Why was Ketorol banned? Excessive doses and toxemia. Symptoms and consequences of an overdose of ketorol

Ketorolac is an NSAID with pronounced analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanism of action is associated with blockade of the COX enzyme in peripheral tissues, resulting in inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins - modulators. pain sensitivity, thermoregulation and inflammation. Ketorolac is a racemic mixture of [-]S and [+]R enantiomers, with analgesic effects due to the [-]S form. Ketorolac does not affect opioid receptors and respiratory function, does not have a sedative and anxiolytic effect, does not cause drug addiction. Ketorolac also inhibits platelet aggregation. The ability of platelets to aggregate is restored after 24-48 hours. The drug does not cause a withdrawal syndrome after stopping its administration.
After oral administration, Ketorolac is rapidly absorbed and completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. The maximum plasma concentration is reached on average 44 minutes after taking 10 mg and is 0.7-1.1 μg / ml.
In patients over 65 years of age the half-life of the end products of ketorolac compared with young healthy volunteers increases to 7 hours (4.3-8.6 hours). The total plasma clearance is reduced to 0.019 l / kg.
The pharmacokinetics of ketorolac after single and multiple use does not change and is linear. Equilibrium concentrations of the drug in blood plasma are achieved with the introduction of the drug every 6 hours throughout the day. The clearance of the drug with repeated use remains constant. Ketorolac is 99% bound to plasma proteins, the degree of binding does not depend on the concentration of the drug in the blood.
Ketorolac metabolites are excreted from the body by the kidneys, 94% of the administered dose is excreted in the urine, 6% is excreted in the feces.
In patients with impaired renal function the excretion of ketorolac slows down, which is manifested by a prolongation of the half-life and a decrease in clearance compared with young healthy individuals.
In patients with impaired liver function no changes in the pharmacokinetics of ketorolac were noted, but the time to reach the maximum concentration of the drug in blood plasma and the half-life increase slightly compared to young healthy volunteers.

Indications for use of the drug Ketorol

Elimination of strong and moderate acute pain different origin and localization:

• early postoperative period, anesthesia after gynecological, orthopedic, laparoscopic manipulations, after injuries, burns;
• elimination of seizures renal colic, hepatic colic, bone pain in sickle cell anemia;
• toothache;
• acute neuralgia, neuritis, radicular pain, pain in herpes zoster;
• elimination of migraine attacks.

The use of the drug Ketorol

Ketorol is not indicated for the treatment of chronic pain syndrome, and is used only in case of acute pain.
With a single oral intake single dose is 10 mg.
With repeated administration, the drug is prescribed at 10-30 mg every 4-6 hours, depending on the severity and duration of the pain syndrome. Maximum daily dose should not exceed 120 mg.
When transferring patients from parenteral to oral administration of the drug, the total daily dose of Ketorol should not exceed: for patients under 65 years of age - 120 mg; for patients over 65 years of age and patients with impaired renal function - 60 mg.
Taking Ketorol tablets after a meal rich in fats is accompanied by a decrease in the maximum concentration of ketorolac in the blood plasma and slows down the time to reach it by 1 hour.
The duration of the course of treatment for oral intake- no more than 5 days.

Contraindications to the use of the drug Ketorol

Hypersensitivity to ketorolac or other drugs of the NSAID group, allergic reactions to acetylsalicylic acid; so-called aspirin asthma; peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum in active phase, as well as a history of ulcers with perforation or gastrointestinal bleeding; severe violations kidney function (creatinine level in blood plasma more than 5 mg / 100 ml); high risk postoperative bleeding, incomplete hemostasis, ; congestive heart failure (water retention in the body is noted); children under the age of 16.

Side effects of Ketorol

Nausea, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, erosive gastritis, peptic ulcer, drowsiness, anxiety, urticaria, angioedema.

Special instructions for the use of the drug Ketorol

Since during the period of Ketorol use develop adverse reactions from the side of the central nervous system (drowsiness, dizziness, headache), it is recommended to avoid performing work that requires heightened attention and fast response.
The appointment of Ketorol during pregnancy is possible only if the expected benefit to the mother exceeds potential risk for the fetus and only on prescription.
If it is necessary to prescribe Ketorol during lactation, the issue of stopping breastfeeding should be resolved.

