Uric acid in men. What is uric acid. Uric acid is elevated: causes

Uric acid is a metabolite that is formed in the process of metabolism purine bases, which are a structural component of the genetic material of DNA and RNA cells. Violation of the metabolism of purine bases in the body of a man is a fairly common phenomenon, accompanied by a change in the level of uric acid in the blood. Analysis with a study of the concentration of this organic compound is an important laboratory diagnostic technique.

How is the analysis performed?

The determination of the concentration of uric acid in the blood of a man is carried out during the performance of a biochemical analysis. For research, blood is taken, usually from cubital vein. The procedure must be medical specialist in the conditions of a manipulation room with the obligatory observance of the rules of asepsis and antisepsis, which are aimed at preventing infection of the patient. The blood is collected in a clean tube containing certain time required for clot formation and serum separation. Determination of the concentration of uric acid is carried out in the serum using a special biochemical analyzer. To obtain a reliable test result, before donating blood, you should follow a few simple preparatory recommendations:

1. Blood must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Breakfast is excluded, non-carbonated drinks are allowed mineral water or unsweetened tea.
2. The last meal should be 8 hours before blood donation, so a light dinner without fatty, fried foods and alcohol is allowed on the evening before the study.
3. A few days before the test, it is recommended to stop eating foods that can increase the level of uric acid in the blood of a man (spinach, meat, beer, bakery products prepared on yeast dough).
4. Half an hour before blood donation smoking men you should stop smoking.
5. In the case of the use of any drugs, the attending physician should be warned about this, who will determine the need for a temporary withdrawal of drugs.

Uric acid is normal for men

The normal concentration of uric acid in the blood of an adult male varies from 250 to 450 µmol/l (micromoles per 1 liter of blood). In men over the age of 60, normal uric acid levels can rise to 480 µmol/L. Knowledge normal values this analysis allows to correctly interpret its results.

Reasons for the increase

An increase in the concentration of uric acid in men is called hyperuricemia. It is a pathological condition in which excess uric acid in the form of salts is deposited in the tissues of the body, which causes the development of gout (the disease is characterized by periodic bouts of pain in the joints, in which uric acid salts have been deposited). There is a primary and secondary increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood of a man. Primary hyperuricemia is mainly congenital in nature, its development is due to a defect in the genes responsible for the metabolism of purine bases and the excretion of uric acid. Secondary hyperuricemia is the result of several causative (etiological) factors, which include:

• Psoriasis is a degenerative-dystrophic pathology affecting the exchange of purine bases.
• salt poisoning heavy metals, in particular lead.
• Failure functional activity kidneys, accompanied by a violation of the excretion of uric acid in the urine.
• Hemolytic anemia, characterized by increased destruction of red blood cells.
• Long term use certain drugs, in particular chemotherapy.
• Prolonged, systematic alcohol abuse.
• Poor nutrition with increased amount protein foods in the diet.
• Tumor pathology of the blood system and red bone marrow.
• Malignant neoplasms in late stages development different localization in a man's body.

Also, secondary hyperuricemia can develop against the background of a pronounced depletion of the body of a man, which is called cachexia. All groups of causes leading to an increase in the level of uric acid in the blood of a man can be presented in the form of a table:

Reasons for the decline

A decrease in the concentration of uric acid in the blood of a man is called hypouricemia. This condition develops with pathological processes, which include:

• Diabetes – metabolic disorder with a prolonged increase in blood glucose levels.
• Secondary immunodeficiency in the context of HIV/AIDS.
• Congenital increased excretion of uric acid by the kidneys (xanthinuria).
• Condition after severe burns (burn disease).
• The use of the drug allopurinol, which inhibits the activity of enzymes that catalyze the metabolism of purine bases.
• Malignant neoplasms leading to depletion of the body.

Finding out the reasons for the development of hypouricemia is necessary for the subsequent adequate treatment this metabolic disorder.

Additional studies in case of deviation from the norm

To find out the reason for the change in the concentration of uric acid in the blood of a man, an additional study is prescribed, which may include:

• Clinical blood test to detect hemolytic anemia, as well as the fact that inflammatory processes in the body.
• Blood test, including the determination of specific antibodies development markers oncological processes different origins and locations.
• Red bone marrow puncture followed by microscopy of the material to determine functional state various germs of hematopoiesis, as well as the diagnosis of tumor processes.
• Ultrasound, radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging for visualization of various tumor neoplasms.
• Urinalysis to determine the functional state of the kidneys.

