Pulmonary edema in a dog article. Pulmonary edema in dogs and cats

Difficulties with breathing are less common among our brothers, much more often than it seems at first glance. Pulmonary edema stands on special place. It is with this diagnosis that owners of dogs, cats and rodents of all sizes and breeds most often turn to us. The development of the disease leads to violations of gas exchange in the body, which entails damage to the cardiovascular, digestive and excretory systems. To avoid such impressive consequences, you need to contact a pulmonologist when the first symptoms appear. It is he who will be able to prescribe the right course of treatment.

Symptoms of pulmonary edema

1. Dyspnea.
2. Cough.
3. Hoarse breathing.
4. Temperature rise.
5. Lethargy, apathy.
6. Refusal of food.

With pulmonary edema in dogs, several of the listed symptoms are observed at once. Therefore, if you notice at least a couple of signs from the listed list, immediately contact your veterinarian for help.

What can be done to treat pulmonary edema at home?

1. Give your pet complete peace of mind.
2. Feed and drink only on demand.
3. Limit "communication" with other pets and people.
4. Humidify the air with special humidifiers.
5. Keep the room clean. Clean and vacuum your four-legged friend's bedding regularly.

How can a veterinarian help?

Pulmonary edema is so common in dogs that it has already appeared general schemes treatment. The doctor will be able to choose the appropriate one based on the age, gender and condition of your four-legged friend.

First of all, the diagnosis will be performed:

1. Clinical examination.
2. Testing: blood, urine, sputum.
3. Bronchoscopy.
4. X-ray.

After receiving the results, the veterinarian will be able to prescribe a specific treatment, which will include certain medications.

Pulmonary edema in dogs can be severe. As a rule, this happens in cases where the owners do not dare to seek the advice of specialists until the last moment. Make an appointment with our clinic today, and you can not only avoid complications, but also save your pet from this dangerous disease forever.

Our clinics in St. Petersburg, Pskov, Veliky Novgorod work around the clock, seek treatment from professionals!

Pulmonary edema in dogs

Updated on 28.12.2013 17:36 28.12.2013 17:17

Pulmonary edema in dogs is acute illness, which requires immediate treatment and contact with the veterinarian. This disease occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of fluid in the lungs. If no action is taken, the dog may simply die.

Causes of pulmonary edema in dogs:

• Infectious diseases
• Heart disease
• Sepsis
• Pancreatitis
• kidney failure
• Cough
• Chemical or carbon monoxide poisoning

Due to the fact that the tissues in the lungs are filled with excess fluid, and not air, as it should be, the dog does not receive enough the right amount oxygen. At this time it happens oxygen starvation and many vital organs are greatly affected.

Symptoms:

Breathing with an open mouth

blue tongue

blue skin

Rapid breathing

Fluid cough

When the first symptoms appear, do not hesitate, you should immediately contact veterinary clinic. Because every second can threaten your dog with a fatal outcome.

Clinical symptoms of disease in dogs

Respiratory symptoms

COUGH

Definition. Cough - sharp reflex exhalations aimed at removing mucus and foreign bodies from the respiratory tract. There is wet and dry, superficial and deep, acute and chronic cough. Sometimes coughing out defensive reaction becomes pathological.

The reasons. Respiratory tract diseases: tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchial asthma, foreign body, bronchiectasis, helminths, tumor, compression of the trachea and bronchi. Lung diseases: pneumonia, abscess, tumor, edema, pulmonary hypertension, pleurisy. Heart disease: left ventricular failure.

Most often, cough is noted with tracheobronchitis and pneumonia. Dog owners may mistake coughing and expectorant movements for vomiting. Symptomatic therapy. Apply antitussives (libexin, codeine), bronchospasmolytics (ephedrine, eufillin), mucolytic agents (mukaltin, terpinhydrate, bromhexine). At allergic genesis- antihistamines (diprazine, suprastin, diphenhydramine) and glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone).

NOSE BLEEDING

Symptomatic therapy. Instilled into the nose 0.1% solution of adrenaline, 1% mezaton solution, 0,1% naphthyzine solution or galazolin, 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide. Vikasol, calcium gluconate are administered intramuscularly, calcium chloride is administered intravenously. In the absence of effect - locally 1% solution of silver nitrate, hemostatic sponge

hemoptysis

Definition. Hemoptysis - expectoration with sputum of scarlet blood in the form of streaks or foam. Blood may also be discharged from the oral cavity in a stream.

Most common causes Key words: pneumonia, lung abscess, bronchiectasis. Symptomatic therapy. Intravenously - calcium chloride.

Intramuscularly - vikasol, calcium gluconate, analgin, diprazine. In heart failure (tachycardia), cardiotonic agents (cardiac glycosides, cordiamine, camphor), furosemide are used.

INCREASED BREATHING (SHORTHY)

Definition. Shortness of breath (dyspnea) - increased, difficult breathing. Distinguish between inspiratory dyspnea (difficulty inhaling), expiratory (difficulty exhaling), mixed. In addition, tachypnea (polypnea) is distinguished - an increase in the rate of breathing, hyperpnea - an increase in the rate and increase in depth respiratory movements.

Causes. The immediate causes of shortness of breath are: reduced concentration oxygen in the blood, fever, organic and functional diseases of the central nervous system, pain, changes in the sensitivity of respiratory muscle receptors, metabolic disorders.

In dogs, shortness of breath most often occurs with compression of the neck with a collar, elevated body temperature, pneumonia, encephalitis, and hypocalcemic tetany.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply caffeine, sulfokamphokain, camphor, aminofillin, glucocorticoids. With pneumonia, oxygen therapy is indicated. For hypocalcemia, calcium supplements and sedatives. In heart failure - cardiac glycosides. For pulmonary edema, furosemide.

sneezing and runny nose

Definition. Sneezing is a sharp reflex exhalation through the nose, aimed at removing mucus and foreign particles from the nasal cavities. Runny nose - expiration of serous, mucopurulent or muco-hemorrhagic exudate from the nostrils. It is usually bilateral.

The reasons. Sneezing occurs when the nasal mucosa is irritated by external factors (microorganisms, viruses, irritants, foreign particles) and internal (immune complexes).

The main causes of the common cold: viral infections, bacterial infections, mycoses, foreign body, tumor, trauma, pneumonia. Most often, a runny nose occurs with viral infections(canine distemper, adenovirus).

Sometimes expelled through the nostrils liquid food. Such a pathology occurs with non-closure hard palate, cricopharyngeal achalasia (in puppies), achalasia cardia, esophageal diverticulum.

Symptomatic therapy. At serous exudate treatment is not required. With the mucopurulent nature of the exudate, drops of dexamethasone with neomycin, Sofradex, 2% solution of boric acid, 0.1% solution of atonium, 0.5% solution of zinc sulfate, 2% are instilled into the nose. solution of collargol or protargola; carefully lubricate the inside of the nasal mucosa with 5% synthomycin liniment, 1% erythromycin, polymyxin ointments.

Diseases accompanied by runny nose and cough:

Age 2-24 months the cause is an infection, the temperature is subfebrile, the duration is up to 2 months. Additional signs are conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis of the nasal planum.

ADENOVEROSIS -

Age more than 4 months. cause - infection, temperature - subfebrile, duration 5-10 days. Additional signs are rare vomiting and diarrhea.

PNEUMONIA acute -

Any age, the cause is hypothermia, the temperature is high, the duration is up to 2 weeks. Additional signs are intoxication, shortness of breath.

