Cholagogue fees and herbs for stagnation of bile. Medicinal plants with choleretic action
Datura LEAVES - FOLIA STRAMONII
Datura ordinary - Datura stramonium L.
Sem. nightshade - Solanaceae
Alkaloids - hyoscyamine and scopolamine
Datura oil
19 Lr containing alkaloids with a choleretic effect. Give the Latin names of raw materials, producing plants, families. Indicate the raw material base, chemical composition, preparations.
BARBERRY LEAVES - FOLIA BERBERIDIS
BARBERIS ROOTS - RADICES BERBERIDIS
BARBERRY ROOT BARK - CORTEX RADICES BERBERIDIS
Common barberry - Berberis vulgaris L.
Amur barberry - Berberis amurensis Rupr.
Berberine bisulfate (Berberini bisulfas) is available in tablets
20 Lr, used for the treatment of patients with neoplasms. Give the Latin names of raw materials, producing plants, families. Indicate the raw material base, chemical composition, preparations.
Sem. poppy - Papaveraceae
RHIZOMATA CUM RADICIBUS PODOPHYLLI RHIZOMATA CUM RADICIBUS PODOPHYLLI
Thyroid podophyllum - Podophyllum peltatum L.
Sem. barberry - Berberidaceae
Interest has arisen in podophyllin as a drug that inhibits the growth of malignant tumors.
Formulas: lignanam
21 Marsupial used in obstetric and gynecological practice. Give Latin names. Indicate the raw material base, chemical composition, application, preparations.
ERGO HORN - SECALE CORNUTUM
Ergot - Claviceps purpurea Tulasne
Sem. ergot - Clavicepitaceae
Class marsupials - Ascomycetes
pharmacological properties. Ergot alkaloids have an effect on the muscles of the uterus. They also have sedative and hypotensive properties, exhibit an adrenolytic effect and are used for neurosis, vasospasm, hypertension and other diseases.
Medicines. Ergometrine maleate (tablets, solution in ampoules - list B); ergotamine hydrotartrate (solution in ampoules, solution in vials, dragees). Complex preparation "Belloid". "Ergotal" - a mixture of phosphates of ergot alkaloids. Infusion of ergot horns. alkaloid ergotoxin
22 Lr of the poppy family, which have a strong antimicrobial effect. Give the Latin names of raw materials, producing plants, families. Indicate the raw material base, chemical composition, preparations.
Celandine HERB - HERBA CHELIDONII
Great celandine - Chelidonium majus L.
Sem. poppy - Papaveraceae
In the experiment, celandine preparations cause a delay in the growth of malignant tumors and have a fungistatic and bacteriostatic effect on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Medicines. Grass celandine, infusion.
isoquinoline derivatives: protoberberine alkaloids (berberine, coptosine, etc.),
protopine alkaloids (protopine, allocryptopine)
Macleaya herb-herba Macleayae
Maclea cordate-Macleaya cordata
Poppy Raw Material - Papaveraceae
Contains isoquinoline alkaloids - sanguinarine
Preparations-Sangviritrin has an antibacterial effect
In the event that the body has dysfunction of the gallbladder, that is, bile is produced in insufficient quantities, or does not enter the digestive system in time, it is necessary to take choleretic agents. One of these remedies can be considered choleretic herbs.
What herbs have choleretic properties?
Often, with problems with the gallbladder, doctors recommend taking choleretic herbs. At the same time, it is necessary to understand which herbs are choleretic, and what is the principle of their effect on the human body.
Plants such as tansy, barberry, corn stigmas, immortelle help to establish an outflow of bile. The list of choleretic herbs is very extensive. However, their effect on the gallbladder is different.
The principles of action of choleretic herbs on the body can be as follows:
- Plants increase the tone of the muscles of the gallbladder, and as a result of their contraction, bile is “squeezed out” into the intestines. These properties are possessed by such herbs as tansy, corn stigmas, plants that have the most pronounced choleretic properties. As a result of an increase in the tone of the bile ducts, their lumen is reduced. Accordingly, these herbs cannot be used by those who have stones in the gallbladder that can clog the bile duct. In this case, surgical intervention will be indispensable.
- Herbs improve the composition of bile, dilute it. As a result, its outflow is normalized. These properties are possessed by: initial letter, celandine, agrimony. The action of these plants improves the general condition of the gallbladder, as well as the liver, regulates their functions.
- When taking herbs, increased pressure is created in the digestive system. As a result, a large amount of water enters the gallbladder, diluting bile, which regulates its outflow. Plants with these properties include, for example, birch leaves.
- Herbs have antispasmodic properties, that is, they relax the muscles of the bile ducts, increasing their throughput. Thus, more bile comes out of the gallbladder. The most common plant with these properties is the dandelion. Moreover, both leaves and roots are used for medicinal purposes. Dandelion also has analgesic properties, it is widely used to treat hepatic colic.
As you can see, the properties of diuretic herbs are different, and in cases where it is necessary to eliminate several problems at once, they are used together, that is, choleretic herbs are prepared.
Indications and contraindications.
Choleretic drugs are prescribed in many cases, for example, to maintain the normal functionality of the bile ducts, with insufficient bile, with indigestion and problems in the digestive system (for example, when there is difficulty in the absorption of fat-soluble substances).
In addition, choleretic herbs are prescribed in cases where the body contains too many toxins, and the liver needs help in removing them.
Despite the fact that choleretic herbs are a completely natural, natural product, there are some contraindications when taking these drugs can harm the body. Contraindications include:
- The presence of stones in the gallbladder. The use of choleretic agents can cause their movement, and, as a result, blockage of the bile ducts. This leads to stagnation of bile, severe pain. The problem can only be solved by surgery.
- It is impossible to take choleretic herbs for certain diseases, such as viral hepatitis, biliary colic (acute form), cholecystitis (acute form). Cholagogue herbs for cholecystitis can be taken only if the form of the disease is non-calculous. Among the diseases in which the use of choleretic herbs is contraindicated, is viral hepatitis.
- In the event that the liver has undergone very severe intoxication, taking these drugs can only aggravate the situation.
Cholagogue herbs for children.
Is it possible to give choleretic drugs to children? The fact is that the body of a child is arranged somewhat differently than the body of an adult, therefore, the reaction to a particular drug or remedy in children can be completely different.
One thing is for sure, it is not recommended to give strong choleretic herbs to children under 12 years of age. At a younger age, if there are problems with the functioning of the gallbladder, it is recommended to include foods that have bile-excreting properties in the child's diet. These products include vegetable oils, herbs, cabbage (white, cauliflower), tomatoes, carrots, etc.
Before prescribing choleretic herbs for children, it is necessary to consult a pediatrician who will accurately determine the cause of the disease, select a plant that can cope with it more effectively and safely for the child's body.
In general, it is impossible to recommend in advance which particular herb is right for you in a particular case. That is why it is better to pay attention to choleretic fees, that is, a complex of herbs that have a number of positive properties. This will allow you to deal with the problem more effectively. It must be recalled that a doctor should select such a collection.
Federal Agency for Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
State educational institution
Higher professional education
Samara State Medical University
Roszdrav
Faculty of Pharmacy
department pharmacognosy with botany and the basics of herbal medicine
course work
on the topic: "Medicinal plants used in diseases of the liver and biliary tract"
Executor Lazareva Svetlana Nikolaevna
correspondence student
3 courses 31 groups
Supervisor: Associate Professor of the Department of Pharmacognosy with Botany and Fundamentals of Phytotherapy
Avdeeva E.V.
Relevance of the chosen topic. In the last decade, the importance of herbal medicine in the treatment of diseases of the liver and biliary tract has increased markedly. This is due to the fact that many biologically active substances of plant origin are successfully used in combination with other drugs.
Currently, choleretic drugs in the form of galenic and novogalenic preparations are actively used in clinical practice. The method of combined pharmacotherapy is widely used in the treatment of many diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract (chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholangiohepatitis, etc.).
The therapeutic effect of most herbal preparations used in liver pathology is aimed at reducing damage and fibrosis of the liver, correcting biliary dyskinesia. These disorders act as universal disorders inherent in most liver diseases.
And the main place in the treatment of these diseases is deservedly assigned to herbal medicines. Choleretic drugs - choleretics, cholekinetics and cholespasmolytics deserve special attention. A strict division of these drugs into the above groups is not always possible, since many of them have a mixed effect.
More than 100 medicinal plants are known to scientific and folk medicine, classified as choleretic agents.
aim course work began to study the principles of therapy of diseases of the liver and biliary tract with medicinal plants.
During the course work, the following tasks :
1) to characterize the most common diseases of the liver and biliary tract;
2) consider the principles of drug therapy for these diseases;
3) to study the composition and action of medicinal plants used for the treatment of these diseases;
4) draw conclusions on the use of official medicinal plants in the treatment of liver diseases.
Chronic hepatitis- polyetiological chronic (lasting more than 6 months) liver lesions of an inflammatory-dystrophic nature with moderate fibrosis and predominantly preserved lobular structure of the liver. Among chronic liver diseases, chronic hepatitis is the most common.
