Recent explorations of the moon. What is the name of the lunar soil. Lunar soil of the Apollo program outside the United States

::: Briefly about favorite lunar tractors and stations that brought lunar soil to Earth. On September 12, 1970, the Luna-16 AMS was launched in the USSR. With the help of operators who controlled the station by radio, she headed for the Moon, entered the circumlunar orbit and on September 20 at 8 hours 18 minutes softly landed on the Sea of Plenty. The automatic station "Luna-16" consisted of a landing stage with a device for taking soil and a space rocket "Luna-Earth" with a return vehicle. Upon reaching the lunar surface, the mass of the station with a supply of fuel for the return trip was 1880 kg. On command from the Earth, an automatic drill went deep into the surface layer of the Moon by 35 cm and took a soil sample. With the help of a mechanical "hand" the lunar soil was lifted up. After the next command, the cylinder with lunar rock was placed inside the container of the return vehicle. Then the drill string moved away from the return vehicle, the opening of the container was hermetically sealed. At the exact time, the operator...

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SOIL FROM THE MOON

So, the Soviet designers failed to send a man to the moon. But the Soviet Union did not want to directly admit its defeat. It was here that the statements of some figures came in handy that Soviet cosmonauts never intended to go to the moon. Like, from the very beginning it was supposed to send automatic stations there.

In 1968, when it became clear that the USSR was lagging behind in the lunar race, an original idea arose to bring soil from the moon before the Americans landed there.

The proposal to create a rocket-space system for delivering a lunar pound to Earth was signed on January 10, 1968, and on February 28, 1968, the draft design of the apparatus was already approved. At that time, the Lavochkin Research and Production Association created the E-8 lunar rover for the movement of an astronaut on the Moon and the E-8LS station for filming from the Moon's orbit the proposed landing areas for unmanned and manned lunar spacecraft of the L-3 complex. For these devices, a special landing stage "KT" was developed ....

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Material from the Great Forum

According to the official version of NASA, as a result of six landings on the surface of the moon, about 382 kg of lunar soil were delivered to Earth as part of the Apollo program. Part of it consisted of larger fractions (stones), part of small ones (lunar dust - regolith). Below is a list of allegedly successful American missions and the weight of lunar soil delivered "from the Moon" by each of them.

And here is the chronology of the appearance of Soviet lunar soil on Earth and its weight.

The study of two types of lunar matter - regolith and stones - has a fundamental difference between them from the point of view of exposing the forgery of NASA, which falsified the lunar soil by one method or another. Such an important identification parameter as the shape of one or another stone is added to the physicochemical properties of the substance, which leaves an indelible imprint on the photographs, and closes the possibility of substitution in the future, when the required number of moonstones as a result ...

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Subsequently, five more manned flights of the Apollo spacecraft to the Moon were carried out. Three of them landed on the "sea" surface, and the last two landed on the "continental" area. As a result of successful flights under the Apollo program, numerous samples of lunar soil were delivered to Earth and a large amount of scientific research on the Moon was carried out.

In addition to manned flights to the Moon, flights to our natural satellite of such automatic stations as Luna-16, -20 and -24, which also brought samples of lunar soil to Earth, were of great importance. These stations consisted of two blocks - a landing stage with a soil intake device and a Luna-Earth rocket with a return vehicle.

It should be noted that the soil intake device, first used at the Luna-16 station, was a fundamentally new unit of the spacecraft. His tasks included drilling lunar soil of various densities in a vacuum, and transporting samples to a container ...

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RESEARCH OF SOILS OF THE MOON. HISTORY and OUTLOOK
RESEARCHES OF THE LUNAR SOILS. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

L.I. Cherkasov
L.I. Cherkasova
GOU VPO MGSU

A brief review of the stages in the study of lunar soils is given. It tells about the contribution to the implementation of the "lunar" program of employees of the Department of Soil Mechanics, Foundations and Foundations of MISI-MGSU.

The short review of investigation lunar soils is given. It is told about the contribution to realization of the "lunar" program of employees of chair of mechanics of soils, and foundations of MISI-MGSU

In the anniversary year of the 90th anniversary of the University, it is appropriate to recall the participation of MGSU scientists in one of the priority projects of the last century - the study of the Moon's soils. The significance of this work can be appreciated against the background of a brief digression into the history of lunar exploration.

The first ideas about the structure of the Moon were formed as a result of astronomical observations from the Earth, on the basis of which the division of the lunar surface into ...

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The theme of lunar soil from the US "Moon" and the colors of the American "Moon" is something transcendent in all discussions of this problem and the attempts of NASA lawyers to justify American stupidities when demonstrating their "Moon".
Arguments from "Clavius": Rocks
Many people consider moon rocks to be the most convincing evidence that the Apollo missions were successful. Not surprisingly, conspiracy theorists have developed scenarios for how they were allegedly obtained or fabricated.
http://www.clavius.org/envrocks.html
Clavius: On the lunar surface, the samples of rocks returned by the Apollo missions, according to many, should be the most convincing evidence that the missions were genuine.
Skeptic's Argument: "Moon rocks could be made in a lab."
Argument from "Clavius": "Many conspiracy theorists fail to propose a process whereby this can be done in such a way as to provide unique geological...

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It is believed that the Americans brought back 378 kg of lunar soil and rocks from the Moon. At least that's what NASA says. This is almost four centners. It is clear that only astronauts could deliver such an amount of soil: no space stations can do it.

Lunar soil (NASA archive)

The rocks have been photographed, transcribed, and are regular extras on NASA's "lunar" films. In many of these films, the astronaut-geologist of Apollo 17, Dr. Harrison Schmidt, who allegedly personally collected many such stones on the Moon, acts as an expert and commentator.

