Formation and development of a healthy image. Rational mode of work and rest

ANNOTATION

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1 LIFESTYLE AS A CERTAIN TYPE OF LIFE

CHAPTER 2 MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MEANING OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED SOURCES

ANNOTATION

L. N. Tolstoy wrote: “The demands of people who smoke, drink, overeat, do not work and turn night into day for a doctor to make them healthy, despite their unhealthy image life." A hundred years later, this phrase has not lost its relevance.

It, as well as the need to form a healthy lifestyle of the population, are obvious and confirmed by the regulatory documents of the Republic of Belarus, first of all, the National Strategy for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2020, the State Program for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Republic of Belarus, the Constitution countries.

The hypothesis is the thesis that the formation of a healthy lifestyle of the population is a complex task, the responsibility for which, in one form or another, is borne by all capable adult citizens. The solution of this problem is complicated by the skepticism of a certain part of the population towards the obvious benefits of the quality of life of those who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of the work is to describe the basics of a healthy lifestyle.

The tasks of the work are to define the way of life as a certain type of life activity of an individual, as well as to point out its medical and biological meaning.

The practical significance of the work - it can be used as material for lectures, conversations, and serve as a specific guide to action for those who decide to improve the quality of life.

INTRODUCTION

The national strategy for the socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2020 defines that “the strategic goal in the field of improving health is to create a state mechanism to support a healthy lifestyle, create a high demand for personal health, and create prerequisites for its satisfaction.”

The life and health of our people must become priority values in the public mind, in the strategy and tactics of the state social and economic policy.

In his report at a permanent seminar of senior officials of republican and local state bodies on improving ideological work back in 2005, the President of our country said - “The life and health of our people should become priority values in the public mind, in the strategy and tactics of the state socio-economic politicians".

“The main task of our state in this direction, he stressed, is that the creation of a conscious need among its citizens treats their health as a value. Health needs to be tempered and preserved.

However, practice shows that without the active and conscious participation of each citizen in this process, it is impossible to solve the national task health promotion and improving the quality of life is impossible. At present, the opinion is being accepted that the improvement in the health status of the population is due mainly to medical interventions, but depends on the quality of life and is provided through the lifestyle that this or that individual leads.

It has been established that more than 70% of the factors affecting the state of health of the population are manageable, i.e. depend on the state and behavior of the person himself.

CHAPTER 1 LIFESTYLE AS A CERTAIN TYPE OF LIFE

Lifestyle - a certain type of people's life, which includes a combination of various activities, people's behavior in everyday life.

Living conditions - the conditions that determine the way of life. They can be material and intangible (work, life, family relationships, education, nutrition, etc.).

The standard of living (well-being) characterizes the size and structure of needs. These are quantitative indicators of living conditions. The standard of living is determined by the size of the gross product, national income, real incomes of the population, provision of housing, medical care, and indicators of the health of the population.

Way of life - the order, regulations of work, life, social life, within which people live.

Lifestyle - individual characteristics of behavior in everyday life.

The quality of life is the quality of the conditions in which the daily life of people is carried out (the quality of living conditions, nutrition, education, medical care).

In defining the concept of a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to take into account two starting factors - the genetic nature of a given person and its compliance with specific conditions of life.

A task social worker ultimately consists in helping the client to restore or improve the interaction between him and society to improve the quality of life of the client.

The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and a change in the nature of stress on the human body due to the complication of social life, an increase in man-made, environmental, psychological, political and military risks that provoke negative changes in health.

Diseases of a person are mostly caused by his way of life and everyday behavior. Currently, a healthy lifestyle is considered as the basis for disease prevention and premature deaths, increasing life expectancy.

A healthy lifestyle should correspond to the genetic program inherent in a person. This is necessary both for the harmonious coexistence of man with nature, and for the maximum development of health potential. The genetic program of a person determines his constitution (morphofunctional type, predominant types of nervous and mental reactions), the norm of biological reactions and, therefore, predetermines the presence or absence of various diseases.

On lifestyle besides genetic factors age, gender, education, intelligence, profession, working conditions, upbringing, family traditions and foundations, material well-being, living conditions, personal motivations also affect.

An active carrier of a healthy lifestyle is a specific person as a subject and object of his life and social status. In the implementation of a healthy lifestyle, a person acts in the unity of his biological and social principles. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is based on a person's personal motivational attitude to the realization of his social, physical, intellectual and mental capabilities and abilities.

Knowledge about a healthy lifestyle is designed to improve human life, maximize the best in the gene pool and smooth out the effect of harmful genes, develop and build relationships with the outside world as harmoniously as possible.

It is important to understand that each person is able to change the environment of his habitat within his home, workplace, choosing the right places for recreation, thereby reducing the possible harmful effects of the environment. A healthy lifestyle gives greater freedom and power over one's own life, making it more fruitful, high-quality and long lasting. To achieve this, a person must first of all become the bearer of the idea of health as the main life priority - this problem is the most important task of applying social technologies in this area.

The next step should be the formation of a certain organization of human self-awareness, focused on understanding the role and place of various means, methods and forms of a healthy lifestyle, as well as the ability to apply them in one's life. In this process, the approaches of mass medicine, which are characterized by universal, uniform norms and recommendations, are unacceptable. The basis of valeological culture is the conscious and desired transfer of the value of health (one's own and the public's) and care for the environment into a number of life priorities.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is carried out thanks to information coming from outside, through lifestyle correction, thanks to feedback, analysis of one's own feelings, well-being and the dynamics of objective morphofunctional indicators, their correlation with the valeological knowledge he has. The formation of a healthy lifestyle is an extremely long process and can last a lifetime.

Feedback from the changes occurring in the body as a result of following a healthy lifestyle does not occur immediately, sometimes it is expected for years. That is why often people "try" only the transition, but, not getting a quick result, they return to the old way of life. This is not surprising, since a healthy lifestyle involves the rejection of many pleasant living conditions that have become habitual (overeating, comfort, alcohol, smoking, etc.) and, conversely, constant and regular heavy loads for a person who is not adapted to them and strict regulation lifestyle. In the first period of transition to a healthy lifestyle, when a person is constantly experiencing a lack of knowledge, it is especially important to support a person in his desire to provide him with the necessary consultations, point out positive changes in his health, in functional indicators, correct mistakes, thereby maintaining motivation.

It is especially important to focus on a healthy lifestyle for children, which is a prerequisite for a healthy start for future families capable of giving birth, raising and educating subsequent generations of people with a more perfect gene pool and with a stable system of healthy needs. It is clear that it is possible to form real motivations for a healthy lifestyle only from childhood. And the results will be better than in cases where a load of diseases and pathological conditions has already been accumulated. Naturally, only professionals should be allowed to work with children and adolescents. Particular care should be taken in matters of sex education and the prevention of chemical addictions.

When using social technologies for the formation of a healthy lifestyle, it is necessary to take into account the age characteristics of the individual. For example, children and adolescents should first be explained the need for positive attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent various deviations, while adults are willing to read literature and listen to lectures on health and rational behavior in order to preserve it, they accept information regarding hygiene and proper nutrition. And, conversely, those who are more passive and lead a sedentary lifestyle, much earlier than others, there is a gradual destruction of the body and the depletion of physical and intellectual forces.

Components of a healthy lifestyle:

balanced diet;

optimal driving mode;

rational mode of life;

immunity training and hardening;

compliance with the rules of personal hygiene;

compliance with the norms and rules of mental hygiene;

sexual culture, rational family planning;

prevention of auto-aggression;

control over their own health.

In order to form a healthy lifestyle, various social technologies are used to work both with various categories clients, as well as with employees of social protection institutions. In working with a team of specialists, it is also necessary to use the entire wide range of preventive measures. infectious diseases, stressful and conflict situations, physical inactivity, the destructive effects of noise, vibration, aggressive environment and other adverse biological and social factors. Such measures include hardening, auto-training, health-improving swimming, bioinformatic correction (BOS-training), health-improving physiotherapeutic procedures, herbal medicine, oxygen cocktail, training on simulators, elements of therapeutic physical culture and massage, acupuncture, breathing exercises, the use of which stimulates adaptation reserves person, contributes to the optimal regulation of personal health resources.

CHAPTER 2 MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL MEANING OF A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE

To date, the most complete definition of health from a social standpoint is that proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO): "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and infirmity."

The medical and biological meaning of a healthy lifestyle lies in the adaptive capabilities of a person. In this understanding of a healthy lifestyle, the concepts most often invest:

education from early childhood healthy habits and skills;

safe and favorable environment for living;

knowledge about the impact of surrounding objects on health;

giving up bad habits (smoking, drug use, alcohol abuse);

moderate nutrition that meets physiological needs

informed choice of products;

physically active life, including special exercises (for example, fitness);

compliance with the rules of personal and public hygiene;

first aid skills;

hardening.

All components of a healthy lifestyle (HLS) are interconnected. The physiological state of a person is greatly influenced by his psycho-emotional state, which, in turn, depends on his mental attitudes. Therefore, separately in the biomedical theories of a healthy lifestyle, the following block of components is distinguished:

emotional well-being: mental hygiene, the ability to cope with one's own emotions;

intellectual well-being: the ability of a person to learn and use new information for optimal action in new circumstances;

spiritual well-being: the ability to set and strive for truly meaningful, constructive life goals, optimism.

Some researchers add to this list social well-being - the ability to interact with other people. The formation of a healthy lifestyle, according to some authors, is carried out at three levels:

social: propaganda through the media, outreach;

infrastructural: specific conditions in the main areas of life (availability of free time, material resources), preventive institutions, environmental control;

personal: a system of value orientations of a person, standardization of everyday life.

In the Republic of Belarus, the problems of the social level of healthy lifestyles are dealt with by such services for the formation of a healthy lifestyle, such as republican, regional, city and district health centers, medical and physical education dispensaries, cosmetology clinics, and cabinets for promoting a healthy lifestyle. Scientific and methodological support is provided by the All-Russian Research Center for Preventive Medicine.

Subjectively, a person who leads a healthy lifestyle can feel changes in his condition, which will be a reward for his efforts: endurance may increase, work capacity may increase, colds may occur less often, mood and well-being will improve.

Each person's path to a healthy lifestyle is unique, but the end result is always important. The effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle can be assessed by a number of biosocial criteria:

) assessment of morphological and functional indicators of health (the level of physical development, fitness and adaptability);

) assessing the state of immunity (the number of colds and infectious diseases during a certain period; the number of exacerbations of chronic diseases);

) assessment of adaptation to socio-economic conditions of life, such as:

efficiency professional activity;

activity in the performance of family and household duties;

breadth and degree of manifestation of social and personal interests.

) Assessment of the level of valeological indicators:

the degree of formation of the installation on a healthy lifestyle;

the level of valeological knowledge;

the level of assimilation of practical knowledge and skills related to the maintenance and promotion of health;

the ability to independently build an individual health trajectory and a healthy lifestyle program.

It is possible to propose the following classification of the assessment of the parameters of the assessment of healthy lifestyle:

optimal motor mode;

fitness and adaptability to physical activity;

reserve of the thermoregulation system;

protective reserve of immunity;

balance of the psychological state;

harmony of family and business relations;

rationality of nutrition;

sufficient personal hygiene;

lack of bad habits;

valeological self-education

strength and stability of motivation to lead a healthy lifestyle.

