in judgments appear. Following the increasing excitation in the cerebral cortex, there is a sharp weakening of the processes of inhibition. The cortex ceases to control the work of the lower parts of the brain. A person loses restraint, modesty, he says and does what he never said and would not do when sober. Each new portion of alcohol paralyzes the higher nerve centers more and more, as if connecting them and not allowing them to interfere with the activity of the lower parts of the brain: coordination of movements is disturbed, for example, eye movement (objects begin to double), an awkward staggering gait appears.

Violation of the nervous system and internal organs is observed with any use of alcohol: one-time, episodic and systematic.

It is known that disorders of the nervous system are directly related to the concentration of alcohol in human blood. When the amount of alcohol is 0.04-0.05 percent, the cerebral cortex turns off, the person loses control over himself, loses the ability to reason rationally. At a blood alcohol concentration of 0.1 percent, the deeper parts of the brain that control movement are inhibited. Human movements become uncertain and are accompanied by causeless joy, revival, fussiness. However, in 15 percent of people, alcohol can cause despondency, a desire to fall asleep. As the alcohol content in the blood increases, a person's ability to hear and see is weakened, and the speed of motor reactions is blunted. An alcohol concentration of 0.2 percent affects areas of the brain that control emotional behavior person. At the same time, base instincts are awakened, sudden aggressiveness appears. With a blood alcohol concentration of 0.3 percent, a person, although he is conscious, does not understand what he sees and hears. This state is called alcoholic stupefaction.

Systematic, excessive alcohol consumption can cause zheloe disease - alcoholism.

Alcoholism is the regular, compulsive consumption of large amounts of alcohol over a period of long period time. Let's take a look at what alcohol can do to our body.

Blood. Alcohol inhibits the production of platelets, as well as white and red blood cells. Outcome: anemia, infections, bleeding.

Brain. Alcohol slows down blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, leading to a constant oxygen starvation its cells, resulting in weakening of memory and slow mental degradation. Early sclerotic changes develop in the vessels, and the risk of cerebral hemorrhage increases.

Heart. Alcohol abuse causes an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood, persistent hypertension and myocardial dystrophy. Cardiovascular insufficiency puts the patient on the edge of the grave. Alcoholic myopathy: muscle degeneration as a result of alcoholism. The reasons for this are not using the muscles, poor diet and alcohol damage to the nervous system. In alcoholic cardiomyopathy, the heart muscle is affected.

Intestines. Constant exposure to alcohol on the wall small intestine leads to a change in the structure of cells, and they lose their ability to fully absorb nutrients and mineral components, which ends with the depletion of the body of an alcoholic. Constant inflammation of the stomach and later the intestines causes ulcers of the digestive organs.

Liver. This organ suffers from alcohol the most: inflammatory process(hepatitis), and then cicatricial degeneration (cirrhosis). The liver ceases to perform its function of decontaminating toxic metabolic products, producing blood proteins, and others. important features leading to the inevitable death of the patient. Cirrhosis is an insidious disease: it slowly creeps up on a person, and then beats, and immediately to death. The cause of the disease is the toxic effects of alcohol.

Pancreas. Alcoholic patients are 10 times more likely to develop diabetes than non-drinkers: alcohol destroys the pancreas, the organ that produces insulin, and profoundly perverts metabolism.

Leather. drinking man almost always looks older than his years: his skin very soon loses its elasticity and ages prematurely.

3. Addiction

Any drug is chemical compound which affects the functioning of the body. Drug addiction (this word was formed from the Greek. narkz numbness, sleep + mania madness, passion, attraction) - chronic diseases caused by drug or non-drug drug abuse. This is dependence on intoxicating substances, a state of mental and physical addiction from an intoxicating substance acting on the central nervous system, changing tolerance to drug with a tendency to increase doses and the development of physical dependence.

