Main hormone of the adrenal medulla. Endocrine function of the adrenal glands. Sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands

An important part endocrine system are the adrenal glands, which produce special substances - hormones. The adrenal glands are located in the upper part of the kidneys and consist of two parts: internal (medulla) and external (cortex). These are different glands with different structures and functions. It is the hormones of the adrenal glands that affect the main physiological processes occurring in the body.

The adrenal glands regulate the proper metabolism, their role is to ensure the normal course of vital processes, including reactions to stress. Numerous hormones produced by the adrenal glands regulate the ratio of fats and carbohydrates, blood sugar levels, and are responsible for proper functioning gastrointestinal tract and heart- vascular system, protect against allergies, negative effects medicines, toxins, alcohol.

Features of the work of the adrenal medulla

The adrenal medulla hormones are norepinephrine, dopamine and adrenaline, also called "stress hormones". The body produces them in response to an increase in mental or physical stress, which outwardly manifests itself as a frequent heartbeat, hard breath, high blood pressure. If the hormones of the medulla are produced in insufficient quantities, blood sugar and pressure decrease, and weakness appears. Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla regulate the functions of the heart, blood vessels, nervous system, muscles internal organs.

Adrenaline occupies a special place among the hormones of the medulla. Its increased production during moments of severe stress leads to an instant change in the external and internal state person:

• An increase in heart rate
• The vessels narrow
• Hands are getting cold
• Pale skin
• Sweating accelerates
• Thermoregulation is disturbed
• Increased lung activity
• The flow of blood to the muscles is activated along with its outflow from the internal organs
• The percentage of glucose in the blood increases, due to which the work of the brain improves: a person perceives and processes information faster, becomes more attentive, collected.

The time of an adrenaline attack is about two minutes, after which a reaction occurs: weakness, drowsiness, trembling, loss of strength, maybe fainting, shock. it dangerous state which can end in death. Constant stress provokes the risk of developing arterial hypertension.

Task of the adrenal cortex

The adrenal cortex is responsible for the production of a large number hormonal substances, which, according to their physiological effects on the body, represent three different groups. The first includes glucocorticoids: cortisol and corticosterone. The second group is mineralocorticoids (aldosterone). The third includes sex hormones: estrogen and testosterone.

The hormones of the adrenal cortex perform a very complex and important task: they maintain the correct water-salt metabolism, regulate the main types of metabolism in tissues, and ensure the harmonious sexual development of a person. So, androgens, the production level of which is higher in men, stimulate muscle growth. If the indicators of these hormones in the fairer sex are increased, secondary male sexual characteristics begin to appear in the female body.

In addition, the substances of the cortical layer are of great importance for the functioning of the brain: with their lack, a person loses the ability to distinguish between smell and taste, and correctly process information.

Detailed information about the treatment of the adrenal glands is given in the video:

The special role of the immune hormone

Hormones of the adrenal cortex are not accidentally called immune or stress hormones. Cortisol, like adrenaline, is involved in defensive reaction body to stress. This hormone, which is actively produced by the adrenal glands at the time of stress, regulates the synthesis of certain cellular enzymes. Its main task is to increase the level of sugar in the blood and suppress the immune system in case of too strong a response of the body to a particular stimulus. A slight increase in cortisol is beneficial for the body, as it causes cheerfulness, improved memory, and a high pain threshold.

However, the constant excess of cortisol has a very negative impact on health. If the adrenal glands produce the hormone in excess, edema appears, blood pressure rises, and the heart muscle is endangered. In addition, an excess of cortisol can provoke brittle bones (osteoporosis), as it interferes with the absorption of calcium in the intestines.

The cortex, which produces a group of stress hormones, plays an important role in resisting disease. The anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of cortisol are used to treat immune, endocrine, severe inflammatory, allergic diseases. Often, cortisol preparations are used in shock conditions to provide emergency care.

Impaired cortisol production can cause disease

Cortisol can be produced in the body with an excess or, conversely, in insufficient quantities. If this adrenal hormone is excessive, Cushing's disease develops. Its signs are weakness, fatigue, swelling, high blood pressure, constant thirst, the consequence of which is frequent urination.

Low levels of cortisol provoke the development of Addison's disease. As a result of the fact that the adrenal glands do not release this substance in the right amount, a person experiences constant weakness, gets tired quickly, loses weight, his skin acquires a bronze tint, and serious kidney problems, upset stool, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain. Absence timely treatment ends with convulsions, loss of consciousness and coma.