Determining the concentration of uric acid in the blood of a man is a diagnostically valuable method. laboratory research. To find out the reasons for the deviation of this indicator from the norm, an additional study is prescribed, which makes it possible to select the most effective therapy in the future.

Performs important functions in the body. However, if the indicators of the substance in the blood are higher than normal, it is necessary to urgently begin treatment, since this condition is characterized not only by a deterioration in the patient's well-being, but also by the development of complications.

To normalize the level of acid, various medications and traditional medicine recipes. It is also mandatory for treatment to comply with general principles right image life, which contribute to the reduction of substances in the body.

Uric acid - what is it, its normal level

Uric acid is a substance that is produced as a result of metabolic process in the breakdown of purines digestive system. A substance is formed in It usually dissolves in the blood and enters the kidneys. In this case, uric acid is excreted during urination.

Among important functions this substance is excreted in the body:

• Antioxidant action, which is to protect cells from free radicals.
• Activation of adrenaline and norepinephrine, which affects normal functioning nervous system.
• Prevention of the development of cancer cells.
• Excretion from the body carbon dioxide with urine.

The amount of a substance in the blood depends on the age criterion, as well as on the gender of the person. The following indicators are normal levels:

• In men - from 210 to 420 micromoles per liter
• In women - from 150 to 350
• Children up to one month - up to 311
• Under the age of one year - from 90 to 372
• From one to fourteen years - from 120 to 320

Most high rate acids are normally observed in male body. This is due to the fact that when physical work The body of a man needs frequent replenishment of the body with proteins.

To get accurate and reliable results you need to know how to properly prepare for the study. Experts recommend donating blood on an empty stomach. It is also important to exclude products containing great amount proteins, and alcoholic drinks. If a person takes any medications, this factor must be told to the doctor. It is advisable for people after forty-five years to undergo diagnostics annually.

Blood for research is taken from a vein. Uric acid is determined by blood serum. Usually, the results of the analysis can be obtained at the clinic the next day.

The main factors of increased level

Hyperuricemia - high levels of uric acid in the blood

The increase in the substance in the blood is influenced by physiological and pathological factors. The two main causes of higher than normal urinary levels are considered to be a violation of the production of a substance in the liver and improper excretion of it by the kidneys.

Uric acid rises in the following cases:

• Heavy physical exercise.
• Starvation long time.
• Protein diet.
• Long-term use of certain medications.
• The use of products that contain a large number of proteins.
• Alcohol abuse.

An increase in the substance is determined in the blood in such diseases:

• Pathologies in which the excretion of a substance in the urine is difficult.
• Diseases endocrine system(, acidosis).
• Hereditary diseases (Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Hodgkin's disease).
• Psoriasis and others pathological conditions skin covers.
• Pathology of the liver (,).
• Infectious diseases (scarlet fever, tuberculosis, pneumonia).
• Hypovitaminosis (mainly vitamin B12 deficiency).
• Oncological diseases (most often leukemia, lymphoma).
• Allergic reactions.
• Arterial hypertension.
• High levels in the body and lipoproteins
• Hyperuricemia is considered an important sign for diagnosing gout.
• Uric acid can rise due to obesity and complications of pregnancy, for example, with toxicosis.

Signs of high levels of a substance in the blood

The following signs may indicate an increased content of uric acid in the body:

• Bad feeling.
• Back pain.
• High .
• Soreness in the joints.
• Indigestion.
• General weakness.

One of frequent signs hyperuricemia in adults is considered the occurrence of tartar and decreased performance. With an increase in the substance in the body, pain during urination is possible.

In children, hyperuricemia may be accompanied by enuresis, frequent pain in a stomach, neurological disorders. Diathesis spots are often observed in small patients.

Treatment Methods

First of all, treatment should be directed to the underlying disease that provoked the high level of uric acid. Therefore, only a specialist can prescribe medicines. If uric acid is elevated due to physiological reasons, then this condition does not need special treatment. Over time, the level will normalize on its own.

Usually, in order to lower uric acid in the body, the following groups of drugs are used:

• Drugs that remove uric acid from the blood. Probenecid is one of them.
• Medications that reduce the production of uric acid. Usually prescribed when complications begin to appear advanced level substances. These drugs include Colchicine, Allopurinol, Benzobromarone.
• Drugs that transfer a substance into the blood from the tissues and affect the intensity of its excretion in the urine. Effective from this group of drugs is Tsinkhoven.
• With hyperuricemia, diuretics such as Lasix, Mannitol, Furosemide, Sulfinpyrazole are often prescribed.