The most important is viral, toxic and toxic-allergic liver damage in viral hepatitis, industrial, domestic, drug chronic intoxications (alcohol, chloroform, lead compounds, trinitrotoluene, atofan, chlorpromazine, isoniazid, methyldopa, etc.), less often - viruses of infectious mononucleosis, herpes , cytomegaly. Chronic hepatitis is often observed with prolonged septic endocarditis, visceral leishmaniasis, and malaria. Chronic cholestatic hepatitis can be caused by prolonged subhepatic cholestasis (due to blockage by a stone or cicatricial compression of the common bile duct, cancer of the pancreatic head, etc.) in combination with the usually associated inflammatory process in the bile ducts and ducts, predominantly primary toxic or toxic allergic lesion of cholangiol. It can also be caused by certain medications (phenothiazine derivatives, methyltestosterone and its analogues, etc.) or occur after viral hepatitis.
In addition to chronic hepatitis, which is an independent disease (primary hepatitis), there are also chronic non-specific hepatitis occurring against the background of chronic infections (tuberculosis, brucellosis, etc.), various chronic diseases of the digestive tract, systemic connective tissue diseases, etc. ( secondary or reactive hepatitis). Finally, in many cases the etiology of chronic hepatitis remains unclear.
Cholelithiasis- a common disease that affects more often women and older people. The etiological factors of this disease are very diverse: hereditary, constitutional, alimentary, sedentary lifestyle, various infections, etc. There are many theories about the development of this disease, the main ones are: elements can serve as a "core" for the formation of a stone); metabolic theory, according to which it is believed that the stone is formed due to a violation of the composition of bile, its consistency, the ratio between bile acids and cholesterol; The main importance is given to the liver, with the active participation of which there is a violation of the general metabolic processes in the body, hypercholesterolemia, stagnation of bile in the gallbladder and its thickening, which may be the result of biliary dyskinesia, neuropsychiatric disorders, reflex influences, etc.
In cholelithiasis, acute attacks of pain in the right hypochondrium are characteristic - hepatic colic, pain in the epigastric region and throughout the abdomen, accompanied by nausea, sometimes vomiting, a feeling of heaviness in the liver, constipation, bloating, fever, sometimes urinary retention, bradycardia and pain in the region of the heart of a reflex character.
Urine becomes dark in color, discolored feces, sometimes icterus of the skin and sclera is noted.
Seizures can be frequent or very rare. Attacks of hepatic colic end or the passage of a stone into the intestine, and then they can be detected in fecal masses, or biliary colic is complicated by blockage of the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct, followed by dropsy of the gallbladder or blockage of the common bile duct, followed by obstructive jaundice, enlargement of the liver and angiocholitis with undulating fever and severe general condition. In such cases, the stone can pass into the duodenum or move into the intestine through the resulting fistula, which leads to infection of the biliary apparatus and makes possible the formation of a purulent process in the liver and the occurrence of sepsis.
Prevention of cholelithiasis includes measures aimed at preventing stagnation of bile, to combat metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal diseases, especially constipation and infectious foci. All this is carried out by regulating the lifestyle of patients, using therapeutic exercises, sufficient movements in the fresh air, because physical work affects the process of bile secretion, and an increase in oxygen delivery improves blood supply to the liver. It is necessary to regulate the diet (frequent meals in small portions), since food intake affects the process of bile secretion, food irritants act on the mechanism that empties the gallbladder and on liver cells, mobilizing bile and stimulating its formation.
The mechanism of action of essential oils. The therapeutic effect of most herbal preparations used in liver pathology is aimed at reducing damage and fibrosis of the liver, correcting biliary dyskinesia. Essential oil plants are widely used in the treatment of diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Essential oils have a weak irritating effect, and, therefore, stimulate the evacuation of bile, and also relieve spasm of the biliary tract. Essential oils are active metabolites of metabolic processes, have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic effects, which is especially important for spasm of the biliary tract.
The mechanism of action of herbal preparations consists, in particular, in the direct stimulation of the secretory function of hepatocytes (for example, essential oils of juniper, coriander, oregano, cumin), an increase in the osmotic gradient between bile and blood and an increase in the flow of water and electrolytes into the bile ducts, stimulation of mucosal receptors small intestine, which contributes to the activation of the autocrine regulatory system and increased bile formation.
Mechanism of action of iridoids. In the treatment of the liver and biliary tract, plants containing bitterness (iridoids) are used. Iridoids (for example, obtained from dandelion and yarrow) cause a reflex increase in the release of cholecystokinin, and therefore increase bile secretion.
In chronic cholestatic hepatitis, the focus should be on identifying and eliminating the cause of cholestasis, in which case success can be expected from therapeutic measures.
Mechanism of action of flavonoids on the liver. The mechanism of choleretic action sequentially includes irritation of the mucous membrane of the duodenum, the release of cholecystokinin, the latter causes a contraction of the gallbladder and at the same time relaxes the sphincter of the hepato-pancreatic ampulla. The antispasmodic effect of flavonoids is myotropic in nature.
Plants of choleretic action improve the biliary function of the liver, enhance the excretory function of the gallbladder and bile ducts. This whole complex, in addition to the liquid form of the drug, eliminates the stagnation of bile in the gallbladder. Thus, in this disease, phytotherapy serves as a pathogenetic method.
The mechanism of action of ions contained in plants. Magnesium ions, which are part of herbal medicines, can stimulate the secretion of cholecystokinin by duodenal epithelial cells, which is probably the reason for the cholekinetic effect of arnica, birch, helichrysum, rosehip and fennel preparations. When combined with plants with different mechanisms of cholekinetic action, the effect is enhanced. In addition to choleretic activity, many plants have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antihypoxic effects, some have hepatoprotective properties.
Despite the appearance of powerful drugs in the arsenal of modern hepatology, which allow fighting the causes of liver diseases and interfering with key links in pathogenesis, doctors continue to turn to old, “time-tested” recipes. And in our time, herbal medicines are widely used in the treatment of hepatopathy.
Currently, hepatoprotectors are used in the complex therapy of liver diseases. Hepatoprotectors also include various herbal preparations that have a therapeutic effect in liver diseases. Among them, the most famous are various dosage forms of milk thistle, celandine, fumes, artichoke, chicory, yarrow, cassia, etc.
Phytotherapy of cholelithiasis aims to reduce inflammation in the bile ducts and bladder, improve the outflow of bile, eliminate metabolic disorders, destroy small stones and affect concomitant diseases.
For treatment, the following are used: chamomile flowers, sage leaves, birch leaves, calendula flowers, barberry leaves, plantain leaves, wormwood grass, calamus rhizomes, rose hips, mountaineer grass, cumin fruits, corn stigmas, tansy flowers, thyme, etc.
The dissolution of stones is facilitated by the mountaineer, the leaves of wild strawberries, the roots of the wild rose, etc.
Yarrow ordinary - Achillea millefoliym .
Astrov family - Asteraceae .
Yarrow herb - Herba Millefolii .
Herbaceous perennial. Stems up to 20-60 cm high are erect, branched, rounded, finely furrowed, with shortened leafy branches in the axils of the upper and middle stem leaves. The leaves are alternate, linear-lanceolate, double-pinnate, with two-, three-incised segments and almost linear terminal lobes.
Root leaves petiolate, 35-50 cm long, sessile stems. The rhizome is thin, creeping, rooting at the nodes. Inflorescences are small (up to 5 mm long), numerous baskets, collected at the top of the stems in complex corymbs. Marginal reed flowers are white (rarely pink), inner ones are jagged, yellow.
It occurs in the European part of the USSR, in the Caucasus, Western and Eastern Siberia, less often in the Far East and Central Asia. The main yarrow thickets are located in the southern part of the forest zone, as well as in the forest-steppe and steppe regions of the European part of the USSR. The main areas of commercial harvesting are Bashkiria, the Volga region, Ukraine, Belarus, Rostov and Voronezh regions. Grows in upland meadows, elevated parts of floodplain meadows, forest edges, clearings, young fallows, roadsides, forest belts, parks, young forest plantations and settlements. Often forms thickets over an area of several hectares.
Grass is harvested as a raw material. The grass is harvested in the flowering phase (June - the first half of August), cutting off the leafy tops of shoots up to 15 cm long with sickles, knives or secateurs, without coarse, leafless stem bases. Areas where yarrow grows abundantly can be mowed with scythes, and then grass can be selected from the mowed mass. When collecting inflorescences, scutes with peduncles no longer than 2 cm and individual flower baskets are cut. Raw materials are collected in dry weather, folded loosely and immediately sent for drying. You can not uproot plants, as this leads to the destruction of thickets. When carrying out rational harvesting, you can use the same areas for several years in a row. Giving then rest to thickets for 1-2 years. The raw materials are dried in the open air in attics, as well as under sheds, spread out in a layer 5-7 cm thick on paper or cloth with occasional stirring. The yield of raw materials is 20-25% by weight of freshly harvested.
Grass. External signs. The corymbs with the remnants of the stem are no longer than 15 cm; there are individual baskets and groups of them. Baskets are small, ovoid, 3-4 mm long, collected in dense corymbs. Marginal flowers reed, whitish, less often pink, pistillate, usually among 5. Stems pubescent, greyish-green, often with alternate stem leaves. Leaves lanceolate, double-pinnate. The lobes of the leaf blade are incised into 3-5 lanceolate or linear lobes. The leaves are drooping with erect hairs. Color grey-green; the smell is fragrant, peculiar; bitter taste.