BRONCHITIS acute -

Any age, the cause is hypothermia, the temperature is subfebrile, the duration is up to 2 weeks.

Digestive symptoms

SWALLOWING DISORDER (DYSPHAGIA)

Definition. Dysphagia is a swallowing disorder due to morphological, mechanical or functional disorders in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, brain, cranial nerves.

Causes: non-closure of the hard palate, a foreign body in the oral cavity or pharynx, cricopharingeal achalasia, obstruction of the esophagus due to the ingress of a foreign body, narrowing, tumor; diverticulum of the esophagus, rupture of the esophagus, achalasia of the cardia, esophageal reflux, myasthenia gravis, rabies. Most often, dysphagia occurs due to the ingestion of a foreign body.

Symptomatic therapy. Until the cause of the swallowing disorder is eliminated, parenteral nutrition: IV or subcutaneous 5% glucose solution in daily dose up to 40 ml/kg (it is desirable to add 1 IU of insulin per 100 ml of solution), hydrolysine solution; intravenously - alvesin, lipofundin.

CONSTIPATION

Definition. Constipation (constipation, obstipation) - long delay emptying the large intestine.

The reasons. The immediate causes of constipation are: intestinal atony, foreign body in the intestine, narrowing of the lumen of the intestine and anus, reflex delay in defecation. Constipation happens when following states and diseases: injury and tumor of the spinal cord, intussusception of the intestine, poisoning with heavy metals, anticholinergics, adrenomimetics, anesthetics; foreign body in the intestines, coprolites, tumors of the intestines and prostate, proctitis, paraanal sinusitis, gluing of wool around the anus with feces.

Most often, constipation occurs as a result of dogs eating a large number of bones, especially bird bones, and also because of the pain of defecation with stagnation of the secretion of the paraanal glands and paraanal sinusitis.

Symptomatic therapy. First of all, if there are no contraindications, the dog is given an enema. In the absence of effect, laxatives are used: vegetable (buckthorn bark), salt (sodium and magnesium sulfate), oil (castor oil, sunflower, olive, vaseline), synthetic (purgen, bisacodyl). If constipation is caused by coprolite in the rectum, the oil is injected into the rectum and the coprolite is removed through the anus. To relieve spasm of smooth muscles, no-shpu, baralgin, as well as pararenal novocaine blockade are used. When the lumen is blocked excretory ducts paraanal glands, their contents are squeezed out by hand. After defecation, the dog is injected with rectal suppositories "Anestezol", "Anuzol", "Proctosedil" with glycerin 3 times a day into the rectum.

HICCUP

Definition. Hiccups are involuntary, repetitive breaths associated with diaphragmatic contraction.

Causes: overeating, dry food, helminthic invasion, pancreatitis and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, damage to the central nervous system.

Most often, hiccups occur in puppies when overeating and helminthic invasion.

Symptomatic therapy is usually not required. You can stop an attack of hiccups with the introduction of metoclopramide (cerucal), as well as tranquilizers (tazepam, seduxen) and neuroleptics (chlorpromazine, etaperazine).

BLOOD IN SCOPE

Definition. Blood in the stool - blood in the stool. Blood can be discharged from the anus regardless of bowel movements. The farther the source of bleeding from the rectum and closer to the stomach, the darker the color of the feces. With diarrhea, stools turn red, regardless of the site of bleeding.

Causes: non-specific gastritis, enteritis, colitis, proctitis, stomach ulcer and duodenum, infectious diseases ( parvovirus enteritis, adenovirus infections, leptospirosis), helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, allergies, poisoning, tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, K- and C-avitaminosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, hemorrhoids, coprolites.

The most common causes of blood in the stool are parvovirus enteritis and allergic reaction.

Symptomatic therapy. Calcium chloride is administered intravenously, intramuscularly - calcium gluconate, vikasol, vitamin C, mezaton (can be rectally). Inside appoint astringents. In case of allergic genesis, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (intramuscularly prednisolone or dexamethasone), adrenomimetics (adrenaline, ephedrine, mezaton) are prescribed.

INCREASED APPETITE

Definition. increased appetite(bulimia) - the desire to eat a large amount of food. Not always accompanied by obesity.

Causes: preliminary starvation, diabetes mellitus, condition after an epileptic seizure, encephalitis, helminthiases. Symptomatic therapy has not been developed.

EATING INEDIBLE OBJECTS

Definition. Eating inedible objects (allotriophagy) - the desire to lick or swallow inedible objects.

May be physiological in puppies, especially during teething, and occasionally in older dogs.

Causes: deficiency of trace elements, especially calcium and phosphorus; hypo- and beriberi, rickets, gastritis, enteritis, liver disease, the onset of parvovirus enteritis and adenovirus infections, helminthiases, rabies.

Most often it happens with rickets and helminthic invasion. Symptomatic therapy: in the absence of contraindications, tranquilizers and antipsychotics are sometimes used.

DIARRHEAS ACUTE

Definition. Diarrhea (diarrhea) acute - the release of liquid feces for up to 2 weeks.

The reasons. The immediate causes of diarrhea are increased intestinal peristalsis and liquefaction of its contents due to a decrease in the absorption of water from the intestine into the blood, or increased secretion of moisture into the intestinal lumen. Acute diarrhea occurs when the following diseases and conditions: acute nonspecific enteritis and pancreatitis, parvovirus, coronavirus, rotavirus, plague enteritis; adenovirus hepatitis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, staphylococcosis, yersiniosis, helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, poisoning with organophosphorus compounds, heavy metals and other poisons; acute liver failure, hypoadrenocorticism. Short-term diarrhea occurs when feeding poor-quality feed, sometimes milk and fats.

Symptomatic therapy. Skip 1-2 feedings. Water is given freely. You can give slightly sweetened weak tea instead of water.

Astringents are prescribed: decoctions and infusions of St. John's wort, sage, rhizomes of burnet, cinquefoil, serpentine, blueberries, alder seeds, pomegranate peels. Set rice and oatmeal broth, activated charcoal. The use of antimicrobial agents is shown: biseptol, fthalazol, chloramphenicol, polymyxin M sulfate. In case of dehydration, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution, "rehydron" are prescribed orally, intravenously, subcutaneously. If blood appears in feces prescribe drugs that increase blood clotting (see "Blood in the feces").

DIARRHEA CHRONIC

Definition. Chronic diarrhea (diarrhea) frequent discharge liquid stool for more than 2 weeks.

Causes: chronic gastritis, chronic enteritis, chronic colitis, pancreatitis, uremia, salmonella, proteus, staph infections; helminthiases, cystoisosporosis, intestinal dysbacteriosis, chronic intoxication, neoplasm, obstructive jaundice, intestinal dyskinesia, insufficiency digestive enzymes, autoimmune diseases, A- and PP-avitaminosis.

Symptomatic therapy. Astringents are prescribed (see "Acute diarrhea"), dermatol, chalk, activated charcoal, probiotics (lactobacterin, bifidumbacterin, bifikol), enzyme preparations (festal, panzinorm, solizim, digestal), biseptol, levomycetin, salazopyridazine, salazodimethoxin, trichopolum, nystatin, multivitamins, carsil, sirepar, essentiale

VOMIT

Definition. Vomiting is a reflex act of ejection of the contents of the stomach (sometimes the duodenum) through the esophagus and mouth out. Vomiting is usually preceded by nausea and salivation. In dogs, it occurs easily even with minor gag stimuli.