It may seem that drugs appeared not so long ago, which is associated with the development of chemistry, medicine and other sciences, as well as with rapid scientific and technological progress. However, it is not. Drugs have been known to people for thousands of years. They were consumed by people of different cultures and for different purposes: during religious rites, to restore strength, to change consciousness, to relieve pain and discomfort. Already in the pre-literate period, we have evidence that people knew and used psychoactive chemicals: alcohol and plants, the consumption of which affects consciousness. Archaeological studies have shown that already in 6400 BC. people knew beer and some other alcoholic drinks. Obviously, fermentation processes were discovered by chance (grape wine, by the way, appeared only in the 4th-3rd centuries BC). The first written evidence of the use of intoxicants is the story of Noah's drunkenness from the Book of Genesis. Various plants were also used, causing physiological and mental changes, usually in religious rites or during medical procedures.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, there were practically no restrictions on the production and consumption of drugs. Attempts have sometimes been made to reduce or even ban the use of certain substances, but these have been short-lived and generally unsuccessful. For example, tobacco, coffee and tea were initially met with hostility by Europe. The first European who smoked tobacco - Columbus' companion Rodrigo de Jerez - upon arrival in Spain was imprisoned, as the authorities decided that he was possessed by the devil. There have been several attempts to outlaw coffee and tea. There are also cases when the state did not prohibit drugs, but, on the contrary, contributed to the prosperity of their trade. best example- armed conflicts between Great Britain and China in the middle of the 19th century. They are called the Opium Wars because English merchants brought opium into China. By the middle of the 19th century, several million Chinese were addicted to opium. At this time, China certainly came out on top in the world in the consumption of opium, most of which was grown in India and smuggled into the country by the British. The Chinese government passed many laws to control the import of opium, but none of them had the desired effect.

It doesn't take long for people to become drug addicts. Much depends on the individual characteristics of the person taking the drugs. In some cases, addiction to herbal and chemical preparations occurs, almost the first time, while in others it takes weeks, months and even years. There are a variety of judgments about the typology of the personality of drug users, each of which has the right to independent existence. Below are the conclusions of one of the theories of the identity of drug users, the founders of which are E.A. Babayan and A.N. Sergeev. The category of people under consideration includes five conditional groups, including:

1. Experimenters. The largest population of all five groups. It includes people who did not return to this harmful occupation after the first acquaintance with drugs.

2. Occasional consumers. These include mainly those who resort to drugs due to circumstances. For example, in a dubious company, a young man, fearing to be branded as a “black sheep”, boldly rolls up his shirt sleeve for heroin injection. Outside of these or other circumstances, these people do not have a desire to take drugs.

3. Systematic consumers. They take drugs according to a certain pattern. For example, on your birthday, on the occasion of achieving significant result in work, once a quarter, etc. It is naively believed that this self-deception will remain without any negative consequences for the psyche and physiology.

4. Regular customers. Consistently formed from the first three groups. Often, they are psychologically addicted to drugs and already because of this they are forced to take drugs not only on the occasion of a “significant event”, but because of the formation of a habit.

5. Patients with drug addiction. The last group is a natural result of taking drugs without a doctor's prescription. Individuals included in it are often dependent on drugs not only mentally, but also physically. According to some estimates, up to 0.5 million people can be classified as drug addicts in Russia.

The first four groups are so-called behavioral and require primarily educational measures, but the fifth group really needs not only qualified treatment, but also social rehabilitation.

As seen from outpatient cards 11.4% of children who use intoxicants for less than 1 year, 46.7% from 1 to 2 years old, and 36.3% from 3 to 5 years old, over 5 years - within 1% of adolescents. The average duration of non-medical drug use is 2.3 years. Five years ago, this indicator did not exceed 0.6-1.5 years, and ten years ago it was measured in days, or even hours. The weighted average time interval between the onset of drug use and registration at a drug addiction dispensary is 1.2 years (previously - 0.3-0.5 years).

The change in the way drugs are taken is that intravenous drug use is becoming more widespread among children. This trend has particularly affected neglected youth.

For the sake of clarity, let's consider two groups of drug users - students of schools who are not under the supervision of a narcologist, but who have experience in non-medical administration of drugs, and already established patients of a narcological dispensary.

From the table below, one can trace the qualitative difference between both groups of drug users.

It lies in the commitment of schoolchildren to smoking cannabis derivatives, while neglected teenagers who have become the objects of attention of narcologists use a syringe much more often, inhale toxic substances and cocaine (by 15.5 and 5.2 times, respectively).