It is logical to expect that with such lunar wealth, America will shock them, demonstrate them in every possible way, and even to someone, and will roll off 30-50 kilograms from the bounty of their main rival. Nate, they say, explore, make sure of our successes ... But for some reason it just doesn’t work out with this. We were given little soil. But “ours” (again, according to NASA) received 45 kg of lunar soil and stones.

Astronaut...

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September 12, 1970 From the Baikonur test site, the Proton carrier rocket launched the interplanetary automatic station Luna-16.

On September 12, 1970, the Soviet automatic interplanetary station "Luna-16" was launched, which consisted of a landing stage with a soil intake device and a space rocket with a return vehicle. Eight days later, the station made a soft landing on the Moon in the area of the Sea of Plenty. On radio commands from the Earth, the soil-collecting device drilled a column of soil 35 cm deep, ensured that 105 g of soil was taken and loaded into the container of the return vehicle. After spending 26.5 hours on the Moon, the space rocket launched on September 21 to the Earth. On September 24, when approaching the Earth, the return vehicle was separated from the rocket and, with the help of a parachute system, landed 80 km from the city of Dzhezkazgan.

Luna-16 is a Soviet automatic interplanetary station for the study of the Moon and outer space. AMS "Luna-16", also included an apparatus, should ...

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From time to time, ignoramuses come across on the Internet who claim that the Americans did not allow anyone to explore their soil brought from the moon; just in the comments to the post of the Green Cat about their lunar microsatellite, I saw another such miracle. So I decided to write a small post about lunar soil outside the US, based on this thread from the a-base lunar forum.

Let's start with the fact that the USSR received American lunar soil already in 1971, when the Apollo program had not even been completed yet. Soil samples brought by expeditions A-11 and A-12 were received by the Soviet side in exchange for Luna-16 soil:

In the same year, in the Reports of the USSR Academy of Sciences, a publication was published in which the soil obtained by A-11 and Luna-16 was compared: A.P. Vinogradov, V.I. Nefedov, V.S. Urusov, N.M. Zhavoronkov. X-ray electron study of lunar regolith from the Seas of Plenty and Tranquility // DAN SSSR. 1971. T.201. No. 4. C.957-960. The work is devoted to the so-called "non-oxidizable iron" on the surface of lunar regolith particles: metallic iron was found in all samples (both Soviet and American), which is not found in meteorites and terrestrial rocks.

Over the next few years, the USSR continued to publish works devoted to the study of soil A-11 and A-12:

I.I. Antipova-Karataeva, Yu.I. Stakheev, K.P. Florensky. Optical characteristics of regolith from the Sea of Plenty, the Sea of Tranquility and the Ocean of Storms // Lunar soil from the Sea of Plenty, Moscow: Nauka, 1974, ss. 496-500

M.V. Akhmanova, B.V. Dementiev, A.V. Kartashev, A.V. Karyakin, M.N. Markov, M.M. Sushchinsky. Infrared spectroscopy of the regolith of the lunar seas // Lunar soil from the Sea of Abundance, Moscow: Nauka, 1974, pp. 503-511

I.D. Shevaleevsky, M.S. Chupakhin. Rock-forming and rare elements in the lunar soil from the Sea of Tranquility and the Ocean of Storms // Lunar soil from the Sea of Abundance, Moscow: Nauka, 1974, ss. 297-298

Of course, all the work was carried out within the USSR and on Soviet scientific equipment. For example, in the article by Shevaleevsky-Chupakhin it is written that the mass spectral analysis was carried out on the MX-3301 device. Here he is:

Of course, scientists of the USSR / RF received other soil samples from the Apollo program. So, in 1972, the lunar soil obtained by the Apollo 14 expedition was transferred:

FRA MAURO SAMPLES PROVIDED TO SOVIET ACADEMY
Samples of rock and soil collected by U.S. astronauts from the Moon's Fra Mauro formation have been provided to the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. for study by Soviet scientists.
The samples were delivered to scientists Y.I. Belyayev, M.S. Chupankhin and K.P. Florenskiy, who returned to the Soviet union Sunday (January 23) after participating in the Third Annual Lunar Science Conference, January 10-13, at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas.
Three grams (one-tenth of an ounce) of material from Apollo 14, were provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for study by Soviet Scientists as part of U.S. - Soviet agreements for exchange of lunar samples.
The NASA has previously provided Soviet scientists with samples from the Apollo 11 and 12 missions and has received samples collected by the Soviet Union's unmanned Luna 16 spacecraft.
During their stay in Houston, the three Soviet scientists consulted with U.S. scientists and viewed a wide range of lunar rocks and soils stored at the Manned Spacecraft Center, while participating in the selection of samples to return to their colleagues in the USSR.
The Russian samples include a small chip from an unusual crystalline rock designated sample 14310, one of the most widely studied of the Apollo 14 rocks. They also received a small piece of a 9 kilogram (20 pound) boulder designated sample 14321, which was collected on the Apollo 14 mission as well as a variety of core samples, soils and polished thin sections.
Before receiving the Apollo 14 samples, the delegation of Soviet scientists joined with more than 600 scientists from the united States and 13 foreign countries in reporting on results of their analyzes of U.S. and Soviet lunar samples at the annual lunar science conference in Houston.

And in 1973, the Soviet side received samples of lunar soil from the last two lunar expeditions under the Apollo program:

73-028 APOLLO 16 AND 17 SAMPLES EXCHANGED WITH USSR
Rock and soil samples from the Descartes and Taurus-Littrow lunar landing sites today were delivered to two representatives of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union. The moon fragments were collected by U.S. astronauts during the Apollo 16 and 17 missions in 1972.
The handover of three grams from each mission was made by Dr. Paul Gast, Chief of Planetary and Earth Sciences Division of the Johnson Space Center. The samples were accepted by Vladimir Shcherbina and Lev Tarasov of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Vernadsky Institute. Shcherbina and Tarasov delivered scientific papers at the recently completed Fourth Annual Lunar Science Conference at JSC.
JSC Lunar Sample Curator Michael Duke said that the samples presented to the Soviets represented the widest variety of soil and distinct rock types from Apollo 16 and 17.
The exchanges of samples from lunar landing missions is part of an agreement between the two countries for joint study of lunar material. The Soviets have also received samples from Apollo 11, 12, 14, and 15. The United States has received samples from the Soviet Union's unmanned Luna 16 and 20 spacecraft which brought back to earth samples of soil from the Moon's Sea of Fertility."

