Antihistamines pill names. How do antihistamines work? Which antihistamines are best for a child

At frequent allergies doctors recommend taking a course of taking an antihistamine from the list, depending on the age, gender of the patient and symptoms of the disease. For the right choice, you need to know the variety of forms of release and generations, the degree of the disease and contraindications for use. Parents will benefit from information about antihistamines for children and expectant mothers.

Antihistamines are substances that have a complex effect on the pathogen allergic reactions in the body. Thanks to this medicine, patients with severe allergic reactions are able to tolerate them in a mild form.

Forms of release and composition

The form of release of antihistamines is different. The range of antiallergic drugs are:

• syrups;
• tablets;
• drops.

It is necessary for correct and safe reception, depending on the different ages patients. In its composition antihistamines contain substances that can have a sedative effect.

These include:

• difegindramin;
• clemastine;
• doxylamine;
• mepyramine;
• oxatomide;
• mizolastin.

Properties and how they work, therapeutic effects

• antihistamines stabilize the receptor, putting it into an inactive state;
• blocking of receptors occurs for 24 hours or less, depending on many individual characteristics of the patient;
• chlorpheniramine in the composition has an anti-inflammatory effect.

Indications for use

• conjunctivitis;
• various forms of dermatitis;
• edema;
• allergic reactions to dust;
• swelling and itching after a bite various kinds insects;
• drug allergy;
• allergy to various types of flowering plants;
• with an allergic reaction to the food you eat;
• anaphylactic shock;
• eczema;
• psoriasis;
• bronchial asthma;
• severe allergic cough.

Symptoms and diagnosis of allergies

The main symptoms of allergies include:

If the patient has symptoms of an allergy, the specialist prescribes an additional examination.

An additional examination helps to identify the cause of the allergic reaction or the pathogen of the allergy.

The main studies include:

• taking a skin test. It is the fastest and most reliable source of allergy information. The procedure is carried out in several stages, by introducing various allergens into the patient's body. After the manifestation of several symptoms of an allergic reaction, the doctor confirms what exactly the patient is having an allergic reaction to.
• checking for IGE. This analysis is to detect antibodies in the body and thereby establish the causes of allergies. This type analysis is the most expensive and time consuming;
• patch testing. This type of procedure consists in attaching various plates with allergic components to the back of the patient.

Side effects, possible complications

In overdose, antihistamines are toxic and can lead to heart complications. Therefore, you should choose the right dosage from your doctor.

Contraindications

The list of contraindications directly depends on the age of the patient. Children under 2 years old are allowed to take antihistamines only in drops. Children from 2 to 6 years old are allowed to take the medicine in the form of a syrup.

The main contraindications for use are:

• severe renal failure;
• hypersensitivity to active ingredients;
• pregnancy;
• breastfeeding period;
• glaucoma;
• cardiovascular diseases;
• alcohol incompatibility.

Preparations of a new, latest generation. List

These antihistamines are considered the safest. The list of drugs that belong to the latest 4th generation differs from all previously released drugs in that they do not cause sleepiness and do not affect cardiac activity.

These medicines can be used for increased activity- mental or physical. Driving is allowed. Please note that only a doctor can prescribe this or that medicine with accuracy, and everyone, even the safest and most modern drug, can cause backlash in the presence of intolerance to one of its components.

The most popular new generation drugs include:

• Fexofenadine (Fexofast, Fexadin, Allegra, Telfast);

Very effective in the treatment of seasonal allergic problems or pathologies. Contraindicated in persons under 6 years of age, pregnant or lactating women. Available in tablets. When used, it is not addictive.

• Levocetirizine (Suprastinex, Caesera, Glentset, Xizal);

Useful for seasonal or chronic allergies, skin itching or hives. Begins its action half an hour after ingestion. On sale you can find both tablets and drops, which are prescribed to be taken by young patients from 2 years old. Contraindicated in pregnant women, but the use of the drug is allowed with caution when breastfeeding or with kidney disease. Sometimes causes drowsiness.

Excellent in the treatment of acute and seasonal allergies. It is found in the form of tablets and syrup. The syrup is intended for patients under 12 years of age. Not applicable during pregnancy. It begins to act 30 minutes after application and continues for a day.

Third generation. List

The previous, 3rd generation, is practically devoid of contraindications and is suitable for a wider range of people. They do not have the side effects of the 1st and 2nd generation. There is some confusion, during which the products of the 4th group are often combined with the products of the 3rd. Since the difference in them is minimal, and in medicine, many adhere to the division of drugs of this type into only three parts.

The drugs of the 3rd group include analogues of drugs of the 4th group:

• Hismanal;

Used as a preventative or remedy, valid for 24 hours. Available in the form of a suspension and tablets. Suitable for patients over 2 years of age.

• Trexil;

Has a wide range. Used in the presence of glaucoma and prostate disorders.

• Telfiast (analogue of Fexofenadine);
• Feksadin (analogue of Fexofenadine);
• Fexofast (analogue of Fexofenadine);
• Levocetirizine-Teva;

A good option for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. May be administered from 6 years of age. Sometimes causes drowsiness.

• Ksizal (analogue of Levocetirizine);
• Erius;

It is used, among other things, for a long course of treatment, up to a year. Both adults and children from 1 year old respond well to it. In its effect, the drug is similar to Desloratadine.

• Desal.

The tool effectively fights against skin problems and runny nose. Great for children, which allows you to use it from 12 months. Available in the form of tablets and syrup. The medicine is convenient to take, regardless of the meal, once a day.

Second generation. List

2nd generation drugs are not sedative, but exert significant pressure on the heart and blood vessels, and therefore are not indicated for use in children and the elderly. Have enough contraindications and side effects.

The most common 2nd generation drugs include:

• Dimetinden (Fenistil);

Effective for relieving minor burns, reactions to insect bites or skin rashes, other types of allergies. Not allowed during pregnancy, but allowed for children older than 1 month. Release form: gel, capsules, drops.

Treats allergic rhinitis and skin problems. It is produced in the form of a syrup, it is prescribed at the age of over 2 years, it is not allowed during pregnancy and lactation. May cause drowsiness.

• Ebastine (Kestin);

It is prescribed for urticaria or rhinitis. Interaction with ketoconazole may be fatal. It is allowed to use together with alcohol-containing medicines.