Vomiting occurs with direct excitation of the vomiting center, as well as with irritation of sensitive nerve endings gastrointestinal tract and other organs. Prolonged vomiting leads to a loss of water and electrolytes in the dog's body.

The reasons. Infectious diseases: parvovirus enteritis, coronavirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, canine distemper (rarely), salmonellosis. Helminthiases, cystoisosporiasis, nonspecific enteritis, hepatitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, gastritis, lesions of the central nervous system, allergic conditions, foreign body in the gastrointestinal tract, coprolites, intestinal obstruction, poisoning, acetonemia, pyometra, tumors, diaphragmatic hernia, strangulated umbilical hernia, uremia, hypoadrenocorticism, overeating, motion sickness.

Short-term vomiting, not associated with other symptoms, occurs when overeating, motion sickness, eating inedible objects. Constant and periodically recurring vomiting is more common with parvovirus enteritis, infectious hepatitis, helminthiases.

Symptomatic therapy. In case of poisoning, antiemetics are not prescribed. In other cases, metoclopramide, atropine sulfate, platyfillin hydrotartrate, diazepam, etaperazine, diprazine, chlorpromazine, analgin, diphenhydramine are used. In case of dehydration, solutions of glucose, Ringer, sodium chloride, etc. are administered orally, rectally, intravenously, subcutaneously.

VOMITING BLOODY

Definition. Bloody vomiting - vomiting with an admixture of blood in the vomit.

The reasons. Parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, helminthiases, foreign body, allergies, poisoning ( heavy metals, means for combating rodents, analgesics: aspirin, indomethacin, brufen, butadione), gastric ulcer, hypoadrenocorticism, tumors, autoimmune thrombocytopenia. Most often, hematemesis occurs with parvovirus enteritis, poisoning and immediate-type hypersensitivity.

Symptomatic therapy. In addition to antiemetics (see "Vomiting"), hemostatic agents are prescribed: calcium preparations, vikasol, adrenaline, mezaton, ephedrine, inside - astringents (tannin, alum, decoctions and infusions of sage, St. John's wort, cinquefoil, burnet, etc.) . With allergic genesis - antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), glucose.

Diseases accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea.

PARVOVIRAL ENTERITIS -

At the age of 2-18 months. temperature below normal, duration 5-7 days. additional signs- refusal of food and water, tachycardia, high mortality.

ADENOVIROSIS, INF. HEPATITIS -

At any age with different temperature lasting up to 2 weeks, additional signs - keratitis, the liver is enlarged and painful.

ROTA-, KRONA-, VIRUS.ENTERIT -

At any age with subfebrile temperature up to 7 days. additional signs - mild course.

HELMINTHOSIS -

At any age at normal temperature for a long duration, additional signs are vomiting after feeding, hiccups, weight loss.

Skin symptoms

HYPERKERATOSIS

Definition. Hyperkeratosis - excessive local keratinization and thickening of the skin and nasal planum.

Causes: canine distemper, demodicosis, epitheliotropic viruses, autoimmune conditions, delayed-type hypersensitivity, A- and H-hypovitaminosis, microelement deficiency (including zinc), mechanical irritation of the skin on the elbow and hock joints, idiopathy.

Symptomatic therapy. Prescribe multivitamin preparations, trace elements. Locally apply ointments containing glucocorticoids (not used for demodicosis), propolis. Inside glucocorticoids (prednisolone, triamcinolone, dexamethasone), raw egg yolks, multivitamins containing biotin.

Definition. Itching is a feeling of irritation of the skin, accompanied by a desire to scratch itchy places.

The reasons. The immediate cause of itching is the release of histamine and histamine-like substances from cellular depots and their effect on nerve endings.

Locally, it is better to use ointments containing, in addition to glucocorticoid, an antiseptic: Lorinden C, dermozolon, cortomycetin, gioksizon, lokakorten N. Other astringent, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic drugs are less effective - diphenhydramine, diprazine, diazolin, indomethacin, zinc oxide, boric acid, tannin, Burow's liquid.

Diseases associated with skin itching and combing

ATOPIC DERMATITIS -

the cause is fleas and allergens, the course is seasonal and chronic, the duration is summer, autumn, localization is more often on the back, additional signs are crusts, dry skin, baldness.

ECZEMA -

The reason is allergens, the course is chronic, the duration is long, the localization is widespread, additional signs are a polymorphic rash.

SCABIES -

The reason is microscopic mites, the course is chronic, long duration, more often it is located on the muzzle, additional signs are baldness.

urticaria -

The reasons are allergens, the course is lightning fast, the duration is up to several hours, it can be common. everywhere, esp. Signs are blisters.

Skin diseases that occur without itching or with mild itching

DEMODEKOSIS -

Causes - microscopic mites, more often manifested at the age of up to 2 years, chronic, long duration, located on the face and limbs, additional signs - papules, pustules, scales, baldness.

DERMATOMYCOSIS -

The reason is microscopic mites, at any age, the course is chronic, long duration, located on the face and limbs, additional signs are crusts, redness, baldness.

PYODERMA -

The reason is bacteria. at any age, the course is acute and less often chronic, of different duration, is located everywhere, additional signs are a polymorphic rash, pus.

CONTACT DERMATITIS -

The reason is damaging factors, at any age, the course is acute, the duration is limited by the damaging factor, it is located everywhere, additional signs are redness, blisters, rarely necrosis.

BALDING (ALOPECIA)

Definition. Baldness (alopecia) is local or widespread hair loss. Baldness does not include seasonal and birth-related shedding, as well as congenital, hereditary hairlessness. Very often, baldness is accompanied by skin itching.

The reasons. The immediate causes of pathological hair loss are inflammatory and dystrophic processes in hair follicles. Baldness occurs with the following diseases and conditions: dermatomycosis, scabies, demodicosis, allergic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, eczema, autoimmune conditions, contact dermatitis, toxic dermatitis, pyoderma, hyperadrenocorticism, H-hypovitaminosis, stress.

Most often, baldness occurs due to the development of allergic (atopic) dermatitis caused by fleas and lice, and is localized along the spine, especially on the sacrum.

Symptomatic therapy: see "Skin symptoms. Itching". Additionally, multivitamin preparations containing biotin and raw egg yolks are prescribed.

BLUENESS (CYANOSIS)

Definition. Cyanosis (cyanosis) - staining of unpigmented skin and mucous membranes in a pale or cyanotic color due to a decrease in the concentration of oxidized hemoglobin in the blood and, accordingly, an increase in the concentration of reduced hemoglobin, less often methemoglobin and sulfhemoglobin. Best of all, cyanosis is noticeable on the conjunctiva of the eye and gums.

Reasons: decrease in pulmonary ventilation ( obstructive bronchitis, bronchial asthma, atelectasis), decreased oxygen diffusion and carbon dioxide through the wall of the alveoli (pneumonia, pulmonary edema, pneumosclerosis), deterioration of the blood supply to the lungs (heart failure, thromboembolism pulmonary artery), impaired venous outflow, poisoning with poisons that have an affinity for hemoglobin (nitrites, nitrates, aniline, phenacetin).

Symptomatic therapy: oxygen therapy, cordiamine, sulfocamphocaine, camphor, adrenomimetics (mezaton, ephedrine).