Adaptive physical culture is recognized as one of the popular social technologies, and there are several different types of it: healthy life biosocial

adaptive physical education in order to give the basic foundations of physical education;

adaptive motor recreation, designed to organize healthy leisure, outdoor activities, games, communication;

adaptive sports aimed at improving and implementing physical, mental, emotional and volitional abilities;

adaptive motor rehabilitation aimed at using natural remedies and methods that stimulate the speedy recovery of the body.

The main task is to form students conscious attitude to their strengths, firm confidence in them, a conscious attitude to the implementation of the necessary physical activity, as well as the need for systematic physical exercises and the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

In addition, the system of social protection of the population uses technologies aimed at increasing the level of safety of everyday life of the elderly, the disabled and other vulnerable segments of the population and includes the main issues related to the life of people with limited mobility in modern society. Classes with clients are practice-oriented and are aimed at:

to study and master the basics of a healthy lifestyle that ensures a full-fledged safe existence and the realization of the abilities and needs of the individual in everyday life;

familiarization with the types of dangers that threaten a person in modern everyday life, actions in dangerous and emergency situations of a natural, social and man-made nature; studying and mastering the methods and techniques of protection to minimize the possible damage to the individual and society in dangerous and emergency situations, reduce individual risks;

developing the ability to analyze situations and make safe decisions in everyday life;

formation of an idea of the ecological, socio-cultural, economic features of modern society as an environment of direct life and participation in it in the process of self-affirmation and self-realization;

formation of the ability to choose moral and psychological attitudes in conditions of dangerous and emergencies;

the formation of a respectful, responsible attitude to one's own safety and the safety of those around them, the skills of interaction, cooperation necessary to resolve and prevent dangerous and emergency situations, awareness of the priority of safety in all spheres of human life.

More and more popular in our country are technologies such as “Walking with a Scandinavian step” and “Roads of health on a bicycle”.

The technology "Walking with a Scandinavian step" was based on the popularization and implementation of Nordic walking with ski poles, this type of exercise can take place in the fresh air, does not require special physical training, has a beneficial effect on the state of the musculoskeletal system, of cardio-vascular system and lungs, group and individual lessons are possible at any time of the year.

"Roads of Health on a Bicycle" is a rehabilitation technique for which an adult tricycle is used. A person, despite his disability, confidently sits in the saddle, trains all muscle groups, saturates the blood with oxygen, exercising individually or in a group, he gains self-confidence, increases emotional tone.

The formation of attitudes towards a healthy lifestyle is facilitated by sports games both in their classical incarnation and according to simplified rules. Mastering the elements of sports games contributes to the development of movement skills, their psychological impact facilitates the compensation of physical, mental and social changes in the personality, normalizing social significance, increasing psychological stability in a limited time - this is a wonderful means of expanding the communicative space and increasing human motor activity. Moreover, even passive participation in sports and recreational activities contributes to active leisure, distracts from problems, care for the disease, leads to recovery, contributes to the normalization of the psycho-emotional state.

CONCLUSION

A healthy lifestyle is the most effective means and method of ensuring health, primary prevention of disease and meeting the vital need for health.

The program and organization of a healthy lifestyle for a given person is determined by the following basic assumptions:

individual typological hereditary factors;

objective social conditions and socio-economic factors;

specific living conditions in which family and household and professional activities are carried out;

personal motivational factors determined by the worldview and culture of a person, the degree of their orientation towards health and a healthy lifestyle.

Health monitoring is carried out with the help of some indicators that have a specific quantitative expression. For example, the main indicators of homeostasis, indicators of body reserves under directed loads.

A healthy lifestyle is the implementation of a set of actions in all major areas of human life: labor, social, family, household, leisure.

It is beneficial for the state and society to promote a healthy lifestyle, because as a result of it:

morbidity is reduced and the costs of treatment and payments to the disabled are reduced;

the social activity of people and the ability to productive work increase and, consequently, the incomes of citizens increase, which are a source of taxes for the state;

family relationships improve;

the prevalence of especially dangerous bad habits is decreasing;

the psychological climate in society improves.

Summing up the data on the effectiveness of the transition to a healthy lifestyle, we can assume that it:

positively and effectively reduces or eliminates the impact of risk factors, morbidity and, as a result, reduces the cost of treatment;

contributes to the fact that human life becomes healthier and more durable;

ensures good family relationships, health and happiness of children;

is the basis for the realization of a person's need for self-actualization and self-realization, provides high social activity and social success;

causes high working capacity of the body, reduced fatigue at work, high labor productivity and, on this basis, high material wealth;

allows you to abandon bad habits, rationally organize and distribute the time budget with the obligatory use of means and methods of active recreation;

provides cheerfulness, good mood and optimism.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

National Strategy for Sustainable Socio-Economic Development of the Republic of Belarus for the period up to 2020. // National Commission for Sustainable Development of the Republic of Belarus; Editorial Board: Ya.M. Aleksandrovich and others - Minsk, Unipack.

Lukashenko A.G. State for the people // Report of the President at the third All-Belarusian People's Assembly. - Minsk, 2006

Lukashenko A.G. A strong and prosperous Belarus must have a solid ideological foundation // Report of the President at a permanent seminar of senior officials of republican and local government bodies on improving ideological work. - Minsk, 2005

Lukashenko A.G. The health of the nation is the highest value of the state // Speech by the President of the Republic of Belarus at the First Congress of Doctors.

The Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 (with amendments and additions adopted at the republican referenda on November 24, 1996 and October 17, 2004).

Health-21. Policy framework for health for all in the European Region. European Health for All Series. WHO. Eurobureau. 1999. No. 6.

Rostovtsev V.N., Vinokurova S.P. Culture of health: structure and formation. Healthcare. 2001.№4.

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Essay on discipline Valeology

Prepared by a student of the 36th group of the 2nd year Milyutina E.S.

checked

Shapiro Yu.O.

Vitebsk State Medical University

Vitebsk - 2012

Introduction

A healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle of a person aimed at preventing diseases and promoting health. The term “healthy lifestyle” has not yet been clearly defined. Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem, an integral part of the life of society as a whole.

In the psychological and pedagogical direction, a healthy lifestyle is considered from the point of view of consciousness, human psychology, and motivation. There are other points of view (for example, biomedical), but there is no sharp line between them, since they are aimed at solving one problem - improving the health of the individual.

Physical education is one of the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions, for active participation in labor, social, family, household, leisure forms of life.

Basics physical health

Movement is a vital necessity for a person, especially at a young age. With properly organized movements, human organs and systems develop and strengthen, with excessive work they weaken, and with a long absence of movement they atrophy. Therefore, it is very important that movements, especially in childhood and adolescence, become more and more perfect and contribute to an increase in the body's resistance to harmful environmental influences.

The lack of movement - hypokinesia, or hypodynamia - causes a whole range of changes in the vital activity of the body. The causes of hypokinesia can be objective (physiological, professional, clinical) and subjective (habitual, school, climatic and geographical). The consequences of hypokinesia are expressed in the fact that the functional life support systems (respiration, blood circulation, digestion, thermoregulation, excretion, respiration, etc.), working on movement, are less and less in demand in their maximum capabilities. A decrease in the level of functioning of the system leads to atrophy or dystrophy of its tissues with a decrease in functional reserves, and a decrease in the motor activity of a person as a whole leads to a compensatory restructuring of all aspects of metabolism and turns off the final link in the stress reaction - movement, which in turn leads to tension in the central nervous system and go into distress.

Hypodynamia causes noticeable changes in immune system body and thermoregulation. Particular attention should be paid to the role of movements in the prevention of colds in children, whose thermoregulation is carried out due to a high level of physical activity. The limitation of the latter makes it necessary to increase the external temperature in order to prevent hypothermia.

physical health

Physical health is a state in which a person has the perfection of self-regulation of functions, the harmony of physiological processes and maximum adaptation to the environment. In strengthening human health, physical health plays a leading role; it provides mental, moral and sexual health.

Physical health is based on the morphological and functional reserves of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems and the body as a whole. Somatic health is also distinguished, which refers to the current state of the organs and systems of the body.

The level of physical health depends on internal and external factors. Internal factors include heredity, gender, constitution, external - environmental and socio-economic factors.

Environmental factors that affect the body include energy impacts, physical, chemical and biological factors of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, the nature of biosystems of the area and their landscape combinations, the balance and stability of climatic conditions, the rhythm of natural phenomena, etc. A special role is given to environmental pollutants environment against which the human body has no mechanisms of neutralization.

Socio-economic factors include working conditions, living conditions, nutrition, education, medical support etc.

Physical training and education is based on training the body. Training is the process of systematic exercise of the body and influence on it in order to continuously increase the functional capabilities of the body. Training serves as the basis for developing motor skills and coordination of movement, as well as hardening the body. An indispensable condition for training is complexity, a gradual transition from small loads to large, systematic, taking into account the functional capabilities of the body, favorable external factors, as well as compliance with the hygienic regime and constant medical supervision. Physical training contributes to a faster and more significant development of agility, strength, endurance, speed of movement.

To achieve the effect, it is necessary to train every other day three times a week, train continuously for at least 30-40 minutes, during training, dose the load according to the pulse of 140-170 beats / min.

Hardening of the body

Hardening is a system of procedures aimed at developing the body's resistance to adverse meteorological conditions. Because of all the negative factors natural environment Since the population of our country is most often exposed to hypothermia and colds, adaptation to this effect is of particular importance.

Hardening can be successful only with the correct implementation of its basic principles: systematic, gradual and consistent, taking into account the individual characteristics of the organism, a variety of means and forms, a combination of general and local procedures, self-control.

The principle of systematicity requires the regular implementation of hardening procedures. To achieve a high degree of hardening, repeated exposure to one or another meteorological factor is necessary, otherwise the desired effect cannot be achieved. With regular procedures, subsequent stimuli fall on the traces left from the previous ones, due to which there is a gradual change in the body's response to this irritation.

Another prerequisite for hardening is the gradual and consistent increase in the dosage of sessions. Only a consistent transition from small doses to large ones in terms of time, number and form of procedures taken, a gradual increase in one or another irritant (whether it be a decrease in water temperature or another hardening procedure) provides the desired result.

When choosing the dosage and types of hardening procedures, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person: age, health status, physical fitness. This is explained by the fact that the reaction of the body to hardening procedures varies from person to person. Children, for example, are more sensitive than adults to the influences of external factors. Persons who are physically poorly developed or who have recently undergone some kind of disease also react much more strongly to the effects of meteorological factors compared to healthy people, and finally, one cannot ignore age, Usually by the age of 40-50 (and even more mature years) there are age-related changes in blood vessels and other body systems. Therefore, it is dangerous for older people to use potent hardening agents and get involved in lengthy procedures. The gradual increase in load should also correspond to the climatic conditions in which a person lives and works.

Balanced diet

Rational nutrition is a physiologically complete nutrition that meets the energy, plastic and biochemical needs of the body, provides homeostasis and maintains the functional activity of organs and systems, resistance to the effects of adverse environmental factors on optimal level under various conditions of his life. The laws of adequacy, balance and safety of rational nutrition have been established.