• Cyproheptadine (Peritol);

An important property is getting rid of headaches during migraines, as well as a sedative effect. It is not recommended to use without a doctor's prescription, since the main indications are chronic pancreatitis, serum sickness, neurodermatitis.

Available in the form of drops and tablets. Appointed at allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis, hay fever, other types of allergies. May be used by children over 6 months of age with caution.

• Azelastinf (Allergodil);

Suitable for the fight against rhinitis and conjunctivitis. Release form: eye drops and nasal spray. Appointed from 4 years.

Great for urticaria. It is not prescribed for patients under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women.

First generation. List

The most dangerous to use are these antihistamines.

List of drugs with hypnotic effect, large quantity adverse reactions and a very short period of action is quite popular in the use of the entire population. May be addictive. medicinal substances of this section are the most inexpensive among the entire antihistamine group, which explains their popularity.

The most popular drugs include:

Possesses a wide range treatment. It is prescribed for adults and children over 1 month old, not suitable for use during pregnancy and lactation. calls severe drowsiness, applied as aid for knocking down high temperature. Available in the form of ampoules and tablets.

• Tavegil (Clemastin);

It differs from suprastin in that it has a less not so strong hypnotic effect. Suitable for ages over 1 year old. Release form: syrup and tablets

• Fenistil (Dimetinden);

Has a wide spectrum. Causes drowsiness, which disappears after two days of treatment. big list side effects, but at the same time, pregnant women from 12 weeks and children older than 1 month are allowed. Release form: tablets, drops, gel, emulsion.

• Quifenadine (Fenkarol).

It is used for all types of allergic reactions in adults, children from 1 year old and pregnant women, starting from the 2nd trimester. Release form: syrup, tablets.

How to choose the best allergy remedy

For the correct choice of funds, it is necessary to build on the age and individual intolerance of the components. For competent treatment, it is necessary to identify the cause of the allergy and eliminate the allergen.

Antihistamines for children

For newborns up to 1 year old:

• Suprastin - from 1 month;
• Fenistil / Dimetindene - from 1 month;
• Reactin (eye drops) - from 1 month;
• Pipolfen - complex tool(parenteral form) - from 3 months;
• Cetrin / Zyrtec - from 6 months.

From 1 year - 6 years:

• Zodak - from 1 g;
• Erius - from 1 g;
• Tavegil - from 1 g;
• Quifenadine - from 1 g;
• Desal - from 1 g;
• Tsetrin - from 2 years;
• Gismanal - from 2 years old;
• Claritin - from 2 years;
• Azelastine - from 4 years;

From 6 years old - 12 years old:

• Fexofenadine - from 6 years;
• Levocetirin-Teva - from 6 years old.

Features of use in children and the elderly

In children under 12 years of age, there is a strong allergic reaction to certain components that are part of antihistamines for the adult generation. Therefore, it is categorically not recommended for children to prescribe an antiallergic agent on their own. Doctors recommend contacting an allergist for the right remedy.

Elderly people need to choose non-hormonal drugs new generation. Since most antiallergic drugs have a strong effect on cardiovascular system, there is a risk of stroke.

The drugs that are strictly prohibited by specialists for the use of older people include:

• Suprastin;
• Demidrol;
• Diprazine.

Antihistamines during pregnancy

During the course of pregnancy, any medicines are chosen by the doctor and are used only as directed!

• Quifenadine / Fenkarol - from the 2nd trimester;
• Fenistil / Dimitinden - from the 12th week;
• Cromolium sodium - an indirect drug - from the 2nd trimester.

Features of use during pregnancy

During pregnancy in the first trimester, it is forbidden to take any antihistamines. This is necessary for the proper development of the fetus and its proper fixation.

In the 2nd and 3rd trimester, you can use antiallergic drugs such as:

• Zyrtec;
• Suprastin;
• Eden.

Which doctor to consult

The choice of antiallergic drugs should take into account individual characteristics and age of the patient.

If an allergic reaction is suspected, the patient should not self-medicate and take antihistamines on their own.

The list of these drugs is selected by an allergist at an individual consultation. The doctor will necessary research, prescribe tests, identify the cause of the allergy and competently draw up a treatment regimen, prescribe anti-allergic drugs that are safe to use.

Video about allergy medications and how to take them

Better antihistamines in the treatment of allergies:

Dr. Komarovsky will tell you all about allergy medications:

The third generation includes drugs whose active metabolites belong to the previous group of drugs.

The low level of transformations, the lack of interaction with the isoenzymes of the cytochrome 450 system allows them to be used by people with pathology of the hepatobiliary zone.

At the same time, it is not necessary to resort to significant changes in the dosage of the drug and to prescribe it with metabolic derivatives of other groups.

Modern drugs - a new milestone in medicine

The list of third-generation antihistamines belongs to the new class of drugs. They are devoid of the side effects inherent in their predecessors. They do not affect the level of performance, they are conveniently dosed. An important advantage is the absence of cardiotoxicity in most of these drugs: there is no prolongation of the repolarization period on the electrocardiogram, an increase in heart rate.

The mechanism of action is through the release of active metabolites into the blood, which have high bioavailability, are rapidly absorbed, which reduces allergic manifestations shortly after application. Do not depend on food intake, are excreted unchanged.

The main stimulus for the creation of a new generation of allergy drugs is the need to develop drugs that do not pass through the blood-brain barrier, which minimizes the suppression of the work of the central nervous system. Therefore, taking histamine preparations is not accompanied by sedation, is not addictive, does not require the abolition of activities that require concentration and attention.

For whom they are intended, when they are not assigned

Antiallergic drugs of the modern generation are used for:

• urticaria;
• hay fever;
• food allergies;
• insect allergy;
• itchy dermatosis;
• atonic eczema;
• bronchial asthma;
• vasomotor rhinitis;
• contact dermatitis;
• atopic dermatitis;
• angioedema;
• anaphylactic shock (parenteral);
• seasonal and chronic conjunctivitis;
• seasonal and cyclic allergic rhinitis;
• an allergic reaction as a result of taking antibiotics;
• chronic and acute skin allergies(urticaria, dermatitis).