Numerical indicators. Moisture not more than 13%; total ash no more than 15%; ash, insoluble in 10% hydrochloric acid solution, not more than 3%; crushed parts passing through a sieve with a hole diameter of 1 mm, not more than 3%; stems thicker than 3 mm no more than 3%; foreign impurities: organic no more than 0.5%, mineral no more than 1%.
Chemical composition. The aerial part of yarrow contains 0.8% essential oil, which includes millefolid, chamazulene, etc. The essential oil also contains monocyclic monoterpenes (cineole), bicyclic monoterpenes (thujone, thujol, camphor borneol), sesquiterpene caryophyllene. The accompanying components of the essential oil are represented by formic, acetic and isovaleric acids. The second group of BAS should include flavonoids - glycosides of apigenin (cosmosiin), luteolin (cynaroside), cacticin, artemetin, rutin, which determine the choleretic properties of yarrow preparations. In addition, it contains phenylpropanoids - derivatives of chlorogenic acid. The yarrow herb contains nitrogenous substances - the alkaloid beniticin, which also determines the bitter properties of drugs betaine, stachidrine, choline.
The grass contains vitamin K in an amount sufficient for the manifestation of an active hemostatic effect.
The accompanying substances also include sterols - β - sitosterol, stigmasterol, campestrin.
Application. Yarrow grass and flowers are used in the form of an infusion, a liquid extract as an aromatic bitterness to improve appetite in gastritis and as a remedy for inflammation of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity. Yarrow herb is a part of various fees and preparations (choleretic collection No. 1, Liv - 52). The liquid extract is prescribed as a hemostatic agent for hemorrhoidal, uterine and other bleeding. The liquid extract is part of the preparation "Rotokan".
Common tansy - Tanacetum vulgare .
Astrov family - Asteraceae .
Tansy flowers - Flores Tanaceti .
Common tansy is a perennial herbaceous plant with a strong peculiar smell. Rhizome horizontal, many-headed. Stems 50-150 cm high, numerous, erect, furrowed, branched in inflorescence, glabrous or slightly pubescent. The leaves are alternate, elliptical in outline, up to 20 cm long, pinnately dissected or pinnatipartite, shortly pubescent or almost glabrous. The lowermost leaves are petiolate, the rest are sessile; their lobes are oblong-lanceolate, pinnately incised or serrated, serrated along the edge. The middle vein of the leaf between the main lobes bears, in addition, also small adnexal lobules. Flower baskets are hemispherical, almost flat from above, 5-8 mm in diameter, collected in dense apical corymbs; the outer leaflets of the involucre are ovate-lanceolate, pointed, the inner ones are oblong-ovate, obtuse, at the apex and along the edges with a narrow light or brownish border. All flowers are yellow or orange-yellow, tubular. The fruits are oblong achenes with a short, finely serrated margin or without it.
Blooms in July-August. The fruits ripen in August - September.
Range, cultivation. Common tansy is distributed throughout almost the entire European part of Russia and the CIS countries, except for Transcaucasia, the lower reaches of the Volga and the Urals, and the eastern regions of Ciscaucasia. It also grows in the south of the forest, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones of Western Siberia and in the north of Kazakhstan. In Eastern Siberia, the Far East, Eastern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, it occurs only as an invasive plant.
Common tansy is a plant of the forest and forest-steppe zones, rising into the mountains to the mid-mountain belt. Through meadows and weedy habitats it enters the steppe and semi-desert zones. Often forms thickets near dwellings, in weedy places, pebbles, railway pas-rashes, coastal sands, clearings and among bushes. The main preparations of tansy are carried out in the Central regions of the Russian Federation, the Rostov region, the Volga region, Bashkortostan, Belarus, Ukraine. Bulk harvesting is possible in Western Siberia(Tomsk region, Altai Territory).
Preparation, drying. Tansy inflorescences are harvested as raw materials, which are harvested at the beginning of flowering, cutting off the baskets and parts of complex corymbose inflorescences with a common peduncle no more than 4 cm long (counting from the upper baskets). It is impossible to collect tansy raw materials in heavily polluted places - along railway embankments, along highways, etc. The collected raw materials are put into paper or fabric bags and delivered to the drying place. Before drying, the raw materials should be examined and impurities and peduncles longer than 4 cm should be removed from it. The raw materials are dried under sheds, in attics, in air or heat dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C.
Medicinal raw materials. The raw material is collected at the beginning of flowering and dried inflorescences (flowers) of a perennial wild herbaceous plant - common tansy.
External signs. Whole raw material. Parts of a complex corymbose inflorescence and individual flower baskets. Baskets of hemispherical shape with a depressed middle, 6-8 mm in diameter, consist of small tubular flowers: marginal - pistillate, median - bisexual. Receptacle bare, non-hollow, slightly convex, surrounded by an involucre of imbricate lanceolate leaflets with membranous margin. Peduncles furrowed, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent. The color of the flowers is yellow, the leaves of the involucre are brownish-green, the peduncles are light green. The smell of raw materials is peculiar, the taste is spicy, bitter.
Chemical composition. Flower baskets contain essential oil (about 1.5-2%), which is the leading BAS group of this raw material. The dominant components of the essential oil are bicyclic monoterpene ketones - α-thujone and β-thujone (up to 47-70%). Among other terpenes, thujol, camphor, borneol, camphene, pinene, 1,8-cineol, n-cymene, limonene, etc., are found in significant amounts.
Associated substances are represented by organic (citric, tartaric), phenolcarbopic and hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic acid), bitterness and tannins.
Pharmachologic effect. An antihelminthic and choleretic agent, which also has antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties. Total preparations of tansy (infusions) can cause allergization. The aerial part of the plant has insecticidal properties.
Application. Tansy inflorescences are used in the form infusion as a choleretic and antihelminthic agent (for ascariasis and pinworms). Raw materials are also part of the choleretic collections used for various liver diseases, including cholecystitis. Flowers are included choleretic collection № 3 , as well as in the composition of the choleretic, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory agent "Polyphytochol".
Based on the amount of flavonoids, a choleretic drug is produced "Tanatsekhol" (tablets of 0.05 g) (developer - VILAR), recommended for chronic cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia. Tansy preparations are not recommended for use during pregnancy.
Three-leaf watch - Menyanthes trifoliata .
The shift family - Menyanthaceae .
Three-leaf watch leaves - Folia Menyanthidis .
Three-leaf watch (water shamrock) is a perennial herbaceous water-marsh plant with a long, creeping, jointed, thick rhizome. The top of the rhizome slightly rises and bears several trifoliate long-petiolate, simple, regular leaves. Leaf petioles up to 20 cm long, at the base expanded into long membranous sheaths. Leaflets are short-petiolate, entire, glabrous, obovate or elliptical.
In spring, the shamrock develops a flower arrow up to 30 cm long. The flowers are pale pink, about 1 cm in diameter, collected in a dense brush 3-7 cm long. Corolla 10-14 mm long, with 5 sharp lobes, funnel-shaped, densely white-pubescent on the inside; 5 stamens attached to the corolla tube. Ovary superior, unilocular. The fruit is an almost spherical multi-seeded pod, opening with two valves.
The plant blooms in May - June. The fruits ripen in June - July.
Collected after flowering and dried leaves of a wild perennial herbaceous plant, used as a medicine and medicinal raw material.
Range, cultivation. The three-leaf watch grows in almost the entire European part of Russia (except for the southernmost regions), in Western and Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The plant is very rare in the Crimea, the Caucasus and Central Asia. The water trefoil grows in grassy and moss swamps, marshy and swampy shores of lakes, rivers and reservoirs, in swampy meadows and swampy forests. The plant forms pure thickets or occurs in a community with cinquefoil, horsetail, calla and sedges. Prefers outskirts of overgrown lakes, shores of stagnant and weakly flowing water bodies, swampy meadows. The main procurement is carried out in the northern regions of Russia (Karelia, Tomsk region, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yakutia), in Belarus, Lithuania and Ukraine.
Preparation, drying. The growth of trefoil leaves is most intense in June, after the flowering of the plant, so they should be collected after flowering, that is, in July-August. Shamrock leaves are best harvested in warm weather, as pickers usually have to go into the water. Often the shamrock is harvested from boats. Only fully developed leaves are harvested, cutting them off with a short (not longer than 3 cm) remnant of the petiole. Young and apical leaves are not subject to harvesting, as they turn black when dried. You should not pull out a shamrock with a rhizome, as this leads to the destruction of its thickets. Repeated harvesting on the same massifs is possible no more than in 2-3 years. The collected leaves are laid out in the wind for several hours, and then laid in a loose layer in an open container (boxes, wicker baskets, etc.) and quickly delivered to the place of drying. Raw materials are dried in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 45-5 CGS (or in attics under an iron, tiled or slate roof, in sheds and other well-ventilated areas, spreading the shamrock leaves in a thin layer on the shelves).
Medicinal raw materials. The raw material is collected after flowering and dried leaves of a wild-growing perennial herbaceous plant - three-leaf watch.
External signs. Whole or partially crushed, thin, glabrous trifoliate leaves with a remnant of a petiole up to 3 cm long. Individual leaflets are elliptical or oblong-obovate, entire or with a slightly uneven edge, 4-10 cm long, 2.5-7 cm wide. The color of raw materials is green , the smell is weak, the taste is very bitter.