The law of nutritional adequacy includes energy, enzymatic, biorhythmological and plastic adequacy.

Energy adequacy involves compliance energy value food energy expenditure of the body. Its violation leads to a negative or positive energy balance.

Enzymatic adequacy provides for the correspondence of the chemical components of food to the enzymatic systems of the body, ensuring their full utilization. Any healthy person has a certain enzymatic status, the violation of which causes enzymopathies.

Biorhythmological adequacy of nutrition implies the construction of nutrition, taking into account biological and social rhythms, health status and climatic conditions. In this regard, a rational diet is of great importance for human health. Incorrect distribution of the food ration during the day leads to indigestion, as rich food, obtained in one step, is absorbed worse than distributed on big number tricks.

The plastic adequacy of nutrition takes into account that food must contain in its composition the proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts necessary for metabolism in optimal quantities.

In accordance with the law of balanced nutrition, ensuring the normal functioning of the body is possible not only if it is supplied with adequate amounts of energy and nutrients, but also subject to the correct ratios of food components. For the adult working-age population, the physiologically most optimal ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in food is 1: 1, 2: 4, 7. For better assimilation essential amino acids (tryptophan, methionine and lysine), their ratio of 1:3:3 is recommended. It should be emphasized that the ratio of lysine, glutamic and aspartic acids in products and ready meals can be disturbed during cooking.

Food should have good organoleptic characteristics and be appetizing. The main task of the culinary processing of food is to maximize the preservation of all contained nutrients, cooking easily digestible, and should also provide a certain variety of menus.

Nutritional status of a person

Evaluation of nutritional rationality is based on data from the study of nutritional status - a certain state of health that has developed under the influence of previous actual nutrition, taking into account genetically determined features of nutrient metabolism. Distinguish between optimal, normal, excess and insufficient nutritional status.

The optimal status is characterized by a high level of health and the presence of adaptive reserves that ensure the existence and work in extreme situations

The usual nutritional status is observed in most people with a balanced diet, whose health is characterized by the absence of functional and structural changes and a sufficient level of adaptation to normal conditions.

The main sign of excess nutritional status is weight gain. In people with an excess of body weight by 30-49%, transient functional disorders cardiovascular system and respiratory organs, an excessive premorbid nutritional status is formed. Excessive morbid status develops with an excess of body weight by 50% or more, the presence of functional and structural disorders, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and other diseases.

Insufficient nutritional status occurs with plastic-energy malnutrition against the background of functional and structural disorders, a decrease in adaptive reserves, a decrease in the level of working capacity and health. It is noted in diseases of enzyme deficiency, gastrointestinal tract condition after surgery on the stomach and intestines, in patients with infectious and oncological diseases.

Rational work and rest

Even before the start of labor, changes in the metabolism and energy, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and other systems are noted in the body. The leading role in the preparation of the body for labor activity belongs to the central nervous system, which ensures the coordination of functional changes. In the nerve centers of the cerebral cortex, the level of excitation processes increases, the functional state of the visual, auditory and other analyzers changes.

During physical work, biochemical and biophysical processes occur in the muscles, ensuring their contraction. There is an increase in the number of heartbeats, an increase in systolic blood volume, an increase in maximum blood pressure, an increase in the mass of blood circulating in the body and the number of red blood cells, an increase in the frequency and depth of breathing. Under the influence of muscle load, the secretory and motor functions of the stomach are inhibited, the digestion and absorption of food slows down.

Mental work is closely connected with the work of the sense organs, primarily vision and hearing. The performance of mental work is significantly affected by the state of the environment, the intensity of muscle work. Usually, light muscular work stimulates mental activity, and hard, exhausting work reduces its quality. Therefore, for many representatives of mental activity, walking is a necessary condition for completing work.

To maintain high performance and prevent fatigue in the process of work, it is of great importance rational organization labor and rest. A rational mode of work and rest is such a ratio and content of periods of work and rest, in which high labor productivity is combined with high and stable human performance without signs of excessive fatigue for as long as possible. The main task of a scientifically based rational regime of work and rest is to reduce fatigue, achieve high labor productivity throughout the working day with minimal stress on physiological functions and maintain health and long-term working capacity.

The mode of work includes optimal loads and the rhythm of work. The total load is formed by the interaction of the following components: the subject and tools of labor, the organization of the workplace, factors of the working environment, technical and organizational measures. The effectiveness of the coordination of these factors with the capabilities of a person largely depends on the presence of a certain working capacity, which is understood as the value of the functional capabilities of the body, characterized by the quantity and quality of work performed in a certain time at the most intense stress. The level of a person's functional capabilities depends on working conditions, health status, age, degree of training, motivation to work.

Bad habits

The most harmful habits include the use of alcohol, tobacco, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives, stimulants, hallucinogens, volatile solvents and other substances that lead to mental and behavioral disorders.

Substances that cause addiction and addiction are classified as drugs. In some cases, narcotic substances are used in medicine, as they temporarily relieve pain, soothe, improve sleep, and sometimes give an exciting effect. With non-medical consumption, drugs have a specific effect on the central nervous system in the form of drug intoxication, causing a state of euphoria in small doses, and stunning, narcotic sleep in large doses. Diseases manifested by an attraction to the constant use of narcotic drugs medicines and narcotic substances, the emergence of dependence on them are called drug addiction.

Substance abuse is also distinguished - diseases manifested by a painful craving for psychoactive substances that are not included in the list of drugs. Currently, more than 200 drugs that cause toxic intoxication are known. To medicinal toxic agents include tranquilizers, hypnotics, adrenomimetics, anticholinergics, non-narcotic analgesics, psychomotor stimulants, antihistamines. Toxic intoxication is accompanied by euphoria and impaired consciousness.

The formation, development, formation of drug addiction is characterized by the manifestation, growth and consolidation of mental and physical dependence, the development of withdrawal symptoms. Mental dependence is manifested in a pathological craving for an intoxicating agent, the desire to continuously or periodically take it to relieve mental discomfort. After taking the drug, a state of euphoria follows - an artificial strong positive emotion. After several receptions, the dominant need to achieve this effect is already formed. Drugs begin to participate in the metabolism and lead to physical dependence. In the process of metabolism, some of them are excreted from the body, while their concentration in the blood decreases significantly - an abstinence syndrome develops.

Withdrawal is accompanied by severe headaches and joint pains, cramps of certain muscle groups, pains in internal organs, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of consciousness, apathy or aggression. Ultimately, psychosis develops, lasting several weeks and ending after taking the next portion of the drug.

The determining factors in the basis of drug addiction are social and biological, and social factors play only the role of a background, providing conditions for the favorable or unfavorable spread of these phenomena.

All types of drug addiction are diseases. They have their own etiology and pathogenesis. At the heart of drug addiction is the formation of a pathological, abnormal functional system, characterized by a need for positive emotions. This may be due to imitation of peers, prestige or communication in the company. But a positive emotion caused by biological factors very soon reduces the dominant motivation to the biological level, the main and necessary for the further existence of the organism in the conditions of constant receipt of new doses of alcohol, nicotine, drugs.

Nicotine addiction is a socially acceptable substance abuse caused by nicotine contained in tobacco. Nicotine coming from the outside interacts with the M- and H-cholinergic receptors of the body, interferes with the innervation of muscles, the perception of analyzers, the processes of growth, development, puberty and disrupts them. In small doses, nicotine excites nerve cells, increases respiration and heart rate, disturbs the rhythm of heart contractions, nausea and vomiting. In large doses, it inhibits and then paralyzes the activity of the central and autonomic nervous system. A disorder of the nervous system is manifested by a decrease in working capacity, trembling of the hands, and a weakening of memory. The lethal dose of nicotine for humans is 50 mg. When you smoke one cigarette, 1 mg of nicotine enters the body.

Smokers are more likely to experience angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stomach ulcers, obliterating endarteritis, and tuberculosis. 96-100% people who smoke lung cancer appears. Very often, smoking leads to the development of chronic bronchitis, accompanied by persistent cough and bad smell from mouth. As a result chronic inflammation bronchi expand, bronchiectasis, pneumosclerosis, emphysema are formed.

Alcoholism is a severe chronic disease, in most cases intractable. It develops on the basis of regular and long-term use of alcohol and is characterized by a special pathological state of the body - an irresistible craving for alcohol, a change in the degree of its tolerance and degradation of the personality.

The initial phase of alcoholism is characterized by intoxication with loss of memory. A person constantly thinks about alcohol, it seems to him that he has not drunk enough, he retains the consciousness of his guilt. In the critical phase, there is a loss of control over oneself after the first sip of alcohol. The drinker loses interest in everything that has nothing to do with alcohol. In the chronic phase of alcoholism, daily hangovers, personality breakdown, clouding of memory, inconsistency of thought, alcohol tolerance decreases. An alcoholic can drink alcohol substitutes, technical liquids, cologne. He develops unreasonable fears, alcoholic psychoses.

The most frequently occurring alcoholic psychosis - delirium tremens usually occurs in a hangover state, when the drunkard develops unconscious fear, insomnia, hand tremors, nightmares, auditory and visual deceptions in the form of noises, calls, shadow movements, especially at night. Possible alcoholic delirium that occurs after a short drunkenness and is not accompanied by hallucinations. Most often it is a delusion of suspicion, persecution, jealousy, there may be cases of suicide.

As the alcohol intoxication functionally reversible nervous disorders are replaced by irreversible decay of the nervous tissue, when the central parts of the brain, sex glands and liver are affected. With the systematic use of alcoholic beverages, fatty changes in liver cells lead to cirrhosis. Alcoholic drinks violate the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, secretion and composition of gastric juice. Alcoholism in men contributes to the development of impotence.

85.3% of chronic alcoholics have chronic diseases. In general, women who abuse alcohol are 2.5 times more likely to experience various gynecological diseases than non-drinkers develop infertility. There is a damaging effect of alcohol on the zygote at the time of conception; in pregnant women, alcohol leads to prematurity, a decrease in the body weight of children born. In alcoholics, every fourth child is stillborn, and children aged 1 to 2 years die 2.5 times more often than children of healthy mothers. Drinking alcohol before 3 months of pregnancy can lead to the development of fetal alcohol syndrome or alcohol fetopathy syndrome in children. The toxic effect of alcohol on the body of children and adolescents primarily affects the activity of the nervous system. At the same time, the work of the cerebral vessels is disrupted: they expand, increase permeability, and bleed into the brain. Not only is the development of higher forms of thinking delayed, but already developed abilities are lost. A teenager becomes dumb and intellectually, emotionally, and morally. The younger the body, the more detrimental effect on him alcohol.

Personal hygiene

Human health largely depends on the influence of environmental factors. Therefore, compliance with hygienic standards and rules in everyday life determines the preservation and strengthening of individual health. The medical approach to the promotion of individual health has been ambiguous in different periods development of society. Initially, medicine associated the importance of maintaining individual health with the rationalization of nutrition, hardening, organization of work and life. With the development of large cities, industrial production, compulsory universal education of children, public catering, hygiene standards and recommendations were required for organizing water supply and sewage disposal in large cities, planning and building new settlements, prevention of infectious and occupational diseases and the issues of strengthening individual health faded into the background.