Table 1. Modes of drug use among adolescents

The above information shows that the regularity of the gradual and inevitable transition of minors from the use of so-called "soft" drugs to "hard" or "hard" drugs acquires characteristics accelerated in time.

When we talk about drug addiction and the study of the pathogenesis of these diseases, we must clearly understand that this disease is very complex.

The influence of drugs can be divided into three groups:

The first group - influence on certain structures of the brain, causing the development of addiction syndrome;

The second is that drugs have a lot of toxic effects on almost all organs and systems: the heart, liver, stomach, brain, etc.

And, finally, the third group, which we consider very important, is the effect on offspring. It has now been proven that children born to parents with drug addiction have an increased biological risk of drug addiction, and most of them show all kinds of behavioral changes: aggressiveness, irritability, psychopathy, depression. In addition, drug use leads to the birth of a child with an addiction syndrome.

More and more evidence is accumulating that parental drug abuse has some effect on offspring, and not even for one generation. This is very important question. For example, “fetal drug syndrome” is a disease that occurs when a mother during pregnancy uses drugs that act directly on the fetus. This organic pathology of the brain can be expressed to varying degrees: certain characteristic changes in the skull, dementia, etc. In addition, functional changes in the nervous system (hyperexcitability, emotional instability to depressive reactions, etc.) are widespread in these children. In Lvov, a survey was conducted of children born to drug-addicted fathers and mothers. These children were divided into two age groups: one included children under 25 years old, the other - over 25 years old.

Children of the 1st group, born to fathers of drug addicts, were found to have neurotic reactions (33%), attention deficit (19%), bedwetting (9%), mental retardation(10%), somatic pathology (38%). Only 25% were healthy. There were 75% of children with some or other deviations (Table 2).

Table 2. Frequency of mental and somatic disorders in children born to parents who are drug addicts, %

Note: one child could have a combination of several signs, so their totality exceeds 100%.

The results of the examination of the children of the second group are shown in Table 2.

Table 3. Frequency of psychopathology in adult children born to parents with drug addiction, %

adult children	Psychopathology
alcoholism	substance abuse	depression	psychopathy	suicide attempts	addiction

Note: One and the same person could have several diseases, so their sum exceeds 100%.

4. Radiation

What radiation does pernicious influence on human health is no longer a secret to anyone. When radiation passes through the human body, or when contaminated substances enter the body, the energy of waves and particles is transmitted to our tissues, and from them to cells. As a result, the atoms and molecules that make up the body become excited, which leads to disruption of their activity and even death. It all depends on the dose of radiation received, the state of human health and the duration of exposure.

For ionizing radiation there are no barriers in the body, so any molecule can be exposed to radioactive effects, the consequences of which can be very diverse. The excitation of individual atoms can lead to the transformation of some substances into others, cause biochemical changes, genetic disorders, etc. Proteins or fats that are vital for normal cellular activity may be affected. Thus, radiation affects the body at the micro level, causing damage that is not immediately noticeable, but manifests itself after many years. The defeat of certain groups of proteins in the cell can cause cancer, as well as genetic mutations that are transmitted through several generations. The impact of low doses of radiation is very difficult to detect, because the effect of this manifests itself after decades.

Table 4

The value of the absorbed dose, rad	Degree of impact on a person
10000 rad (100 Gr.)	Lethal dose, death occurs after a few hours or days from damage to the central nervous system.
1000 - 5000 rad (10-50 Gr.)	Lethal dose, death occurs within one to two weeks from internal bleeding(thinner cell membranes), mainly in the gastrointestinal tract.
300-500 rad (3-5 Gr.)	A lethal dose, half of those irradiated die within one to two months from damage to bone marrow cells.
150-200 rad (1.5-2 Gr.)	Primary radiation sickness(sclerotic process, changes in the reproductive system, cataracts, immune diseases, cancer). The severity and symptoms depend on the dose of radiation and its type.
100 rad (1 Gy)	Brief sterilization: loss of the ability to have offspring.
	Irradiation with x-ray of the stomach (local).
25 rad (0.25 Gr.)	A dose of justifiable risk in an emergency.
10 rad (0.1 Gr.)	The probability of mutation increases by 2 times.
	Irradiation with x-rays of teeth.
2 rad (0.02 Gy) per year	Radiation dose received by personnel working with a source of ionizing radiation.
0.2 rad (0.002 Gy or 200 millirad) per year	The dose of radiation received by employees of industrial enterprises, objects of radiation and nuclear technologies.
0.1 rad (0.001 Gy) per year	Radiation dose received by the average Russian.
0.1-0.2 rad per year	Natural radiation background of the Earth.
84 microrad/hour	Airplane flight at an altitude of 8 km.
1 microrad	Watching one hockey game on TV.