There is even the work of the team of Tarasov, Kudryashova, Ulyanov, Baryshev and Zolotarev from the Novosibirsk Institute of Nuclear Physics. Budker, which presents the results of the analysis of samples delivered everyone successful Apollo and Moon missions: Geochemistry of rare elements in lunar rocks of various types based on micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy data on synchrotron radiation beams (2001)

At this point, a conspiracy theorist pressed against the wall with facts can blurt out something about the fact that the USSR / RF and Soviet / Russian scientists are also part of the NASA lunar conspiracy. It can be finished off with a small (and, of course, completely incomplete) list of publications on lunar soil from other countries of the world, sarcastically asking - has China also been and is in a conspiracy with NASA?

Australia
Compston, W., Williams, I. S., & Meyer, C. U-Pb geochronology of zircons form lunar Breccia 73217 using a sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe. American Geophysical Union and NASA, Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 14th, Houston, TX, Mar. 14-18, 1983 Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (ISSN 0148-0227), vol. Feb. 89 15, 1984, p. B525-B534.

England
Runcorn, S. K., Collinson, D. W., O "Reilly, W., Battey, M. H., Stephenson, A., Jones, J. M Magnetic properties of Apollo 11 lunar samples. Proc. R. Soc. London, A325, 157-74

Abell, P.I.; Draffan, C. H.; Eglinton, G.; Hayes, J. M.; Maxwell, J. R.; Pillinger, C. T. Organic analysis of the returned Apollo 11 lunar sample. Proceedings of the Apollo 111 Lunar Science Conference, Vol.2, pp. 1757 to 1773

S. K. Runcorn, D. W. Collinson, W. O "Reilly, A. Stephenson, M. H. Battey, A. J. Manson and P. W. Readman. Magnetic Properties of Apollo 12 Lunar Samples. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. Vol 325, No. 1561 (Nov. 9, 1971), pp. 157-174

Geake, J. E., Walker, G., Mills, A. A., & Garlick, G. F. J. Luminescence of Apollo lunar samples. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 2, p.2265

Germany
W. Herr1, U. Herpers, B. Hess, B. Skerra, R. Woelfle. Determination of Manganese-53 by Neutron Activation and Other Miscellaneous Studies on Lunar Dust. Science 30 Jan 1970: Vol. 167, Issue 3918, pp. 747-749

Wänke, H., Wlotzka, F., Jagoutz, E., & Begemann, F. Composition and structure of metallic iron particles in lunar "fines". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Supplement, Volume 1. Proceedings of the Apollo 11 Lunar Science Conference held 5-8 January, 1970 in Houston, TX. Volume 1: Mineraology and Petrology.

India
N.Bhandari, J.N.Goswami, D.Lal, D.Macdougall and A.S. Tamhane. A study of the vestigial records of cosmic rays in lunar rocks using a thick section techniques // Proc. Indian Acad, Sciences, LXXVI, No. 1, A. July 1972. pp. 27-50

Bhandari, N., Goswami, J., & Lal, D. Surface irradiation and evolution of the lunar regolith. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 4, p.2275

Italy
Cavarretta, G., Coradini, A., Funiciello, R., Fulchignoni, M., Taddeucci, A., &
Trigila, R. Glassy particles in Apollo 14 soil 14163.88: Peculiarities and genetic considerations. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 3, p.1085

Fulchignoni, M., Funiciello, R., Taddeucci, A., & Trigila, R. Glassy spheroids in lunar fines from Apollo 12 samples 12070.37; 12001.73; and 12057.60. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 2, p.937

Canada
John A. Maxwell, Sydney Abbey, W. H. Champ. Chemical Composition of Lunar Material. Science 30 Jan 1970: Vol. 167, Issue 3918, pp. 530-531

China
Li Wenzhong Yang Suizi Xu Yun(Kunming Metallurgical Institute) Wang Daode Cao Jianqiu Hou Wei(Institute of Geochemistry, Academia Sinica);PETROGRAPHIC AND MINERALOGICAL STUDIES ON APOLLO-17 MARE BASALT[J];Geochimica;1980-03

Hu Guohui Zhong Honghai Xu Hanqing Ling Yuyuan(Analysis Institute of Guangdong Province)Yi Weixi (Institute of Geochemistry, Academia Sinica);14 MeV NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF APOLLO-17 MARE BASALT[J];Geochimica;1980-03

Ji Guiquan Wu Weifang Li Shi(Institute of High Energy Physics, Academia Sinica)Zhong Puhe (Institute of Geochemistry, Academia Sinica);MOSSBAUER STUDY OF APOLLO-17 MARE BASALT[J];Geochimica;1981-02

Norway
Brunfelt, A. O.; Heier, K. S.; Nilssen, B.; Sundvoll, B.; Steinnes, E. Distribution of elements between different phases of Apollo 14 rocks and soils. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 3, p.1133

Poland
P. Staszczuk. Thermogravimetry Q-TG studies of surface properties of lunar nanoparticles. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. December 2011, Volume 106, Issue 3, pp 853-857

Finland
H. B. WiiK, Pentti Ojanpera. Chemical Analyzes of Lunar Samples 10017, 10072, and 10084. Science 30 Jan 1970: Vol. 167, Issue 3918, pp. 531-532