Chemical composition. The leaves of the three-leafed watch contain iridoids or bitterness (the leading group of ALS), including secoiridoids - loganin, sverozid, foliamentin and mentiafolin.
As the second group of BAS, which determine the choleretic properties of this plant, flavonoid compounds of rutin, hyperoside, trifolin can be interpreted. The raw materials also contain phenylpropanoids (ferulic acid), tannins (up to 3-7%), carotenoids, ascorbic acid, traces of monoterpene alkaloids (gentianin, hepcyanidin), iodine.
Pharmachologic effect. Bitterness (appetizer and cholagogue) with sedative properties.
Application. Shamrock leaves are used as infusion in as bitterness to improve digestion, as well as in diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Shamrock leaves are part of the fees - appetizing, choleretic and sedative. In addition, they produce thick extract, used for cooking complex bitter tincture.
Ordinary centaury - Centaurium erythraea .
The Gorechavkov family - Gentianaceae .
Centaury herb - Herba Centauri .
Biennial herbaceous plant 35-40 cm high. Roots are small, poorly developed; stems erect, single or several, tetrahedral, often forked-branched at the top with branches directed upwards. Stem leaves are opposite, sessile, longitudinally lanceolate, up to 3 cm long with clearly visible veins, basal leaves are collected in a rosette. Flowers up to 1.5 cm long, dark pink, nail-like 5-petaled corolla are collected in dense umbellate-paniculate inflorescences. It occurs almost throughout the northern, middle and southern zones of the European part of the USSR, in the Caucasus. It grows mainly in upland meadows, on watersheds and in gullies. In more southern regions, it is found in floodplains, along the edges of lakes, swamps, ponds, streams and canals. Sometimes it grows in scattered thickets with an area of up to 1 ha, more often found in smaller groups. Propagated only by seed, usually bloom in the 2nd-3rd years of life. One of the main areas of industrial harvesting of the centaury is the Ukrainian Carpathians.
Grass harvesting is carried out during flowering, while the basal leaves are preserved (usually in July - August). Cut the grass with a knife or sickle above the basal leaves; it is forbidden to pull out the centaury with roots. Cut grass is stacked in baskets with inflorescences in one direction. Dry in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 ° C or in attics under iron, tiled or slate roofs, less often under a hinge), spreading the grass in a thin layer on paper or cloth so that the inflorescences are located in one direction. When drying in a thick layer or prolonged rainy weather, especially in stirring with poor ventilation, the grass turns yellow, the flowers become discolored or black. Drying in bunches is not allowed, as this leads to discoloration of the raw material or rotting inside the bunch. The yield of dry raw materials is about 25% of the mass of freshly harvested raw materials.
Chemical composition. The herb contains monoterpene glycosides (sveroside, gentiopicrin, erythrocentaurin). The second group of BAS contains xanthones, among which predominate primverosides and rutinosides of suprahyrin. It also contains alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolcarboxylic acids, nicotinamide, oleanolic acid.
External signs. Stems are leafy with flowers, straight, solitary or branched, green or yellowish-green, glabrous, hollow, ribbed, 10-30 cm long, 2 mm thick. Basal leaves are collected in a rosette, oblong-obovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, from 4 cm long, 2 cm wide; stem leaves sessile, opposite
oblong-lanceolate, pointed, entire, glabrous, inflorescence corymbose-paniculate; pink-purple flowers. The smell is weak; the taste is bitter.
Application. Grass (whole, cut) is used as an appetite stimulant in the form of infusion; is part of the choleretic fees and bitter tincture.
Dandelion officinalis - Taraxacum officinale .
Astrov family - Asteraceae .
Dandelion roots - Radices Taraxaci .
A perennial herbaceous plant with a short rhizome and a fleshy, slightly branched tap root. Leaves in the basal rosette are glabrous or sparsely pilose, 10-25 cm long, deeply pinnatifid, gradually tapering into a long winged petiole. Peduncles up to 30 cm long, cylindrical, hollow, glabrous below, cobweb-fluffy above. The flowers are collected in large baskets up to 5 cm in diameter. All flowers are bisexual, the ligules are bright yellow.
It occurs almost throughout the entire territory of the USSR, with the exception of the Arctic. More rare in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The main thickets are located in the forest, forest-steppe and in the north of the steppe regions of the European part of the USSR. The main areas of commercial harvesting are Ukraine, Belarus, Bashkiria, Voronezh, Kursk and Kuibyshev regions. Grows in meadows (especially near villages), pastures, roadsides, streets, yards, gardens, parks, sometimes as a weed in crops.
Roots are harvested in spring, at the beginning of plant growth (April - early May) or in autumn (September - October). They are dug up with a shovel or plowed with a plow to a depth of 15-25 cm. On dense soils, the roots are much thinner than on loose ones. Repeated preparations in one place should be carried out with interruptions of 2-3 years. The dug roots are shaken off the ground, the aerial parts, the rhizome (“neck”) and thin lateral roots are cut off and immediately washed in cold water. Lay out for drying in the open air for several days (until the secretion of milky juice stops when cut); dry in attics under an iron roof or under a canopy with good ventilation, spreading out in a thin layer (3-5 cm) with occasional stirring. Can be dried in ovens or ovens at 40-50°C. The yield of dry raw materials is 33-35% by weight of freshly harvested.
Dried roots of the wild-growing perennial plant dandelion officinalis, used as a medicine and medicinal raw material.
External signs. Roots entire or in pieces 2 to 15 cm long, 0.3 to 3 cm thick, simple or slightly branched, longitudinally wrinkled, sometimes spirally twisted, dense, heavy. In the center of the root there is a small yellow or yellowish-brown wood, surrounded by a wide grayish-white bark, in which brownish concentric thin belts of lactifers are visible (under a magnifying glass). The color outside is light brown and dark brown; there is no smell; bitter taste with a sweet aftertaste.
Chemical composition. The roots contain bitter substances of a sesquiterpene nature (lactucopycrin, tetrahydroridentin B, taraxolide, taraxic acid), bitter glycosides (taraxacin and taraxacerin). It also contains polysaccharides (inulin), sugars, and fatty oils. Triterpene compounds (arnidiol, faradiol) and sterols have been isolated from the roots. Milky juice contains resinous substances of a rubber nature.
Dried roots of a wild perennial plant, dandelion officinalis, used as a medicine and medicinal raw material.
Application. Roots (whole, cut, crushed) are prescribed as bitterness as a means of stimulating appetite and improving digestion; used as a diuretic. It is used in the form of a decoction, is part of the fees, thick dandelion extract is used to make pills.
Peppermint - Mentha piperita .
Lamiaceae family - Lamiaceae .
Peppermint leaves - Folia Menthae piperitae .
Etymology of the name, historical background. Generic Latin name Mentha comes from the name of the beloved Hades - the god of the underworld and the kingdom of the dead: Hades turned her into a mint plant. According to myth, the generic name Mentha (gr. minthe ) comes from the name of the nymph Minta, who was turned into a plant dedicated to Aphrodite by Proserpina.
Species name from lat. piper - pepper, pperitus - burning. The generic name passed into the Slavic languages, changing into the modern Russian word "mint". Peppermint is also called "English mint" since this species was bred in England in the 17th century, as well as "cold mint" because of the prolonged sensation of coldness in the mouth and on the tongue. According to other researchers, peppermint is a more ancient cultivated species.
In the wild, water mint, m. green, and also m. pulegieva (flea beetle) are widespread. In ancient Rome, rooms were sprinkled with mint water, and tables were rubbed with mint leaves to create a cheerful mood for guests. It was believed that the smell of mint stimulates the brain (the Roman historian Pliny the Elder constantly wore a wreath of fresh herbs and mint on his head, recommending that his students do the same, so students in the Middle Ages were advised to wear mint wreaths on their heads during classes).
In Russia, peppermint was introduced into culture at the beginning of the 18th century. (in apothecary gardens). At present, it is one of the most important industrial essential oil crops.
Peppermint is a perennial herbaceous plant up to 60-100 cm high. The stems are branched, tetrahedral, glabrous or with sparse hairs, densely leafy. The leaves are opposite, short-petiolate, oblong-ovate, with a pointed apex and a heart-shaped base. The edge of the leaf is unevenly sharp-serrated, and the leaves are dark green on the upper side, and light green on the lower side. On both sides of the leaves there are numerous essential oil glands. The flowers are small, red-violet, with a slightly irregular four-lobed corolla, collected on the tops of the stems and branches in inflorescences - spike-shaped thyrsus. The rhizome is horizontal, branched, with fibrous thin roots extending from the nodes of the rhizomes. Many young underground shoots develop from the rhizome, located close to the soil surface, and some of them penetrate deep into the soil and acquire the character of rhizomes, and some come to the soil surface and spread from above in the form of lashes. The whole plant has a characteristic strong aroma. Blooms from late June to September.
Range, cultivation. Peppermint in the wild is unknown. It is assumed that peppermint is a triple hybrid (see diagram), from which the corresponding varieties and two main forms, black and pale (white), are derived.
Scheme of the origin of peppermint. The black form of peppermint has dark, reddish purple (anthocyanin) hues on the stems and leaves. The pale (white) form of peppermint is devoid of anthocyanin coloration, and its leaves and stems are light green. In this case, the term "pale" emphasizes not the color, but the degree of coloration. The essential oil of white mint has a more delicate smell than the anthocyanin form of mint oil, but the latter is more productive (in terms of oil yield and menthol content).