Other methods of lowering substances in the blood are:

• Plentiful drink. Drinking liquid contributes, as a result of which excess uric acid is excreted from the body. It is recommended to drink nine to fifteen glasses of plain water per day.
• Proper nutrition. Avoid foods that contain purines from your diet. Therefore, it is recommended to refuse organ meats, anchovies, beer, confectionery, white bread, smoked meats, legumes, drinks containing fructose. It is also important to limit your salt intake. It is advisable to eat fresh fruits and vegetables dairy products. Portions for hyperuricemia should be small, it is better to eat up to five times a day.
• Weight loss. It is recommended to increase physical activity, adhere to a certain diet. However, fasting must be avoided.

Useful video - Uric acid in the blood: causes and treatment

AT alternative medicine there are also recipes that help normalize uric acid. Among such remedies, the most effective is the use of decoctions and tinctures from such medicinal plants inside:

• Sabelnik.
• Lingonberry (leaves).
• Collection of calendula chamomile and sage.
• Birch leaves.
• Lemon and garlic.

As an auxiliary medicine for high uric acid, it is recommended to take nettle juice. When using folk remedies, it is important to remember that they are not a panacea, but are used as helper method to the main treatment.

If uric acid is elevated in the body for a long time, this can lead to the development of serious conditions.

Often a high level of a substance in the blood leads to the occurrence of the following pathologies:

• Gout.
• Formation of stones in the kidneys and urinary tract.
• body intoxication.
• Ischemic disease.
• Myocardial infarction.
• Angina.
• Chronic arthritis.

Often, with a high content of uric acid in the body, lesions of the nervous system occur, against which migraines, sleep disorders, decreased vision, attacks of aggression occur.

The development of complications depends on the localization of the formation of sodium urates by uric acid. If crystals appear in the kidneys, diseases of this organ occur. With the deposition of urate in the joints, gout begins to progress and.

In the process of the breakdown of purines, which occurs in the liver, a special substance is formed in the human body. This is uric acid, which we need to remove excess nitrogen. In the case of normal functioning of the kidneys, this element is completely excreted through genitourinary system. Only in small quantities uric acid remains in the blood.

The norm of this content has certain meanings. Exceeding the established limits can adversely affect the health of the body. The problem may concern internal organs and tissues, provoking the appearance of chronic ailments.

The rate of uric acid in the blood

What values ​​of this substance should be in the body? In the normal state, uric acid, which is a product resulting from purine and protein metabolism, is found in human blood plasma in the form sodium salt. The amount of this element directly depends on the balance of its synthesis and excretion. This balance is very important.

When the analysis performed indicates that the level of uric acid exceeds a certain limit, a pathology occurs, referred to in medical practice hypouricemia. The reason for this phenomenon, as a rule, lies in the excessive consumption of foods that are high in purines.

What is the normal level of uric acid in the blood? It is different for adults and children, as well as for women and men. Great importance also has a person's age.

What are the levels of this acid in children? They are within the following limits:

• up to a month - from 80 to 311 micromoles in a liter of blood;
• from a month to a year of life - from 90 to 372 µmol / l;
• from one year to the age of 14 are from 120 to 362 µmol / l.

But, as a rule, in childhood uric acid values ​​range from 170 to 220 micromoles per liter. In the event that the level of sodium salt in the blood test exceeds the upper limit of these limits, it is checked ESR indicator. If both values ​​are above the norm, then the pathology of one or another is diagnosed. internal organ. In this case, an additional examination is prescribed by a specialist.

In the blood of adults normative value sodium salt persists throughout almost the entire life. In women, these are the limits from two hundred to three hundred micromoles, and in strong half humanity - from 250 to 400 micromoles.

The main changes occur at the age of sixty. After this milestone, the range of values ​​​​expands somewhat, which indicate the range of uric acid in the blood. Norm in this case in women it is 210-430, and in men it is slightly higher - 250-480 units. If the upper limit of these limits is exceeded in a blood test Special attention give the level of amylase.

The acid level standards change when the ninety-year milestone is reached. In women, they are 130-460, and in men - 210-490 µmol / l.

The presence of uric acid in our blood is a necessity and has its own explanations. Normally, this substance does not cause any inconvenience and does not provoke health problems. But a change in the indicator up or down indicates the need to identify emerging pathologies and take urgent measures.