General contraindications:

• pregnancy;
• lactation period;
• severe renal failure;
• severe liver failure;
• intolerance to the components of the drug.

Contraindications for taking liquid forms (syrups): intolerance, malabsorption and carbohydrate binding, childhood when taking solid forms for desloratadine.

Possible side effects:

• rash;
• fatigue;
• skin itching;
• redness;
• CNS disorders;
• sore throat;
• violation heart rate, decrease in total peripheral resistance, increase in cardiac output;
• in biochemical analysis blood: increased creatiphosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, bilirubin.

Children 2-4 years old may experience drowsiness, dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, pain and bloating). In children over 12 years of age, headaches, severe drowsiness, apathy. But most of the third new generation allergy medications do not cause drowsiness.

Dosage Forms for Healthy Reform

The latest allergy remedies come in many forms: there are allergy shots, pills, etc. A list with prices for some is given in the table.

Medications for skin symptoms

Skin allergy is accompanied by rashes, itching, burning, as a result of sleep disturbance, limitation of habitual life. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the allergen from the body and preventing re-contact with it. To fight, they resort to means that reduce the manifestations of itching. Third generation antihistamines for skin symptoms:

1. cetirizine at a dose of 20-40 mg. This dosage is associated with the development of a pronounced sedative effect, therefore, modern forms: Zirtek (480 rubles - the price for a package of 10 tablets), inside 5 mg once a day. In severe cases, the amount of the agent used is gradually increased by 2 times from the original.
2. Loratadine(Claridol 90 rubles - price for 7 tablets) 10 mg once a day.
3. Fexofenadine(Allegra 480 rubles - price for 10 tablets) 120 mg 1 time per day.

The presence of a pronounced sleep disorder makes it necessary to refuse the appointment of certain medications. Local forms of the third class have not been studied in large studies, so their use does not guarantee the development best effect compared with systemic drugs. The appointment of this group of drugs is justified when combined with allergies to the respiratory departments.

Options for children

Introducing the list of antihistamines good drugs for kids.

Remedies for seasonal allergies

Treatment of the seasonal reaction is to relieve the symptoms of the disease, such as rhinorrhea ( copious discharge from the nose), allergic conjunctivitis, lacrimation, burning and itching.

If a nasal breathing it is very difficult, it is advisable to prepare the nasal passages before conducting antiallergic therapy.

For this purpose, medicines for seasonal allergies are used in the form of nasal drops that have vasoconstrictor effect(Xylometazoline, Oxymetazoline, Naphazoline), 2 instillations in both halves of the nose with an interval of 7-11 hours. The course of therapy should not exceed ten days in order to avoid undesirable effects: atrophy of the nasal mucosa, swelling and enlargement of the turbinates, dysfunction of the heart muscle.

With abundant nasal discharge, inhibitors of acetylcholine receptors (a mediator parasympathetic system), in local form every 7 hours, performing two sprays in each nostril (ipratropium bromide). With rhinitis moderate cromones (preparations of cromoglycic acid) are used at 0.025 g with an interval of 4-6 hours in the form of a nasal spray.

Derivatives of levocetirizine () are effective. Rupatadine fumarate (Rupafine) 10 mg per day is also prescribed.

Effective drugs

Among the antihistamines of the last class, there are especially effective ones. Erius is among them. The mechanism of action is due to the blockade of histamine receptors due to the release of active metabolites of loratadine after the penetration of the drug into the blood. The agent blocks the release of allergy mediators (interleukins, histamine, serotonin), which explains the antipruritic and antiexudative effect.

Erius from allergies does not pass through the blood-brain barrier, does not cause cardiotoxic effects. For persons employed in areas requiring increased attention and concentration, the drug is indicated. The action is not accompanied by a sedative effect, due to the lack of influence on the work of the inhibitory centers of the nervous system.

Erius - universal remedy, which combines the elimination of allergies, antihistamine action(blocks histamine receptors), prevention of inflammation (reduces the production of chemokines, selectin, interleukins, migration of eosinophils, chemotaxis to inflammation sites).

New antiallergic drugs in 2016 and 2017 include:

• Eliza;
• Allerway;
• Alestamine;
• Levocetirizine.

The presented tablets of the new generation for allergies for 2016 and 2017 are prolonged, they are used once during the day. Application of these the latest tools from allergies of the 3rd generation in pregnant women is not carried out, since there are no relevant studies. Appointment is acceptable from adolescence.

Adverse disorders include cerebral disorders, heart failure, increased liver enzymes, dyspeptic symptoms. Perhaps the development of myalgia, increased photosensitivity (however, there is no clinical evidence).

The specified list of 3rd generation antihistamines is derivatives of levocetirizine and desloratadine, characterized by high bioavailability, rapid development of the pharmacological effect.

Before starting treatment, you should consult a doctor. He will tell you what to buy for allergies, which medicines for symptoms are best suited for a particular patient.

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In the window of any pharmacy, there are a variety of allergy pills, the price of which varies markedly, which misleads an inexperienced buyer who has not previously dealt with allergies.

Today, thanks to a wide selection of medicines, you can buy both good, but quite expensive, and the most cheap drugs. How to make the right choice and why the new product may be better than the old ones, read the article.

Allergy pills - a list

During an allergic reaction, histamine is released into the bloodstream, a substance that can lead to narrowing of the airways and expansion blood vessels, thereby causing swelling or swelling of tissues, as well as a decrease in blood pressure.

All antihistamines act as blockers of H1 and H2 histamine receptors, thereby preventing or reducing the characteristic symptoms of allergies.

Which allergy pills to choose?

The treatment of various types of allergies can be done both by the cheapest drugs and by the more expensive ones provided by the pharmaceutical industry.

For treatment and relief of symptoms skin manifestations and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, most often, allergy pills are used latest generation which can be purchased at a pharmacy without a doctor's prescription.

Consider the most effective and cheap pills from allergies in more detail.

Antihistamine tablets for allergies fall into two categories:

1. having a sedative effect;
2. non-sedating allergy pills that do not cause drowsiness.

The first generation includes older antiallergic drugs that relieve symptoms but cause drowsiness, which makes it difficult to use these drugs when driving motor vehicles or in work that requires high concentration. In addition, the concentration of active substances is quickly excreted from the blood, which requires taking the drug two or three times a day.