France
Deuterium Content of Lunar Material. Merlivat, L., Lelu, M., Nief, G., & Roth, E. Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, volume 5, page 498, (1974)

P. Rochette, J. Gattacceca, A.V. Ivanov, M.A. Nazarov, N.S. Bezaeva. Magnetic properties of lunar materials: Meteorites, Luna and Apollo returned samples // Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Volume 292, Issues 3-4, 1 April 2010, Pages 383-391)(joint article by French and Russian scientists)

Switzerland
Stettler, A.; Eberhardt, P.; Geiss, J.; Grögler, N.; Maurer, P. r39-Ar40 ages and Ar37-Ar38 exposure ages of lunar rocks. Proceedings of the Fourth Lunar Science Conference (Supplement 4, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta) Vol. 2, pp. 1865-1888

South Africa
Willis, J. P.; Ahrens, L. H.; Danchin, R. V.; Erlank, A. J.; Gurney, J. J.; Hofmeyr, P. K.; McCarthy, T. S.; Orren, M. J. Some interelement relationships between lunar rocks and fines, and stony meteorites. Proceedings of the Second Lunar Science Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1123-1138

South Korea
Kim, Y. K., Lee, S. M., Yang, J. H., Kim, J. H., & Kim, C. K. Mineralogical and chemical studies of lunar fines 10084.148 and 12070.98. Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference, vol. 2, p.747

Japan
Hiroshi Hidaka, Shigekazu Yoneda. Sm and Gd isotopic shifts of Apollo 16 and 17 drill stem samples and their implications for regolith history // Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. Volume 71, Issue 4, 15 February 2007, Pages 1074-1086

Etc. - there are a lot of such publications, you are tormented to list everything.

Well, the last detail: as of March 2011, in the laboratories of 535 scientists of the world (including American) there were 10,293 samples of lunar regolith, which NASA temporarily issued to those for research ().

P.S. Do not forget - in a conversation with a lunar conspiracy theorist, you should never try to prove to him the fact that the Americans flew to the moon! This is a completely hopeless undertaking. It is necessary to prove the so-called four theses of the Old One, simultaneously giving the refuter in every possible way the opportunity to realize the whole abyss of his stupidity and ignorance:
1. Deniers neither ear nor snout in questions about which they are trying to judge.
2. The debunkers are unable to find any contradictions in the NASA materials that would allow suspecting falsification.
3. The deniers are forced to lie and falsify themselves.
4. Debunkers fail to make ends meet in their own theories.

P.S. To not get up twice. Very much in Green Cat's blog on the topic of storing lunar soil. If anyone hasn't read it, I highly recommend it.

In the United States, after a picture taken during the landing of astronauts on the moon, a man was found without a spacesuit, a scandal erupted. This is not the only inconsistency. About one of them - in this material.

True, some particularly caustic researchers have made a calculation according to the relevant publications of scientific centers and could not find convincing evidence that these 45 kg reached the laboratories of even Western scientists. Moreover, according to them, it turns out that at present no more than 100 g of American lunar soil roams from laboratory to laboratory in the world, so that usually the researcher received half a gram of rock.

That is, NASA treats the lunar soil like a stingy knight treats gold: it keeps treasured centners in its basements in securely locked chests, giving researchers only miserable grams. The USSR did not escape this fate either.

In our country at that time, the leading scientific organization for all studies of lunar soil was the Institute of Geochemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now - GEOKHI RAS). The head of the meteoritics department of this institute, Dr. M.A. Nazarov reports: “The Americans transferred to the USSR 29.4 grams (!) of lunar regolith (in other words, lunar dust) from all the Apollo expeditions, and from our collection of Luna-16, 20 and 24 samples it was issued abroad 30.2 g. In fact, the Americans exchanged lunar dust with us, which any automatic station can deliver, although the astronauts should have brought heavy stones, and it is most interesting to look at them.

What is NASA going to do with the rest of the lunar "good"? Oh, it's a song.

“In the United States, a decision has been made to keep the bulk of the delivered samples completely intact until new, more advanced methods of studying them are developed,” write competent Soviet authors, from whose pen more than one book on lunar soil has come out.

“It is necessary to spend the minimum amount of material, leaving intact and uncontaminated most of each individual sample for study by future generations of scientists,” explains the NASA position of the American specialist J. A. Wood.

Obviously, the American specialist believes that no one will ever fly to the Moon, neither now nor in the future. And therefore, it is necessary to protect centners of lunar soil more than the eyes. At the same time, modern scientists are humiliated: they can examine every single atom in a substance with their instruments, but they are denied confidence - they have not matured. Or the snout did not come out. NASA's insistence on future scientists is more like a convenient excuse to cover up a disappointing fact: there are no moon rocks or quintals of lunar soil in its pantries.

Another oddity: after the completion of the "lunar" flights, NASA suddenly began to experience an acute shortage of money for their research. Here is what one of the American researchers writes as of 1974: “A significant part of the samples will be stored as a reserve at the space flight center in Houston. Reductions in funding will reduce the number of researchers and slow down the pace of research.”

After spending $25 billion to deliver lunar samples, NASA suddenly discovered that there was no money left for their research ...

The history of the exchange of Soviet and American soil is also interesting. Here is a message dated April 14, 1972 from the main official publication of the Soviet period - the Pravda newspaper:

“On April 13, NASA representatives visited the Presidium of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The transfer of samples of lunar soil from among those delivered to Earth by the Soviet automatic station "Luna-20" took place. At the same time, a sample of lunar soil obtained by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft was handed over to Soviet scientists. The exchange was made in accordance with the agreement between the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and NASA, signed in January 1971."

Now we need to go through the deadlines. July 1969 Apollo 11 astronauts allegedly bring 20 kg of lunar soil. The USSR does not give anything from this amount. The USSR does not yet have lunar soil at this point.