The very first thing a patient needs to do is to normalize his diet. From it you need to remove products such as alcohol and coffee, chocolate, etc. You will also need to observe the restriction in the volume of food, to avoid late snacks. It is desirable to quit smoking or reduce this bad habit to a minimum.

Treatment of uric acid disorders

In the case when the indicator in the blood test exceeded the norm, the doctor prescribes to his patient certain types drugs. These are drugs that will produce an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and also a diuretic effect on the body.

Both low-calorie dairy products and some fruits (pears and apples, plums and apricots), as well as potatoes, will help reduce the concentration of uric acid. Will help and plain water. On the day it will need to drink two and a half liters. As a liquid, fruit drinks and teas, as well as juices, are suitable.

Keeping the water regimen will help remove purine from the body, which will lower the concentration of uric acid. When gout is detected, special unloading diet, consisting of vegetables, apples and kefir.

Uric acid is the main product of purine catabolism. nitrogenous bases by the action of xanthine oxidase from xanthine. The lion's share of uric acid is formed in the liver, and the kidneys are responsible for its utilization and excretion. At the same time, each organism has its own reserve of uric acid, the volume of which is determined by the balance between its synthesis and excretion. An increase in the content of uric acid in the blood is otherwise referred to as hyperuricemia, it can be classified into primary and secondary, in which accelerated or delayed excretion of uric acid from the body can be noted.

Reasons for high and low content

Primary hyperuricemia is better known as a congenital form of the disease. More than 1% of those suffering from primary hyperuricemia are characterized by an enzymatic defect in purine metabolism leading to increased production of uric acid. It has been noted that primary hyperuricemia is associated with the development of gout, Kelly-Sigmiller and Lesch-Nigan syndromes, as well as with an increase in the synthesis of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate.

In turn, the cause of the manifestation of secondary hyperuricemia can be an increase in the intake of purine into the body along with food, which often occurs against the background of an increase in urine excretion with uric acid. I contribute to the manifestation of secondary hyperuricemia different states body:

• Psoriasis;
• Hemolytic diseases;
• kidney failure;
• Excessive alcohol consumption;
• Myeloproliferative diseases;
• Postponed chemotherapy;
• Wasting as a result of starvation or malnutrition;
• A diet high in purine.

Decreased uric acid concentration, otherwise referred to as hypouricemia, may occur due to a decrease in uric acid production due to a hereditary deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, hereditary xanthinuria, or, as a consequence, treatment with allopurinol.

Hypouricemia often occurs due to a decrease in the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys, which often occurs as a result of malignant tumors, diabetes mellitus, AIDS, hypereosinophilia syndrome, severe burns, Fanconi syndrome. Also, the cause of the appearance and development of hypouricemia can be treatment with the use of drugs that help reduce the concentration of uric acid, as well as frequent use radiopaque agents.

If an increased concentration of uric acid is detected during a blood test, then daily urine should be taken for a similar analysis. The results of a blood and urine test to determine the degree of concentration of uric acid may be useful in determining how to treat hyperuricemia:

• Allopurinol, which helps to reduce the synthesis of purine;
• Drugs that reduce the concentration of uric acid by increasing the excretion of the kidneys.

Indications for analysis can be:

• Urolithiasis disease;
• Assessment of kidney function;
• Confirmation or refutation of the presence of gout;
• Lymphoproliferative diseases.

Preparing for a blood test

• Blood must be taken on an empty stomach, drinking water is allowed;
• The last meal should be at least a third of the day before blood sampling;
• Blood should be donated before taking medications (if possible) or not earlier than 10-14 days after stopping the drugs. If it is impossible to cancel the drug intake, the referral should contain information on the dosage and duration of drug treatment;
• The day before blood donation, fried and liquid foods should be excluded from the diet, alcohol should be given up and physical overstrain should be avoided;
• Two days before donating blood for analysis, it is necessary to exclude foods rich in purines (meat, offal, legumes, tongue) from the diet, limit the consumption of fish, tea and coffee;
• It is undesirable to donate blood after X-ray, ultrasound and rectal examination performing physiotherapy procedures.

The results of the analysis can be influenced by such factors as follows:

• Reduce the result of the study: clofibrate, warfarin, azathioprine, mannitol, allopurinol, estrogens, corticosteroids;
• Increase the result of the study: caffeine, alcohol, levodopa, aspirin, methyldopa, vitamin C, theophylline, diuretics, nicotinic acid.