The harm of radioactive elements and the effect of radiation on the human body is actively studied by scientists around the world. It has been proven that daily emissions from nuclear power plants contain the radionuclide Cesium-137, which, when ingested, causes sarcoma (a type of cancer), Strontium-90 replaces calcium in bones and breast milk leading to leukemia (blood cancer), bone and breast cancer. And even small doses of exposure to Krypton-85 significantly increase the likelihood of developing skin cancer.

Scientists note that people living in large cities are most exposed to radiation, because in addition to the natural background radiation, building materials, food, air, and contaminated objects also affect them. Constant excess over natural radiation background leads to early aging, weakening of vision and the immune system, excessive psychological excitability, hypertension and the development of anomalies in children.

Even the smallest doses of radiation cause irreversible genetic changes that are passed down from generation to generation, leading to the development of Down syndrome, epilepsy, the appearance of other defects in the mental and physical development. It is especially scary that both food and household items are exposed to radiation contamination. Recently, cases of seizure of counterfeit and low-quality products, which are a powerful source of ionizing radiation, have become more frequent. Even children's toys are made radioactive! What kind of health of the nation can we talk about?!

A large amount of information was obtained from the analysis of the results of the application radiotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Many years of experience have allowed physicians to obtain extensive information about the response of human tissues to radiation. This reaction for various organs and tissues was not the same, and the differences are very large. Most organs have time to heal radiation damage to one degree or another and therefore tolerate a series of small doses better than the same total dose of radiation received at one time.

The red bone marrow and other elements of the hematopoietic system are most vulnerable to radiation. Fortunately, they also have a remarkable ability to regenerate, and if the radiation dose is not so high as to cause damage to all cells, the hematopoietic system can fully restore its functions. If, however, not the whole body, but some part of it, was exposed to radiation, then the surviving brain cells are enough to completely replace the damaged cells.

Reproductive organs and eyes are also different hypersensitivity to irradiation. Single irradiation of the testicles at minimum dose leads to temporary sterility of men, and a little more dose is enough to lead to permanent sterility: only after many years can the testicles produce full-fledged sperm again. Apparently, the testes are the only exception to the general rule: the total dose of radiation received in several doses is more dangerous for them, and not less than the same dose received at one time. The ovaries are much less sensitive to the effects of radiation, at least in adult women.

For the eye, the most vulnerable part is the lens. dead cells become opaque, and the growth of cloudy areas leads first to cataracts, and then to complete blindness. The higher the dose, the greater the loss of vision.

Children are also extremely sensitive to the effects of radiation. Relatively small doses of irradiation of cartilage tissue can slow down or completely stop their bone growth, which leads to abnormalities in the development of the skeleton. The younger the child, the more bone growth is inhibited. It also turned out that irradiating a child's brain during radiation therapy can cause changes in his character, lead to memory loss, and in very young children even to dementia and idiocy. The bones and brain of an adult are capable of withstanding much higher doses.

The fetal brain is also extremely sensitive to the effects of radiation, especially if the mother is exposed to radiation between the eighth and fifteenth weeks of pregnancy. During this period, the cerebral cortex is developing in the fetus, and there is a high risk that, as a result of maternal exposure (for example, x-rays) a mentally retarded child is born. Approximately 30 children exposed during the prenatal development during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although the individual risk is great and the consequences particularly distressing, the number of women in this stage of pregnancy at any given time is only a small fraction of the total population. This is, however, the most serious effect of all the known effects of irradiation of the human fetus, although many other serious consequences have been found after irradiation of animal embryos during their intrauterine development, including malformations, underdevelopment and death.