Oral hygiene

Systematic and properly organized oral care is an integral part of prevention in preventing diseases of the teeth, periodontal tissues and oral mucosa, but also in reducing diseases of the whole organism.

Oral and dental care products include pastes, powders and related tools: brushes, toothpicks, dental floss.

The toothbrush performs the main function in dental care. It consists of a handle and a head (working part), on which bundles of bristles arranged in rows are fixed. There are several types of brushes depending on the size and shape of the heads, length, thickness, density and quality of the bristles. The most rational toothbrush should have a head 25 - 30 mm long and 10 - 12 mm wide. Rows of bristles should be rare, at a distance of 2 - 2.5 mm, no more than three in a row.

Hygiene of the digestive and respiratory system

Hygiene digestive system includes cleansing the stomach and intestines. Cleansing of the stomach is carried out once every one to two weeks. Cleansing of the stomach with water is used, while drinking 1.5-3 liters of warm water and its reverse eruption after a certain time in the stomach. The procedure can be carried out both on an empty and on a full stomach no earlier than 3 hours after eating, and only 3 hours after the end of the procedure, you can eat. At the end of the exercise you need to drink. 250 g of milk with rice, which must be prepared before the procedure. The use of this portion is extremely necessary, because otherwise the stomach will not be "dried", which may have harmful effects. Colon cleansing is carried out with the help of water, which is introduced using an enema machine. This procedure should be done once a week (on the day of abstinence from food) or once every 2 weeks. A complete cleansing of the digestive system is useful.

In order for the breath to be of high quality, it is necessary that the nose is clean, the airways of the nose are freed from secretions that prevent the free passage of air. Cleaning the nose also helps to clear the paranasal sinuses. Nasal hygiene also provides cleaning of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, which is abundantly supplied with nerve endings that can have a reflex effect on the function of fairly distant organs. Cleansing causes resistance to the common cold when conventional medicines are not effective enough.

Hygiene of the senses

After past illnesses, injuries of the ear and nervous system, the area of auditory perception narrows. Sound is amplified 50 to 70 times in the middle ear. Therefore, middle ear damage and damage eardrum hearing loss drastically. Careful treatment is necessary for viral, "cold" diseases in order to prevent the occurrence of inflammation of the middle ear.

The most common visual impairment is nearsightedness (myopia). There are two reasons for the occurrence and development of myopia: visual fatigue, non-compliance with hygiene standards and rules for the prevention of visual impairment, and hereditary factors.

The first signs of myopia are enlargement palpebral fissure, dilated eyeball begins to protrude forward, pupil enlargement. You have to lean over objects, squint, peering into the distance. Nearsighted people are more likely to have postural problems. Behavior changes, there is a habit of walking with a low head, stooping, complaints of pain and double vision, headache, and rapid fatigue.

Among the measures to prevent the initial manifestations of myopia, training of the accommodation apparatus is recommended. These can be simple and complex exercises, consisting in considering objects located at different distances.

The systematic performance of exercises leads to the improvement of accommodation, reduces the initial signs of its violation.

Bibliography

1) http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE %D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8>

2) Fundamentals of valeology / Burak Ivan Ivanovich

Protecting one's own health is the direct responsibility of everyone, he has no right to shift it to others. After all, it often happens that a person with a wrong lifestyle, bad habits, physical inactivity, overeating brings himself to a catastrophic state by the age of 20-30 and only then remembers medicine. Health is the first and most important human need, which determines his ability to work and ensures the harmonious development of the individual. It is the most important prerequisite for the knowledge of the surrounding world, for self-affirmation and human happiness. Active long life is an important component human factor. A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is a lifestyle based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, labor, tempering and, at the same time, protecting from adverse environmental influences, allowing to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age. In general, we can talk about three types of health: physical, mental and moral (social) health: Physical health is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the whole human body (self-regulating system) functions and develops correctly.

mental health depends on the state of the brain, it is characterized by the level and quality of thinking, the development of attention and memory, the degree of emotional stability, the development of volitional qualities.

Moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of human social life, i.e. life in a particular human society. The hallmarks of a person's moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of the treasures of culture, an active rejection of mores and habits that are contrary to a normal way of life. A physically and mentally healthy person can be a moral monster if he neglects the norms of morality. Therefore, social health is considered the highest measure of human health. Morally healthy people have a number of universal human qualities that make them real citizens.

Health is the most valuable thing we have. It cannot be bought with any money. Health needs to be tempered and maintained.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle depends only on ourselves, our preferences, beliefs and worldviews.

In our time, the scientific, technological and industrial revolution, almost everything is done by machines for a person, depriving him of physical activity. The main share of physical activity falls on sports and physical culture. For which, as always, we do not have the opportunity, time, strength, desire, etc. Hence the poor health, and lethargy, and illness, and obesity, and other ailments. Also, the state of human health is affected by the ecological situation in the place of his residence, the quality of nutrition and the presence of favorable natural conditions. In the area with environmental issues maintaining health is paramount.

HLS and its components

Before touching on this topic, I would like to reveal what a person is. Personality is a social category, it is a characteristic of a person as a social individual, subject and object of social relations. “From beginning to end, a person is a phenomenon of social nature, social origin ...” The concept of “personality” indicates the connection between a person and society. Thus, from the words I wrote above, it follows that you need to pay special attention to maintaining a healthy lifestyle (HLS) of the individual. After all, if every individual leads a healthy lifestyle, then our entire society will be healthy, and this is very significant.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the main lever of primary prevention in strengthening the health of the population through a change in style and way of life, its improvement using hygiene knowledge in the fight against bad habits, physical inactivity and overcoming the adverse aspects associated with life situations.

Motivation

Everyone who wants to understand the actions of another person or his own behavior begins with the search for the causes of the corresponding actions - the motives of behavior. These searches would not present any difficulty if human behavior was always determined by only one motive. Motivation in the formation of a healthy lifestyle by means of FC and S, as in any other activity, occupies a special place. And the motives that encourage a person to engage in FC and C have their own structure:

1. Immediate motives:

the need for a sense of satisfaction from the manifestation of muscle activity;

the need for aesthetic enjoyment of one's own beauty, strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, dexterity;

the desire to prove oneself in difficult, even extreme situations;

the need for self-expression, self-affirmation.

2. Indirect motives:

the desire to become strong, healthy;

striving to prepare oneself for practical life through physical exercises;

a sense of duty (“began to do physical exercises, because it was necessary to attend FC lessons as mandatory in the school curriculum”).

Body reserves

Let's say that a person in a calm state passes through the lungs 5-9 liters of air per minute. Some highly trained athletes can randomly pass 150 liters of air through their lungs every minute for 10-11 minutes, i.e. exceeding the norm by 30 times. This is the reserve of the body.

The system of functional reserves of the body can be divided into subsystems:

1. Biochemical reserves (reactions of exchange).

2. Physiological reserves(at the level of cells, organs, organ systems).

3. Mental reserves.

Basic elements of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle includes the following main elements:

schedule

rational mode of work and rest, rational nutrition

sleeping mode

eradication of bad habits,

optimal driving mode,

fruitful work,

personal hygiene,

hardening, etc.

An integral part of a healthy lifestyle are high moral, moral and ethical values of a person. Much attention should be paid to the formation of the consciousness of the individual as a social unit. Let us briefly consider each of them:

Schedule

Special place in mode healthy life belongs to the daily routine, a certain rhythm of life and human activity. The mode of each person should provide for a certain time for work, rest, eating, sleeping.

The daily routine of different people can and should be different depending on the nature of work, living conditions, habits and inclinations, however, even here there must be a certain daily rhythm and daily routine. It is necessary to provide sufficient time for sleep, rest. Breaks between meals should not exceed 5-6 hours. It is very important that a person sleeps and eats always at the same time.

Rational mode of work and rest

A rational regime of work and rest is a necessary element of a healthy lifestyle. With a correct and strictly observed regimen, a clear and necessary rhythm of the functioning of the body is developed, which creates optimal conditions for work and rest, and thereby contributes to strengthening health, improving working capacity and increasing labor productivity.

Labor is the true core and basis of a person's healthy life regime. There is an erroneous opinion about the harmful effect of labor that allegedly causes "wear and tear" of the body, excessive expenditure of forces and resources, and premature aging. Labor, both physical and mental, is not only not harmful, but on the contrary, a systematic, feasible, and well-organized labor process has an extremely beneficial effect on the nervous system, heart and blood vessels, the musculoskeletal system - on the entire human body. Constant training in the process of labor strengthens our body. The one who works hard and works well throughout his life lives long. On the contrary, idleness leads to muscle weakness, metabolic disorders, obesity and premature decrepitude.

A necessary condition for maintaining health in the process of work is the alternation of work and rest. Rest after work does not mean a state of complete rest. Only with very great fatigue can we talk about passive rest. It is desirable that the nature of the rest be opposite to the nature of the work of a person (the "contrasting" principle of rest construction). People of physical labor need rest that is not associated with additional physical activity, and workers mental labor certain physical work is necessary during leisure hours. This alternation of physical and mental stress is good for health. A person who spends a lot of time indoors should spend at least part of their time outdoors. It is desirable for city residents to relax outdoors on walks around the city and outside the city, in parks, stadiums, on hikes on excursions, while working in garden plots, etc.

Balanced diet

The next component of a healthy lifestyle is a balanced diet. When talking about it, one should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.

The first law is the balance of received and consumed energy. If the body receives more energy than it consumes, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for the normal development of a person, for work and well-being, we become fat. Now more than a third of our country, including children, is overweight. And there is only one reason - excess nutrition, which ultimately leads to atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a number of other ailments.

The second law: food should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable, since they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to diseases, and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.

Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, contributes to maintaining health, high performance and prolonging life.

Sleeping mode

To maintain the normal activity of the nervous system and the whole organism, it is of great importance good sleep. The great Russian physiologist IP Pavlov pointed out that sleep is a kind of inhibition that protects the nervous system from excessive stress and fatigue. Sleep should be sufficiently long and deep. If a person sleeps little, then he gets up in the morning irritated, broken, and sometimes with a headache. It is impossible for all people without exception to determine the time needed for sleep. The need for sleep varies from person to person. On average, this rate is about 8 hours. Unfortunately, some people view sleep as a reserve from which you can borrow time to complete certain tasks. Regular sleep deprivation leads to nervous activity, decreased performance, increased fatigue, irritability.

Eradication of bad habits

The next link in a healthy lifestyle is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These violators of health are the cause of many diseases, drastically reduce life expectancy, reduce efficiency, adversely affect the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

Many people begin their recovery by quitting smoking, which is considered one of the most dangerous habits of modern man. It is not for nothing that doctors believe that the most serious diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs are directly related to smoking. Smoking not only undermines health, but also takes strength in the most direct sense. As Soviet experts have established, after 5-9 minutes after smoking a single cigarette, muscle strength decreases by 15%; athletes know this from experience and therefore, as a rule, do not smoke. Does not stimulate smoking and mental activity. On the contrary, the experiment showed that only because of smoking, the accuracy of the test performance decreases, the perception educational material. The smoker does not inhale everything harmful substances located in tobacco smoke, - about half goes to those who are next to them. It is no coincidence that children in families of smokers suffer from respiratory diseases much more often than in families where no one smokes. Smoking is a common cause of tumors in the mouth, larynx, bronchi and lungs. Constant and prolonged smoking leads to premature aging. Violation of tissue oxygen supply, spasm of small vessels make the appearance of a smoker characteristic (yellowish tint of the whites of the eyes, skin, premature fading), and changes in the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract affect his voice (loss of sonority, reduced timbre, hoarseness).