Interpretation of the study results

An increase in the concentration of uric acid in a blood test (hyperuricemia) is essential in diagnosing gout. It is customary to distinguish between primary and secondary form of this disease.

Primary occurs against the background of an increase in the concentration of uric acid, which is not caused by some other disease. Secondary gout can occur as a result of kidney dysfunction, the presence of malignant neoplasms, increased formation of purines due to hematological diseases, after X-ray exposure, cardiac decompensation, starvation, tissue destruction, decay of a significant number of nuclear cells, etc. Thus, primary and secondary gout may occur due to a violation of the excretion of uric acid or its excessive production.

In 10% of cases, primary gout is a consequence of excessive synthesis of uric acid, in 90% of cases hyperuricemia leads to gout, which develops due to a slowdown in the excretion of uric acid. Urate crystals are deposited in subcutaneous tissue and joints, and in the kidneys.

The course of the disease is characterized by the following phases - acute or chronic arthritis, interictal period, hyperuricemia without symptoms.

In the diagnosis of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and the latent development of gouty kidney, it is the concentration of uric acid that is of decisive importance (in women - more than 380 μmol / l, in men - more than 480 μmol / l). Patients with asymptomatic hyperuricemia in 5-10% of cases develop acute gouty arthritis. It should be noted that in patients with gout, hyperuricemia may not manifest itself constantly, that is, its course is undulating. Most often, the concentration of uric acid in the blood is 3-4 times higher than normal, although occasionally this indicator may approach the normal value.

Secondary gout is often observed against the background of polycythemia, leukemia, B12-deficiency anemia, in some cases acute infectious diseases(scarlet fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis, erysipelas), diabetes mellitus, liver and biliary tract diseases, kidney diseases, chronic eczema, psoriasis, acute alcohol intoxication, acidosis, urticaria.

At healthy people the concentration of uric acid may vary depending on the food taken, which may be poor or rich in purines. Meat, legumes, offal are rich in purines. AT adulthood the concentration of uric acid is slightly higher in men. It is noteworthy that in the blood serum of a child, the concentration of uric acid is lower than in adults.

Normal values ​​for the concentration of uric acid in the analysis are as follows:

• Children before one month old: 80 – 311 µmol/l;
• Children aged 1 month to a year: 90 - 372 µmol / l;
• Children aged 1 to 14 years: 120 - 362 µmol / l;
• Women over 14 years old: 154.7 - 357 µmol / l;
• Men over 14 years old: 208.3 - 428.4 µmol / l.

Exceeding these values ​​may be evidence of primary or secondary hyperuricemia, and a decrease in concentration may be a sign of hypouricemia.

The cause of primary hyperuricemia can be:

• Congenital form of the disease;
• Kelly-Sigmiller syndrome;
• Lesch-Nigan syndrome;
• Gout.

Secondary hyperuricemia can lead to:

• kidney failure;
• lead poisoning;
• Psoriasis;
• Postponed chemotherapy;
• True polycythemia;
• Constant consumption of food rich in purines;
• exhaustion;
• hemolytic anemia;
• Myeloproliferative diseases.

A decrease in the concentration of uric acid (hypouricemia) can lead to a decrease in the excretion of acid by the kidneys or a decrease in the production of uric acid.

To reduce the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys lead to:

• Malignant neoplasms;
• Severe extensive burns;
• AIDS;
• Diabetes;
• Fanconi syndrome.

The decrease in uric acid production is due to:

• Hereditary xanthinuria;
• Allopurinol treatment;
• Hereditary deficiency of purine nucleoside phosphorylase.

A by-product of the metabolism of purine bases, which is in the blood plasma in the form of a sodium base, is uric acid or stone, the content of which in the blood, urine is one of the diagnostic markers, a symptom of inflammatory processes, crystal deposits, disorders of purine metabolism. Both tall and low rate indicates pathological mechanisms in the body.

What is uric acid

The organic matter that is formed by-product the exchange of purines during metabolism is called uric (stone) acid. Its normal content does not harm the tissues of the body, but at an increased concentration in the blood, it begins to accumulate in cartilage and joints, causing their active inflammation. Salt crystals contribute to an increased risk of developing acute inflammation. An elevated level of a substance occurs when the urinary system does not function well (with kidney stones). An increase in uric acid in the blood is called hyperuricemia.