Causes and signs of hormonal failure

Constant stress causes disruption hormonal background, which manifests itself in different ways. For women, it usually fails. menstrual cycle. Symptoms such as severe premenstrual syndrome, irregular bleeding, problems with pregnancy, early morning awakening, obesity, sweating, nervousness, tremor of the fingers can become the reason for contacting a doctor. After 40 years, many women suffer from this unpleasant illness like urinary incontinence. It should be borne in mind that the causes of urination disorders may be associated with hormonal problems.

In men, an imbalance of hormones manifests itself as female-type obesity (in the waist area), reduced hair growth, increased voice timbre, prostate diseases, and the disappearance of sexual desire. Hormonal failure can aggravate the course of skin diseases and skin manifestations allergies. The cause of this kind of disease is often a decrease in the function of the adrenal cortex.

Hormones significantly affect the quality of human life. It is in the adrenal glands that substances are synthesized that determine his mood, appearance, state of immunity. The causes of hormonal disorders can be both hereditary factors and an unhealthy lifestyle: smoking, alcoholism, lack of sleep, stress.

In any case, if there is a suspicion of possible hormonal disorders, you should consult a doctor to find out the causes of the symptoms.

Analyzes will help identify the problem

There are several ways to identify which hormones lead to an imbalance in the body. The most common is a blood test, by which the doctor can easily determine the lack or excess of hormones.

Conducted blood biochemistry allows you to identify not only obvious, but also hidden pathological processes, manifested as insomnia, muscle weakness, premature puberty, eczema, vitiligo, atopic dermatitis and etc.

In order to correctly analyze the adrenal hormones, preparation is necessary: ​​the complete exclusion of physical activity, alcohol, and nicotine. On the eve of the study, hormonal drugs, analgesics, contraceptives are prohibited.

Having revealed the lack of production of one or another hormone, the doctor prescribes as a treatment a means for stimulation - a synthetic hormone instead of the missing one. As a result of the drug entering the body, stimulation of the adrenal glands from the pituitary and hypothalamus stops, forcing them to produce an excess of other hormonal substances. Timely tests for adrenal hormones make it possible to detect the causes of many serious diseases and begin timely treatment.

The hormones produced by the adrenal glands are of great importance for the body. To understand their role, it is worth considering the main groups of these hormones and their representatives.

The adrenal glands produce three groups of hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones.

Mineralocorticoids

Aldosterone; it is the main hormone from this group. The zone of its production is the glomerular zone in the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone is most actively synthesized in the morning, the decline in its production occurs at 4 o'clock in the morning.

The main purpose of aldosterone is to maintain the balance of water in the body. In addition, it controls the content of minerals such as magnesium, potassium and sodium.

The influence of this hormone promotes increased absorption of sodium by the kidneys. This releases more potassium into the urine. Due to this, there is a decrease in the concentration of potassium and an increase in sodium in the blood.

If the level of aldosterone is elevated, then the person experiences weakness, his blood pressure increases, efficiency decreases, and headaches appear.

The amount of aldosterone may increase due to the presence of an adenoma in the glomerular zone. Another reason; hyperplasia of areas where the synthesis of this hormone occurs.

Reduced aldosterone levels also negatively affect well-being. In this case, cardiac activity is disturbed, weight is reduced, dizziness and loss of consciousness are not uncommon.

Glucocorticoids

The main hormone of this type; cortisol. It is produced in the beam zone. It has a very important role. It is under its influence that fat metabolism, the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates is realized. It also affects the performance of its functions by the heart, blood vessels and kidneys. The functioning of the central nervous system, the growth process, and the characteristics of immunity depend on it.

The production of cortisol is influenced by hormone ACTH(its synthesis is realized in the pituitary gland, in its anterior lobe).

Excess cortisol in the body leads to the following unpleasant consequences:

• overweight,
• proliferation of fatty tissue in the abdomen and on the face (with its almost complete absence on the buttocks, arms and legs),
• the formation of stretch marks in areas where the skin has been stretched,
• formation of skin ulcers
• development of osteoporosis
• thinning of the skin,
• development of Cushing's syndrome.

An insufficient amount of this hormone affects the human body as follows:

• apathy,
• weakness,
• bouts of nausea,
• low pressure,
• tachycardia,
• a slight increase in temperature without the presence of foci of infection in the body.

Sex hormones produced by the adrenal glands

Otherwise, they are called adrenal androgens, among which are:

• DGEAS,
• DHEAS sulfate,
• androstenedione.