Definition. Rash (exanthema) - the appearance on the skin of areas that have changed color or shape. The rashes include: a spot (macula) - a limited, imperceptible change in skin color on palpation, associated mainly with the expansion of capillaries or hemorrhage; blister (urtika) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from swelling of the dermis; bubble (bulla) - a protrusion of the skin with a cavity, larger than a pea; vesicle (vesicle) - a protrusion of the skin with a cavity, ranging in size from a pinhead to a pea; abscess (pustule) - having a cavity filled with pus, protrusion of the skin, up to a pea size; nodule (papule) - a cavityless protrusion of the skin resulting from inflammatory infiltration, hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis, acanthosis, etc .; node (nodus) - large, up to the size of a chicken egg, a cavityless formation in subcutaneous tissue.

The reasons. different kind rashes occur in dogs with the following diseases: canine distemper, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, dermatomycosis, helminthiases, arachno-entomoses, autoimmune and allergic conditions, papillomatosis, tumors, dermatitis, eczema.

Symptomatic therapy. Antiseptics are used (brilliant green, gentian violet, potassium permanganate, chlorhexidine bigluconate), antibiotics, salicylic acid, zinc oxide, anti-inflammatory drugs.

JAUNDICE

Definition. Jaundice is a yellow discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucous membranes due to a sharp increase in the concentration of bilirubin in the blood.

The reasons. The immediate causes of jaundice are a violation of the capture, conjugation and excretion of bilirubin by the liver, as well as its excessive formation due to hemolysis.

Jaundice occurs in the following diseases and conditions: piroplasmosis, leptospirosis, infectious hepatitis, toxic hepatitis, allergic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, opisthorchiasis and other helminthiases, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, tumors, poisoning.

Symptomatic therapy: diuretics, glucocorticoids, antihistamines, vitogepat, sirepar, LIV-52, vikasol, lipamide, glucose, Essentiale, ascorbic acid. When vomiting - metoclopramide, atropine sulfate.

URINARY SYMPTOMS

BLOOD IN URINE (HEMATURIA AND HEMOGLOBINURIA)

Definition. Hematuria is the excretion of blood in the urine, hemoglobinuria is the excretion of hemoglobin in the urine.

Hematuria can be differentiated from hemoglobinuria by microscopy of the urine sediment.

Most often, hemoglobinuria occurs with piroplasmosis, and hematuria - with trauma or infection of the kidneys and urinary tract.

Symptomatic therapy. Intravenously administered calcium chloride, intramuscularly calcium gluconate, vikasol, vitamin C, mezaton (possible rectally).

Diseases associated with hematuria

AUTOMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPLE -

The reasons are infectious agents and predisposition, the temperature is normal, the course is acute, the nature of hematuria is constant, additional signs are hemorrhagic diathesis, blood in the feces.

Glomerulonephritis and Pyelonephritis -

Causes - infectious agents and predisposition, fever, acute and chronic course, the nature of hematuria - periodic, additional signs - oliguria, proteinuria, kidney pain, paresis of the pelvic extremities.

urocystitis and urethritis

Causes - infectious agents and stones, subfebrile temperature, acute and chronic course, the nature of hematuria - periodic at the beginning of urination, additional signs - pain in the bladder, dysuria.

ANTICOAGULANT POISONING -

Causes - POISONS (zoocumarin, dicoumarin), the temperature is normal, the course is acute, the nature of hematuria is constant, additional signs are hemorrhagic diathesis, blood in the feces.

Diseases accompanied by hemoglobinuria and jaundice

PYROPLASMOSIS -

The reasons are simple, the season is spring, summer, autumn, the anamnesis data is a tick bite, the temperature is high, the course is acute and chronic, the nature of hemoglobinuria is at the end of the disease, there are no additional signs.

LEPTOSPIROSIS -

Causes - leptospira, season - most often spring, summer, autumn, history data - bathing or drinking from reservoirs, eating raw meat, high temperature, acute course, hemoglobinuria character - occasionally, more often intense yellow color of urine, additional signs - hemorrhagic diathesis , necrosis of the mucous membranes, vomiting, diarrhea.

AUTOIMMUNE HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA -

Causes - predisposition and infectious agents, at any time of the year, normal temperature, acute course, the nature of hemoglobinuria - throughout the disease, additional signs are absent.

POISONING WITH HEMOLYTIC POISONS -

Causes - POISONS (phenothiazine, methylene blue, pr-you lead, copper), at any time of the year, history data - the introduction of medications, the temperature is normal, the course is acute, the nature of hemoglobinuria - throughout the disease, additional signs are absent.

URINATION IS FREQUENT OR DIFFICULT (dysuria)

Definition. Dysuria is frequent, difficult, or painful urination. Urine is excreted in small portions.

Causes: urocystitis, prostatitis, urethritis, vaginitis, stone in the ureter and bladder, tumors of the prostate, bladder, urethra, penis, vagina.

Symptomatic therapy. Heat is applied locally in the area of ​​the bladder in the absence of blood in the urine. The introduction of antispasmodics (atropine, papaverine, no-shpa), analgesics (analgin, aspirin, paracetamol) is shown. It is better to use drugs that combine antispasmodic and analgesic effects: baralgin, trigan, maxigan, spazmalgin.

URINARY INCONTINENCE

Definition. Urinary incontinence (urine incontinence) is involuntary urination.

The reasons. Urinary incontinence in dogs can be with nervous excitement, for example, in males in the presence of a female in heat, as well as with overflow of the bladder, and is physiological. Pathological urinary incontinence occurs in the following diseases and conditions: diseases of the brain and spinal cord, damage to the spinal nerves, stones and tumors of the urethra, cystitis.

Symptomatic therapy. With urinary incontinence associated with emotional arousal, sedatives are sometimes used (valerian preparations, tranquilizers). In other cases, etiotropic therapy is indicated. Do not limit the amount of water your dog consumes.

INCREASED THIRST AND URINATION (POLYDIPSY AND POLYURIA)

Definition. Increased thirst and urination (polydipsia and polyuria) - increased water intake and increased urine output. These two symptoms are usually related, and both the first and the second can be primary. The density of urine and the intensity of its color are usually lowered.

Causes: glomerulonephritis, nephrosclerosis, amyloidosis of the kidneys, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, hyperadrenocorticism, pyometra, reaction to drugs (diuretics, glucocorticoids), poisoning.

In older dogs, polyuria + polydipsia syndrome is most often associated with diabetes, in bitches it is associated with pyometra.

Symptomatic therapy. Animals are provided with free access to water. With prolonged polyuria-polydipsia, instead of water, in order to prevent violations of the water-salt balance, dogs are drunk saline solutions or isotonic sodium chloride solution. Due to the increased energy consumption, animals are provided with a high-calorie diet.

REDUCTION OR ABSENCE OF URINATION (OLIGURIA AND ANURIA)

Definition. Oliguria is a prolonged decrease in the volume of urine excreted. There are renal (renal) oliguria and extrarenal (extrarenal).

Anuria is the cessation of urine output. Anuria can be secretory (cessation of urine production) and excretory (cessation of urine flow to the bladder). Both symptoms, characteristic of acute renal failure, due to the possible development of uremia, require urgent veterinary intervention.

Causes: leptospirosis, parvovirus enteritis, dehydration, poisoning with heavy metals, acids, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, carbon tetrachloride and other exo- and endotoxins, heart failure, thrombosis and embolism of the renal vessels, massive blood loss, collapse, shock, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, autoimmune diseases, obstruction of the ureters.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply caffeine, aminophylline, diuretics (furosemide), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), intravenously 40% and subcutaneously 5% glucose solution. Peritoneal dialysis is shown (see).