The effect of nicotine is especially dangerous during certain periods of life - youth, old age, when even a weak stimulating effect disrupts nervous regulation. Nicotine is especially harmful to pregnant women, as it leads to the birth of weak, low-weight children, and to lactating women, as it increases the incidence and mortality of children in the first years of life.

The next difficult task is to overcome drunkenness and alcoholism. It has been established that alcoholism has a destructive effect on all human systems and organs. As a result of the systematic consumption of alcohol, a symptom complex of a painful addiction to it develops - a loss of a sense of proportion and control over the amount of alcohol consumed; violation of the activity of the central and peripheral nervous system (psychosis, neuritis, etc.) and the functions of internal organs.

Changes in the psyche that occur even with episodic alcohol intake (excitement, loss of restraining influences, depression, etc.) determine the frequency of suicides committed while intoxicated.

Alcoholism has a particularly harmful effect on the liver: with prolonged systematic alcohol abuse, alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver develops. Alcoholism is one of the common causes of pancreatic disease (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus). Along with changes affecting the health of the drinker, alcohol abuse is always accompanied by social consequences that harm both those around the patient with alcoholism and society as a whole. Alcoholism, like no other disease, causes a whole range of negative social consequences that go far beyond healthcare and concern, to one degree or another, all aspects of modern society. The consequences of alcoholism include the deterioration of the health indicators of people who abuse alcohol and the associated deterioration in the general health indicators of the population. Alcoholism and related diseases are second only to cardiovascular disease and cancer as a cause of death.

Optimal driving mode

Optimal motor mode is the most important condition for a healthy lifestyle. It is based on systematic physical exercises and sports, which effectively solve the problems of improving the health and developing the physical abilities of young people, maintaining health and motor skills, and strengthening the prevention of adverse age-related changes. At the same time, physical culture and sports act as the most important means of education.

It is useful to walk up the stairs without using the elevator. According to American doctors, each step gives a person 4 seconds of life. 70 steps burn 28 calories.

The main qualities that characterize the physical development of a person are strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance. The improvement of each of these qualities also contributes to the strengthening of health, but not to the same extent. You can become very fast by training in sprinting. Finally, it is very good to become agile and flexible by applying gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. However, with all this, it is not possible to form sufficient resistance to pathogenic effects.

For effective healing and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, combined with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide a growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases.

For knowledge workers, systematic physical education and sports are of exceptional importance. It is known that even in a healthy and young person, if he is not trained, leads a “sedentary” lifestyle and does not engage in physical education, with the slightest physical exertion, breathing quickens and heartbeat appears. On the contrary, a trained person can easily cope with significant physical exertion. The strength and performance of the heart muscle, the main engine of blood circulation, is directly dependent on the strength and development of all muscles. Therefore, physical training, while developing the muscles of the body, at the same time strengthens the heart muscle. In people with underdeveloped muscles, the heart muscle is weak, which is revealed during any physical work.

Physical education and sports are also very useful for people of physical labor, since their work is often associated with the load of any particular muscle group, and not the entire musculature as a whole. Physical training strengthens and develops the skeletal muscles, heart muscle, blood vessels, respiratory system and many other organs, which greatly facilitates the work of the circulatory apparatus, has a beneficial effect on the nervous system.

Daily morning exercises - mandatory minimum physical training. It should become for everyone the same habit as washing in the morning.

Physical exercises should be performed in a well-ventilated area or outdoors. For people leading a "sedentary" lifestyle, physical exercises in the air (walking, walking) are especially important. It is useful to go to work on foot in the morning and walk in the evening after work. Systematic walking has a beneficial effect on a person, improves well-being, increases efficiency.

Walking is a complexly coordinated motor act controlled by the nervous system, it is carried out with the participation of almost the entire muscular apparatus of our body. As a load, it can be precisely dosed and gradually, systematically increased in pace and volume. In the absence of other physical activity, the daily minimum rate of exercise only by walking for a young man is 15 km, a smaller load is associated with the development of hypodynamia.

Thus, daily exposure to fresh air for 1-1.5 hours is one of the important components of a healthy lifestyle. When working in indoors especially important is the walk evening time, before bedtime. Such a walk as part of the necessary daily workout is beneficial for everyone. It relieves the tension of the working day, calms the excited nerve centers regulates breathing.

Walking is best done according to the principle of cross-country walking: 0.5 -1 km walking at a slow pace, then the same amount at a quick sports step, etc.

hardening

In Russia, hardening has long been massive. The benefits of hardening from an early age have been proven by vast practical experience and are based on solid scientific justification.

Various methods of hardening are widely known - from air baths to dousing with cold water. The usefulness of these procedures is beyond doubt. Since time immemorial, it has been known that walking barefoot is a wonderful hardening remedy. Winter swimming is the highest form of hardening. To achieve it, a person must go through all the stages of hardening. The effectiveness of hardening increases with the use of special temperature effects and procedures. Their basic principles correct application everyone should know: systematic and consistent; taking into account individual characteristics, health status and emotional reactions to the procedure. Another effective hardening agent can and should be a contrast shower before and after exercise. Contrast showers train the neurovascular apparatus of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, improving physical thermoregulation, have a stimulating effect on the central neural mechanisms. Experience shows a high tempering and healing value of a contrast shower for both adults and children. It also works well as a stimulant of the nervous system, relieving fatigue and increasing efficiency. Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism.

The impact of FA and C on health

There is only one way to achieve harmony in a person - the systematic performance of physical exercises. In addition, it has been experimentally proven that regular physical education, which is rationally included in the regime of work and rest, not only improves health, but also significantly increases the efficiency of production activities. However, not all motor actions performed in everyday life and in the process of work are physical exercises. They can only be movements specially selected for influencing various organs and systems, developing physical qualities, correcting body defects.

It has been established that schoolchildren who systematically go in for sports are physically more developed than their peers who do not go in for sports. They are taller, have greater weight and chest circumference, muscle strength and vital capacity their lungs are higher. The height of 16-year-old boys involved in sports is on average 170.4 cm, while for the rest it is 163.6 cm, weight, respectively, is 62.3 and 52.8 kg. Physical education and sports training cardiovascular system make it resistant to heavy loads. Exercise stress contributes to the development of the musculoskeletal system.

Physical exercise will positive impact if certain rules are observed during the classes. It is necessary to monitor the state of health - this is necessary in order not to harm yourself by doing physical exercises. If there are violations of the cardiovascular system, exercises that require significant stress can lead to a deterioration in the activity of the heart. Should not be exercised immediately after illness. It is necessary to withstand a certain period in order for the functions of the body to recover - only then physical education will be beneficial.

When performing physical exercises, the human body reacts to a given load with responses. The activity of all organs and systems is activated, as a result of which energy resources are spent, the mobility of nervous processes increases, and the muscular and osseous-ligamentous systems are strengthened. Thus, the physical fitness of those involved improves and, as a result, such a state of the body is achieved when the loads are easily transferred, and the previously inaccessible results in different types exercise becomes the norm. You always have good health, desire to exercise, high spirits and good sleep. With proper and regular exercise, fitness improves year after year, and you will be in good shape for a long time.

Conclusion.

Which of the young people does not want to be strong, dexterous, enduring, have a harmoniously developed body and good coordination of movements? Good physical condition is the key to successful study and fruitful work. A physically fit person can handle any job.

Far from all people are granted these qualities by nature. However, they can be acquired if you are friends with physical education and join it from childhood.

Physical culture is an integral part of general culture. It not only improves health, but also relieves some congenital and acquired ailments. Physical culture is necessary for people and physical and mental labor. But it is especially necessary for children and adolescents, since at their age the foundation of physical development and health is laid.

Physical culture and sports are acquiring especially great importance now, in the age of the technical revolution, when mechanization and automation are being introduced into industry and agriculture at a rapid pace. The work of many workers is gradually reduced to operating machines. This reduces the muscular activity of workers, and without it, many organs of the human body work at a reduced mode and gradually weaken. Such muscle underload is compensated for by physical education and sports. Scientists have found that physical education and sports have beneficial effect on labor productivity.

Physical culture and sports also render invaluable services in shaping high moral qualities among young people. They bring up will, courage, perseverance in achieving goals, a sense of responsibility and camaraderie.

Bibliography

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Bogdanov G.P. Schoolchildren - a healthy lifestyle. - M, 1989

Vinogradov D.A. Physical culture and healthy lifestyle. -M, 1990

Vydrin V.M. "Methodological problems of the theory of physical culture // Theory and practice of physical culture" - M. 1986.

Grigoriev A.N. Archer versus athlete. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1971.- 145 p.

Grinenko M.F. With the help of movements. - M, 1984

Ivanchenko V.A. "Secrets of your cheerfulness" - Mn., 1998

Ilyin E.P. "Psychology of physical education." - M., Enlightenment 1987. h

History of physical culture and sports: Textbook. for in-t nat. cult.//Water total. ed. V.V. Stolbov. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1985. - p.

History of physical culture: Textbook. for ped. in-tov / / Under the general. ed. Stolbova V.V. - M. Education, 1989. -288 p.

Kryuchkova V.A. Sandler M.V. The content and forms of promotion of a healthy lifestyle. - M, 1987

Kupchinov R.I. Glazko T.A. Physical culture and healthy lifestyle. - Mn, 2001.

Lisitsyn Yu.P. Lifestyle and health of the population. - M, 1982.

Pravosudov V.P. Physical culture and health. - M, 1985.

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Uglov F.R. “Lifestyle and health.

Chapter 1. Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle:

1.1 Scientific approaches to the study of health and healthy lifestyles

1.2 Conditions necessary for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children

Chapter 2. The activity of the teacher in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students

2.1 The main directions of work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students

2.2 Description of the health-preserving environment of the general education school

2.3 Methods for diagnosing the state of health of schoolchildren

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Introduction

Chapter 1. Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle:

1.2 Conditions necessary for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for children

Chapter 2. The activity of the teacher in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students

2.1 The main directions of work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students

2.3 Methods for diagnosing the state of health of schoolchildren

Conclusion

Bibliography

Attachment 1 . Healthy Lifestyle Development Program

Introduction

Modern conditions of life and professional activity make extremely high demands on the state of health, mental stability, and physical development of a person. The effectiveness of his creative, professional, sports activities is completely due to health.

The right attitude to one's health should be formed in a person from childhood in order to bring up a harmoniously developed, healthy personality. In recent years, one of the leading ideas has been the valueologization of education, according to which children's health is seen as a priority value, goal, necessary condition and result of a successful pedagogical process.

The basis of the concept of valeological provision educational process the idea of creating conditions for the realization of the dominant basic needs that are naturally inherent in man was put forward. Leading in the system of these needs is the need for motor activity, physical self-improvement. It manifests itself in unity with the need to receive pleasure, enjoyment from participation in motor activity; the need for empathy in the process of interaction and communication; the need for self-assertion.