Interactions of the drug Ketorol

At combined application Probenecid and Ketorol note an increase in the concentration of ketorolac in the blood plasma and a prolongation of its half-life from the body.
With the combined appointment of methotrexate and Ketorol, it should be noted that NSAIDs reduce the clearance of methotrexate and thereby increase its toxicity. Ketorol does not affect the ability of digoxin to bind to plasma proteins. At combined reception Ketorol and salicylates (at a plasma concentration of 300 μg / ml), the binding of Ketorol to plasma proteins decreases from 99 to 97%.
Warfarin, paracetamol, phenytoin, ibuprofen, naproxen, piroxicam do not affect the binding of ketorolac to plasma proteins.
Clinical trials have not revealed important interactions of Ketorol with warfarin or heparin, but the appointment of ketorolac and drugs that affect hemostasis, including anticoagulants (warfarin or heparin in low doses - 2500-5000 units 2 times a day) and dextrins may increase the risk of bleeding.
The use of Ketorol tablets after meals, rich in fat, may be accompanied by a decrease in the maximum concentration in the blood plasma and a delay in its achievement by 1 hour.
Antacids do not affect the absorption of ketorolac in the gastrointestinal tract.

Ketorol overdose, symptoms and treatment

With one or repeated use manifested by abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, peptic ulcers of the stomach or erosive gastritis, impaired renal function, hyperventilation. In these cases, gastric lavage with the introduction of adsorbents (activated charcoal) and symptomatic therapy is recommended.

Storage conditions of the drug Ketorol

Tablets - in a dry, dark place at a temperature of 15-25 ° C.

List of pharmacies where you can buy Ketorol:

• St. Petersburg

Ketorol poisoning is a condition provoked by improper use of the drug, which occurs very rarely, but can lead to the most serious consequences.

Basic information about the drug

Ketorol ( active substance Ketorolac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a pronounced analgesic effect. The range of its application is quite wide, ranging from pain in the teeth and ending with pain in the joints. Most often, Ketorol is prescribed for stopping acute attacks osteochondrosis and arthrosis, accompanied by intense pain and inflammation.

Pharmacodynamics

The mechanism of action of ketorolac is due to the blocking of the activity of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 (COX-1, COX-2), enzymes that play leading role in the process of birth and development of pain, inflammation and fever in response to a damaging factor.

Ketorolac does not bind to opioid receptors nervous system(pain receptors), is not addictive (Ketorol is not a viable drug), does not interfere with respiratory function, does not have a sedative (sedative) and anxiolytic (tranquilizing) effect.

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability (absorption of the active substance) ranges from 80% to 100%, the maximum therapeutic effect occurs in half an hour or an hour. When administered orally (through the mouth), the absorption period is extended by 1 hour. At parenteral administration solution for intramuscular injection therapeutic effect achieved a day after the first injection (subject to the appointment of the drug at least four times a day).

Important! Ketorolac has the ability to penetrate into breast milk. Therefore, women during lactation are advised to use the drug with caution.

Ketorolac is metabolized (broken down) in the liver, excreted mainly by the kidneys. The half-life is 5.3 hours, in the elderly it is lengthened, and in the young it is reduced due to the high rate of metabolic reactions. A significant excess of the rate of excretion of ketorolac from the body is observed in patients with renal insufficiency (more than 13.6 hours).

Indications

Ketorol is used to relieve pain of various etiologies:

Note: Ketorol can be used as an antiemetic and pain reliever for acute diseases digestive organs. In this case, it is advisable to use injection form drug. The relief of pain in the back and joints is carried out by the method of external application of dosage forms in the form of a gel.

Contraindications

Ketorol is not indicated for use in:

• individual sensitivity to the drug (allergy to Ketorol);
• exacerbation peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum;
• bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract;
• severe dysfunctions of the liver, heart and kidneys;
• hemophilia (low blood clotting);
• bronchial asthma.

Gel Ketorol for external use is contraindicated for various skin lesions at the site of application. All other dosage forms are not recommended for use during pregnancy and lactation, as well as for children under 16 years of age.