New generation allergy pills do not cause drowsiness, which is why they are used even for long courses, for example, during the dusting season of grasses and trees.

Antihistamines

CETIRIZINE (10 mg)

Skin allergy tablets with this active ingredient are very popular among allergy sufferers, they are also taken for the treatment of hay fever, seasonal manifestations of rhinoconjunctivitis and Quincke's edema. The best pills from allergies, which can be taken even by children from 6 months.

• ZIRTEK No. 7 from 189 rubles.
• CETRIN No. 20 from 160 rubles.
• ZODAK №10 from 142 rubles.
• PARLAZIN №10 from 110 rubles.
• LETIZEN No. 10 from 82 rubles.
• CETIRIZINE No. 10 from 60 rubles.

LEVOCETIRIZINE (5 mg)

Preparations with levocetirizine are used to eliminate the manifestations of year-round and seasonal allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, hay fever, various allergic skin rashes, Quincke's edema. Contraindications - age up to 6 years.

• LEVOCETIRIZINE TEVA №14 from 360 rubles.
• KSIZAL №7 from 316 rubles.
• GLENCET №7 from 290 rub.
• SUPRASTINEX №7 from 261 rubles.
• ELTSET No. 7 from 112 rubles.

LORATADIN (10 mg)

It is used to relieve symptoms of seasonal and year-round allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, as well as to eliminate allergic skin rashes and Quincke's edema. It is effective for insect allergies (to poison and insect bites) and pseudo-allergies. Contraindications - age up to 2 years.

• CLARITIN №10 from 206 rubles.
• LOMILAN №7 from 112 rubles.
• CLARICENSE №10 from 68 rubles.
• CLARIDOL No. 7 from 62 rubles.
• LORAGEXAL №10 from 50 rubles.
• LORATADIN VERTE №10 from 26 rubles

DESLORATADINE (5 mg)

Used in the treatment allergic rhinitis and idiopathic urticaria. Contraindications - age up to 12 years.

• ELIZEA №30 from 350 rubles.
• LORDESTIN №10 from 270 rub.
• ERIUS №7 from 235 rubles.
• DEZAL No. 10 from 227 rubles.
• BLOGIR-3 №10 from 164 rubles.
• DEZLORATADINE No. 10 from 120 rubles.

FEXOPHENADINE (120 mg)

They are taken to eliminate the symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis, various allergic rashes and relieve angioedema. Contraindications - age up to 6 years.

• ALLEGRA №10 from 697 rubles
• FEKSADIN №10 from 247 rubles.
• FEXOFAST №10 from 215 rubles.

MEBHYDROLINE (50 mg)

Indications: pollinosis, skin rashes accompanied by itching, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, allergic reactions to insect venom. Contraindicated in children under 2 years of age.

• DIAZOLIN №10 from 58 rubles.

DIPHENGYDRAMINE (50 mg)

Application: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, angioedema, allergic reactions to drugs, complex therapy of anaphylactic shock. Contraindicated in newborns.

• DIMEDROL №20 from 10 rubles.

EBASTINE (10 mg)

Allergic rhinitis and urticaria various etiologies. Children under 6 years of age are contraindicated.

• KESTIN №5 from 216 rubles.

KETOTIFEN (1 mg)

Relieves and prevents the symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis associated with seasonal allergies, is effective in atopic dermatitis and urticaria. Contraindications - age up to 3 years.

• KETOTIFEN №30 from 57 rubles.

RUPATADINE FUMARATE (10 mg)

Symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Age under 12 years is a contraindication.

• RUPAFIN No. 7 from 362 rubles.

CHLOROPYRAMINE (25 mg)

Indications: allergic rashes, rhinoconjunctivitis, hay fever symptoms, angioedema. Contraindications - early infancy up to 1 month

• SUPRASTIN №20 from 123 rubles.

CLEMASTINE (1 mg)

Indications: skin rashes, rhinoconjunctivitis, hay fever, itchy dermatitis, contact dermatitis, eczema, insect allergy (to insect venom). Contraindicated in children under 6 years of age.

• TAVEGIL №10 from 158 rubles.

Corticosteroid drugs

corticosteroid drugs ( hormonal pills from allergies), produced on the basis of synthetic hormones, are effective against serious allergic reactions. Allow to achieve effective removal inflammatory processes and elimination of puffiness.

Corticosteroid tablets prevent and treat nasal congestion, seasonal and year-round runny nose (rhinitis), sneezing, and itching. Also, they help reduce inflammation and swelling in other types of allergies: drug, food, cats, etc.

Because of their strong action, oral corticosteroids are usually used for a short time. Long-term use of these drugs may increase the risk of side effects such as increased arterial pressure, joint pain, etc. Therefore, you should not prescribe and drink these drugs on your own, you need to seek the advice of a specialist.

• DEXAMETHASONE (Dexamethasone) 0.5 mg № 10 from 37 rubles.

Indications: angioedema, contact and atopic dermatitis, rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma.

• KENALOG (Triamcinolone) 4 mg №50 from 380 rubles.

Indications: allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, dermatitis of various origins, angioedema.

• CORTEF (Hydrocortisone) 10 mg № 100 from 359 rubles.

Indications: heavy allergic conditions, seasonal or year-round rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, contact and atopic dermatitis.

• MEDROL (Methylprednisolone) 4 mg №30 from 166 rubles
• METIPRED (Methylprednisolone) 4 mg №30 from 199 rubles.

Application: seasonal or year-round rhinoconjunctivitis, bronchial asthma, contact and atopic dermatitis, angioedema.

• POLCORTOLONE (Triamcinolone) 4 mg №50 from 400 rubles.

It is used for severe allergic diseases, various dermatitis, year-round or seasonal rhinuconjunctivitis.

• PREDNISOLONE (Prednisolone) 5 mg № 100 from 98 rubles.

With food and drug allergies, you can take Prednisolone, as it relieves the symptoms of skin manifestations, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, angioedema, and is also effective for hay fever.

Allergy decongestant pills

Decongestants are used to constrict blood vessels and relieve nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis, as well as other swelling caused by allergic reactions. Some allergy medications include both an antihistamine and a decongestant.

How do analogues differ from patented drugs?