However, the existing contradictions between the public need for a healthy personality, for each member of society to lead a healthy lifestyle and the presence of school factors that negatively affect the health of students, require the creation of conditions for the formation of a healthy personality, a health-saving educational environment, and the development of appropriate technologies.

The issues of forming and educating a culture of a healthy lifestyle for children are considered in numerous works by I.I. Brekhman, E. N. Vainer, L. Voloshina, M. P. Doroshkevich, G.K. Zaitseva, T.S. Kazakovtseva, N.V. Tverskoy and others.

Nevertheless, the problem of forming a healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren remains relevant and requires further study.

An object : The process of forming a healthy lifestyle for schoolchildren.

Subject : Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren in a general education institution.

Target : To reveal the features of the teacher's work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren.

Tasks:

1. Analyze the literature on the problem under study.

2. Reveal the essence and elements of a healthy lifestyle.

3. Identify the characteristics of a health-saving educational environment and reveal the essence of health-saving technologies.

3. To identify the features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle for schoolchildren in a general education institution.

Chapter 1 Features of the formation of a healthy lifestyle

1.1 Scientific approaches to the study of health and healthy lifestyles

Taking care of one's own health is a serious need of every person, which grows more and more with age. But what is health? Even in ancient times, outstanding minds pointed to the role of social conditions - lifestyle, hygiene regimen, healthy nutrition. Hippocrates said: what is the activity of a person, his habits, living conditions, such is his health. The ancient scientist formulated the basic rules of a healthy lifestyle in this way: moderation in food and sexual activity, daily physical exercises, daily mental stress, abstinence from alcohol and narcotic substances, cheerful daily dances. In his life, he strictly followed these principles.

Avicenna in his works also focused on the need for scientific study of the "mode (lifestyle) of healthy people"; drew attention to the fact that the quality of health, the viability of a person, directly depends on his lifestyle. Avicenna lived and worked under the caliphate, was a court physician and vizier. He created the first ever medical encyclopedia. The doctors of the time of the caliphs were responsible not only for the health of the nation, but also solved many socially significant problems. Moral purity and a life of conscience were considered indispensable attributes of a healthy lifestyle.

Thus, health in antiquity was understood by doctors and philosophers as the main condition for the free activity of a person, his perfection.

In general, the problem of human health is put today on a par with such fundamental sciences as physics, chemistry, and biology. In its practical significance and relevance, it is considered one of the most difficult problems of modern science, not inferior to such areas as the problem of environmental protection. Despite the importance of the concept of health, it is not so easy to give it an exhaustive definition. The number of attempts to cope with this problem is increasing, but a solution that would suit everyone has not yet been found. A possible classification and analysis of already proposed definitions has become a question of independent scientific significance. In this regard, the work of P.I. Kalyu. The author considers 79 definitions of human health formulated by representatives of various scientific disciplines in different time in various countries of the world. The above list is far from complete, but even it strikes with both the variety of interpretations and the heterogeneity of the features used in the definition of this concept.

Currently, the following scientific approaches to the study of health dominate:

Health as a normal functional ability of the organism (D.D. Venediktov, V.P. Kaznacheev). With this approach, the normal functioning of the body as a whole is one of the main elements of the concept of "health". For all characteristics of the human body (anatomical, physiological, biochemical), average statistical indicators of the norm are calculated. An organism is healthy if the indicators of its functions do not deviate from their known average (normal) state. Accordingly, a deviation from the norm that disrupts the structure of an organ or weakens its functioning can be considered as the development of a disease. However, not every deviation from the norm is necessarily a disease. The boundary between the norm and the abnormal (disease) is not rigid, separating. It is vague and quite individual. What is normal for one is a disease for another.
Health as a dynamic balance of the body and its functions with the environment (A.M. Izutkin, G.I. Tsaregorodtsev). It should be noted that the sign of balance in the definition of health is quite common, starting from ancient times. For example, Pythagoras, an ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and doctor, defined health as harmony, balance in the body, while others focus on its balance, and illness as their violation. Moreover, some authors pay attention to maintaining the internal balance in the body, while others focus on its balance with the environment. So, according to Hippocrates, a healthy person can be considered a person who has an equilibrium ratio between all the organs of the body.
Health as the ability to fully perform basic social functions, participation in social activities and social useful labor(V.M. Bekhterev, V.A. Ananiev). This sign is found in many definitions of health. The authors who use it want thereby to emphasize that a person who contributes to the development of society should be considered a socially healthy person.
Health is the absence of disease, disease states, painful changes, that is, the optimal functioning of the body in the absence of signs of a disease or any violation (A.F. Serenko, V.V. Ermakova). The appeal to this sign, due to its obviousness, is the most traditional. It is based on a simple logic: those people who do not need medical care can be considered healthy.
Health as a complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being, the harmonious development of physical and spiritual forces, the principle of the unity of the body, self-regulation and balanced interaction of all organs.

This sign is consonant with the definition of health, which was given in the preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization in 1948. It states that health is such a state of a person, which is characterized not only by the absence of diseases or physical defects, but also by complete physical, mental and social well-being. A lot of time has passed since then, but this formulation, as a rule, is not bypassed by any of the specialists dealing with the problem of human health. At the same time, it is most often criticized, including for its weak practical orientation, but nothing more universal and generally accepted has yet appeared in this regard.

Summarizing the opinions of specialists regarding the phenomenon of health, it is possible to formulate a number of axiomatic statements in their essence:

In an absolute sense, health does not exist. Absolute health is ideal.
Every person is healthy conditionally. No person is completely healthy throughout life.
Every person can be healthy in certain conditions(climate, food, labor). There are suitable (normal) and unsuitable (harmful) living conditions for a particular person. Conditions that are normal for one may not be normal for another.

Thus, health is a very complex, systemic phenomenon in its essence. It has its own specifics of manifestation at the physical, psychological and social level of consideration. The problem of health and a healthy lifestyle is of a pronounced complex nature. The efforts of many scientific disciplines are concentrated on its study.

1.2 Public health

Speaking about the formation of a healthy lifestyle among the population, it is important to consider the concept of "public health". Public health reflects the health of the individuals that make up society. It is a characteristic of one of the important properties, qualities, aspects of society as a social organism. It is a component of social potential that has economic expression. From such positions, they speak of public health as the wealth of society, that is, a factor without which the entire set of material and spiritual values cannot be created.

Chumakov B.N. identifies the following factors affecting public health:

Biological, genetic, factors;
Natural (climate, weather, landscape, flora, fauna) factors;
The state of the environment;
Socio-economic, political factors;
The state of healthcare, the level of medical science;
Lifestyle - as a sphere of direct impact on the health of the population.

The following main directions in the activity on the formation of a healthy lifestyle can be distinguished:

Creation of an information and propaganda system to increase the level of knowledge of all categories of the population about the negative impact of risk factorson health, the possibilities of its decline.
"Health Education".
Measures to reduce smoking prevalence and consumption tobacco products, reduce alcohol consumption, prevent drug use.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle, therefore, is a whole system of social and individual types, methods, forms of activity, activity aimed at overcoming risk factors for the occurrence and development of diseases, optimal use in the interests of protecting and improving health of social, psychological and natural conditions and factors lifestyle

Chapter 2

A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is the basis for preventing diseases and improving the health of children.

Work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle in a general education institution should be carried out in accordance with the principles of health-saving pedagogy.

The principle of doing no harm.
The principle of priority of real concern for the health of students and teachers.
The principle of the triune concept of health.
The principle of the subject is the subjective interaction of the teacher with the students.
The principle of formation of responsibility of students for their health.
The principle of control over results.

The work of the teacher should take into account school factors that adversely affect the health of students:

1. Failure to comply with hygiene requirements in the organization of the educational process.

2. Overloaded curricula, imperfections curricula and general educational technologies, as well as the intensification of the educational process.

3. Lack of physical activity.

4. Insufficient competence of teachers in matters of health and a healthy lifestyle.

5. Improper (irrational) nutrition of students.

6. Low level of students' health culture, their illiteracy in matters of health.

7. Unfavorable state of health of teachers.

Programs for the formation of a healthy lifestyle for educational institutions set the following tasks for teachers:

1. Teach children to determine their state and feelings.

2. Form an active life position among schoolchildren.

3. To form students' ideas about their body and body.

4. Teach children to strengthen and maintain their health.

5. To instill in schoolchildren an awareness of the need for movements in the physical development of a person.

6. Teach safety rules when performing physical exercises and various activities.

7. To instill in children the ability to provide basic assistance for injuries.

8. To form students' ideas about what is useful and what is harmful to the body.

Work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle should be carried out in accordance with the age and individual characteristics of the participants in the educational process. For this, it is necessary to provide conditions for physical, mental, social and spiritual comfort that contribute to the preservation and strengthening of the health of the subjects of the educational process, their productive educational, cognitive and practical activities based on the scientific organization of labor and the culture of a healthy lifestyle of the individual.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle for schoolchildren includes four components:

1. Creation of an information and propaganda system to increase the level of knowledge about the negative impact of risk factors on health, the possibilities of its reduction.

Only through the current everyday information, a person receives the necessary knowledge, which, to one degree or another, influences behavior, and, consequently, the way of life of a person.

2. The second important direction in the formation of a healthy lifestyle is the so-called "health education".

This is a comprehensive educational, training and educational activity aimed at raising awareness on health issues and its protection, at developing skillshealth promotion,creating motivation for a healthy lifestyle, both for individuals and society as a whole. In this regard, it is impossible not to emphasize the main issue: no information, if it is not supported by personal interest, means nothing to a person.

Student healthdirectly depends on the attitude of children to its preservation and strengthening.

3. Measures to reduce the prevalence of smoking and consumption of tobacco products, reduce alcohol consumption, drug addiction prevention.

The success of this direction in the work on the formation of a healthy lifestyle directly depends on the degree of people's interest in their own health. In order to increase the effectiveness of preventive work, it is advisable to more actively involve in its implementation workers of education, science, culture, prominent politicians, showmen and other persons who enjoy authority among certain groups of the population.

4. Encouraging the population to a physically active lifestyle, physical culture, tourism and sports, increasing the availability of these types of health improvement.

Here it is important to take into account not only physical education classes at school, sports clubs and sports sections, it is necessary to promote morning exercises, walking and hiking, and other forms available for mass use. Stadiums, courtyard sports grounds, and other simple sports facilities can successfully become places for teaching the population, especially children and youth, the skills of physical culture. A special role in this regard should be played by summer recreational institutions, which are currently used more as a means of providing employment for children than as a means offormation of a healthy lifestyle.

The family plays an important role in shaping a healthy lifestyle for children.All parents want to see their children healthy, cheerful, well physically developed. Therefore, along with taking care of the cleanliness of the body and meeting the needs for food, it is necessary in the family to create conditions for the realization in children of the need for active movements, which increase resistance to diseases, mobilize the body's defenses.:

The health of a child is largely determined by the attitude of parents to his physical education. At the same time, fathers consider physical development as the goal of education more often than mothers, and both parents attach more importance to the physical education of boys than to the education of girls.