NERVE SYMPTOMS

AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR

Definition. Aggressive behavior is the act of a dog to harm people or animals. should be distinguished aggressive behavior associated with defense or an attempt to assert one's superiority, from pathological aggressiveness associated with any disease.

Causes: rabies, Aujeszky's disease, nervous form of plague, encephalitis, neuralgia, brain tumor, cerebral hypoxia, endocrine disorders.

Symptomatic therapy. Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, pyrorthyl, xylazine), tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide), sedatives (valerian preparations), barbiturates (phenobarbital, reladorm) are used.

EXCITATION

Definition. Excitation - restless behavior of the dog, characterized by increased irritability and motor activity. Often associated with muscle trembling. It is necessary to distinguish the excited state of the dog, caused by any objective reasons (for example, in males smelling the smell of a bitch in the hunt), from the excitement associated with any disease or pathological condition.

Most often in dogs, arousal is associated with hypocalcemic tetany and flea bites.

Symptomatic therapy: prescribe calcium preparations, intramuscularly magnesium sulfate, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics.

INCREASED SKIN SENSITIVITY (HYPERESTHESIA)

Definition. Hyperesthesia - increased sensitivity of the skin to various stimuli.

Causes: nervous form of the plague, dermatomyositis, inflammatory diseases skin, eczema, atopic dermatitis, myositis, sciatica, neuralgia, encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis.

Symptomatic therapy: glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (piroxicam, indomethacin, brufen, analgin), neuroleptics (chlorpromazine), tranquilizers (diazepam), vitamins B1, B6, B12, Bs, biotin, PP.

PARALLIES AND PARESIS OF THE LIMB

Definition. Paralysis is the complete impossibility of voluntary movements, paresis is a partial limitation of the strength and volume of voluntary movements due to a violation of innervation. May be accompanied by an increase (usually at the onset of the disease) and a decrease in musculoskeletal sensitivity. With a long course, muscle atrophy often develops. There are also monoplegia - paralysis (paresis) of one limb, tetraplegia - paralysis of four limbs, paraplegia - paralysis of two front or two hind limbs and hemiplegia - paralysis of the right or left half of the body.

The reasons. Monoplegia and paraplegia: infectious diseases (canine distemper, rabies), encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, hemorrhages in the brain or spinal cord, spinal stroke, sciatica, plexitis, injuries of the limbs and spinal cord, tumors, bone fractures, intoxication, allergic polyneuropathy. Most often, dogs have paraparesis of the hind limbs due to sciatica.

Tetraplegia: infectious diseases (canine distemper, rabies), trauma cervical spine, polyneuropathy of infectious-allergic or toxic origin.

Symptomatic therapy. Apply glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), non-narcotic analgesics (piroxicam, indomethacin), diuretics (furosemide), antispasmodics (no-shpa, baralgin), vitamins B1, B12, PP, glutamic acid. In infectious-allergic genesis, antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine) are indicated. With reduced muscle tone anticholinesterase drugs (oxazil, prozerin, galantamine), strychnine nitrate, duplex, as well as nootropic drugs - piracetam, aminalon, pyriditol are used.

LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS (FINEC, COMA)

Definition. Fainting is a short-term loss of consciousness due to cerebral ischemia. Coma is a prolonged loss of consciousness or severe depression due to damage to the central nervous system. Fainting and coma may be accompanied by convulsions.

The reasons. Fainting: violations heart rate, a rapid transition from a horizontal to a vertical state, lung diseases, blood loss, poisoning with diuretics and antispasmodics.

Symptomatic therapy. In most cases, intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal administration of 5% glucose solution, isotonic sodium chloride solution, Ringer's solution, Ringer-Locke, 4% sodium bicarbonate solution, reopoliglyukin is indicated.

Solutions are administered in a single dose of up to 20 ml/kg. To maintain cardiac activity (in the absence of signs of excitation of the central nervous system), cordiamine, sulfocamphocaine, strophanthin, adrenomimetics - mezaton, ephedrine, adrenaline are used. At uremic coma diuretics, peritoneal dialysis, and, in case of vomiting, atropine and metoclopramide are indicated. For treatment of other types of coma, see the appropriate sections of the handbook.

CRAMPS

Definition. Cramps are involuntary muscle contractions.

There are convulsions - generalized jerky contractions of the muscles of the body; tonic convulsions - slow, prolonged muscle contractions; clonic convulsions- repetitive contractions and relaxation of muscles; epileptic seizure- an attack accompanied by a loss of consciousness of generalized clonic-tonic convulsions.

The reasons. Infectious diseases: canine distemper, rabies, tetanus; invasive diseases: toxoplasmosis, helminthiases; hypocalcemia, hypoparathyroidism, cerebral hypoxia, hyperthermia, cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhages, brain tumors, hydrocephalus, encephalitis, poisoning, uremia.

In dogs, convulsions without loss of consciousness most often occur with hypocalcemia, hypoxia, and helminthiases, and convulsions with loss of consciousness occur with epilepsy.

Symptomatic therapy. During an attack, magnesium sulfate, ketamine hydrochloride, xylazine, diazepam, chlorpromazine, diprazine (and other antihistamines), sodium thiopental, hexenal are used intramuscularly. In the period between attacks, difenin, carbamazepine, hexamidine, clonazepam are prescribed. Hypoxia is treated with oxygen therapy. With intoxication, hydrocephalus, uremia, cerebral edema - diuretics (furosemide). If hypocalcemic tetany is suspected (nursing bitch) - magnesium sulfate, calcium chloride (slowly intravenously) and calcium gluconate, vitamin D.

OTHER SYMPTOMS

BLEEDING FROM THE VAGINA

Definition. Bleeding from the vagina - discharge from the vagina of unclotting blood, blood clots, or an admixture of blood in the discharge from the vagina. In physiological quantities, blood is present in the discharge from the vagina during estrus and after childbirth. In the vast majority of cases, the source of bleeding is in the uterus.

Causes: endometritis, tumors, follicular cysts, persistence of follicles, spontaneous abortion, postpartum uterine hypotension, trauma.

Symptomatic therapy. Uterotonic agents are used: oxytocin, pituitrin, cotarnine chloride, methylergometrine, ergotal, ergotamine hydrotartrate, pachycarpine hydroiodide, spherofizin benzoate. Reducing the uterus drugs are contraindicated in pregnancy. Vikasol, calcium preparations are prescribed to increase blood clotting. Adrenomimetics (mezaton, adrenaline, ephedrine), ascorbic acid and ascorutin constrict and strengthen blood vessels. With prolonged bleeding, herbal preparations are prescribed inside: infusions and extracts of shepherd's purse, water pepper.

MULTIPLE BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGIC DIATHESIS)

Definition. Multiple bleeding (hemorrhagic diathesis) - a tendency to bleeding and hemorrhage.

1. Reduced blood clotting: hereditary deficiency of blood coagulation factors - II (hypoprothrombinemia), VII (hypoproconvertinemia), VIII (hemophilia A), IX (hemophilia B), X, XI; liver diseases leading to a deficiency of blood clotting factors; poisoning with anticoagulants - zoocides (zoocumarin, etc.); overdose of drugs - anticoagulants (heparin, neodicoumarin); autoimmune deficiencies of blood coagulation factors; avitaminosis K, hypocoagulative phase of disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.

2. Thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy: hereditary thrombocytopenia, autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura, splenomegalic thrombocytopenia, thrombasthenia, disaggregation thrombocytopathy, drug thrombocytopathy (aspirin, indomethacin, phenothiazine, etc.).

3. Increased capillary permeability: hemorrhagic vasculitis, infectious-allergic and toxigenic angiopathy.

Symptomatic therapy. Assign glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), vikasol, calcium preparations, ascorbic acid, ascorutin. Transfusion of fresh donated blood is indicated. In case of poisoning with anticoagulants - forced diuresis.

MOTION DISORDERS (ATAXIA, ADYNAMIA)

Definition. Ataxia is a violation of coordination of movements, manifested, for example, by movement in a circle, unsteady gait, falls. Adynamia - muscle weakness, manifested by stagnation.

The reasons. Ataxia: otitis media, neuritis of the VIII cranial nerve, head injury, tumor, hereditary pathology, poisoning, infectious and parasitic diseases.

Adynamia: any diseases and conditions that lead to exhaustion or loss of strength.

Symptomatic therapy. Ataxia: antibiotics, diuretics, anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone, piroxicam), vitamins B1, B6, B12, PP.

Adynamia: complete high-calorie feeding, glucose, extracts of eleutherococcus and leuzea, multivitamins, riboxin, retabolil, prozerin, strychnine nitrate.

EDEMAS PERIPHERAL

Definition. Edema peripheral - excess accumulation fluid in soft tissues, mainly in the subcutaneous tissue of the chest, abdomen and extremities.

The reasons. Asymmetric local edema: trauma, infection, allergy, inflammation, compression of the limb, injection of large amounts of fluid, as well as irritants and necrotizing medicinal substances, bites of poisonous animals.

Symmetrical edema: increased hydrostatic venous pressure and deterioration of venous outflow due to heart failure; decrease in oncotic blood pressure due to protein loss in kidney diseases (amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome), enteropathy, prolonged bleeding, as well as a decrease in protein formation in liver diseases (cirrhosis) and starvation; increased capillary permeability in infections, intoxications, allergies; myxedema due to hypothyroidism.

Symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the edema. With edema of inflammatory origin, antimicrobial agents are used and hypertonic solutions, allergic and toxic-allergic (bites of poisonous animals) - antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone, dexamethasone), vitamin C, rutin (ascorutin), intravenous calcium chloride. In heart failure, cardiac glycosides (digitoxin), diuretics (furosemide) and potassium preparations are indicated.

With renal edema, diuretics (furosemide, eufillin), glucocorticoids, and a salt-free diet are prescribed.

INCREASED BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. An increase in body temperature (fever) is a one-time, periodic or constant excess of normal rectal temperature body (in dogs - 39 degrees Celsius).

The reasons. A short-term increase in body temperature can occur in puppies due to the imperfection of the mechanisms of thermoregulation, in adult dogs - with intense muscular work in the hot season. As a reaction of the body, fever occurs in infectious diseases, invasive (less often), inflammatory processes in various organs, neoplasms (not always), poisoning with certain substances (ivomec, nitrofurans, vitamins D2 and D3, iodine, carbon tetrachloride, organochlorine pesticides, ethylene glycol ), hypocalcemic tetany, meningoencephalitis.

Symptomatic therapy. Since fever is a protective and adaptive reaction of the body, measures should not be taken to reduce body temperature if it does not exceed 40 degrees Celsius. Otherwise, antipyretics are used: amidopyrine, analgin, acetylsalicylic acid(aspirin), phenacetin, paracetamol, and combination drugs. Sometimes suppositories containing antipyretic substances ("Cefekon"), antihistamines (diphenhydramine, diprazine) and antipsychotics (chlorpromazine) are sometimes used. With an increase in body temperature to 42 degrees Celsius and the development of a coma as a result of this, they resort to dousing or immersing the body in cold water.

DECREASE IN BODY TEMPERATURE

Definition. A decrease in body temperature is a decrease in rectal body temperature of less than 37.5 degrees Celsius.

Causes: hypothermia, loss of strength due to severe pathological conditions, poisoning, enteritis (in most cases), dehydration, intense blood loss.

Symptomatic therapy. The dog is warmed by wrapping, blowing warm air, irradiation with infrared and visible light lamps, immersion in warm water. Of the medications, analeptics are used (cordiamin, sulfocamphocaine).

INCREASED LYMPHONODES

Definition. Enlargement of lymph nodes - local or widespread enlargement of the lymph nodes. At the same time, their consistency may change.

Reasons: local inflammatory processes, lymphadenitis, sepsis, systemic mycoses, chronic bacterial infections, lymphosarcoma, leukemia, metastases, reactive hyperplasia of the lymph nodes.

Symptomatic therapy. In inflammatory lymphadenopathy, antimicrobial agents, analgesics, and, if necessary, surgical intervention are indicated. In neoplastic diseases, cytostatics and glucocorticoids are used.

LIMB JOINT ENLARGEMENT

Definition. Joint enlargement is an increase in the volume of one or more joints, observed or detected by palpation.

The reasons. Symmetric joint enlargement: increased growth of puppies, rickets, dysplasia hip joints(hereditary), infectious polyarthritis, infectious-allergic polyarthritis, autoimmune polyarthritis, polyhemarthrosis.

Asymmetric joint enlargement: arthritis, periarthritis, hemarthrosis, bone fracture, articular ligament rupture, joint dislocation, osteochondrosis, osteoarthritis, epiphyseal osteomyelitis, tumors.

Symptomatic therapy. In arthritis (synovitis) of infectious and infectious-allergic genesis, osteomyelitis, antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic agents are used. In aseptic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joints, especially of an allergic and autoimmune nature, glucocorticoids (prednisolone), non-narcotic analgesics (methindol), rumalon are used. With rickets - vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus preparations. With hemarthrosis due to reduced blood clotting and vascular fragility - vitamins C, P, ascorutin, vikasol, calcium preparations. With injuries - first locally cold, then warm. In any case, peace is shown.

INCREASED BODY

Definition. Abdominal enlargement - an increase in the volume of the abdomen.

Causes: pregnancy, eating a large amount of food, helminthiases, an increase in the volume of individual organs of the abdominal or pelvic cavity, including constipation and tumors; peritonitis, ascites.

In dogs, an increase in the volume of the abdomen due to the accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity(ascites) is usually associated with liver disease and heart failure. Accumulation of gas occurs with peritonitis. In females, it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of pregnancy, mixometers, pyometra.

Symptomatic therapy. With ascites, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, multivitamins are used. A puncture of the abdominal wall and fluid evacuation are indicated. In other cases, symptomatic therapy depends on the nature of the disease.

See also "Diseases of the cardiovascular system. Vascular insufficiency, syncope, shock."

Definition. Shock is a syndrome that includes a decrease in blood pressure, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, a decrease in body temperature (rarely an increase), shortness of breath, tachycardia, weakness.

In the pathogenesis of shock, the leading role is played by a decrease in blood pressure and impaired blood supply to organs, as well as strong pain with injuries.

The reasons. The immediate causes of shock are a decrease in the volume of circulating blood with blood loss, vomiting, diarrhea; expansion of the vascular bed during anaphylaxis, intoxication; disseminated intravascular coagulation in septicemia, hemolytic anemia, intoxication; severe pain from injury. A state of shock can occur with the following diseases: parvovirus enteritis, leptospirosis, septicemia, piroplasmosis, peritonitis, pancreatitis, intoxication, anaphylaxis and other types of immediate hypersensitivity, trauma, burns, bleeding, diarrhea, acute heart failure.