September 1970 Our station "Luna-16" delivers lunar soil to Earth, and from now on, Soviet scientists have something to offer in exchange. This puts NASA in a difficult position. But NASA expects that in early 1971 it will be able to automatically deliver its lunar soil to Earth, and in January 1971, an exchange agreement has already been concluded based on this. But the exchange itself does not occur for another 10 months. Apparently, something went wrong with the US with automatic delivery. And the Americans are beginning to pull the rubber.

July 1971 In good faith, the USSR unilaterally transfers 3 g of soil from Luna-16 to the USA, but receives nothing from the USA, although the exchange agreement was signed six months ago, and NASA supposedly already has 96 kg of lunar soil (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12 and Apollo 14). Another 9 months go by.

April 1972 NASA finally hands over a lunar soil sample. It was allegedly delivered by the crew of the American Apollo 15 spacecraft, although 8 months have passed since the Apollo 15 flight (July 1971). By this time, 173 kg of moon rocks (from Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 14 and Apollo 15) allegedly already lie in NASA pantries.

Soviet scientists receive from these riches a certain sample, the parameters of which are not reported in the Pravda newspaper. But thanks to Dr. M.A. Nazarov, we know that this sample consisted of regolith and did not exceed 29 g in mass.

It is very likely that until about July 1972, the United States had no real lunar soil at all. Apparently, somewhere in the first half of 1972, the Americans got the first grams of real lunar soil, which was delivered from the Moon automatically. It was only then that NASA showed a willingness to make an exchange.

And in recent years, the lunar soil of the Americans (more precisely, what they pass off as lunar soil) has begun to disappear altogether. In the summer of 2002, a huge number of samples of lunar matter - a safe weighing almost 3 centners - disappeared from the storerooms of the museum of the NASA American Space Center. Johnson in Houston. Have you ever tried stealing a 300 kg safe from the space center grounds? And do not try: too hard and dangerous work. But the thieves, on the trail of which the police went surprisingly quickly, succeeded easily. Tiffany Fowler and Thad Roberts, who worked in the building at the time of the loss, were arrested by FBI and NASA special agents in a Florida restaurant. Subsequently, the third accomplice, She Saur, was also taken into custody in Houston, and then the fourth participant in the crime, Gordon McWater, who contributed to the transportation of stolen goods. The thieves intended to sell the priceless evidence of NASA's lunar mission for $1000-5000 per gram through the site of the Mineralogical Club in Antwerp (Holland). The value of the stolen, according to information from across the ocean, was more than $1 million.

A few years later - a new misfortune. In the United States, in the Virginia Beach area, two small sealed plastic disc-shaped boxes containing samples of meteorite and lunar material, judging by the markings on them, were stolen from a car by unknown attackers. Samples of this kind, according to Space, are being transferred by NASA to special instructors "for training purposes." Before receiving such samples, teachers undergo a special briefing, during which they are taught how to properly handle this US national treasure. And the “national treasure”, it turns out, is so easy to steal... Although it does not look like a theft, but a staged theft in order to get rid of evidence: there is no ground - there are no “uncomfortable” questions.

Back on Earth. Chapter 16

American lunar soil - rich soil for doubt

According to NASA, astronauts brought back about 380kg of lunar soil and rocks from the Moon. . Photos of these stones are presented in NASA images, in scientific monographs of scientists (ill. 1a), these stones illustrate the "lunar" films of NASA. In such films, one can see Dr. Harrison Schmidt (ill. 1b) as an expert, who, being an A-17 astronaut, allegedly personally collected these stones on the Moon. However, believing in his stories is hindered by the fact that the “lunar” geologist posed for an obviously dubious “lunar” photograph of terrestrial origin (ill. 1c).

Fig.1. Moon (?) stones:

a)NASA image http://images.jsc.nasa.gov/lores/S72-37210.jpg ; b) geologist astronaut Dr. Harrison Schmidt talks about moon rocks; in) someone called "astronaut geologist Harrison Schmidt" poses in a dubious scene "on the moon" (Chapter 12 http://www.htm)

Three Soviet automatic stations at that time delivered from the Moon only regolith (small particles from the near-surface layer) with a total weight of 300 g, while astronauts could bring large samples with a total weight of those same centners. Defenders report that NASA donated about 45kg of lunar soil and moon rocks to Western scientists . However, the authors analyzed relevant publications and could not be sure that these 45 kg reached the laboratories. According to the author, at present, no more than 100 g of American lunar soil roams from laboratory to laboratory in the world, so “usually, the researcher received 0.5 g of rock ... in the form of a separate fragment ...” . True, in the monograph [ 18 ] several photos of large lunar rocks of the type ill.1a are shown at once, but under all the photos there is an eloquent caption “NASA image”. We recommend that the interested reader familiarize himself with the cited works. We are interested in how much and what kind of lunar soil NASA handed over to Soviet scientists. Because Western, and, moreover, American scientists are representatives of a too interested party.

29 g of regolith by Soviet scientists is not an argument in favor of landings

In the USSR, the Institute of Geochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was appointed the leading scientific organization for all studies of lunar soil. This role is assigned to him today (now - GEOKHI RAS). Head of the meteoritics department of this institute, Dr.Sciences M.A. Nazarov (ill. 2) reports that “The Americans transferred to the USSR 29.4 g of lunar regolith from all the Apollo expeditions, and 30.2 g were issued abroad from our collection of Luna-16, 20 and 24 samples” .

Fig.2.Dr. M.A. Nazarov (information portal "LifeNews")

This is a very important message. If only because we simply do not have other generalizing information on this subject. Let us pay attention to the fact that such important information emanating from the bowels of the parent organization has so far been published only on the Internet. A message on the Internet - strictly speaking, not a document. Today it is, but tomorrow it may disappear without a trace. The well-known skeptic Yu.I. Mukhin tried to get a written answer from GEOKHI on this subject. He turned to GEOKHI with a request to inform:

“a) when and how much lunar soil was sent from the USA to your institute;

c) who else in the USSR received samples of lunar soil from the USA for research.