It has been noticed that children learn the way of life of their parents, their habits, their attitude to life, including physical culture. A positive example of parents significantly influences the formation of a desire in children to engage in physical education in their free time with the whole family. Forms can be different - hiking or skiing, games, participation in collective competitions. If adults regularly engage in physical culture and sports, observe the regimen, rules of hygiene and hardening, then children, looking at them, will systematically do morning exercises, exercise and play sports.

It is necessary to actively use medicinal natural factors environment: clean water, ultraviolet rays of sunlight, clean air, phytocidal properties of plants.

It is important for children to form an interest in the improvement of their own body. How earlier child get an idea about the structure of the human body, learn about the importance of hardening, movement, proper nutrition, sleep, the sooner he will be introduced to a healthy lifestyle. If the child is forcibly forced to engage in physical education and observe the rules of hygiene, then the child quickly loses interest in this.

It is the parents who form in children the need for systematic physical education and a healthy lifestyle. To help parents in this is the task of the teacher.

By creating favorable conditions for the formation of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren, it is necessary to take into account the psychological and pedagogical technologies for the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

Allocate psychological and pedagogical technologiesformation of a healthy lifestyle :

1. Removal of emotional stress.

Use of game technologies, game training programs, original assignments and tasks. A good effect is the use of interactive training programs that arouse the invariable interest of schoolchildren, while relieving them of elements of stress and tension.

2. Creating a favorable psychological climate in the classroom.

On the one hand, in this way, the problem of preventing student fatigue is solved, on the other hand, an additional incentive appears for revealing the creative possibilities of each child.

A friendly atmosphere in the classroom, calm conversation, attention to every statement, a positive reaction of the teacher to the student's desire to express his point of view, tactful correction of mistakes made, encouragement for independent thinking, appropriate humor or a small historical digression - this is not the whole arsenal that can be have a teacher who strives to reveal the abilities of each child.

In an atmosphere of psychological comfort and emotional elation, the performance of the class noticeably increases, which ultimately leads to better assimilation of knowledge, and, as a result, to better results. At the end of such a lesson, students leave the class in a good mood, since during this time there were practically no negative factors.

3. Health protection and promotion of a healthy lifestyle.

Protecting the health of the child involves not only the creation of the necessary hygienic and psychological conditions for the organization of educational activities, but also the prevention of various diseases, as well as the promotion of a healthy lifestyle.

Studies show that the most dangerous factor for a person's health is his lifestyle. Therefore, if a person is taught from school years to be responsible for his health, then in the future he has more chances to live without getting sick.

4. Integrated use of personality-oriented technologiestaking into account the characteristics of each student and aimed at full disclosure its potential.

Student-centered learning involves the use of various forms and methods of organizing learning activities.

Based on the foregoing, it becomes obvious that the correct use of psychological and pedagogical technologies, taking into account the components of the formation of a healthy lifestyle, allows not only to solve the problem of a responsible attitude to one's health, but also solves the problems of protecting the health of schoolchildren, both in psychological and physiological aspects. It is thanks to the use of modern technologies that it is possible to provide the most comfortable conditions each student, take into account the individual characteristics of each child, and, therefore, minimize negative factors that could harm his health.

The effectiveness of solving problems in the formation of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren can be determined by the dynamics of the physical condition of the child, by reducing the incidence, by the formation of his skills to build relationships with peers, parents and other people, by manifestations of compassion, the desire to help others, by reducing the level of anxiety and aggressiveness, by attitude towards their own health.

2.2 Description of the health-preserving environment of the general education school

For schoolchildren, the main components of a healthy lifestyle are rational nutrition, physical activity, restorative and anti-stress activities, good rest, and high medical activity. In today's difficult socio-economic conditions, the absence of these elements in the behavior of a significant part of schoolchildren is a risk factor for the occurrence of diseases.:

Taking into account the state of health of children school age In recent years, work has been significantly intensified in the country to create a health-saving system of an educational institution aimed at developing healthy lifestyle skills in children.

The learning aspect of this system includes:

development of training programs on a healthy lifestyle;
development of manuals for teachers and students;
creation of a methodological library for teachers different categories on the problems of a healthy lifestyle;
training teachers of general education schools in active methods of developing healthy lifestyle skills, etc.

When organizing education in the field of health, it is necessary to remember:

if a child is often encouraged, he learns self-confidence;
if a child lives with a sense of security, he learns to believe;
if a child manages to achieve what he wants, he learns hope;
if a child lives in an atmosphere of friendship and feels needed, he learns to find love in this world.

When organizing a health-saving educational environment, it is necessary to take into account the following components:

1. Air-thermal regime of the classroom

The air-thermal regime is one of the important environmental factors that affect the performance and health of schoolchildren. The air environment significantly affects the functional state of the body - on breathing, the reaction of the cardiovascular system, immune status, thermal state, as well as the mental performance of schoolchildren.

The state of the air environment is characterized by indicators of temperature, humidity, air mobility, etc. There are normative indicators of air temperature and humidity in the classroom. Regular ventilation and wet cleaning of the room in which children are trained is necessary.

2. Classroom lighting

The light regime of school premises should ensure the protection of vision, i.e. prevent overload, stimulate the development of the visual analyzer, provide a general biological effect on the body, prevent the occurrence of visual dysfunctions (myopia). Therefore, in institutions for children, lighting must be created that meets modern hygiene standards: mandatory direct natural insolation of the premises, lighting must be of good quality and of a sufficient level.

Unfavorable lighting causes a deterioration in general well-being, a decrease in mental and physical performance, and a depressing effect on the psyche. Illumination is one of the important environmental factors that affect the performance and health of schoolchildren.

3. School furniture.

Furniture and other items of equipment are also one of the important environmental factors that affect the performance and health of schoolchildren.

The selection of furniture (in particular, school tables and chairs) in accordance with the growth of students will provide the student with the most physiological direct fit, which will eliminate spinal deformity and fatigue.

When choosing furniture, it is important to take into account the material from which it is made, color, and you should also arrange the furniture correctly.

When seating students in the classroom, it is necessary to take into account their anthropometric data (height) and state of health.

4. Organization of the lesson.

A lesson is the main structural unit of educational work with students. The hygienically correct organization of the lesson makes it possible to maintain a sufficiently high level of mental performance for a long time, which is necessary for full-fledged learning.

The rational organization of the lesson is an important part of the health-saving work of the school. The observance of the hygienic and psychological and pedagogical conditions of the lesson mainly determines the functional state of schoolchildren in the process of learning activities, the ability to maintain mental performance for a long time on high level and prevent premature fatigue. We must not forget that hygiene conditions affect the state of the teacher, his health, which in turn affects the state and health of students. hygiene assessment The lesson can be conducted with the help of chronometric observations.

Dynamic pauses are mandatory in the lesson. Physical education minutes are not just an element of physical activity to switch attention to another type of activity, but also a really possible factor in the formation of health, which is fundamentally noted by the nature of the impact - harmonization of the entire body of the child, setting it to a self-healing beginning. Therefore, it is very important not only to conduct physical exercises, but also to use various types: respiratory, visual, finger gymnastics, exercises for posture formation, psycho-gymnastics. And when children work with a computer, such dynamic pauses are required. For dynamic pauses you can use multimedia equipment, which will enhance the visual and sound range of physical education minutes.

Proper use and consideration of all components of a health-saving educational environment will allow in the future not only to maintain a healthy personality of a younger student, but also to strengthen his health, as well as develop interest in a healthy lifestyle.

2.3. Methods for diagnosing the state of health of schoolchildren

In general, the health of students can be tracked by the following components.

1. Physical development of the student.

Physical health criteria are medical indicators student and his level of physical fitness.

The former are monitored by analyzing medical records (health group after the child was examined by doctors), resistance to diseases is also taken into account (for this purpose, an analysis of absences due to illness is carried out). Indicators of physical fitness are measured in accordance with the standards of education in the subject "physical culture".

2. Social development of the student.

The criterion of the student's social health is the degree of well-being of his social situation of development. At school, this manifests itself in social status child. In the student group, it is measured using sociometry. The sociometric technique developed by J. Moreno is used to diagnose interpersonal and intergroup relations in order to change, improve and improve them. With the help of sociometry, it is possible to study the behavior of schoolchildren in the conditions of group activities, to judge their psychological compatibility, to identify leaders for regrouping children in the class in such a way as to reduce the tension in the team that arises from the mutual hostility of some schoolchildren.

3. Psychological development schoolboy.

The psychological health of the student is associated with the development of individual - psychological characteristics of the individual, contributing to the successful social adaptation of the child. Psychological health includes the correspondence of mental development to age norms, the psycho-emotional state of the student and the motivation for a healthy lifestyle and the ability to lead it.

Motivation for a healthy lifestyle (HLS). An urgent psychological and pedagogical problem is the formation in students of the need for good health, teaching the ability to be responsible not only for their own health, but also for the health of other people, as well as the preservation of the environment. The health-oriented goals of educating schoolchildren include: the development of natural capabilities and the preservation of health.

In the learning process, the most significant is the comprehensive diagnostics of motivation and healthy lifestyle skills, which is used not to assess the existing abilities of children or to decide whether they are suitable or not, but to aim students at leading a healthy lifestyle.

As a diagnostic procedure, schoolchildren can use a mini-essay on various topics related to healthy lifestyles, for example, “Why is it necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle?”. Questionnaires can also be used to identify attitudes towards healthy lifestyles. Depending on the diagnostic results obtained, it is possible to determine the ways of working on the identified problems.

In this way, formation of a healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren includes:

When organizing a health-saving educational environment, it is necessary to take into account the following components: the air-thermal regime of the classroom; classroom lighting; school furniture; lesson organization.

Conclusion

A healthy lifestyle does not yet occupy the first place in the hierarchy of human needs and values in our society. But if we teach children from a very early age to appreciate, protect and strengthen their health, if we demonstrate a healthy lifestyle by personal example, then only in this case we can hope that future generations will be healthier and developed not only personally, intellectually, spiritually. but also physically.

Based on the results of the work carried out, the following conclusions can be drawn:

The modern concept of a healthy lifestyle defines it as a constant implementation of hygienic rules for strengthening and maintaining individual and public health, conscious of its need.

The elements of a healthy lifestyle are: fostering healthy habits and skills from early childhood; safe and favorable environment for living, knowledge about the impact of surrounding objects on health; cessation of smoking, drug use, alcohol consumption; moderate nutrition corresponding to the physiological characteristics of a particular person, awareness of the quality of the products used; physically active life, taking into account age and physiological features; observance of the rules of personal and public hygiene, possession of first aid skills; hardening.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle among schoolchildren requires the creation of a health-saving educational environment in a general education institution with the help of health-saving technologies.

A health-saving educational environment is defined by the following characteristics:

general organization of the educational process (curriculum, class schedule, duration of lessons and breaks, etc.);
learning technologies;
the style of interaction between participants in the educational process;
motor mode of students;
sanitary and hygienic conditions of training and education;
medical support and wellness procedures during the school day;
food.

The use of health-saving technologies in the educational process allows students to more successfully adapt in the educational and social space, to reveal their Creative skills and the teacher to effectively prevent antisocial behavior through the formation of a health-saving educational environment.