Both forms of peppermint are cultivated in Russia. The black form of mint serves as an industrial source of menthol. A number of valuable high-menthol industrial varieties of this form are known, the leaves of which contain up to 5-6% essential oil with a content of 65-70% menthol in it (varieties "Prilukskaya-6", "Krasnodarskaya-2", "Kubanskaya-5.41" and etc.). The pale form of mint is more valuable for the needs of the perfume and food industries, where the aroma of the oil is important.
Mint reproduces vegetatively, by segments of rhizomes (6-10 cm long) and by young shoots from rhizomes that have overwintered in the soil.
The main areas of cultivation in Russia are the North Caucasus (Krasnodar Territory), the Voronezh Region, and within the former USSR - Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus. Breeding work is aimed at breeding mint varieties with high yields, rich in menthol in oil and characterized by resistance to fungal diseases and pests.
Harvesting, primary processing and drying. The preparation of peppermint leaves is carried out in the phase of the beginning of flowering, that is, when flowering occurs in about half of the plants. The grass is mowed, dried in rolls and dried in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C or in the shade under awnings. The dried grass is threshed, the stems are separated and discarded.
Freshly harvested peppermint herb is used to obtain the essential oil.
Medicinal raw materials. Collected in the flowering phase by mechanized method and threshed, dried leaves of a perennial cultivated herbaceous plant - peppermint.
External signs. Pieces of leaves of various shapes, up to 10 mm in size or more, with an admixture of flowers and buds. The edge of the sheet is serrated with unequal sharp teeth; the surface is bare, only sparse, appressed hairs are visible from below along the veins under a magnifying glass, and shiny golden yellow or darker glands are visible throughout the leaf blade. Leaf color is light green to dark green. The smell is strong, fragrant. The taste is slightly burning, cooling.
Chemical composition. Peppermint leaves contain essential oil (leading ALS group) (about 3-5%). The inflorescences are the richest in essential oil (4-6%). A low content of essential oil (about 0.3%) was noted in the stems. The main components of mint oil are monocyclic monoterpene - menthol (50-80%), as well as other terpenoids - menthone (10-20%), mentofuran (up to 5-10%), pulegone, menthol esters with acetic (menthylaceate) and isovaleric acids (5-20%).
Peppermint oil also contains associated terpenes: limonene, α-phellandrene, ospinene and β-pinene, as well as free acetic and isovaleric acids.
As the second group of BAS, flavonoids should be distinguished, represented by derivatives of apigenin (menthoside), luteolin, hesperidin, etc., which determine the choleretic properties of infusion and other total preparations of peppermint (tincture, fees).
Among the concomitant substances of peppermint leaves, triterpene saponins (ursolic and oleanolic acids) (up to 0.5%), tannins (5-10%), carotenoids (up to 40 mg%), betaine, etc.
Peppermint oil is an easily mobile, almost colorless oily liquid, with a refreshing smell and a cooling, long-lasting, burning taste. In accordance with the GF X edition of free menthol in oil must be at least 46%. When the oil is cooled to -10 ° C, menthol begins to crystallize.
Pharmachologic effect.
Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, choleretic agent, which also has sedative, antiseptic, analgesic properties.
Application. Peppermint leaves in shape infusion used as an antispasmodic, choleretic, digestive aid.
Peppermint leaves are included in choleretic charges number 1 and № 2.
Made from peppermint leaves tincture, which is a mixture of equal parts extract of 90% alcohol (1:20) and mint oil and is used as a remedy for nausea and vomiting, as a pain reliever, and also as corrigens to improve the taste of medicines.
Peppermint essential oil is widely used in medicine as a refreshing and antiseptic agent, and in perfumery in the form of fragrant water, toothpastes and powders. Peppermint oil is an integral part of numerous drugs ("Corvalol", "Valocordin", "Peppermint Tablets", etc.), which have a calming, antispasmodic, anti-nausea effect.
Menthol is part of complex cardiovascular drugs (validol, Zelenin drops, etc.), and is also used for the production of painkillers ("Menovazin"), antiseptics ("Pektusin" and others), anti-migraine pencils, ointments ("Efkamon"), all kinds of drops, including from the common cold ("Eucatol"), inhalation mixtures ("In gacamf") etc.
Natural menthol is obtained by freezing at -10°C or by converting it to a boric acid ester followed by steam distillation.
The most significant in the action of mint and the essential oil contained in it is their choleretic and choleretic action. It has been established experimentally that the extract from mint leaves increases the secretion of bile by 9 times. Under the influence of an infusion of mint leaves, there is a gradual increase in bile secretion.
Peppermint oil, like chamomile essential oil, has a pronounced antispasmodic effect.
Based on these properties, a decoction of mint leaves is used for cholecystopathies, gastritis, as well as for gastrointestinal and biliary colic pains of any etiology.
Barberry ordinary – Berberis vulgaris.
The Barberry family Berberidaceae .
Leaves of common barberry Folia Berberidis vulgaris .
Common barberry is a branched thorny shrub up to 3 m high with a powerful root system. Branches with tripartite spines up to 2 cm long, in the axils of which shortened shoots with tufts of leaves sit. The bark of old stems is gray, cracking; on young stems it is furrowed, yellow-brown or yellowish-gray. The leaves are elliptical, obovate, sharply serrated along the edge, narrowed into a short petiole, leaves 3-6 cm long, 2-3 cm wide. Flowers in drooping racemes 3-6 cm long, three-membered with a double perianth, yellow corolla. The fruit is a juicy oblong single-leaflet 9-10 mm long, from purple to dark red, usually with a slight wax coating, the taste is very sour. Seeds oblong, dark brown, somewhat flattened.
The rhizome is horizontal, a large main root with lateral branches departs from it, with bright yellow wood. The bulk of the lateral roots is located at a depth of 10-30 cm. There are numerous buds on the rhizomes, due to which the plant has a well-defined ability for vegetative propagation. Under natural conditions, after the removal of above-ground shoots or after their freezing, the common barberry gives abundant shoots. Sometimes there are cases of vegetative propagation through the rooting of above-ground shoots. Blossoms in May-June (depending on habitat conditions), fruits ripen from late July to September.
Range, cultivation. The common barberry grows in the European part of the Russian Federation, and the main reserves of this plant are concentrated in the North Caucasus. Significant thickets of common barberry are noted in the upper reaches of the Kuban and its tributaries. Procurement of raw materials is carried out in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in Dagestan.
Within the CIS, the common barberry is distributed in Transcaucasia (Azerbaijan, Georgia), in Ukraine (mainly in the Crimea) and is widely cultivated.
Common barberry is found from the sandy coasts of the Black Sea to the subalpine belt (1700 m above sea level). It grows on rocky slopes in the mountains, as well as in floodplains of rivers and streams. The plant is found mainly in disturbed plant communities, sparse oak forests, clarified pine forests, thickets of dry-loving shrubs.
The leaves are harvested in the phase of budding and flowering. The raw materials are dried in a well-ventilated room under a canopy or in dryers at 40 - 50°C.
External signs. Barberry roots are cylindrical, straight or curved pieces of woody roots, 2 to 20 cm long, up to 6 cm thick, coarse-fibered fracture. The color of the roots outside is grayish-brown or brown, at the break it is lemon-yellow. The smell is weak, peculiar, the taste is bitter. Shelf life of raw materials is 3 years.
The leaves of the barberry are dark green, matte on the upper side, much lighter on the lower side. On both sides covered with a wax coating (not wetted with water). The smell is peculiar, the taste is sour.
Chemical composition. Barberry roots contain isoquinoline alkaloids of the protoberberine group, among which the main one is berberine (0.47-2.38%), which determines the yellow color of this raw material. Berberine occurs in plants in two forms: ammonium, that is, in the form of the corresponding salt of berberine (the OH group is replaced by an acid residue) and carbinol, corresponding to the structure of the free alkaloid (base).
The roots also contain palmatin, yatrorizin, columbanin, berberrubin, magnoflorin, and other alkaloids. Along with derivatives of protoberberine, the roots contain alkaloids of the bisbenzylisoquinoline nature of the group - oxyacanthin and berbamine. The largest amount of alkaloids accumulates in the root bark (up to 15%), and berberine - up to 9.4%. Chelidonic acid (a derivative of γ-pyrone) was found in the roots.
The main raw materials are bark, roots and fruits. Barberry contains a huge amount of biologically active substances, various alkaloids (berberine, palmatin, etc.), organic acids (malic, tartaric, citric), vitamin C, carotenoids.
Pharmachologic effect. Choleretic agent.
Application. It has been established that a decoction and an alcoholic infusion from the roots, as well as a total extract from the alkaloid mixture of barberry, actively stimulate the secretion of bile. Berberine alkaloids stimulate the production of bilirubin and the action of bile acids, increase bile flow and cause gallbladder contraction.
Barberry raw materials, as well as herbal preparations derived from it (berberine bisulfate - Berberini bisulfas, alcohol tincture), are used as agents that have a choleretic, tonic, antimicrobial, gastrointestinal effect. It is recommended for cholecystitis, including calculous, chronic hepatitis, hepatocholecystitis, with atony of the gallbladder and insufficient bile secretion during the recovery period after infectious diseases, and other cases.