GEOKHI declined to give a written answer to the questions asked.

It turns out that everything closes on the respected doctor M.A. Nazarov.So, the respected doctor reported that the USSR received 29.4 g of lunar regolith from the USA. So be it, but how does such an exchange prove that the Americans have those 380 kg they are talking about?

How come that, according to NASA, Western European scientists, who had nothing to offer in return, were supposedly given whole moon rocks, and Soviet scientists, who had their own real lunar soil, were given grams and only regolith?According to the author, this suggests that something is wrong with the American moon rocks. The supposedly moonstones were not handed over to the person who is most interested in verifying their authenticity. And 29 g of lunar regolith is not an argument. After all, three Soviet automatic stations in 1970-1976. Together they delivered only about 300 g of regolith from the Moon to Earth, and no one says that Soviet cosmonauts landed on the Moon.

This conclusion has recently received interesting confirmation. Here is what is written in the message with an intriguing title:« Moon rock delivered by Apollo 11 turned out to be a cheap fake » : « Dutch experts analyzed the "moonstone", officially, through the State Department, donated to the Prime Minister of the Netherlands Willem Dries as US Ambassador William Middendorfduring the visit of the Apollo 11 astronauts to the country - October 9, 1969. After the death of Mr. Driz, the relic, insured for $ 500 thousand, became an exhibit of the museum Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. And only now, studies of the "moonstone" have shown thatUS gift turned out to be a simple fake - a piece of petrified wood».

Fig.3.American "moon rock" - a gift from "Apollo 11" to the Dutch prime minister turned out to be a petrified piece of wood;http://cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2009/08/28/359642#

Only a month has passed since the presentation of the piece of wood to the Dutch Prime Minister, and the United States decided to organize a mass donation of "lunar soil" to all countries - 135 UN members. In this action, they have already provided that the "lunar samples" can be reached only by breaking the gift (and who will decide on such a scandal?). “In November 1969, four months after the landing of Apollo 11, then US President Richard Nixon ordered that NASA allocate about 250 fragments of “moon rock” and, on their basis, made boards (shields) on which they were to be attached acrylic balls with four samples of lunar rock tightly sealed inside". Now "moon" pebbles were presented in tightly sealed plexiglass balls (ill. 4), as well as in similar cylinders. The donation procedure was repeated in 1972, when, according to NASA, the last "landing on the moon" (A-17) was carried out.

But somehow it turned out that “today, the location of only about 13% gift "moonstones" series A-11 and A-17.(It) unprecedented situation in world museum practice”. It’s as if a powerful vacuum cleaner is turned on somewhere, taking away precisely the American “moon rocks” to nowhere.

Fig.4.In such tightly sealed solid plexiglass containers, NASA representatives solemnly handed over to all 135 UN member countries some pebbles, allegedly delivered by astronauts from the moon.

http://bolshoyforum.org/forum/index.php?page=142#tp-comment http://www.collectspace.com/images/aoe/aoe_chaffee.jpg http://www.vtmagazine.vt.edu/winter07/images/moonrock.jpg

Even the astronauts who allegedly brought these very stones from the Moon for NASA are not trusted by NASA to store them. (Suddenly they will give it to some inquisitive researcher? ). Here is an interesting post on the subject : “Tuesday marks the 35th anniversary of the first manned landing on the moon. The anniversary will be celebrated with a ceremony at the Washington Air and Space Museum, where the participants of the three American space exploration programs - Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, and the legendary television journalist Walter Cronkite, who covered them, will be presented with fragments of a stone brought by astronauts from the moon. From 1961 to 1973, 34 Americans flew into space as part of these programs. 25 of them are still alive. Lunar shards encased in Plexiglas discs and mounted on memorial plaques will only be awarded symbolically. American law prohibits individuals from owning material brought back from the Moon, but astronauts will have the right to choose a museum or other institution in which the fragment will be exhibited on their behalf.

And in order to completely discourage too persistent and too naive scientists from asking NASA for moon rocks not for looking through plexiglass, but for scientific research, the following interesting legend was invented.

40 years of caring for "future generations of scientists"

"The decision has been made in the United States to keep the bulk of the delivered samples completely intact until new, more advanced ways of studying them are developed." . "It is necessary to spend the minimum amount of material, leaving intact and uncontaminated most of each individual sample for study by future generations of scientists" - explains the position of NASA, an American specialist J. A. Wood .

Poor modern scientists and their recent predecessors and teachers. They could examine every single atom in matter with their instruments, but they were denied confidence.

Poor future scientists. They have in the XX I -m, and possibly in XXII th century, of course, there will not be such beautiful ships and rockets as the Apollos and Saturn V of the 20th century were. And they won't be able to get fresh moon rocks on the moon. But NASA took care of them: it didn’t give moon rocks to its contemporaries, but left them for them. It should be noted that over the past decades, many geologists, contemporaries of "lunar" flights, have passed away. They left the student benches, worked for decades and the next generations of scientists managed to grow old, and NASA is still waiting and waiting for these future generations. An excellent legend to hide the fact that there are no moonstones in her storerooms. Because tomorrow never comes.