Ketorol during pregnancy

The effect of the drug during pregnancy has not been fully studied. During clinical trials in animals it has been proven that the drug can adversely affect the development of the fetus in 10 out of 100 cases. Therefore, the use of Ketorol in pregnant women is not welcome, but it is acceptable if the expected result of treatment is significantly higher. possible risk for the health of the child.

Important! In the first trimester of pregnancy, the use of Ketorol is strictly prohibited!

Causes of Ketorol poisoning

Uncontrolled intake of the drug contributes to oversaturation of the body active substance which provokes negative reactions in the form of intoxication and the development of severe side effects. The risk group includes people over 65 years of age, as they require medical adjustment of the dose of Ketorol by age. Also, the remedy is not recommended to be taken for longer than 5 days, otherwise an overdose is possible. And of course, taking an expired or improperly stored drug also leads to severe intoxication.

It is better not to combine Ketorol with alcohol, since the latter enhances the effect of the drug, and therefore contributes to the development of its overdose.

Symptoms of an overdose of Ketorol

The main signs of an overdose of Ketorol are:

• nausea, vomiting, stool disorder;
• soreness in the abdomen;
• urination disorder (increase in the volume of urine excreted);
• tissue swelling (especially lower extremities and faces);
• disruption of the heart (arrhythmia);
• instability blood pressure;
• headache, dizziness;
• disturbance of consciousness;
• chronic fatigue.

An overdose of Ketorol aggravates the patient's condition with bronchial asthma (causes respiratory depression) and organ damage gastrointestinal tract(provokes perforation of a stomach ulcer and 12 duodenal ulcer, bleeding may open). Due to the thinning of the blood, which is formed while taking the drug, disturbances in the work develop of cardio-vascular system. "Jumps" in blood pressure can also be the result of exceeding the dosage of Ketorol.

To eliminate the symptoms of an overdose of Ketorol, you need:

Further treatment of Ketorol overdose

Subsequently, the treatment of drug poisoning is prescribed according to the symptoms:

• pain relief: painkillers (Analgin, Baralgin, Bral);
• elimination of vascular spasm: No-shpa, Drotaverine, Papaverine;
• combined preparations: Spazgan, Spazmalgon, Revalgin;
• relief of dyspeptic manifestations: Duspatalin, Domperidone, Motilium, Passagex;
• antihistamines: Loratadin, Erius, Zodak, Tsetrin, Suprastin.

All other appointments are made by the doctor, depending on the individual condition of the victim.

Consequences of an overdose of Ketorol

If you drink a lot of Ketorol, what will happen:

• perforated ulcer of the stomach and duodenum ( internal bleeding as the main harm of Ketorol);
• respiratory arrest in bronchial asthma;
• cardiac arrest in cardiovascular pathologies;
• kidney failure in renal failure.

At healthy people Ketorol poisoning occurs in the form mild intoxication when the body copes with all violations on its own.

Remember! Lethal dose Ketorol significantly exceeds 50 mg.

Prevention of an overdose of a drug consists in the timely study of the instructions, compliance with its requirements and strict adherence to the doctor's recommendations. You can not take Ketorol additionally if the action is already taken pill(or injected) has not yet arrived!

How many Ketorol tablets to drink? For a single dose allowable dose 10 mg (1 tab.). No more than four tablets are allowed per day, i.e. 40 mg. It is not recommended to violate the dosing regimen in order to avoid getting poisoning. The duration of the course of treatment should be no more than 5 days.

Is Ketorol harmful or not? In each case, the answer to this question is considered individually. In the presence of certain contraindications to the drug, it is definitely harmful. But with individual clinical symptoms such as pain, inflammation, increased local temperature, Ketorol is not only not dangerous, but even useful. Therefore, we advise you to take it, like any other medicine, wisely and strictly according to the instructions or according to personal recommendation doctor.

Ketorol is a very powerful non-narcotic analgesic drug with anti-inflammatory activity and a moderate antipyretic effect. However, the main effect of Ketorol is an analgesic (analgesic). Due to its powerful analgesic effect, the drug is ideal for the relief of moderate to severe pain, especially associated with traumatic injury fabrics.

Varieties, names and forms of release of Ketorol

• Gel for external use;
• Tablets for oral administration;
• Solution for intramuscular and intravenous administration.