Under the control of androgens is the process of protein synthesis. They also contribute to an increase in muscle mass, affect the ability of muscles to contract. An excess of androstenedione in the female body can cause virilism and hirsutism (due to the fact that in peripheral tissues it is able to convert to testosterone). When androstenedione is produced too little, this is manifested by hair loss in the armpits and on the pubis. In some cases hairline in these areas may be completely absent. However, this feature typical for females only.

AT healthy body All of these hormones are produced in required quantity owing to which the successful functioning of organs and systems is carried out. However, the presence of abnormalities in the work of the adrenal glands can lead to increased or decreased production of certain hormones, which leads to problems.

Adrenal hormones and their functions

Hormones are an important component normal operation organism. They are produced by special glands, so if there are any disorders, then doctors know what needs to be treated in order to normalize their production. Adrenal hormones, their functions and treatment are a very complex process that professionals must control, so self-medication is not worth it.

Adrenal hormones: names and their functions

There are several areas in the adrenal glands that are responsible for the production of hormones. Production is regulated by the nervous system. Conventionally, hormones are divided into those produced by the medulla and those produced by the cortex.

It is important to know which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla. The medulla produces two very important hormones:

• Adrenaline is one of the main substances that are needed to deal with stress. It appears in the most urgent situations, when on a subconscious level there is a danger to life and you need to attack or run away. Adrenaline appears with burns, injuries, anxiety situations, sudden changes in the environment and shock. a clear sign The fact that the level of this hormone in the body has increased is dilated pupils, a sharp reduction in muscle tone, and a rapid heartbeat. Endurance, strength, attention and other factors important for survival increase. In humans, pain receptors are dulled.
• Norepinephrine - it also belongs to the hormones responsible for stressful condition. Based on its chemical structure, norepinephrine can be considered a precursor to adrenaline. In its action, it is very similar to the previous hormone, but it does not have such a significant effect on the body. He governs blood pressure stimulates the heart and constricts blood vessels.

The functions of the hormones of the adrenal cortex are somewhat similar to those produced by the medulla, but at the same time they have their own differences. They are classified as corticosteroids. The bark itself has a complex structure. It has three main parts:

• mesh zone;
• Beam;
• Glomerular.

The zona reticularis produces hormones that are related to the genital area, the so-called androgens. The development of secondary sexual characteristics depends on them. The functions of adrenal hormones during menopause from this zone may be unclaimed and their production is reduced. They are responsible for sexual desire, lowering cholesterol and lipids in the blood, and gaining muscle mass.

From the fascicular zone, adrenal hormones and their functions in women and men are as follows:

• Cortisol is a hormone responsible for maintaining energy resources in the human body. With its help, the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is ensured, which affects weight gain. He is also involved in the response to stress, thanks to which he received his second name "stress hormone". With its excess, a person becomes too irritable. Cortisol levels fluctuate dramatically throughout the day, with peak levels in the morning and minimum levels in the evening.
• Corticosterone - is produced in the same zone and in violation of the function of the adrenal glands, it can also have excesses and deficiencies.

The zona glomeruli produces the following types of hormones:

• Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone, the like of which is no longer in the human body. With its help, the content of potassium and sodium ions in the blood is regulated. This adrenal hormone has the function of restoring the water-salt balance, which is realized by participating in metabolism.
• Corticosterone - is involved in the regulation of water-salt balance. This is a fairly inactive hormone that is produced in the adrenal glands.
• Deoxycorticosterone - refers to the minor hormones of the cortex. It also takes part in the water-salt balance, affects the strength of the skeletal muscles and is responsible for the endurance of the body.

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex

In addition to the fact that the adrenal glands themselves produce hormones that affect the functions of any organs or systems, the adrenal glands themselves also require stimulation. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is responsible for their stimulation. It is produced by basophilic cells of the pituitary gland located in the anterior lobe. The physiological role of this substance is the secretion and synthesis of hormones in the adrenal cortex. Most of all, it affects the beam zone. In general, all the functions of the production of the adrenal glands depend on it. Renal deficiency is caused just by failures in the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Thus, the treatment will not only affect the adrenal glands, but also the hypothalamus. In some cases, a synthesized hormone is taken, which has been successfully used to treat many diseases based on hormonal problems.

The role and mechanism of action of adrenal hormones

The action of adrenal hormones plays an important role for the human body. They help to cope with many harmful factors that have a psychological and physical influence per person. Inside the adrenal glands, there are several areas that are involved in the production of hormones.