Currently, more than 17 thousand medicines are used in the medical practice of the Russian Federation, among which about 40% are produced from plant materials. The share of herbal preparations used for the treatment of diseases of the liver and biliary tract is 70%. In addition, at the present time there has been a tendency for the increasing use of herbal remedies for both the treatment and prevention of diseases of the biliary system.
Although most herbal medicines have not passed randomized controlled clinical trials, they continue to occupy a worthy place in the treatment of various diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Such drugs cannot be classified as essential medicines with proven and predictable efficacy, with powerful potential. However, as practice shows, their use is justified as additional, auxiliary, or even alternative means of treatment.
The high choleretic and choleretic effect of the above herbal preparations is often associated with a number of other effects inherent in these plants, such as: antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, gas-absorbing, hepatoprotective, laxative, etc., which, taken together, can determine greater effectiveness in the treatment of liver diseases and gallbladder . This can be achieved by the combined use of several types of medicinal plants, the main actions of which complement each other.
It should be borne in mind that in herbal medicine for chronic diseases of the liver and gallbladder, treatment with selected plants should, as a rule, last several months. At the same time, it is advisable to switch to the use of another species with a similar effect a few weeks after treatment with one type of plant. Rationally composed combinations of medicinal plants are also useful.
In the last decade, herbal medicine, traditional medicine have received well-deserved recognition. The success of this approach to treatment is undeniable, scientifically substantiated and confirmed by centuries of experience in herbal medicine.
Therefore, today it is very important to find rational ways to use medicinal plants and medicinal plants in accordance with the principles of modern therapy.
In my opinion, phytotherapy of diseases of the liver and biliary tract as a scientifically based method of treatment and prevention should not only remain in our lives, but also develop creatively, taking into account modern trends in medicine.
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Immortelle sandy flowers GF XIII FS.2.5.0007.15
Helichrysi arenarii flores Instead of GF XI, no. 2, Art. 9 (amendment No. 2 dated 22.09.1999)
Collected before blooming flowers and dried baskets of a wild perennial herbaceous plant of immortelle (cumin) sandy - Helichrysum arenarium, fam. aster - Asteraceae.
External signs. Whole raw materials. Corymbose inflorescences, consisting of 20 - 35 small baskets, or parts of these inflorescences, sometimes individual baskets and flowers. Baskets are spherical or slightly elongated in shape, single or several together, 4–7 mm in diameter each, with remnants of white felt peduncles (axial parts of the inflorescence) no more than 1 cm long. The flowers are located on a bare receptacle and are surrounded by numerous loosely pressed involucre leaves. All flowers in the basket are tubular, bisexual, with a tuft; corolla limbs are five-toothed. Basket wrap 3-4-row consists of imbricate-arranged, petal-like, loosely pressed, convex lemon-yellow leaves. Involucral leaves are dry, membranous, shiny, heterogeneous in shape: outer - broadly lanceolate; internal - linear. All involucre leaves have a membranous edge and a brownish or greenish-gray stripe in the middle. The receptacle of the baskets is flat or slightly convex, finely pitted. Basket flowers, as a rule, are morphologically distinct and are divided into median and marginal.
Marginal flowers few (usually 5–7), pistillate or bisexual, with a long narrow perianth tube; corollas filiform in shape, five-toothed, lemon yellow.
The median flowers are numerous, small, 1.5 - 2 times smaller than the marginal ones; bisexual, the tubes of their corollas are 5-toothed and with 3-4 additional less pronounced teeth, usually yellow or orange.
The color of the leaflets of the involucre is lemon yellow, sometimes with reddish-orange tops, the corollas of the flowers are lemon yellow or orange; peduncles and leaves - gray, greenish or brownish gray. The smell is weak, fragrant. The taste of water extract is spicy-bitter.
Tansy ordinary flowers GF XIII FS.2.5.0031.15
Tanaceti vulgaris flores Instead of GF XI, no. 2, art. eleven
Collected at the beginning of flowering and dried inflorescences (flowers) of a perennial wild herbaceous plant of common tansy -Tanacetum vulgare, fam. aster - Asteraceae.
External signs. Whole raw material. Parts of a complex corymbose inflorescence and individual flower baskets. Hemispherical baskets with a depressed middle, 6-8 mm in diameter, consist of small tubular flowers: marginal - pistillate, median - bisexual. Receptacle bare, non-hollow, slightly convex, surrounded by an involucre of imbricate lanceolate leaflets with membranous margin. These leaflets are simple, sessile, pinnatipartite, from 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, noticeably pubescent upon closer examination. Peduncles furrowed, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent. The color of the flowers is yellow, the leaves of the involucre are brownish-green, the peduncles are light green. The smell is peculiar. The taste of water extract is spicy, bitter.
Posts with stigmas of corn GF XI, no. 2, art. 31
STYLI CUM STIGMATIS ZEAE MAYDIS
Collected during the period of cobs ripening and dried columns with stigmas of a cultivated annual herbaceous plant of corn - Zea mays, fam. bluegrass - Roaseae.
External signs. Whole raw material. Soft silky threads (columns), collected in bunches or partially entangled, at the top of which there are two-lobed stigmas. Styles somewhat curved, flat, 0.1-0.15 mm wide, 0.5-20 cm long, stigmas short, 0.4-3 mm long. Often there are columns without stigmas.
Color brown, brownish red, light yellow. The smell is weak, peculiar. Taste with a slimy feeling.
Grass chitotel GF XI, no. 2, art. 47
HERBA CHELIDONII
The grass of a perennial herbaceous plant of greater celandine, collected in the flowering phase, is Chelidonium majus L., fam. poppy - Papaveraceae.
External signs. Whole raw material. Whole or partially crushed leafy stems with flowers and fruits of various stages of development, pieces of stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Stems slightly ribbed, sometimes branched, hollow in internodes, slightly pubescent, up to 50 cm long. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pinnately dissected with 3-4 pairs of crenate-lobed segments. The buds are obovate with two pubescent sepals that fall off when the flower opens. Flowers 4-8 in axillary umbellate inflorescences on peduncles, lengthening during the fruiting period. Corolla of 4 obovate petals, many stamens. The fruit is an oblong, pod-shaped, bicuspid capsule. Seeds numerous, small, ovoid with pitted surface.
Liver (lat. iecur)- a vital unpaired internal organ located in the abdominal cavity and performing a large number of different physiological functions: neutralization of various foreign substances, participation in the processes of digestion and hematopoiesis, synthesis of cholesterol, bile acids and bilirubin, formation of bile, etc. The biliary system is designed to be excreted into intestines of a physiologically important secret of the liver - bile, which is involved in the digestion and absorption of fats, the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and the suppression of putrefactive microflora in the intestines. The gallbladder is a small hollow organ that serves to accumulate and concentrate bile during the interdigestive period. After eating, the gallbladder contracts, the sphincters relax, and bile enters the duodenum through the common bile duct to participate in the digestive process.
For the normal functioning of the biliary system, the following conditions are necessary:
■ good functioning of the liver cells, in which bile is synthesized and "pushed out" into the bile ducts;
■ sufficient concentration and contractile functions of the gallbladder;
■ absence of obstacles along the path of bile flow (spasms of sphincters, stenosis, compression of the ducts by other organs, especially the pancreas), normal pressure in the duodenal cavity.
Diseases of the liver and hepatobiliary system are an actual problem of modern medicine. An important role in the development of these diseases is played by such toxic factors as alcohol abuse, various kinds of poisoning, errors in the diet, as well as infectious agents - hepatitis viruses. In almost all cases, regardless of the etiology of the disease of the hepatobiliary system, oxidative stress develops in the liver cells, resulting in damage to cell membranes, metabolic disorders and a number of other pathological disorders.
One of the widely used groups of drugs that protect the liver is hepatoprotectors obtained from raw materials. milk thistle: karsil, legalon, silibor. These drugs are the sum of flavolignans that interact with free radicals in the liver and convert them into less toxic compounds, interrupting the process of lipid peroxidation; prevent further destruction of cellular structures; in damaged hepatocytes stimulate the synthesis of structural and functional proteins and phospholipids, stabilize cell membranes, prevent the loss of cell components (transaminases), accelerate the regeneration of liver cells; inhibit the penetration of certain hepatotoxic substances into the cell. Clinically, the effect is manifested by an improvement in the general condition of patients with liver diseases, a decrease in subjective complaints, and an improvement in laboratory parameters. The drugs are indicated for toxic liver damage and for their prevention, for chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver (as part of complex therapy). Contraindication to use is hypersensitivity. Adverse reactions include allergic reactions, rarely - a laxative effect.
For various diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract (chronic hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, etc.), choleretic agents are used. Choleretic drugs - drugs that activate the exocrine function of the liver and increase the secretion of bile into the duodenum. They are conditionally divided into choleretic, that is, enhancing the secretion of bile by hepatocytes, and cholekinetic, which contribute to the release of bile from the gallbladder into the intestine. Choleretic agents of plant origin belong mainly to the first group. The choleretic effect of herbal preparations is due to such groups of biologically active substances as alkaloids, flavones, vitamins and essential oils contained in raw materials. common barberry, large celandine, sandy immortelle, corn, common tansy. So, galenic preparations of immortelle sandy have a choleretic effect due to the amount of flavonoids that increase bile secretion, reduce the concentration of bile acids and the content of bilirubin in bile, change the ratio of cholesterol and bile acids, increasing the amount of the latter, increase the tone of the gallbladder, stimulate the secretory function of the pancreas and stomach increase diuresis. Preparations of common barberry have a choleretic effect, which is associated with the presence in the leaves and roots of the sum of isoquinoline alkaloids, the main of which is berberine. Berberine increases the secretion of bile, reduces its viscosity and bilirubin content, increases the content of prothrombin in the blood and accelerates its coagulation.