The gel is a homogeneous transparent substance with a characteristic odor. Solution for injection - transparent and colorless, or pale yellow. The tablets are colored green color, have a round, biconvex shape and an engraving in the form of the letter "S" on one side. On the break, the tablet is white or almost white, with a homogeneous structure.

The gel is available in aluminum tubes with a volume of 30 g, the solution is in ampoules with a volume of 1 ml, 10 pieces per pack, and tablets - 20 pieces per pack.

If any of you didn't already know, then intrauterine development a child is the most important period in his life. If during this time the child's body is formed correctly, then in the future everything will be not just good, but excellent. The normal intrauterine development of the fetus largely depends on the state of the organism of his mother. After all, it is from the body of a pregnant woman that the child consumes the substances that are so necessary for his growth and development. nutrients. If you want your pregnancy to go as smoothly as possible, then try to follow healthy lifestyle life and proper nutrition. Medicines also play an important role in the growth and development of the baby.

Toothache today is considered to be the most excruciating. Sometimes it is simply impossible to endure it. Even our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers said the same thing. Headache is much inferior in strength to toothache. Despite the fact that the pain is the strongest, it can still be dealt with. And not only possible, but also necessary. Today there is great amount methods of dealing with toothache. These are drugs and folk remedies. Surely everyone has already managed to find for himself best method dealing with existing pain.

There are many reasons for the development of toothache. Most often this pain provoke various diseases teeth and gums. It can also occur due to ordinary caries, and this happens in most cases. According to statistics, caries causes toothache in about ninety-five cases out of a hundred. Without a doubt, the means available today can relieve pain only temporarily. Sooner or later, a person will still need to seek help from a specialist.

However, until he gets to it, he can take the help of a drug called ketorol. The patient can drink no more than three tablets of this drug per day. pharmaceutical agent. It is very important that the tablet this drug was washed down with a full glass of water. Otherwise, therapeutic effect Ketorol will have to wait longer. In general, in order to prevent toothache, try to lead a healthy lifestyle and monitor hygiene. oral cavity.

During treatment with Ketorol, the following side effects may occur:

CNS disorders in the form of headache, dizziness, pale skin, anxiety, drowsiness, lethargy, depressed depression mental state, euphoria, tinnitus.
Digestive disorders are manifested as a feeling of dryness in the oral cavity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, a feeling of heaviness in the epigastrium, bloating, abdominal pain, inflammation of the oral mucosa, inflammation of the gastric mucosa, erosion of the gastrointestinal tract, opening of a stomach ulcer. -intestinal tract, stools may acquire more dark color, bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract is possible, the development of liver failure is likely.
Disorders genitourinary system manifested in the form of: increased urge to urinate, swelling, immuno-inflammatory process of the kidneys, the presence of protein in urine, a decrease in the daily amount of urine excreted, difficult or painful excretion of urine, impaired renal function.
Perhaps the development of allergic reactions in the form of urticaria, eosinophilia and others.
Also, side effects include the likelihood of developing respiratory depression, increased sweating, feelings of thirst, myalgia, blurred vision.
Signs of overdose are manifested in the form of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, erosion of the gastrointestinal tract, kidney dysfunction. Symptomatic therapy should be carried out.

The drug Ketorol is indicated:

With severe and moderate painful sensations: after surgical interventions, with injuries, toothache, pain after postponed childbirth, oncological diseases, myalgia, arthralgia, neuralgic pain, sciatica, dislocations, sprains, rheumatic diseases.

The drug is contraindicated:
- at hypersensitivity to the components of the drug;
- with shortness of breath, bronchospasm, angioedema, hypovolemia (without dependence on genesis);
- with dehydration;
- at erosive and ulcerative lesions gastrointestinal tract and 12 duodenal ulcer;
- with peptic ulcers;
- with hypocoagulation (including hemophilia);
- violations of liver / kidney function (creatinine content in plasma is more than 50 mg per liter);
- with hemorrhagic stroke and diathesis;
- simultaneous use of other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
- if exists Great chance development or resumption of bleeding (including after surgical interventions);
- with lesions of the hematopoietic system;
- in the presence of polyposis of the nasal mucosa;
- during pregnancy and childbirth;
- during lactation (breastfeeding);
- children under the age of 16 years (safety and effectiveness have not been proven).
Not used to treat chronic pain syndrome