Cheap allergy pills are called generics (cheap analogues) in a different way. Low price The drug is due to the fact that no studies have been conducted proving their effectiveness, unlike patented products. Therefore, in this case it is difficult to say whether cheap drugs will have the desired effect in the treatment of allergies.

It is unlikely that you will be able to take a pill and forget about allergies, since long-term suppression of symptoms without rational treatment may lead to unpredictable consequences immune system. Therefore, you should definitely visit an allergist and identify the culprits of allergic reactions.

Every year the number of allergic reactions, including dermatitis, is steadily growing, which is associated with the deterioration of the environmental situation and the "unloading" of the immune system in the conditions of civilization.

Allergy - reaction hypersensitivity organism to a foreign chemical- an allergen. It can be food, pet hair, dust, drugs, bacteria, viruses, vaccines, and more.

In response to an allergen in the organs and cells of the immune system, an intensive production of a special substance, histamine, begins. This substance binds to H1 - histamine receptors and causes signs of allergy.

If you remove the provoking factor, the manifestations of allergies will pass over time, but the cells that store the memory of this substance will remain in the blood. At the next meeting with him, an allergic reaction may occur with greater strength.

How do antihistamines work?

These drugs bind to H1-histamine receptors and block them. Thus, histamine cannot bind to the receptors. Allergy phenomena subside: the rash turns pale, swelling and itching of the skin decrease, nasal breathing is facilitated and the phenomena of conjunctivitis decrease.

The first antihistamine drugs appeared in the 1930s. As science and medicine developed, the second and then the third generation of antihistamines were created. All three generations are used in medicine. The list of antihistamines is constantly updated. Analogues are produced, new forms of release appear.

Consider the most popular drugs, starting with the latest generation.

In fairness, the division into the first, second and third generations makes sense, because. substances differ in properties and side effects.

The division into the third and fourth generation is very conditional, and often carries nothing but a beautiful marketing slogan.

Sometimes these drugs are referred to both the third and fourth generations at the same time. We will not confuse you even more and call it all simpler:

Last generation - metabolites

The most modern medicines rstva. Distinctive feature this generation is that drugs are prodrugs. When ingested, they are metabolized - activated in the liver. Do drugs missing sedative action , also they do not affect the functioning of the heart.

New generation antihistamines are successfully used to treat all types of allergies and allergic varieties dermatitis in children, people suffering from cardiovascular diseases. Also, these funds are prescribed to people whose profession is related to increased attention(drivers, surgeons, pilots).

Allegra (Telfast)

Active substance- fexofenadine. The drug not only blocks histamine receptors, but also reduces its production. It is used for chronic urticaria and seasonal allergies. The anti-allergic effect lasts up to 24 hours after the end of the course of treatment. Not addictive.

Available only in the form of tablets. Previously, the tablets were called Telfast, now - Allegra. They are contraindicated in children under 12 years of age, pregnant and lactating women.

cetirizine

The effect after administration develops after 20 minutes and persists for 3 days after discontinuation of the drug. It is used to treat and prevent allergies. Cetirizine does not cause drowsiness and decreased attention. It may be used for a long time. The drug is available in the form of drops (trade name "Zirtek", "Zodak"), syrup ("Cetrin", "Zodak") and tablets.

In children's practice, it is used from 6 months in the form of drops, from 1 year in the form of syrup. From the age of 6, tablets are allowed. The dosage is determined by the doctor individually.

Pregnant women Cetirizine is strictly contraindicated. For the period of use, it is desirable to stop breastfeeding.

The medicine is prescribed for the treatment of year-round and seasonal allergies, urticaria and skin itching. The action occurs 40 minutes after administration. Available in the form of drops and tablets.

In children's practice, drops are used from the age of 2 and tablets from the age of 6. The dosage is determined by the doctor in accordance with the weight and age of the child.

The drug is contraindicated for pregnant women. Acceptance during breastfeeding is allowed.

Desloratadine

Synonyms: Lordestin, Desal, Erius.

The drug has an antihistamine and anti-inflammatory effect. Eliminates signs of seasonal allergies well chronic urticaria. When taken in therapeutic doses, dry mouth and headache may occur. Available in the form of syrup, tablets.

Children are prescribed from 2 years in the form of syrup. Tablets are allowed for children over 6 years of age.

Pregnant and lactating Desloratadine is contraindicated. Perhaps its use in life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema, suffocation (bronchospasm).

Antihistamines of the 3rd generation effectively eliminate the manifestations of allergies. AT therapeutic doses do not cause drowsiness and reduce attention. However, if the recommended dosages are exceeded, dizziness may occur, headache, increased heart rate.

If you have used any of their preparations, do not forget to leave a review in the comments.

Second generation - non-sedating

The drugs of this group have a pronounced antihistamine effect, the duration of which is up to 24 hours. This allows you to take them 1 time per day. Medications do not cause drowsiness or impaired attention, which is why they are called non-sedating.

Non-sedative drugs are actively used to treat:

• urticaria;
• hay fever;
• eczema;

These remedies are also used to relieve severe itching in chickenpox. There is no addiction to antiallergic drugs of the 2nd generation. They are quickly absorbed from the digestive tract. They can be taken at any time, even with meals.

Loratadine

The active substance is loratadine. The drug selectively affects H1 histamine receptors, which allows you to quickly eliminate allergies and reduce the number of side effects:

• anxiety, sleep disturbances, depression;
• frequent urination;
• constipation;
• asthma attacks are possible;
• increase in body weight.

Available in the form of tablets and syrup ( trade names"Claritin", "Lomilan"). Syrup (suspension) is convenient to dose and give to young children. The action develops 1 hour after administration.

In children, Loratadine is used from the age of 2 years in the form of a suspension. The dosage is selected by the doctor depending on the body weight and age of the child.

Loratadine is prohibited for use in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. AT last resort it is prescribed under the strict supervision of a physician.

Synonym: Ebastine

This agent selectively blocks H1 histamine receptors. Does not cause drowsiness. The action occurs 1 hour after administration. The antihistamine effect persists for 48 hours.

In children, it is used from 12 years of age. Kestin renders toxic effect on the liver, causes rhythm disturbances, reduces the heart rate. Pregnant women are contraindicated.