And if this legend of care does not work for someone, then there is another intelligible explanation at the ready: moon rocks are not issued from storage, because there is no money for their research. Here is what the author of the book writes as of 1974 :

"A significant portion of the samples will be stored as a reserve at the Space Flight Center in Houston, the reduction in appropriations will reduce the number of researchers and slow down the pace of research." Do you feel? 25 billion dollars was spent on delivering lunar samples, and they forgot to set aside money for their research on these same samples. But even a thousandth of the named billions would be enough. True, the well-known skeptic A. Kudryavets spoke more decisively about the sudden lack of money: “Why do we need some special funding for the study of lunar soil? Wouldn't there be specialists in the world who are ready to conduct a thorough analysis of alien cobblestones at their own expense? For that matter, some of the soil could be put up for auction, and the proceeds could be used for study. It does not look like the enterprising genius of the Americans, who gave in to an elementary task. In addition, NASA does not get tired of repeating - it acted for all mankind. So what's the problem? Let him, not in words, but in deeds, finally share the fruits of his activities with all of humanity ... There is no such soil in the declared quantities, and this is not a doubt, but a fact.

***

In general, the American lunar soil is a very rich ground for doubts and even for more decisive conclusions. This is the main conclusion of this chapter.

P. S. Americans could deliver a small amount of lunar soil to Earth using automatic stations

And where did the Americans get lunar soil at all, even in grams, if they were not on the moon? This question comes up quite often. Let's not bypass it.

As we know, within two years before the flights of the "lunar" Apollos, five American automatic vehicles of the "Surveyor" type made a soft landing on the Moon. Here is what is written about these devices on the NASA website (translated by the author of the book) : Program Summary. A total of 5 machines performed 6 separate chemical analyzes of the surface and near-surface samples…”.

These data were used as the basis for simulating lunar soil samples, the author believes. . In connection with this opinion, it is interesting to learn howJ. Frondel, a prominent American specialist in the field of lunar mineralogy, begins his book :

“On July 25, 1969, the opening of the first container with rock samples delivered to Earth by the Apollo 11 crew was broadcast on national television ... When the moment came for the opening of the container, the television program was suddenly interrupted. As if a veil was hastily thrown over a disappointing spectacle... » . How similar it is to the fact that someone at the last moment noticed a certain “blunder” and urgently interrupted the transmission. "Mistakes" are always possible, especially when earthly stones are presented as moon ones. And yet, at first, the risk of exposure was not very high, since at the time of the first "landing" there was not a single scientist, including the Soviet one, who would have seen the real lunar soil. But when such a soil appeared (Luna-16, 1970), and comparative studies began, signs of a fake American lunar soil began to accumulate. . And the Americans desperately needed real lunar soil.

G.L. Gaise (ill. 5a), author of the book "The Dark Side of Apollo" believes that the Americans, without too much publicity, delivered a certain amount of lunar soil to Earth using automatic stations in order to present it as soil brought by astronauts . According to the author of the book, this happened already after the first "landing" of Americans on the moon, proclaimed in July 1969. If this were not the case, if the Americans already had real lunar soil that July, would they have given the prime minister of the Netherlands a petrified piece of wood (ill. 3)?

Fig.5. a) the Americans delivered a certain amount of lunar soil to Earth with the help of automatic stations, - says Heriot Geise, author of the book “The Dark Side of Apollo”; b) Withoperation diagram of the ladle installed on the Surveyor-3 apparatus; in) furrows in the lunar surface layer, dug by the Surveyor-3 bucket, the image was transmitted by an automatic television camera

In the early 60s, the Americans were already planning the automatic delivery of lunar soil to Earth. . And some facts indicate that this plan was carried out. Here are the relevant excerpts from NASA's chronology of successful Surveyors :

1966 May 30 - Surveyor 1 - Mass: 269 kg ; 1967 Apr 17 - Surveyor 3 - Mass: 283 kg ; 1967 Sept. 8 - Surveyor 5 - Mass: 279 kg;

1967 Nov 7 - Surveyor 6 - Mass: 280 kg; 1968 Jan 7 - Surveyor 7 - Mass: 1036 kg .

"Surveyor-3" in April 1967, he dug with a special ladle in the lunar soil (ill. 5b, c) . NASA claims that this method was used to study the mechanical properties of the lunar soil. But these properties can be studied with an object of any shape, even a simple rod, while a ladle is naturally associated with scooping up soil. That is, on Surveyor-3, apparently, the first test of the lunar soil sampling device for future automatic delivery took place. The operation of the ladle was monitored and controlled using an automatic television camera, which transmitted the corresponding images to Earth.

Surveyor-5 after the landing on the command from the Earth, he turned on the engine again, and Surveyor-6 not only turned on the engine again, but also took off at 4m . According to NASA , this was done to study the impact on the lunar soil of the gas jet from the landing engines. But this operation could have another purpose: "Surveyers - 5 and 6" learned to take off from the moon.

Surveyor-7, which is very curious, was more than three times heavier than its predecessors and had approximately the same mass (1.036 tons) as our Luna-16, 20 and 24. And by the way, it was "equipped with a grab bucket for scooping up soil".

After the Surveyor-7 landing, the Surveyor program was officially terminated, although before that it was already planned to send the Surveyor-8,9,10 devices . And the Americans seem to have forgotten about the task of automatically returning samples of lunar soil to Earth. But what prevented the Americans from sending new "Surveyers" to the Moon already without publicity, in order to back up with at least a handful of real lunar soil reports about quintals of lunar samples allegedly collected by astronauts?

After all, they have already done so much in this direction. They tested on the moon a ladle controlled from the Earth. We tried the jumps of the apparatus. There is also a lot left - the return of soil to Earth. But wasn't NASA specialists able to do this? Yes, they lagged behind the USSR in terms of the implementation of some stages of the study of the moon by automatic machines. But not much. For example, Surveyor-1, making a soft landing on the Moon, lagged behind Luna-9 by only 4 months. And the first American lunar satellite, Orbiter-1, also appeared just 4 months after the first Soviet one, Luna-10. In 1970, the USSR for the first time carried out the automatic delivery of lunar soil ("Luna-16"). And why, after some time, the United States could not repeat this success of the USSR?