If necessary, the use of the drug Ketorol in combination with narcotic painkillers is allowed. Do not use the drug as a means for sedation, maintenance of anesthesia and for analgesia in obstetrics. With the simultaneous use of Ketorol with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, fluid retention in the body, impaired functioning of the heart, and increased blood pressure are possible. The effect on platelet adhesion stops after 1-2 days. The reasons that cause an increase in the likelihood of developing erosive and other damage to the gastrointestinal tract: elderly age(over 65 years), peptic ulcer, concomitant use medicinal substances, reducing blood clotting and / or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, intravenous or intramuscular administration for more than five days, overdose. Patients with poor clotting blood should be used only with systematic monitoring of platelet count, namely, it is important for patients who have undergone surgery, who require careful monitoring of hemostasis. Solutions for intravenous or intramuscular injection it is not recommended to administer by the epidural or intrathecal route due to the ethanol they contain. During drug therapy, you should refrain from driving vehicles and other activities that require increased attention and speed of mental and motor reactions.

Pharmacology of the drug

Ketorol is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicine. It has a pronounced analgesic, anti-inflammatory and moderately pronounced antipyretic effect. The principle of operation of the drug is to suppress the activity of COX 1 and 2, which accelerates the production of Pg from arachidonic acid, which play a significant role in the formation inflammatory process, pain and fever. In terms of analgesic effect, it is comparable to morphine, much stronger than other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The onset of the analgesic effect is observed half an hour after intramuscular injection, the peak of action of the drug is observed after 1-2 hours and lasts for 4-6 hours.

Pharmacodynamics of the drug

At internal application well and quickly absorbed. 80-100% of the drug enters the bloodstream. The maximum concentration depends on the dosage and method of administration. Css is observed within 24 hours after application every 6 hours. The drug binds to plasma proteins by 99%. It remains in the liver as metabolites. It is excreted from the body mainly through the kidneys (about 90%) with urine, 6% with feces. The elimination half-life in young patients lasts approximately 4-6 hours, in elderly patients - 4.5-8.6 hours. The elimination time is increased in patients with chronic renal failure. With repeated use of the drug, a change in the clearance of ketorolac is not observed.

More often modern man resorts to potent (analgesics). And really, is it worth enduring pain when you can quickly and without harm remove it? Is it without harm? To answer these questions, let's take ketorol as an example, indications for its use: when it is worth taking it, and when it is better to abstain.

Most often, children of the 21st century are worried about toothache and headache, muscle, severe pain after major operations, they also make themselves felt severe illness, (oncology) . In all these cases, it is required strong remedy. Among modern drugs only a few meet this requirement: nise, ketorol, nurofen. These drugs are sold without a prescription. A prescription is required for (such as morphine, codeine). Although there are drugs in the painkillers mentioned above: codeine in Nurofen. The safest are drug-free analgin, citramon, ibuprofen and paracetamol. They are not addictive, but severe cases are not effective.

The most effective doctors, and the users of painkillers themselves, call it ketorol and its derivatives (ketorolac, dolak, ketanov, toradol). Ketorol is an analgesic that has a very strong effect, acts on the body by analogy with morphine, is at the same time more dangerous than others.

Without a doctor, it is generally not recommended to take it. And since the doctors are cautious, and the pains are “washing away” to try something stronger, let's see if it is worth taking ketorol. Indications for use are as follows: postoperative period, accompanied by severe pain; when running oncological diseases; diseases of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue, i.e. muscle pain(myalgia), nerve pain (neuralgia), joint pain (arthralgia). Can be used to relieve pain from dislocations, sprains, and other serious injuries, as well as with radiculitis, rheumatism. Ketorol is effective for toothache. Although in some cases it is better to take a nise (to remove a slight toothache it will suffice). With pain in the abdomen, you should not take Ketorol, the indications for use in the instructions for the drug do not include these cases. It is also not wise to relieve a headache with such a strong remedy.

In addition to the analgesic effect, ketorol has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects. However, the drug is not used to treat such diseases, but only for the sole purpose of relieving pain when inflammatory diseases and others accompanied by fever.