Synonym: Rupatadin

The medicine is used in the treatment of hives. After oral administration, it is rapidly absorbed. Simultaneous reception food enhances the effect of Rupafin. It is not used in children under 12 and pregnant women. Use during breastfeeding is possible only under strict medical supervision.

2nd generation antihistamines answer all modern requirements submitted to medicines: high efficiency, safety, long-term effect, ease of use.

However, it should be remembered that the excess therapeutic dosage leads to back effect: drowsiness appears and intensifies side effect.

First generation - sedatives

Sedative drugs are called because they cause a sedative, hypnotic, mind-depressing effect. Each representative of this group has a sedative effect expressed in varying degrees.

In addition, the first generation of drugs has a short-term anti-allergic effect - from 4 to 8 hours. They may become addictive.

However, the drugs are time-tested and often inexpensive. This explains their mass.

Antihistamine first generations are prescribed to treat allergic reactions, relieve skin itching in infectious rashes, to reduce the risk post-vaccination complications.

Along with a good anti-allergic effect, they cause a number of side effects. To reduce their risk, treatment is prescribed for 7-10 days. Side effects:

• dry mucous membranes, thirst;
• increased heart rate;
• drop in blood pressure;
• nausea, vomiting, stomach discomfort;
• increased appetite.

First generation drugs are not prescribed to people whose activities are associated with increased attention: pilots, drivers, because. they may be distracted and muscle tone.

Suprastin

Synonyms: Chloropyramine

It is available both in the form of tablets and in ampoules. The active ingredient is chloropyramine. One of the most commonly used antiallergic drugs. Suprastin has a pronounced antihistamine effect. It is prescribed for the treatment of seasonal and chronic rhinitis, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, eczema, angioedema.

Suprastin relieves itching well, including after an insect bite. Applied in complex therapy rashes accompanied by skin itching and scratching. Available in the form of tablets, solutions for injection.

Suprastin is approved for the treatment of infants, starting from one month. The dosage is selected individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. These funds are used in the complex therapy of chicken pox: to relieve skin itching and as a sedative. Suprastin is also included in lytic mixture("troychatka"), which is prescribed at a high and not knocked down temperature.

Suprastin is contraindicated for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Tavegil

Synonym: clemastine

It is used in the same cases as suprastin. The drug has a strong antihistamine effect lasting up to 12 hours. Tavegil does not lower blood pressure, hypnotic effect less pronounced than in suprastin. The medicine is available in several forms: tablets and injection.

Application in children. Tavegil has been used since 1 year. The syrup is prescribed for children from 1 year old, tablets can be used from 6 years old. The dosage is determined individually depending on the age and body weight of the child. The dose is selected by the doctor.

Tavegil is prohibited for use during pregnancy.

Synonym: Quifenadine

Fenkarol blocks H-1 histamine receptors and starts an enzyme that utilizes histamine, so the effect of the drug is more stable and long lasting. Fenkarol practically does not cause a sedative and hypnotic effect. In addition, there are indications that this drug has an antiarrhythmic effect. Phencarol is available in the form of tablets and powder for suspension.

Quifenadine (Fenkarol) is used to treat all types of allergic reactions, especially seasonal allergies. This tool is included in complex treatment parkinsonism. In surgery, it is used as part of medical preparation for anesthesia (premedication). Fencarol is used to prevent host-foreign reactions (when the body rejects foreign cells) during transfusions of blood components.

In pediatric practice, the drug is prescribed from 1 year. For children, the suspension is preferable, it has an orange flavor. If the child refuses to take the syrup, a tablet form may be prescribed. The dosage is determined by the doctor, taking into account the weight and age of the child.

Fencarol is contraindicated in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. In the 2nd and 3rd trimester, its use is possible under medical supervision.

Fenistil

Synonym: Dimetinden

The drug is used to treat all types of allergies, skin itching with chickenpox, rubella, prevention of allergic reactions. Fenistil causes drowsiness only at the beginning of treatment. After a few days, the sedative effect disappears. The medicine has a number of other side effects: dizziness, muscle spasms, dryness of the oral mucosa.

Fenistil is available in the form of tablets, drops for children, gel and emulsion. Gel and emulsion are applied externally after insect bites, contact dermatitis, sunburn. There is also a cream, but this is a completely different drug based on a different substance and it is used for "cold on the lips".

In children's practice, Fenistil in the form of drops is used from 1 meat. Up to 12 years of age, drops are prescribed, over 12 years of age, capsules are allowed. The gel is used in children from birth. The dosage of drops and capsules is selected by the doctor.

Pregnant women are allowed to use the drug in the form of a gel and drops from 12 weeks of pregnancy. From the second trimester, Fenistil is prescribed only for life-threatening conditions: Quincke's edema and acute food allergy.

Diazolin

Synonym: Mebhydrolin

The drug has low antihistamine activity. Diazolin has quite a large number of side effects. When it is taken, dizziness, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting, increased heart rate, and frequent urination occur. But at the same time, Diazolin does not cause drowsiness. It is allowed for long-term treatment from drivers and pilots.

Available in the form of tablets, powder for suspension and dragee. The duration of antiallergic action is up to 8 hours. It is taken 1-3 times a day.

In children, the drug is prescribed from 2 years of age. Up to 5 years, Diazolin in the form of a suspension is preferable; over 5 years, tablets are allowed. The dosage is selected by the doctor individually.

Diazolin is contraindicated in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Despite all the shortcomings, first-generation drugs are widely used in medical practice. They are well studied, approved for the treatment of children. early age. Medicines are available in different forms: injection solutions, suspensions, tablets, which makes it convenient to use them and select an individual dosage.

Antihistamines work well for allergic dermatitis, and (in most cases) atopic dermatitis too.

It should be remembered that drugs should be taken in a strictly defined dose, according to the instructions. Otherwise, there may be unwanted effects, even (!) increased allergic reaction.

The choice of medicine and its dose should be performed by a doctor. Antiallergic treatment, especially for children and pregnant women, should be carried out under strict medical supervision.