Formula

Organic matter, belongs to the class of dibasic acids, has the form of white crystals. When metabolized in the human body, it forms acidic and medium salts called urates. It exists in two forms - lactam and lictim. It was first discovered by the Swedish pharmacist-chemist Scheele in 1776, synthesized artificial method Gorbachevsky in 1882

Blood uric acid test

The measurement of this metabolite is not standard analysis, is prescribed by a doctor in case of suspected diseases that disrupt the metabolism or normal functioning of the kidneys. To study the acid content in plasma, blood is taken from a vein in the morning on an empty stomach, in an amount of 5-10 ml. Biochemical analysis in the laboratory is done for about a day using special sera, enzymes.

What does uric acid show in a blood test?

The content of the metabolite shows the state of all the main body systems, the type and quality of nutrition, the degree of functioning of metabolism. Elevated levels of uric acid means a malfunction of the kidneys, liver, or metabolism. Poor nutrition, an increase or decrease in the content of fructose in the diet immediately affects the amount of acid in the blood plasma. Excessive synthesis of a substance leads to deposition excess salts, violation normal exchange nucleic acids.

Deciphering a blood test

The number of metabolites of purine bases in the biochemical analysis of blood of the old sample is indicated by the abbreviation "ur. acids", in new electronic, clinical computer programs- the Latin abbreviation "UA". The content of a substance is expressed in kilomoles per liter of blood plasma, which refers to the number of molecules contained in the blood.

Norm

If the analysis shows that the content of the metabolite is on the border of the upper or lower norm, the attending physician must prescribe additional laboratory tests, instrumental research to collect the patient's medical history in more detail. The extreme indicator may indicate a developing pathological mechanism, early diagnosis which will avoid many symptoms and complications (kidney disease). Physiological norm uric acid in the blood is:

• in children under 14 years old - 120 - 320 µmol / l;
• in adult women - 150 - 350 µmol / l;
• in adult men - 210 - 420 µmol / l.

Uric acid in the blood is elevated

In therapy, two types of hyperuricemia are distinguished: primary and secondary. An idiopathic or primary disease is a disease that has arisen as a result of the inheritance of a mutated gene that is responsible for normal process breakdown of purines. Diagnosed in children in the first year of life, is rare. Secondary hyperuricemia occurs for a number of reasons: organ pathology (liver disease), malnutrition. Often occurs in the elderly, in conjunction with arthritis, patients with gout.

excess symptoms

With a slight increase in the level of the metabolite, the patient's well-being does not change. Significant damage to health is caused by constantly high or recurring hyperuricemia. Clinical picture, its intensity depends on the age of the patient:

1. Children up to 14-15 years of age have permanent signs skin problems: rash, peeling, itching, development of psoriasis. Affects physical development children under three years of age.
2. Men over 50-55 years old suffer from pain in the joints during movement and at rest, swelling of the limbs, gout attacks.
3. Middle-aged men and women suffer from severe itching, weeping rash on the body, pain.
4. In women, the microflora of the vagina suffers, attacks of exacerbation of candidiasis become more frequent. Hyperuricemia leads to prolonged menstrual irregularities.

The reasons

Hyperuricemia can be caused by two main causes of an increase in the concentration of urinary bases: a violation of their excretion by the kidneys and an increased breakdown of purines. In addition, some drugs may cause increased concentration metabolites in the exchange of purines, for example, diuretics. High content can be caused by the formation of their depot - the accumulation of crystalline salt.

Reasons for depositing can be:

1. Diseases of the urinary system. When the kidneys do not cope with the filtering function, metabolites settle, are deposited in the tissues of the joints, and gout develops.
2. Endocrine diseases. Diabetes mellitus, a tendency to acidosis cause intense breakdown of purines, and, as a result, high concentration end metabolites that cannot be excreted by the kidneys.
3. Improper nutrition, starvation, an excess of meat in food, dairy products.

Uric acid is low

A decrease in the concentration of a metabolite is diagnosed by a doctor when two or more biochemical analysis blood plasma showed the concentration of acid below the lower limit of the norm. The condition is due to a decrease in the production of a metabolite, an increase in excretion from the body along with urine, bile, acid breakdown under the influence of the uricase enzyme, which is a component of some drugs to combat gout.