Most adult tissues are relatively insensitive to the action of radiation. Kidneys, liver, bladder, mature cartilage tissue are the most resistant organs to radiation. The lungs - an extremely complex organ - are much more vulnerable, and in blood vessels slight, but possibly significant changes can occur even at relatively low doses.

The study of the genetic consequences of radiation exposure is even more difficult than in the case of cancer. First, little is known about what damage occurs in the human genetic apparatus during irradiation; secondly, the full identification of all hereditary defects occurs only over many generations; and thirdly, as in the case of cancer, these defects cannot be distinguished from those which have arisen from other causes.

Approximately 10% of all living newborns have some form of genetic defect, ranging from mild physical defects such as color blindness to severe conditions such as Down's syndrome, Huntington's chorea, and various malformations. Many of the embryos and fetuses with severe hereditary disorders do not survive to birth; according to available data, about half of all cases of spontaneous abortion are associated with abnormalities in the genetic material. But even if children with hereditary defects are born alive, they are five times less likely to survive to their first birthday than normal children.

Genetic disorders can be classified into two main types: chromosomal aberrations, involving changes in the number or structure of chromosomes, and mutations in the genes themselves. Gene mutations are further subdivided into dominant (which appear immediately in the first generation) and recessive (which can only appear if the same gene is mutated in both parents; such mutations may not appear for many generations or not be detected at all. ). Both types of anomalies may lead to hereditary diseases in subsequent generations, or may not appear at all.

Among more than 27,000 children whose parents received relatively high doses during the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, only two probable mutations were found, and among about the same number of children whose parents received lower doses, not a single such case was noted. Among children whose parents were irradiated as a result of the atomic bomb explosion, there was also no statistically significant increase in the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. While some surveys have concluded that exposed parents are more likely to have a child with Down syndrome, other studies do not support this.

5. The influence of chemical elements on human health

Global air pollution is accompanied by a deterioration in the health of the population. At the same time, the problem of quantifying the impact of these pollutions has not yet been finally resolved. For the most part, the negative impact is mediated through food chains, since the bulk of pollution falls on the surface of the earth (solids) or is washed out of the atmosphere with the help of precipitation. Except in emergencies, changes in health status can be difficult to link to a specific xenobiotic released into the air. On the extent of the defeat of people except etiological factor meteorological conditions that contribute to or hinder the dispersion of harmful substances have a significant impact.

Chronic poisonings are quite common, but they are rarely recorded. A statistically significant dependence on atmospheric air pollution has been established for bronchitis, gradually turning into such a complex disease as bronchial asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary emphysema, as well as for acute respiratory diseases. Atmospheric air pollution affects the body's resistance, which is manifested in the growth infectious diseases. There is good evidence of the effect of pollution on the duration of disease. So, respiratory disease in children living in contaminated areas lasts 2-2.5 times longer than in children living in relatively clean areas. Numerous studies carried out in last years, indicate that children living in areas with a high level of air pollution have a low level of physical development, which is often assessed as disharmonious. The observed lag of the level of biological development from the passport age indicates a very unfavorable effect of air pollution on the health of the younger generation. AT most Atmospheric air pollution affects health indicators in urban centers, in particular in cities with developed metallurgical, processing and coal industries. The territory of such cities is affected by both non-specific pollutants (dust, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide) and specific ones (fluorine, phenol, metals, etc.). Moreover, non-specific pollutants account for over 95% of the total volume of atmospheric air pollution.

The danger of the influence of polluted atmospheric air on the health of the population is caused by the objective action of the following factors:

1) A variety of pollution. It is believed that a person living in an industrial area could potentially be exposed to several hundred thousand chemicals. Typically, a limited number of chemicals are actually present in a given area at relatively high concentrations. However, the combined action of atmospheric pollutants can lead to an increase in their toxic effects.

2) The possibility of a massive impact, since breathing is continuous and a person inhales up to 20 thousand liters of air per day. Even insignificant concentrations of chemicals with such a volume of breathing can lead to a toxically significant intake of harmful substances into the body.