Cholagogues are contraindicated in acute hepatitis (to avoid overloading the liver cells) and in case of blockage of the bile ducts.
Leaves of common barberry - Folia Berberidis vulgaris
Roots of common barberry - Radices Berberidis vulgaris
Barberry ordinary - Berberis vulgaris L.
Barberry family - Berberidaceae.
Botanical description. Shrub up to 3 m high with a powerful root system (Fig. 3.25). Branches with thorns. Spines up to 2 cm long, three or five-parted, rarely simple, light brown on young shoots and gray on old ones. In the axils of the spines are shortened shoots with leaves. Leaves with a short petiole, elliptical or obovate, sharply serrated along the edge. Flowers with double perianth, collected in drooping racemes. The corolla is yellow. The fruit is a juicy oblong berry-shaped 9-10 mm long, from purple to dark red, usually with a slight wax coating.
Blossoms in May-June, fruits ripen in late July or August.
The common barberry grows in the Caucasus, in the Crimea and in some southern and western regions of the European part of Russia.
Habitat. It occurs on rocky slopes, in the mountains, as well as in the floodplains of rivers and streams. Widely cultivated.
blank. The leaves are harvested in the phase of budding and flowering. Hand-picked raw materials are cleaned of impurities and delivered to the place of drying.
Roots are harvested throughout the growing season. First, they cut off all above-ground shoots at their base and dig up the soil around the bush. Then the roots are uprooted by hand or pulled out with a cable attached to a machine or tractor. The dug roots are cleaned of earth and other impurities, while removing blackened and rotten parts. Washing the roots is not allowed, as berberine is highly soluble in water.
Security measures. When harvesting, it is necessary to leave at least one barberry bush intact for every 10 m 2 of thickets. Procurement of raw materials on the same thickets is allowed to be carried out no more than 1 time in 10 years.
Rice. 3.25. Barberry ordinary - Berberis vulgaris L.:
1 - flowering branch of the plant; 2 - branch with fruits
Drying. The roots are dried in a well-ventilated room under a canopy or in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 °C.
External signs of raw materials. Leaves. Whole raw material - leaves are entire 2-7 cm long and 1-4 cm wide, with a wedge-shaped base and a rounded apex, thin, covered with a wax coating on both sides, finely serrated along the edge, the teeth of the leaf are elongated into a soft needle. The venation is pinnate. Petiole glabrous, grooved, slightly winged in upper part. The color of the leaves from the upper side is dark green, matte, from the bottom - light. The smell is peculiar. The taste is sour.
Roots. Whole raw material - pieces of roots are woody, cylindrical, straight or curved, from 2 to 20 cm long, up to 6 cm thick; the surface is longitudinally wrinkled, the fracture is coarse-fibered. The color of the roots outside is grayish-brown or brown, at the break - lemon yellow. The smell is weak, peculiar. The taste is bitter.
Shredded raw materials - pieces of roots of various shapes passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Storage. On racks in a well-ventilated area. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. The leaves contain a sum of isoquinoline alkaloids (the main alkaloid is berberine), as well as polysaccharides, flavonoids, vitamin C, carotenoids, coumarins.
From leaves barberries prepare 5% aqueous infusion - an anti-inflammatory and choleretic agent for diseases of the liver and biliary tract. In addition, the leaves are used to prepare a tincture, which is used as a choleretic agent and for uterine bleeding.
From roots get berberine bisulfate, which is used as a choleretic agent in chronic hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis. The roots of barberry are part of the collection according to the prescription of M. N. Zdrenko.
Sandy immortelle flowers - Flores helichrysi arenarii
Sandy immortelle - Helichrysum arenarium(L.) Moench.
Asteraceae (Compositae).
Botanical description. Low herbaceous perennial, 15-40 cm high (Fig. 3.26). Stems numerous, erect or ascending, whitish-tomentose. Basal leaves are oblong-obovate, with a rounded top and a short petiole, collected in a rosette. Stem leaves alternate, oblong or linear. All leaves are densely pubescent. Numerous baskets are collected in corymbose inflorescences, the wrapper is lemon yellow, the flowers are yellow or orange, tubular. The fruit is an achene with a tuft.
Blooms from late June to September. The fruits ripen in August-September.
An unacceptable impurity is the cat's foot dioecious (An tennaria dioica(L.) Jaertin.), which differs in inflorescences: its baskets are large, collected in a more loose corymbose inflorescence - and in the color of the flowers - white, purple or pink.
Geographic distribution. It grows in the steppe, forest-steppe and in the south of the forest zones of the European part of the CIS, in the steppe regions of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.
Habitat. It occurs on dry sandy, less often stony soils, sometimes on sandy loamy, limestone and even chernozem soils.
blank. Inflorescences are harvested at the beginning of flowering, before the opening of the lateral baskets, since at a later collection, as a result of the opening of the baskets, the flowers are heavily showered and only the bed of the inflorescence with a wrapper remains. On the same array, the collection of inflorescences can be carried out up to 3-4 times as the plant blooms. Re-collection can usually be done after 5-7 days. Inflorescences with peduncles up to 1 cm long are cut with a knife or scissors and put loosely in bags or baskets. As soon as possible they deliver to the place of drying. Storage in containers longer than 3-4 hours leads to deterioration of raw materials.
Security measures. You can not pluck inflorescences with stems, pull out plants with roots. It is advisable to carry out repeated harvesting in 1-2 years, while 1-2 flowering plants should be left per 1 m 2 of thickets.
Drying. Dry the raw materials in cool rooms, spreading it out in a thin layer (2-3 cm). When dried in warm rooms and in attics, immortelle baskets quickly disintegrate, resulting in non-standard raw materials. Drying can be carried out in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C.
External signs of raw materials. Whole Raw Material- spherical single or several baskets collected on short woolly felt peduncles up to 1 cm long, 7 mm in diameter. Leaves of the wrapper - lemon yellow, dry, membranous, shiny; flowers are tubular, bisexual, with a tuft, yellow or orange. The smell is weak, pleasant. The taste is spicy-bitter.
Rice. 3.26. Sandy immortelle - Helichrysum arenarium(L.) Moench:
1 - general view of the plant; 2 - baskets of flowers in a corymbose inflorescence
Shredded raw materials - spherical single baskets, small, sometimes 2-3 together, individual receptacles and their pieces with the remains of involucre leaves, individual involucre leaves and tubular flowers, pieces of stems and peduncles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Storage. In dry, well-ventilated rooms in bags, on pallets or racks. Shelf life - 4 years.
Chemical composition. Flavonoids (naringenin, salipurposide, apigenin), coumarins, tannins, traces of essential oil.
Application, medicines. Raw materials are used to obtain infusion, dry extract, preparations Flamin and Ziflan. The drugs are used as a choleretic agent for diseases of the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract. The flowers are part of the choleretic collection, as well as the collection of M. N. Zdrenko.
Side effects. Helichrysum preparations can cause an increase in blood clotting.
Contraindications. Increased acidity of gastric juice, gastric and duodenal ulcers.
Columns with stigmas of corn (corn stigmas) - Styli cum stigmatis Zeae maydis
Corn - Zea mays L.
Bluegrass family (cereals) - Poaceae (Gramineae).
Botanical description. An annual monoecious herbaceous plant up to 3 m high (Fig. 3.27). The root system is fibrous. The stem is hollow. The leaves are alternate, linear, large. Male flowers are collected in panicles located at the top of the stem, female - in axillary cobs covered with bracts. The fruit is a yellow-orange grain.
Blossoms in July-August, fruits ripen in September-October.
Geographic distribution and areas of culture. The birthplace of corn is Central America, it is unknown in the wild state. Corn is widely cultivated on all continents, mainly as a grain crop. The main places of its cultivation in Russia are the southern regions of the European part, the Lower Volga region, the North Caucasus, as well as Ukraine, Moldova, the republics of the Transcaucasus and Central Asia.
Rice. 3.27. Corn - Zea mays L.:
1 - the upper part of the plant with a male inflorescence; 2 - part of a plant with a female inflorescence; 3 - staminate flower; 4 - part of the inflorescence with pistillate flowers (columns with stigmas); 5 - cob; 6 - grains; 7 - raw materials (corn silk)
blank. The columns with stigmas of corn are harvested in the phase of milky ripeness of the cobs (in August-September), breaking off or cutting off the bunches of columns with stigmas protruding from the cob. Blackened bars are removed.
Drying. Dry the raw materials immediately after collection in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C or in the air in the shade, with good ventilation. After artificial drying, the raw material is left for several hours in air for self-moistening in order to avoid crushing during packaging. After drying, the discolored parts of the columns are removed from the raw material.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw material - soft, silky threads, collected in bunches or partially entangled, somewhat twisted, flat, ribbon-like, 0.2-20 cm long. Color brown, brown-red, light yellow. The smell is weak, peculiar. Taste with a slimy feeling.