As we now know, the surface of the Moon is mostly covered with fine dust. But it cannot be ruled out that, digging in this dust, the Surveyor's bucket could stumble and pick up several small moon pebbles. From this point of view, the reports available in the press about the transfer to Western scientists of small moonstones of several tens or even a couple of hundred grams should not be surprising. The main rocks of the Moon according to information from the geologist Lebedev N.V. have a density slightly higher than 3g/cm3. So a pebble weighing 200 g has a volume of only 65 cm 3 and a transverse size of ~ 4 cm. Such a pebble will fit in a ladle. And, apparently, in order not to initiate such arguments, the Americans preferred their most severe critics (Soviet scientists) to transfer 29.4 g of fine lunar powder - regolith. (They say we also have large stones, but they are not about your honor).

1. http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/apollo/flight-summary.txt and http://gosh100.boom.ru/moon1.htm

7. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Antiapollo". US moon scam. – M.: Yauza, Eksmo, 2005, 432 p.

8. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Were Americans on the Moon?" No. 48/345 "Duel".

9. Yu.I. Mukhin. "Were Americans on the Moon?" No. 20/368 "Duel"

10. D. Kropotov. "Were Americans on the Moon?" "Duel", No. 8/357

11. "Lunar Soil from the Sea of Abundance", M., Nauka, 1974

12. I.I. Cherkasov, V.V. Shvarev. Soil of the Moon. M., Nauka, 1975, 144 p.

13. Soil from the continental region of the Moon. M., Nauka, 1979, 708s

14. Lunar soil from the Sea of Crises, M., Nauka, 1980, 360s.

15. Cosmochemistry of the Moon and planets. M., Nauka, 1975, 764 p.

16 . I.I. Cherkasov, V.V. Shvarev. "Ground science of the Moon", M., Nauka, 1979 p.149

17. J. A. Wood, "Cosmochemistry of the Moon and Planets", M., Nauka, 1975, p.s.31,

18. J. Frondel. Mineralogy of the Moon. M. "Mir", 1978. p.11

19. M. A. Nazarov. Were Americans on the moon? http://www.meteorites.ru/menu/press/moonusa.html

http://www.epizodsspace.narod.ru/bibl/getlend/obl.html and

32. http://supernovum.ru/public/index.php?doc=169 at the end of the article a brief note about N. V. Lebedev

Lunar soil (NASA archive)

Astronaut Garrison Schmitt collects lunar soil (NASA archive)

Lunar soil sample (NASA archive)

What is NASA going to do with the rest of the lunar "good"? Oh, it's a "song".

“The decision has been made in the United States to keep the bulk of the delivered samples completely intact until new, more advanced methods of studying them are developed,” write competent Soviet authors, from whose pen more than one book on lunar soil has come out.

Obviously, the American specialist believes that no one will fly to the moon and never - neither now nor in the future. And therefore, it is necessary to protect centners of lunar soil more than the eyes. At the same time, modern scientists are humiliated: they can examine every single atom in a substance with their instruments, but they are denied confidence - they have not matured. Or the snout did not come out. NASA's insistence on future scientists looks more like it's a convenient excuse to cover up a disappointing fact: there are no moon rocks or quintals of lunar soil in its pantries.

Apollo 17 astronaut Schmitt b picks up a sample of lunar soil (NASA archive)

After spending $25 billion to deliver lunar samples, NASA suddenly discovered that there was no money left for their research ...

The history of the exchange of Soviet and American soil is also interesting. Here is a message from April 14, 1972, the main official publication of the Soviet period - the Pravda newspaper:

"Luna-16" (RGANT archive)

Lunar soil (NASA archive)

And in recent years, the lunar soil of the Americans (more precisely, what they pass off as lunar soil) has begun to disappear altogether. In the summer of 2002, a huge number of samples of lunar matter - a safe weighing almost 3 centners - disappeared from the storerooms of the museum of the NASA American Space Center. Johnson in Houston. Have you ever tried stealing a 300 kg safe from the space center grounds? And do not try: too hard and dangerous work. But the thieves, on the trail of which the police went surprisingly quickly, succeeded easily. Tiffany Fowler and Thad Roberts, who worked in the building at the time of the loss, were arrested by FBI and NASA special agents in a Florida restaurant. Subsequently, the third accomplice, Shae Saur, was also taken into custody in Houston, and then the fourth participant in the crime, Gordon McWater, who contributed to the transportation of stolen goods, was also taken into custody. The thieves intended to sell the priceless evidence of NASA's lunar mission for $1000-5000 per gram through the site of the Mineralogical Club in Antwerp (Holland). The value of the stolen, according to information from across the ocean, was more than $1 million.

A few years later - a new misfortune. In the United States, in the Virginia Beach area, two small sealed plastic disc-shaped boxes containing samples of meteorite and lunar material, judging by the markings on them, were stolen from a car by unknown attackers. Samples of this kind, according to Space, are being transferred by NASA to special instructors "for training purposes." Before receiving such samples, teachers undergo a special briefing, during which they are taught how to properly handle this US national treasure. And the “national treasure”, it turns out, is so easy to steal... Although it does not look like theft, but a staged theft in order to get rid of evidence: there is no ground - there are no “uncomfortable” questions.

A fragment of the film by Y. Mukhin "Maximum Lies and Stupidity"

"The ratio of nitrogen isotopes in American" lunar "samples is not lunar, but terrestrial"

Recent explorations of the moon. What is the name of the lunar soil. Lunar soil of the Apollo program outside the United States

SOIL FROM THE MOON

Material from the Great Forum

RESEARCH OF SOILS OF THE MOON. HISTORY and OUTLOOK RESEARCHES OF THE LUNAR SOILS. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

RESEARCH OF SOILS OF THE MOON. HISTORY and OUTLOOK
RESEARCHES OF THE LUNAR SOILS. HISTORY AND PROSPECTS