3) Direct access of pollutants to internal environment organism. The lungs have a surface of about 100 m2, the air during breathing comes into almost direct contact with the blood, in which almost everything that is present in the air dissolves. From the lungs, blood enters big circle circulation, bypassing such a detoxification barrier as the liver. It has been established that the poison received by inhalation often acts 80-100 times stronger than when it enters through the gastrointestinal tract.

4) Difficulty of protection against xenobiotics. A person who refuses to eat contaminated food or poor-quality water cannot but breathe polluted air. At the same time, the pollutant acts on all groups of the population around the clock.

In all areas with high levels of atmospheric air pollution, the incidence as one of the health indicators is higher than in relatively clean areas. So, in the Dorogobuzh district Smolensk region in the body of children and women who do not have professional loads, the accumulation of elements contained in the emissions of the Dorogobuzh industrial hub (chromium, nickel, titanium, copper, aluminum) was noted. As a result, the incidence of respiratory diseases in children was 1.8 times and neurological diseases 1.9 times higher than in a relatively clean area.

In Tolyatti, children living in the zone of influence of emissions from the Northern Industrial Hub were 2.4–8.8 times more likely to suffer from diseases of the upper respiratory tract and bronchial asthma than children living in a relatively clean area.

In Saransk, the population living in the area adjacent to the antibiotic production plant has a specific allergization of the body to antibiotics and candidal antigen.

In cities Chelyabinsk region, where more than 80% of emissions are due to ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises, it is noted elevated level incidence of diseases in children and adults endocrine system, blood, respiratory organs, as well as congenital anomalies in children and adults, complications of pregnancy and childbirth, skin diseases and malignant neoplasms.

In rural areas of the Rostov region in areas with high pesticide loads (up to 20 kg/ha), the prevalence of circulatory diseases in children increased by 113%, bronchial asthma- by 95% and congenital anomalies - by 55%.

The most important sources of chemical pollution of the environment in Russia are industrial enterprises, motor transport, thermal and nuclear power plants. In cities, a significant contribution to environmental pollution is also made by poorly disposed municipal waste, and in rural areas - pesticides and mineral fertilizers, polluted effluents from livestock complexes.

Atmospheric pollution primarily affects the body's resistance, the decrease of which results in increased morbidity, as well as other physiological changes in the body. Compared to other sources of chemical pollution (food, drinking water), atmospheric air is a particular danger, since there is no chemical barrier on its way, similar to the liver when pollutants penetrate through the gastrointestinal tract.

The main sources of soil pollution are leakage of chemicals, deposition of pollutants present in the air, overuse chemicals in agriculture, as well as improper warehousing, storage and disposal of liquid and solid waste.

In Russia as a whole, soil pollution with pesticides is about 7.25%. The regions with the highest pollution include the soils of the North Caucasus, Primorsky Krai and the Central Black Earth regions, the regions with medium pollution - the soils of the Kurgan and Omsk regions, the Middle Volga region, the territories with low pollution - the soils of the Upper Volga region, Western Siberia, Irkutsk and Moscow regions.

Currently, almost all water bodies in Russia are subject to anthropogenic pollution. In the water of most rivers and lakes, the MAC is exceeded for at least one pollutant. According to the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia, drinking water in more than 30% of water bodies does not comply with GOST.

Pollution of water and soil, as well as the air environment, is serious problem in Russia, Their increasing pollution with toxic chemicals, for example, heavy metals and dioxins, as well as nitrates and pesticides, has a direct impact on the quality of food, drinking water and, as a direct consequence, on health.

optimal cigarette nicotine

Bibliography

"Fundamentals of Radiation Safety", V.P. Mashkovich, A.M. Panchenko.

“When a person is his own enemy” G.M. Entin.

Life safety textbook, grades 10-11, V.Ya. Syunkov Publishing house "Astrel", 2002.

"Drugs and drug addiction" N.B. Serdyukov st n / a: Phoenix, 2000. - "Panacea Series" - Ro-256s.

Journal “Fundamentals of Life Safety”. No. 10, 2002, pp. 20-26.

8. Ivanets N.N. Lectures on narcology. "Knowledge", Moscow, 2000.

9. Belogurov S.B. Popular about drugs and addictions. - 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - St. Petersburg: "Nevsky Dialect", 2000.

Hosted on Allbest.ru