10 comments

I have severe allergy to ragweed (but the list of allergens is not limited to this): itchy eyes, runny nose, sneezing. I started taking levocitemeresin in addition to Avamys (nasal spray). But he does not help me well, because. started already coughing, especially at night. I didn't sleep at all for one night. Now I don't know what to drink :(

• There are a lot of drugs, each one is better for something different. Try other drugs from the list, newer.

  Well, it is best to consult a doctor, perhaps you will be prescribed an injectable form.

Hello! My daughter (16 years old) frequent relapses allergic rhinitis. Last time the doctor prescribed a course of Desal (4 weeks) did not pass and 2 weeks later nasal congestion, fever, and this time severe headaches appeared again. Thought it was low blood pressure. When they took the test, it turned out again-allergy. They started taking Desal again. Tell me if it is possible to use antihistamines so often, and which alternative and more would you recommend? effective treatment?

If any one drug from at least the second generation does not help, then you need to try another active ingredient. For example, loratadine does not help my child at all. Doctors automatically prescribe it. :(They used cetrin, drank almost the entire package - everything was fine as long as the weather was damp and cold. As soon as the sun came out and all the alder-birch trees began to bloom, cetrin does not help. Where the promised effect for three days after the course of treatment is unclear.
Passed 2 courses of ASIT - so far it has not helped, alas. And drugs for ASIT are very, very expensive.
Friends say that acupuncture helps. But it is also very expensive. We need to study the issue.

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All information is presented for educational purposes. Do not self-medicate, it is dangerous! Accurate Diagnosis can only be given by a doctor.

Antihistamines - pharmacological group agents that inhibit the action free histamine. First, let's look at what it is from the point of view of medicine in a professional language, this will help to understand what applies to such medicines. Then we will see a simple explanation and examples.

Histamine is a mediator in the development of allergic reactions. It exerts its effect through the effect on H1, H2, H3 receptors located in smooth muscle internal organs and vessels. The level of development of histamine actions is directly proportional to the amount of released mediator, which means that the more histamine is released, the more pronounced the allergic reaction.

The effect of drugs in the body of patients

H1 receptors are found in the muscles respiratory system and vessels. The mechanism of action of histamine on H1 receptors is mediated through a cascade of reactions associated with the stimulating effect of extracellular calcium, which, entering the cell, causes smooth muscle contraction.

Affects the lungs, causing contraction of the muscles of the bronchi. This leads to narrowing of the airway lumen up to its complete obstruction. The situation is aggravated by inflammation of the mucous membrane, which further closes the lumen of the bronchus. By affecting the cells that secrete mucus, histamine causes increased secretion of fluid and electrolytes into the bronchial lumen. This process provokes the development of pulmonary edema, which can lead to death.

According to a similar scheme, the effect of histamine on the trachea and uterus is realized, provoking contractions of its muscles and swelling.

The effect on the vessels is characterized by a dilating (expanding) direction, mediated through the activation of phospholipase A2. The enzyme increases the capillary permeability of the walls of blood vessels and causes the release of fluid from the microvasculature into the interstitial (interstitial) space with the development of edema. The arachidonic acid cascade is also activated. During the development of this process connective tissue loses its density and interstitial edema intensifies even more.

Consequently, the binding of histamine to H1 receptors in most cases causes the development of allergies.

The mechanism of action of antihistamines is associated with the blocking of H1 receptors instead of histamine. This process is possible due to the biochemical similarity of histamine molecules and medicines this group. Drugs bind to receptors tropic for histamine, and the released endogenous histamine remains unbound. Thus, the influence of the mediator is blocked, and the called processes do not develop.

Thus, it is possible to distinguish pharmacological actions. These include:

• antipruritic (swelling of tissues causes irritation nerve endings, which is eliminated under the influence of drugs);
• decongestant;
• bronchodilator (implemented due to anticholinergic influences);
• sedative;
• local anesthetic;
• antiallergic.

Of course, most people want to know what antihistamines are. in simple words what they mean to patients.

Simply put, these are products that are aimed at combating allergies. They eliminate the symptoms of allergies and alleviate the condition of a person.

Generations of drugs for allergic insidiousness

The classification of antihistamines divides them into generations. Knowing this helps to understand what allergy medications are, which ones are the most effective.

Medicines of the 1st generation are the very first medicines of this group. They selectively bind to H1 receptors, blocking the action of free histamine. Due to their lipophilic structure, they also block serotonin and m-cholinergic receptors. This causes their undesirable influence associated with sedative effect on the body.

List of 1st generation drugs that are used most often:

• Suprastin;
• Diphenhydramine;
• Tavegil.

Their benefit occurs within 30 minutes after ingestion, but the effect is quite short, ranging from 4 to 12 hours. This is due to their rapid excretion from the body in the urine.

Due to their good absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, many of them are available in the form of tablets. Also, medicines have the ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and the placenta, and can be excreted in breast milk.

This generation is called sedative because of a side symptom. Given their ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, antihistamines can affect serotonin receptors in the brain. Blockade of central serotonin receptors leads to inhibition processes in the central nervous system, which determines the calming effect of drugs. Depending on the strength of the agent, this effect may be dominant. Doxylamine from the group of antihistamines is used as a sedative.

Due to the severity of CNS inhibition, drugs of this group should not be used in a state of alcohol intoxication and together with sedative and sedative varieties, since potentiation of the effect is possible.

2nd generation drugs are newer and more advanced. They block H1 receptors more specifically and do not have m-cholinergic and serotonin effects. Therefore deprived side effects associated with CNS inhibition. This allows patients to prescribe drugs of the 2nd group without limiting their performance. They also have a low cardiotoxic effect.

The prolonged effect of drugs is associated with their longer cumulation in the body. The effect is achieved in 1-2 hours and lasts up to 24 hours. Excretion of metabolic products occurs through the kidneys. Due to prolonged cumulation, the substance is able to accumulate in the body. Terfenadine is completely eliminated only 12 days after the last dose. This property is used when outpatient treatment urticaria, hay fever, rhinitis.

The list of the most popular means from 2 groups are:

• Claritin;
• Fenistil;
• Histimet;
• Allergodil.

One of the disadvantages of second-generation antihistamines is the lack of parenteral forms. Most are sold as enteral tablets and some as topical ointments.

The official classification indicates two groups of antihistamines. The third group of pharmacologically active metabolites in pharmaceuticals is presented as the 3rd generation H 1` histamine blockers.