The reasons

Among the reasons that cause a decrease in the number of purine metabolites, the following are distinguished:

• hereditary deficiency of xanthine oxidase - a disease in which xanthine is not converted to the final metabolite, due to the lack of enzymes;
• acquired xanthine oxidase deficiency;
• low purine or low protein diet;
• increased secretion substances in the urine;
• Fanconi's syndrome reverse suction acid in the tubules of the kidneys is maximally reduced;
• familial renal hypouricemia hereditary disease caused by a mutation of the genes responsible for the reverse absorption of purine metabolites;
• an increase in extracellular fluid volume.

Treatment

Therapy for the state of hypouricemia consists in diagnosing the disease that caused the decrease in the content of the metabolite. If the disease is hereditary, incurable, the doctor prescribes drugs that stop the symptoms of the disease. Mandatory basis of therapy is diet, lifestyle changes. The patient, to control the condition, is assigned an analysis every week, then every month.

How to lower the level of uric acid in the blood

To reduce the concentration of the metabolite is used drug therapy: diuretics, enzyme preparations, drugs that reduce the absorption of a substance renal tubules. For background treatment to reduce content by-products, nutritional adjustment is required - a decrease in the consumption of food containing a large amount of purines, their bases. A diet with elevated uric acid in women must necessarily include animal fats - this prevents an imbalance of sex hormones.

Medical therapy

The following medications are used to treat low or high acid levels:

1. Allopurinol. Medicine, produced in the form of tablets, 30 or 50 pcs. packaged. Hypouricemic, anti-gout agent. Prevents the synthesis of the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which enhances the production of purine bases to the final metabolites, metabolic products. From positive characteristics it is possible to allocate a cumulative effect, a soft gradual effect. The disadvantage of the drug is an aggressive effect on cardiovascular system.
2. Etamide. It is used to lower the concentration of acid by reducing its reabsorption by the renal tubules. It has a tablet form of release, is contraindicated in children under 14 years of age, patients with kidney failure helps to remove excess salts. A positive feature of the drug is the effect of reducing the synthesis of purines, reduces the content of sodium salts, negative - strong impact on the kidneys, which can lead to organ failure.
3. Sulfinpyrazone. Increases the excretion of acid by the kidneys with the help of increased diuresis. Release form - drops or tablets. Drops are prescribed mainly to children. The advantages of using the drug are a mild but strong effect. Cons - removes potassium and sodium from the body.
4. Benzbromanone. Prevents reabsorption of the metabolite back into bloodstream. Available in the form of capsules, tablets. Contraindicated for people with kidney disease. The advantages of using the drug are the cumulative effect of therapy, the disadvantages are that it contributes to the retention of salts and water in the interstitial fluid.

Diet

When a patient is diagnosed with changes normal level acids, he is prescribed special diet. Adjusting nutrition will not cure the disease, but will help bring the level of the metabolite into the normal range. The list of prohibited and permitted products depends on whether the content of the substance is increased or decreased. At high level forbidden to use protein food, fructose. If the content of the substance is lowered, then these foods, on the contrary, are mandatory for consumption.

Treatment with folk remedies

To reduce the level of acid, to increase its excretion by the kidneys, it is recommended to use infusions, decoctions of birch leaves, lingonberries, angelica root, bay leaf. Herbs contribute to the excretion of acid by the kidneys, reducing its content. Prepare a drink from the infusion as follows:

• two tablespoons of dry herbs should be added to a glass of boiling water;
• cover with a lid for 2-3 hours;
• use a tablespoon 2 times a day before meals.

Herbs, roots are considered potent means to remove salts. To combat inflammation of the joints, excretion urinary base, gout treatment can cook homemade ointment from burdock root. Burdock has an excellent anti-inflammatory effect, enhances excretion harmful substances, there is a decrease in uric acid in the blood, acidity of urine. If the acid is elevated, with regular use, patients note a decrease pain syndrome, decrease in swelling of the joint. So, to make an ointment from the burdock root should be as follows:

• take 4-5 units of ground burdock root, petroleum jelly, a tablespoon of alcohol;
• mix until the consistency of thick sour cream;
• apply to a sore joint;
• wrap in a towel or diaper;
• leave overnight.

How to increase uric acid

After detecting a low concentration of a substance, the doctor should prescribe additional research to identify a disease or condition that has caused a decrease in the amount of the end metabolite of purines. Prescribe medications, a special diet with high content protein, vitamins, reduced salt intake. In order to eliminate the decrease in the acid content in the blood, it is necessary to eliminate the cause of its occurrence. Helps reduce the risk of hypothermia correct mode use clean water.

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