Shredded raw materials - thread-like pieces passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Storage. Due to hygroscopicity, corn stigmas are stored in a dry, well-ventilated area. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. Vitamins (vitamin K 1 ; carotenoids), polysaccharides, fatty oil, traces of essential oil.
Application, medicines. Raw materials are used for the preparation of infusions and the production of a liquid extract, which are used as a choleretic agent for cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatitis with delayed bile secretion; less often - as a diuretic and hemostatic agent.
Starch is obtained from corn kernels containing up to 70% starch, proteins and up to 57% fatty oil. Amylum Maydis and fatty oil Oleum Maydis. In medicine, starch is used in the form of a mucous decoction, fatty oil is used for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Side effects. Decreased appetite.
Contraindications. Decreased appetite, low body weight.
Tansy flowers - Flores Tanaceti
Common tansy - Tanacetum vulgare L.
Aster family (composite) - Asteraceae (Compositae).
Botanical description. Perennial herbaceous plant 50-150 cm high with erect stems, branched in the upper part, and alternate pinnately dissected leaves (Fig. 3.28). Flower baskets are collected in corymbose inflorescences. The flowers in the basket are tubular, yellow. The fruit is an achene without a tuft. The plant has a characteristic (balsamic) smell.
Blossoms in July-September, fruits ripen in August-October.
Rice. 3.28. Common tansy - Tanacetum vulgare L.:
1 - the upper part of a flowering plant; 2 - rhizome with roots and stem base; 3 - flower basket; 4 - achenes
Geographic distribution. It grows almost throughout the European part of the CIS, as well as in Western Siberia and northern Kazakhstan.
Habitat. This is a plant of the forest and forest-steppe zone. Often forms thickets near dwellings, in garbage places, in sand pits, roadside ditches, on gravel, railway embankments, clearings and among bushes.
blank. Inflorescences are collected at the beginning of flowering. Baskets and parts of complex corymbose inflorescences with a peduncle no more than 4 cm long are cut off. It is impossible to harvest in heavily polluted places - along highways, along railway embankments, etc.
Drying. The raw materials are dried under sheds, in attics, in air or heat dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ° C, laying out the inflorescences in a thin layer. During drying, the raw material is turned over 1-2 times. Turn over carefully, especially at the end of drying, so as not to cause scree formation.
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw material - parts of a complex corymbose inflorescence and individual hemispherical flower baskets 6-8 mm in diameter, consisting of tubular yellow flowers. The bed of the inflorescence is bare, non-hollow, surrounded by a wrapper of tiled lanceolate brownish-green leaves with a membranous margin. Peduncles furrowed, glabrous, rarely slightly pubescent, light green. The smell is peculiar. The taste is spicy, bitter.
Shredded raw materials - whole flower baskets, individual tubular flowers, beds of inflorescences and pieces of peduncles passing through a 7 mm sieve.
Storage. In a dry, well-ventilated area, as essential oil, separately from other types of raw materials. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. A significant amount of flavonoids (derivatives of luteolin, apigenin, etc.), essential oil (β-thujone - up to 47%, α-thujone, camphor, borneol), tannins, bitterness.
Application, medicines. An infusion is prepared from tansy flowers, which is used as a choleretic and antihelminthic (for ascaris, pinworms) remedy. The drug tanacechol, containing a dry purified extract of flowers, is approved for use as an antispasmodic for chronic cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia. Tansy is part of the choleretic collections and in the collection according to the prescription of M. N. Zdrenko. The aerial parts of the plant also have insecticidal properties.
Side effects. Increases pressure, with an overdose, stomach upset, nausea, and convulsions may occur.
Contraindications. Pregnancy, lactation, early childhood.
Milk thistle fruits Fructus Silybi mariani
Milk thistle spotted (spicy-variegated) - Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.
Aster family (composite) - Asteraceae (Compositae).
Botanical description. Herbaceous biennial plant (annual in culture) up to 1.5 m high (Fig. 3.29). Stem ribbed, erect. The leaves are alternate, oblong-elliptical, dark green, with numerous white spots and prickly-toothed along the edge. Inflorescences - spherical baskets, flowers are all tubular, purple or lilac-crimson; the leaves of the wrapper end in yellow long spines. The fruit is an achene with a tuft.
It blooms from July to late autumn, the fruits ripen unevenly in September-October.
Geographic distribution. Southern regions of the European part of the CIS, the Caucasus, the south of Western Siberia and Central Asia.
Habitat. It occurs in dry places, along roads, as a weed and ruderal plant.
blank. Raw materials are harvested at the end of August - September, during the drying period of wrappers on most side baskets. The aerial part is mowed, the resulting mass is dried on a current and threshed, while the tuft on the achenes easily breaks off.
Drying. The fruits are separated from impurities and dried in dryers at a temperature of 40-50 °C.
External signs of raw materials. Whole Raw Material- achenes without pappus, ovoid, slightly compressed laterally, 5 to 8 mm long, 2 to 4 mm wide. The apex is oblique, the base is obtuse. The surface is smooth, sometimes longitudinally wrinkled. Color - from black to light brown, sometimes with a lilac tint, often spotted fruits. There is no smell, the taste is slightly bitter.
Storage. In dry, well-ventilated rooms, in a special pantry for fruits and seeds. Shelf life - 3 years.
Rice. 3.29. Milk thistle spotted (spicy-variegated) - Silybum marianum(L.) Gaertn.:
1 - the upper part of a flowering plant; 2 - fruit (achene with tuft); 3 - raw material (achene without tuft)
Chemical composition. Flavolignans - silybin, silidianin, silichristin, etc., fatty oil, resins.
Application, medicines. The fruits are used for the production of the drug silibor, which has a hepatoprotective, choleretic, anti-inflammatory effect and is prescribed for various forms of hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver. Foreign analogues - legalon, carsil. Dry extract of milk thistle fruits is contained in hepabene capsules, which have a choleretic effect and are used in the complex therapy of biliary dyskinesia, chronic hepatitis and chronic toxic liver damage. Milk thistle fruits are also used in homeopathy. Fruits, oil and fruit extracts are part of dietary supplements that support the functions of the digestive system.
Side effects. Diarrhea, nausea, itching, flatulence, dyspepsia, rash.
Celandine grass - Herba Chelidonii
Large celandine - Chelidonium majus L.
poppy family - papaveraceae.
Botanical description. Perennial herbaceous plant with a short vertical rhizome (Fig. 3.30). Shoots erect, branched, up to 80 cm high. Basal and lower stem leaves petiolate; upper stem - sessile. Leaves pinnately dissected, lyre-shaped. The segments are rounded, with unevenly crenate margins. The flowers are regular, four-membered, collected at the ends of the stems in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence. The fruit is a pod-like capsule. All parts of the plant contain an orange milky sap.
Blooms from May to autumn. The fruits ripen from July.
Geographic distribution. It grows in all regions of the European part of the CIS, in Siberia (except for the Far North), in the Caucasus; in the mountains of East Kazakhstan and Central Asia.
Habitat. It occurs as a weed-ruderal plant near dwellings, in vegetable gardens, orchards, and in wastelands.
blank. Harvested in the flowering phase, cutting off or beveling the flowering tops without the rough lower parts of the stems.
Drying. Raw materials are dried in dryers at a temperature of 50-60 ° C, in attics under an iron roof or under a canopy with good ventilation, spreading out loosely in a thin layer. With slow drying and in those cases when the grass is spread out in a thick layer, it turns brown and rots. When packing dried celandine, precautions should be taken - put wet gauze masks on your face,
since dust from raw materials can cause severe irritation of the nasal mucosa.
Rice. 3.30. Large celandine - Chelidonium majus L.:
1 - branch of a flowering plant; 2 - parts of the stem; 3 - mature fruits; 4 - drops of milky juice
External signs of raw materials. Whole raw material - whole or partially crushed leafy stems with buds, flowers and fruits, as well as pieces of stems and leaves. The stems are slightly ribbed, sometimes branched, slightly pubescent, up to 50 cm long. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, the plates are unpaired pinnately dissected with 3-4 pairs of segments. Corolla of four obovate petals, many stamens, superior ovary. The fruit is an oblong, pod-shaped, bicuspid capsule. The color of the stems is light green, the leaves are green on one side and bluish on the other, the corolla is bright yellow, the fruits are grayish green. The smell is peculiar. Taste is not defined.
Shredded raw materials - pieces of leaves, stems, flowers and fruits of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm.
Storage. Raw materials are stored in dry, well-ventilated rooms in accordance with the rules for storing potent raw materials. Shelf life - 3 years.
Chemical composition. isoquinoline alkaloids; flavonoids; tannins; saponins. Celandine also accumulates a number of trace elements.
Application, medicines. It is used to prepare an aqueous infusion used as a choleretic and bactericidal agent for diseases of the liver and gallbladder, as well as an external anti-inflammatory agent. It is used only as directed by a doctor! In folk medicine, it is a popular external remedy for getting rid of warts and papillomas.
Side effects. Celandine preparations can cause depression of the central nervous system, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Contraindications. Excessive production of bile, epilepsy, bronchial asthma, angina pectoris.