For those who are interested the best medicines 3rd and 4th generations, as well as new drugs of the unique 5th generation, it is important to remember that this is a publicity stunt designed to attract more buyers. There are no 4th and 5th generation antihistamines. Here is a short list of group 3 drugs that may represent both the fourth and fifth generation:

• Levocetirizine;
• Desloratadine;
• Fexofenadine.

The main thing to know is that medicines that go beyond the first two generations are the best modern drugs from allergies. The high bioavailability of drugs contributes to rapid development therapeutic effect(within 30 minutes). The selectivity of action completely removes the effect of cardiotoxicity, which is extremely important for patients with cardiac disorders. The lack of drowsiness allows you to maintain the performance of patients taking medication. The list of drugs of the latest generation is wider, but they must also be prescribed by a doctor.

Forms of drugs with the desired result

Antihistamine drugs exist in the main pharmacological forms:

• tablets;
• locally active funds(and gels);
• parenteral agents for intravenous administration.

Application depends on the form. Tablets (Loratadin, Suprastin, Diphenhydramine) are prescribed to patients allergic diseases for the prevention of relapses, the treatment of chronically occurring processes. They are prescribed in a certain dose at regular intervals to maintain the anti-allergic effect.

Parenteral antiallergic drugs are more often used in emergency situations in a hospital with the development of anaphylactic shock, Quincke's edema. Due to the rapidly advancing benefits (instant blockade histamine receptors) antihistamines in ampoules are the primary drugs of choice.

Ointments and gels (Fenistil, Dermadrin) are prescribed to stop local inflammatory processes. Most of them are used because of the antipruritic effect. The effect is achieved by rubbing into skin. The action occurs within an hour and lasts 3-5 hours.

Other forms are also used in pediatrics. They are designed for ease of introduction to children:

• rectal suppositories;
• eye drops (Fenistil, Zyrtec);
• syrups (Claritin);
• nasal drops.

Medicines for children from painful passions

The appointment for children is handled by a pediatrician. Do not give your child medication on their own. This is due to the large number adverse symptoms conditioned high concentration conventional (adult) drugs.

Suprastin and Diphenhydramine are prescribed:

• injection for children under 1 year old only for vital indications, the concentration of the drug is chosen by the pediatrician;
• 1-6 years - a quarter of a tablet 3 times a day;
• 6-10 years - half a tablet 3 times a day;
• 10+ - 1 tablet is prescribed 3 times a day.

Claritin:

• children weighing less than 30 kg - 1 scoop;
• more than 30 kg - 2 measuring spoons;
• tablets are allowed from 4 years.

• one of the most safe drugs for the treatment of allergies;
• children under one year old - 2.5 ml;
• from 5 to 10 years - 5 ml;
• 10+ years - 10 ml.

In case of any occurrence of side effects, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

We choose in advance means for pregnant women

During pregnancy, the drug affects not only the mother, but also the fetus. This is especially true of antihistamines of the first two generations, since they are able to penetrate the placenta, affecting the baby in the womb. In addition, histamines of the first groups have a large set of side effects. Therefore, they are prescribed only for health reasons.

Antiallergic drugs of the new generation are less embryotoxic due to their peripheral specific effect and they do not have a hypnotic effect. Particularly wary should be treated with antihistamines prescribed in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. This is due to the greatest impact on the fetus in this period. The last two trimesters are more favorable in relation to appointments. A few examples:

1. cetirizine. Belongs to the third group. Pregnancy is not a contraindication for prescribing the drug. Numerous tests have proven the absence of teratogenic effects on the fetus.
2. Telfast(second generation). The drug is prescribed by the attending physician under his supervision. It is highly undesirable to use in the 1st trimester of pregnancy due to side effects.
3. Suprastin(first group). It is prescribed only for health reasons when assessing the harm and benefit of the drug in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters.

Proper application is the key to successful treatment

Even the best antihistamine will not bring the expected effect if it is not used correctly. Antihistamines in most cases are dispensed in pharmacies without a prescription. It is important to note that self-treatment may lead to the development of undesirable effects. To prevent them, you must follow some rules:

1. Before starting use, you should consult your doctor. He will prescribe the most correct and successful treatment.
2. You should not take medicines of the first groups for more than 7 days unless the doctor advises using them for longer, as they begin to accumulate in the body, which can lead to the development side effects. Medicines of the last group should not be used for more than a year.
3. During the period of treatment, if side effects occur or they increase, it is necessary to consult a doctor.

Examples of Effective Antihistamines

The table lists the names of popular drugs for adults.

Compare popular products

For those who are interested in which is better - Erius or Kestin, it is important to remember that they belong to the 2nd group of antihistamines. The active substance of Erius is loratadine, and Kestina is ebastine. The main difference is that the antihistamine effect of Erius is many times stronger. It can also be given infants, and the effect occurs within 10 minutes after administration. Erius is available in the form of syrup and tablets, and Kestin only in tablets.

Now we will analyze which is better - Fencarol or Loratadine. Fenkarol belongs to the initial generation. Due to the lipophilic structure, it does not penetrate the BBB, like its brothers in the generation. Because of this, the sedative effect is not pronounced. A significant advantage over Loratadine and other drugs is its antiarrhythmic effect, while 2nd generation drugs can cause arrhythmic changes in the heart.

It's time to find out, Tavegil or Zirtek - which one is better for allergies. Tavegil has a pronounced sedative effect, so its use is sharply limited. After taking it, there may be a decrease in working capacity, lethargy, drowsiness. A plus is the possibility of parenteral administration in acute allergies. Zirtek is free from this drawback. He also has more long-term action and no attenuation of the anti-inflammatory effect over time.

Regarding which of the drugs is better - Fenkarol or Suprastin, it is worth clarifying that they are from the same group - the first. However, due to the difference in chemical composition their effects are different. Suprastin owns the whole set side effects, including a pronounced sedative effect. Fencarol is devoid of these shortcomings due to the inability to penetrate the BBB. Also, it does not have a cardiotoxic effect, there is an antiarrhythmic effect.

To find the most strong remedy from allergies for a particular patient, you need to consult a doctor. He will tell not only which drugs are antihistamines, which are better for eliminating the observed symptoms.