Symptomatic therapy. Anaphylactic shock: parenteral adrenomimetics (adrenaline), glucocorticoids (prednisone), antihistamines (diphenhydramine), aminophylline; infusion therapy. See also "Diseases of the immune system. Allergic reactions and diseases".

Hemolytic shock: parenteral antihistamines (diphenhydramine), glucocorticoids (prednisolone), 5% sodium bicarbonate solution, 5% glucose solution, Ringer's solution, furosemide, pararenal novocaine blockade. See also "Diseases of the blood system. Anemia".

Hemorrhagic shock: jet infusion of blood-substituting fluids (polyglucin, rheopolyglucin, Ringer's solution), 5% glucose solution; analeptics (cordiamin, sulfocamphocaine), adrenomimetics (adrenaline) are administered parenterally. In the future - multivitamins and iron preparations.

Hypovolemic shock: see Hemorrhagic shock.

Infectious-toxic shock: infusion therapy, necessarily with glucose solutions, glucocorticoids, countercal, Gordox, analeptics (cordiamin). Application antimicrobial agents see sections "Manipulation. Antimicrobial chemotherapy", as well as "Pathology postpartum period. Sepsis".

Traumatic shock: infusion therapy (polyglucin, hemodez, Ringer's solution, 5% glucose solution), on the second day - heparin. Local anesthesia is indicated.

In all cases of shock, treatment should be started immediately and intensively. Doses of medicinal substances used to combat shock are usually 1.5-2 times higher than the average therapeutic doses. Glucocorticoids are used in the following daily doses: prednisolone 10-30 mg/kg, triamcinolone 8-25 mg/kg, dexamethasone 6-15 mg/kg. After 1-2 days, the doses of glucocorticoids are reduced by 10 times or, after a sharp improvement in the dog's health, they are completely canceled.

Kuzmin A.A. "Diseases of dogs. Handbook of a practical doctor"

Pulmonary edema in dogs, a condition characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the air spaces of the lungs. Fluid (transudate) prevents gas exchange and oxygen transport to body tissues. Oxygen deficiency leads to hypoxia (reduced oxygen content), which in turn can cause the death of the animal.

Lungs - paired organ located in the chest of humans and animals. They are formed by a system of tubes that transport air, and sacs - alveoli. It is in them, in the alveoli, that the main gas exchange occurs, oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide enters the external environment. With the accumulation of fluid, rather than air, in the alveoli, the space required for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is severely limited.

When pulmonary edema develops in dogs, fluid can accumulate slowly (chronic), causing breathing difficulties, or rapidly (acute), causing acute respiratory failure within minutes or hours.

Why does pulmonary edema occur?

Pulmonary edema in dogs often occurs as a consequence of chronic heart disease. Other causes of edema include sepsis (a severe systemic infection of the body), anaphylaxis (an immediate allergic reaction), cancer, infectious diseases, drowning, ingestion (aspiration) of foreign objects, liquids or food. Some lung diseases can also lead to the accumulation of fluid in the lumen of the alveoli.

How does pulmonary edema manifest itself?

The severity of symptoms of pulmonary edema directly correlates with the area of ​​affected (fluid-filled) alveoli. Key features include:

For diagnosis, in addition to a clinical examination and auscultation (listening to respiratory sounds with a phonendoscope), an x-ray examination of the chest is used. In critical situations, when there is a significant threat to life, all diagnostic measures are carried out only after the patient has stabilized.

The prognosis for pulmonary edema in dogs depends on both the severity of the disease and the cause of the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the airways.

What is the treatment for pulmonary edema?

Treatment of pulmonary edema has several goals:

Patient stabilization. It is necessary to increase the amount of oxygen inhaled by the patient. To do this, use the supply of oxygen through a mask, nasal catheter, oxygen chamber. Along with this, sedative therapy is used to reduce stress and respiratory rate. AT severe cases when the number of affected alveoli exceeds significant limits, assisted ventilation is required.

Medical therapy for edema. Drugs are used to resolve edema, and also carry out the correction of concomitant metabolic disorders.

Identification and correction of the cause that caused edema - therapy for heart failure, pneumonia, oncological process etc. At this stage, you will need additional diagnostics(ECHOCG, blood tests, bronchoscopy, etc.)

Pulmonary edema in dogs- a condition that entails dire consequences up to death. Therefore, every owner who notices symptoms of respiratory and behavioral disorders of the pet should urgently apply for veterinary care, since the bill often goes to hours and minutes! When it is not possible to urgently deliver the animal to the hospital, the doctors of our emergency veterinary care center "Ya-VET" will arrive at your call and conduct medical measures at home using modern resuscitation facilities. After that, the dog will be taken to our hospital for recovery from a critical condition and adequate therapy.

What is pulmonary edema in dogs, how does it develop, for what reasons and what should the owner do before the doctor arrives?

Pulmonary edema in dogs: what happens?

Lungs - the most important body gas exchange between the body and the environment. In millions of pulmonary vesicles - alveoli, densely entangled with capillaries, blood is saturated with oxygen and released from carbon monoxide. Normally, this process is imperceptible and natural, like breathing itself. Pulmonary edema means overfilling of the blood vessels of the lungs. This disrupts the normal permeability of the capillaries, their walls begin to pass plasma and blood into the alveoli and the space between them, making normal gas exchange impossible. This process develops from the lower sections upwards gradually, therefore, with an early visit to the veterinarian, the dog can be saved. Pulmonary edema in dogs can develop rapidly, and you can not hesitate here!

Symptoms of the pathology of pulmonary edema in dogs

To diagnose in time pulmonary edema in a dog, it is necessary to identify the characteristic symptoms:
1. The appearance of shortness of breath - the dog breathes often, abruptly, tensely, widely inflating nostrils. At the same time, you can see how the dog's stomach rises and falls.
2. The position of the dog - it selects a position for the maximum intake of air: spreads its paws, stretches its head forward, opens its mouth. When the condition worsens, the dog lies on its side.
3. The dog is depressed, lethargic, does not respond to treats, or vice versa, becomes very restless and agitated.
4. A dry cough, characteristic of "cores", may appear.
5. The so-called cyanosis develops - the mucous membranes first turn pale, and then turn blue due to a lack of oxygen.
6. Body temperature drops.
7. From the mouth and nostrils of the animal, a clear foamy liquid is released, sometimes with blood.

Not all symptoms may appear Therefore, it is the doctor who should understand them, so as not to confuse edema with pneumonia, asphyxia, airway obstruction, paralysis of the larynx and other diseases.

Pulmonary edema in dogs and its causes

In order to successfully manage acute lung failure, it's important to know the reasons causing pulmonary edema in a dog.

There are cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic forms of edema.

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs caused by diseases of the heart and blood vessels, edema occurs due to:
• coronary heart disease,
• congenital heart disease
• hypertension,
• pulmonary artery thrombus, aortic or valvular dysfunction.

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs may be associated with such diseases and injuries:
• bronchitis or pneumonia;
• asphyxia (suffocation);
• head injury, tumor, blood clot or cerebral hemorrhage;
• chest trauma;
• inhalation toxic substances or smoke;
• electric shock;
• sun or heat stroke;
• allergic reaction, anaphylactic shock, drug overdose;
• stretching of the esophagus, stomach, gallbladder or bladder;
• acute renal failure.