The formation of the value of health and a healthy lifestyle should be carried out in accordance with the age and individual characteristics of the participants in the educational process.

Formation of a healthy lifestyle for schoolchildren includes:creation of an information and propaganda system to increase the level of knowledge about the negative impact of risk factors on health, the possibilities of its reduction; health education; measures to reduce the prevalence of smoking and consumption of tobacco products, reduce alcohol consumption, prevent drug addiction; encouraging the population to a physically active lifestyle, physical culture, tourism and sports, increasing the availability of these types of health improvement, working with families.

The correct use of psychological and pedagogical technologies, taking into account the components of the formation of a healthy lifestyle, allows not only to solve the problem of a responsible attitude to one's health, but also solves the problems of protecting the health of schoolchildren, both in psychological and physiological aspects.

Diagnosis of the formation of ideas about a healthy lifestyle allows you to determine the ways of working to prevent and improve the health of students.

Healthy lifestyle is a way of life aimed at maintaining and improving the health of people. The hygienic regime of work and rest contributes to a healthy lifestyle, but such bad habits as smoking, drinking alcohol and drugs interfere.

A healthy lifestyle is the main factor of health

According to WHO experts, health by 50-55% depends on a person's lifestyle, 20-23% - on heredity, 20-25% - on the state of the environment (ecology) and 8-12% - on the work of the national system healthcare. So, to the greatest extent, human health depends on lifestyle, which means that we can assume that the general line for the formation and promotion of health is a healthy lifestyle (HLS).

According to modern ideas, healthy lifestyle- these are typical forms and methods of daily human life, strengthening and improving the adaptive (adaptive) and reserve capabilities of the body, which ensures the successful implementation of social and professional functions.

At the heart of any way of life are principles, i.e. rules of conduct followed by the individual. There are biological and social principles on the basis of which a healthy lifestyle is formed. Biological principles: lifestyle should be age-related, provided with energy, strengthening, rhythmic, moderate. social principles: the way of life should be aesthetic, moral, strong-willed, self-limiting.

This classification is based on the principle of the unity of the individual and the general, the unity of the organism and the environment - biological and social. In this regard, a healthy lifestyle is nothing more than a rational organization of human life on the basis of key biological and social vital forms of behavior - behavioral factors. We list the main ones:

the cultivation of positive emotions that contribute to mental well-being - the basis of all aspects of life and health;
optimal motor activity (DA) is the leading innate mechanism of bioprogress and health;
rational nutrition is the basic factor of bioprogress and health;
a rhythmic way of life corresponding to biorhythms is the basic principle of the organism's vital activity;

effective organization of labor activity is the main form of self-realization, formation and reflection of human essence;
sexual culture is a key factor in life as an adequate and progressive form of reproduction of the species;
healthy aging is a natural process of fruitful longevity;
giving up addictions (alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, etc.) is a decisive factor in maintaining health.

In practice, the implementation of these forms of behavior is extremely difficult. One of the main reasons for this should be recognized as the lack of motivation for a positive attitude towards one's health and healthy lifestyle. The fact is that in the hierarchy of needs that underlie the behavior of a person (for example, a student), health is far from being in the first place. This is due to the low individual and general culture of Russian society, which leads to the absence of an orientation towards the primacy (dominance) of the value of health in the hierarchy of human needs. Therefore, the formation of health is, first of all, the problem of each person. It should begin with the education of health and healthy lifestyle motivation, because this motivation is a system-forming factor in behavior. In other words, there will be motivation (purposeful need) - there will be corresponding behavior.

Healthy lifestyle and ways of its formation

Healthy lifestyle (HLS) - a term that is being used more and more. The simplest definition of a healthy lifestyle is everything in a lifestyle that has a beneficial effect on health. Consequently, the concept of a healthy lifestyle includes all the positive aspects of people's activities: job satisfaction, active life position, social optimism, high physical activity, well-being, absence of bad habits, high medical activity, etc.

The formation of an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle is the most important task of the state, since lifestyle is a determining factor in health.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is also the task of the health authorities, social protection, and education. WHO recommendations are aimed at the formation of a healthy lifestyle:

diet low in animal fats;
reducing the amount of salt consumed;
reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages;
maintaining a normal body weight;
regular exercise;
reduction of stress levels, etc.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is the basis of any preventive activity, numerous programs aimed at improving the health of society. Healthy lifestyle promotion is the most important function and task of all health authorities (especially primary health care), health education centers, educational institutions, social protection authorities, etc.

The attitude towards a healthy lifestyle should be formed in the following areas: 1) strengthening and creating a positive lifestyle; 2) overcoming, reducing risk factors.

Study and formation public opinion regarding the assessment of one's own health is one of the difficult tasks of forming an attitude towards a healthy lifestyle. Along with the health authorities, the media plays a big role in this. It is necessary to understand that the health of the population is ensured not only by the responsibility of the state and society, but also by the responsibility of each of us for our own health and the health of all.

A healthy lifestyle is based on scientifically based sanitary and hygienic standards aimed at improving health: rational nutrition; physical activity; hardening; lack of bad habits; the ability to get out of stressful conditions (for example, possession of auto-training techniques); high medical activity (timeliness of medical examinations, timeliness of seeking medical help in case of illness, active participation in medical examinations); the ability to provide first aid in case of sudden illnesses, injuries, etc.

Basics of a healthy lifestyle

Each person should have his own health system as a set of lifestyle circumstances that he implements.

The absence of one's own health system will sooner or later lead a person to illness and will not give him the opportunity to realize the inclinations inherent in him by nature.

A person is so perfect that not only to maintain the necessary level of health, but also to return to it from an illness, one can practically from any state; but with the progression of the disease and with age, this requires more and more effort. As a rule, a person resorts to these efforts if he has vital goal, motivation, which each person has their own.

The main features of the health program should be:

voluntariness;
the expenditure of certain physical and other forces;
focus on constant increase their physical, mental and other abilities.

Creating your own system of a healthy lifestyle is an extremely long process and can last a lifetime.

Feedback from the changes that occur in the body as a result of following a healthy lifestyle does not work immediately, the positive effect of switching to a rational lifestyle is sometimes delayed for years. That is why, unfortunately, quite often people only “try” the transition itself, but, having not received a quick result, they return to their previous way of life. This is not surprising, since a healthy lifestyle involves, on the one hand, the rejection of many pleasant living conditions that have become habitual (overeating, comfort, alcohol, etc.), and on the other hand, constant and regular heavy loads for a person who is not adapted to them. and strict lifestyle regulations. In the first period of transition to a healthy lifestyle, it is especially important to support a person in his desire, provide him with the necessary consultations (since during this period he constantly experiences a lack of knowledge in various aspects of ensuring a healthy lifestyle), point out positive changes in his state of health, in functional indicators, etc.

It is clear that in order to develop “his own” system, a person will try various means and systems, analyze their acceptability for him and their effectiveness, and select the best.

In the implementation of a healthy lifestyle program, in organizing the transition to it, depending on individual characteristics, a person can choose various options.

For those who like to follow a clear life schedule - this is rigid sequence of actions, painted thoroughly but events and time. Therefore, all actions aimed at ensuring health - physical exercises, hygiene procedures, meal times, rest, etc. — rigidly fit into the regime of the day with the exact indication of the time.

For those who are accustomed to setting specific goals and achieving them, there is a clear division into stages of transition with planning for each stage, its intermediate and final goals. In this case, a technology for implementing the program appears: where and when to start, how to organize food, movement, etc. The phased implementation of the program allows you to clarify the goals and objectives of each stage, its duration in accordance with the state of your health, forms of control, the final result for the stage, etc. The fulfillment of the tasks set for the stage allows you to proceed to the next stage. That is, this option does not set strict conditions for each given period of time, however, it allows you to purposefully move towards the transition to a healthy lifestyle.

For those accustomed to comfort and laziness - a soft approximation to the desired. This option does not force you to clearly plan your daily routine or stages, but the person who has taken it believes that any wellness event is already better than nothing (do at least sometimes, at least once a week). That is, the prerequisite for such an approach is the thesis: it is important to start (for example, you can start only with morning hygienic exercises; then you can refuse the morning cigarette ... Then - try to walk to work ...). This option is especially suitable for a person who cannot drastically change his lifestyle and give up comfortable habits.

For the most inert - the maximum incorporation of the program into the usual daily routine. It is especially suitable for middle-aged and older people who, on the one hand, have already become involved in the usual conditions of life and it is difficult for them to give them up, and on the other hand, they are burdened with social, domestic, personal, professional problems and experience a constant shortage of time. The latter circumstance is a convenient reason for them to explain the reluctance to switch to a healthy lifestyle. In this case, they can include elements of the latter in their usual routine (for example, walk part of the way to work; if there is no feeling of hunger, then save time by skipping meals; wash your face with cold water in the morning, etc.). To implement this option, first of all, you should critically analyze your daily routine and life and find those "niches" in them in which such elements could be built.

After weighing your capabilities, the characteristics of your life, the reserves of free time, the state of health, setting the goal and objectives of the transition to a healthy lifestyle, you should choose from the list of indicated the version of the program according to which the person is going to work. It is only important that during its implementation he be self-confident, persistent and consistent, systematically analyzing his condition and making appropriate adjustments to his lifestyle. Undoubtedly, all this will give its results both in terms of the efficiency and productivity of human life, and in the level and dynamics of his health.

Naturally, the path of each person to a healthy lifestyle differs in its own characteristics both in time and along the trajectory, but this is not of fundamental importance - the end result is important. The effectiveness of a healthy lifestyle for a given person can be determined by a number of biosocial criteria, including:

Estimates of morphological and functional indicators of health:

level of physical development;
level of physical fitness.

Assessments of the state of immunity:

the number of colds and infectious diseases during a certain period;
in the presence of a chronic disease - the dynamics of its course.

Estimates of adaptation to socio-economic conditions of life:

efficiency of professional activity;
activity in the performance of family and household duties;
breadth and degree of manifestation of social and personal interests.

Estimates of the level of valeological indicators:

the degree of formation of the attitude towards a healthy lifestyle;
level of valeological knowledge;
the level of assimilation of practical knowledge and skills related to the maintenance and promotion of health;
the ability to independently build an individual health trajectory and a healthy lifestyle program.

What end results does following the conditions of a healthy lifestyle provide in its totality, for the sake of which it is worth exposing yourself to the regime of restriction and stress that underlies it? After analyzing the provisions below, each person can make a conclusion for himself whether it is worth living every day "to the fullest", for his own pleasure, knowing about the consequences of such behavior for health and life itself, or through the education of healthy needs and taking care of one's health as the main life value is to ensure a long, healthy and happy life. So, a healthy lifestyle:

positively and effectively reduces or eliminates the impact of risk factors, morbidity and, as a result, reduces the cost of treatment;
contributes to the fact that human life becomes healthier and more durable;
ensures good family relationships, health and happiness of children;
is the basis for the realization of a person's need for self-actualization and self-realization, provides high social activity and social success;
causes high working capacity of the body, reduced fatigue at work, high labor productivity and, on this basis, high material prosperity;
allows you to abandon bad habits, rationally organize and distribute the time budget with the obligatory use of means and methods of active recreation;
provides cheerfulness, good mood and optimism.