The drug does not cause dependence on it. However, sometimes there is a decrease in attentiveness, the ability to respond quickly, drowsiness, decreased visual clarity (these are adverse reactions). It's definitely not worth getting behind the wheel.

It is produced in tablets and in ampoules for intramuscular injections, of course, they will act stronger.

To endure pain, of course, is not worth it, but also resort to strong drugs when you can handle more safe means it is forbidden! Scientists are not in vain sounding the alarm: latest research showed that permanent reception(more than 1 time in two weeks) analgesics leads to the opposite result (provokes pain).

You should always carefully read the contraindications. In many cases, ketorol is contraindicated in patients as an anesthetic. Indications for its use are much more short list than contraindications. These include asthma, ulcers, bleeding disorders, bleeding, severe insufficiency hepatic, renal, cardiac. Pregnant and breastfeeding, children under 16, it should not be taken at all! It is also contraindicated for the elderly.

Not to mention side effects, most of which are just as hard to bear as severe pain(spasms, burning, vomiting, diarrhea or, conversely, constipation, swelling, headache).

Always remember: pain is a signal from the body that it needs treatment. Therefore, having removed the pain, you should not forget about it, you need to find out the causes and undergo treatment if necessary.

Ketorol (Ketorolac) is medicinal product belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The drug has a high analgesic activity, which is widely used to relieve pain. different intensity– postoperative, traumatological, neurological pain.

Since the drug is used quite widely, ketorol poisoning is quite common in medical practice.

Causes of Ketorol poisoning

• Exceeding single and daily therapeutic doses.
• Taking an expired drug.
• Wrong drug intake.
• Suicidal intentions.

Signs of drug poisoning:

• Drawing paroxysmal pains in the abdomen.
• Nausea and vomiting not related to eating.
• Neurological disorders: headache, unsteady gait, drowsiness, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, convulsions.
• Disturbances of consciousness in the form of confusion, hallucinations. Perhaps the development of sopor, or coma.
• Violations of the functions of the liver and kidneys.
• Changes in laboratory indicators: hematuria, proteinuria, glucosuria.
• Cardiovascular disorders in the form of hypertension, hypotension. Possible cardiac arrhythmias.

Reference Information:

• Hematuria - the presence of blood in the urine above physiological parameters.
• Proteinuria is the excretion of protein from the body with urine in an amount that does not fit into normal values.
• Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine.

If you suspect Ketorol poisoning, you must urgently call ambulance and take urgent action before the arrival of the doctor:

• Drink 1.5-2 liters of water and induce vomiting.
• To accept Activated carbon at the rate of 1 tablet per 1 kg of body weight.

Treatment of poisoning and monitoring of the patient's condition:

• Hospitalization.
• If no more than 2-2.5 hours have passed from the moment the drug enters the body, it is advisable to perform gastric lavage through a tube.
• For the purpose of detoxification, the introduction of a 0.9% solution of sodium chloride is indicated.
• If necessary, the appointment of a saline laxative.
• Symptomatic therapy- the appointment of antiulcer, antiarrhythmic, anticonvulsant and other drugs.
• Laboratory monitoring of blood and urine parameters.
• Ultrasound procedure liver, kidneys, pancreas.
• Electrocardiogram control.
• Consultations of specialist doctors: gastroenterologist, neurologist, rare cases- hematologist.
• In case of an overdose of the drug for the purpose of suicide, a psychiatrist's consultation.

Consequences of ketorol poisoning

• Ulcerative erosive lesions of the stomach and intestines. Enough frequent complication as a result of taking high doses of the drug. It appears in the form gastrointestinal disorders such as nausea, vomiting in the form of " coffee grounds”, pain in the stomach and intestines, diarrhea, fever. A consultation with a gastroenterologist, antiulcer therapy, and sometimes surgery is required.
• kidney failure. Characterized by the occurrence of edema on the face and legs, frequent or infrequent urination, change in urine volume, pain in the lumbar region, changes in laboratory parameters. A consultation with a nephrologist is required. Treatment depends on the stage of renal impairment.
• Other complications: arterial hypertension, dermatitis, hearing loss, anemia, mental disorders. These complications are quite rare, but, nevertheless, if they occur, you should contact specialist doctors for advice and correction of complications.