Pulmonary edema in dogs: diagnosis and first aid

While waiting for the doctor, provide the dog with a comfortable position, access to fresh air, free the mouth and nostrils from secretions, calm the pet.

The veterinarian will listen to the lungs with a stethoscope and examine the clinical signs when examining the animal. In this case, X-ray examination is informative. Lungs suffering from edema will be less transparent than expected, the roots of the lungs will be lubricated and expanded. Laboratory tests will show elevated level leukocytes, hyperazotemia (increased nitrogen levels in the blood), liver enzyme activity.

Pulmonary edema in dogs: treatment

At the first sign of pulmonary edema in dogs, first of all, the animal needs to be provided with complete rest in order to minimize stress and exercise. If the dog is very restless, the veterinarian will apply depressant. Oxygen therapy is mandatory to stop the state of acute respiratory failure, reduce oxygen deficiency in tissues and organs and prevent the development of shock. state of shock characterized by a critical decline in all vital signs: breathing becomes weak and shallow, the pulse is barely palpable, the pupils are constricted, the animal is motionless and does not respond to external influences. Therefore, it is so important to deliver the animal to the veterinary clinic on time or call an ambulance veterinary team at home. The doctors of our veterinary center will bring with them everything necessary equipment and medicines for the necessary resuscitation.

In addition, the dog will need medical support aimed at maintaining the heart muscle, expanding the venous bed, removing excess fluid and improving the condition of the bronchi. Diuretics, bronchodilators, glucocorticoid drugs, vasodilators are usually prescribed. If the edema is of non-cardiogenic origin, its cause is eliminated and the underlying disease is treated.

At home, the pet needs provide conditions conducive to recovery: emotional peace, a minimum of physical exertion, a full-fledged special menu that the doctor will advise and timely medication.

Pulmonary Edema in Dogs: Prevention Measures

The best treatment, as we know, is the prevention of disease, prevention of pulmonary edema in dogs. So that such a misfortune as pulmonary edema does not happen to your pet, provide her rational mode stress and rest, protect from injury and overheating. If the dog is aged, monitor the condition of its heart and blood vessels, keep first aid kits for the heart in the first aid kit. Each dog is shown annual preventive examinations needed for early diagnosis serious illnesses.

In our veterinary center "Ya-VET" you can get a full range of modern veterinary care from calling a doctor to your home to providing prompt assistance at home and in a hospital. Veterinarians of narrow specialties work here, ready to advise and help in the treatment of the most complex diseases. You can get acquainted with all the services and prices for them by simply calling our phone. Compare and you will be pleasantly surprised as we constantly work to make our help accessible, convenient for you and as effective as possible for your pets.

It is especially comfortable in a busy city life to have the opportunity to call a veterinarian at home, because often we are limited in time, opportunities and forces, we work late, we have other household members on our hands, etc. With the presence of an exit veterinary service, ready to help even at night, these problems are easily solved. Call us - and we will help you keep your pet healthy!

Pulmonary edema in dogs is considered one of the most severe conditions animal, moreover, very difficult to diagnose and treat. In most cases, it is impossible to save an animal with pulmonary edema at home.

The mechanism of edema

During pulmonary edema gas exchange is disturbed, the capillaries are filled with blood and exudate, subsequently flowing into the alveoli. In the walls of the alveoli, the amount of carbohydrates is sharply reduced, which further disrupts gas exchange in the lungs. It leads to release of large amounts of chlorine, which contributes to an increase in blood vessels and fluid retention. The animal experiences an overexcitation of the respiratory center, an increase in the secretion of saliva and sweat, which in turn leads to thickening of the blood, overload of the heart, metabolic disturbances in tissues, the functioning of the brain and kidneys.

The reasons

This disease is most susceptible sports and sled dogs, since the likelihood of edema increases in case of overheating of the animal, long work without rest, running very long distances, breathing too dusty air.

The main reasons for the occurrence given state in dogs are:

• Congenital pathologies of the heart.
• body intoxication.
• Head injury.
• Thermal overheating.
• Pneumonia.
• Renal failure.
• Snake bite.
• Chest injury.
• Allergy.
• Electric shock.
• Asphyxia.

Symptoms

Unfortunately, pulmonary edema can develop both gradually and very quickly, depending on the reasons that caused it. Symptoms can occur spontaneously or develop progressively. During pulmonary edema, the animal is in a very depressed state - it has no reaction to food, the dog is very lethargic.

The animal starts shortness of breath, and the dog opens its mouth, stretches its neck and tries to spread its paws as wide as possible in order to straighten the airways; the dog starts coughing, can be both with and without wheezing, breathing becomes intermittent, deep.

Gradually, the shade of the skin and mucous membranes of the dog changes, if the nose and ears had a light shade, then they begin to turn blue. From the nostrils and mouth of the animal, masses similar to emetic light pink begin to stand out, bloody foam may stand out. The dog's body temperature drops sharply, tachycardia begins.

Diagnostics

For correct setting diagnosis, the veterinarian needs to know the entire clinical picture of the development of the disease. To do this, listening to the lungs of the animal is carried out, it is necessary to x-ray examination. The dog is also required to take a blood sample, and echocardiography - these studies will help identify the cause of the edema.

First aid

If the above symptoms occur, in as soon as possible seek veterinary care. However, before the arrival of the veterinarian, you can slightly alleviate the condition of the animal, if you act correctly. The dog must be on fresh air because she needs the maximum number oxygen, the dog should be in a comfortable position for him, he should constantly wipe saliva and other secretions from his nose and mouth.

Treatment

Treatment of pulmonary edema is carried out only in a medical institution. An important condition treatment is limitation physical activity and minimizing stressors. For the treatment of pulmonary edema, the animal is given inhalation with oxygen and drug therapy. As a rule, diuretic drugs (furosemide and mannitol), bronchodilators - eufillin, glucocorticoids are administered to the animal, sedatives can also be prescribed to stabilize the state of stress.

Depending on the severity of the dog's condition, bloodletting may be performed, glucose solutions may be administered intravenously and calcium chloride. To maintain cardiac activity, the animal is prescribed caffeine or cordiamine. If the swelling is accompanied by pneumonia, then antibiotics are added. When edema is concomitant disease, then therapy is directed to the treatment of the underlying disease.

Intensive therapy is carried out until the moment of complete stabilization of the dog's condition. This usually happens within 24-72 hours, and in further treatment the dog doesn't need it.

However, if an animal develops respiratory distress syndrome, the animal dies.

If pulmonary edema is not a secondary symptom of the underlying disease, then after the treatment, the animal will gradually fully recover and return to its previous physical form.

After the dog comes home it is very important to support comfortable conditions for complete rehabilitation of the animal. At first, it will be necessary to carefully monitor the dog's breathing during exercise and at rest. The room should be kept clean, well ventilated, the air temperature, preferably, should not exceed 18 degrees, the dog should not soft bedding, feeding should be carried out strictly according to the regime, during rehabilitation period the dog follows a salt-free diet, stress and exercise should be minimal.

Prevention

The best treatment for any disease is its proper prevention. It is very important that the room where the animal lives is adapted to its characteristics. Dogs that constantly experience strong physical exertion should have a good rest, they should have the opportunity to retire; it is very correct that the dog adheres to the correct diet and diet. If the dog has been found to have any diseases of the cardiovascular system, then the owner must have an appropriate first aid kit.