Adrenal glands: the role of their hormones in the body

The adrenal cortex is a whole factory for the production of hormones. Cholesterol and other substances that enter the body with food become raw materials for their production. The role of the hormones of the adrenal cortex is reduced to the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the mineral composition. They also affect the ratio of sodium and potassium. In addition, there are adrenal hormones that act in the same way as sex hormones. In particular, they influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Normal activity adrenal counteracts the development of inflammatory reactions, and also helps to protect tissues from the destructive effects of microorganisms. The production of adrenaline helps to reduce pain sensations and activate the body's forces in emergency situations. Thus, the hormones of the adrenal cortex and their action are very important for the body.

Adrenal glands: hormones and the effect of hormones on the body

The adrenal cortex produces about 30 steroid hormones called corticosteroids. All of them can be conditionally divided into three separate groups, among which are:

• Mineralocorticoids. They include aldosterone and deoxycorticosterone, which are involved in the regulation of mineral and water metabolism in the body.
• Glucocorticoids. This includes cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone. It is these hormones that are responsible for the repayment of inflammatory reactions, and also affect the carbon water exchange.
• sex hormones. Androgens, estrogens, progesterone, all of these relate to the effects on sexual development. They affect sexual functions, as well as the formation of secondary genital organs.

Produced here steroid hormones can be quickly destroyed when it enters the liver. When passing through this organ, they turn into water-soluble forms, after which they are already excreted through the kidneys. The activity of the production can be checked using urine and blood tests.

Adrenal hormone preparations and their synthetic analogues

If there are problems with the production of the necessary substances and there is a lack of them in the body, then the mechanism of action of the hormones of the adrenal cortex fails. To fill this gap and help the body to function normally, chemical analogues should be used, which will also act as natural hormones. If the function of the adrenal glands is reduced and the physiological role of the adrenal hormones cannot be fulfilled due to their lack, then doctors recommend the use of synthetic analogues. This situation can occur with rheumatism, bronchial asthma, diseases of the joints and other situations.

Preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex have a classification and contraindications. The main medicines from this area include:

• Cortisone. It is used during replacement therapy when the patient is diagnosed with renal failure. The medicine is produced in tablets. It is allowed to be used only with stable liver function. The substances contained in it affect the water and salt balance.
• Hydrocortisone. It is prescribed for the detection of renal failure. Contraindicated in the presence of edema, hypertension, disruption of the heart. When it is used, potassium is excreted from the body, and sodium is also retained. Forms of production - suspension and liquid for injection.
• Prednisolone. This drug is often prescribed by specialists. It is produced in the form of liquid, tablets, powders and suspensions. Used for obesity and stomach ulcers.
• Methylprednisolone. It is a more powerful analogue of the previous medicine. It also has fewer side effects and a wider range of applications. This is due to more high cost funds. It may also be prescribed for mental illness. Produced in vials, dry substances, tablets and suspensions.
• Dexamethasone. Belongs to one of the most strong drugs in this area. Because of this, it has a large number of negative effects that can manifest themselves during and after application. It is used mainly for short-term treatment, or the course itself is relatively small. With its help, the patient's condition is facilitated after chemical therapy. It is also used for the patient's breathing problems (most often in premature babies). Available in the form of injections and tablets.
• Betamethasone. This is a powerful drug, but with more low quantity side effects. It is produced in the form of a liquid, as it is most often prescribed as an injection.

Preparations of hormones of the adrenal cortex are produced with different concentrations and additional effects. It all depends on the complexity of the case. After all, some require the restoration of hormones to the desired level, after which the body itself begins to produce them in accordance with the norm. In others, a pathological case is observed and life may depend on a timely injection. The low dosage of synthetic drugs is that they are stronger than natural ones. Accordingly, they must be taken very carefully so that there is no overdose.

Blood test for adrenal hormone

It is necessary to take a blood test for adrenal hormones in various diseases. This is necessary for diagnosing diseases, tracking its course, and also to make sure that the results of treatment are correct. Also elevated or reduced rate any of these may show the cause of some of the patient's complaints. Each analysis must be approached with appropriate training in mind.

Adrenal hormones: names, tests for women

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. This hormone is a steroidal androgen that is produced in the adrenal cortex. The body uses it to produce estrogen and testosterone. If it rises in the female body during pregnancy, then there is a risk of its interruption. An increase in dehydroepiandrosterone becomes a common cause of miscarriages.

To take tests for adrenal hormones, for dehydroepiandrosterone is prescribed in the following cases:

• Hypotrophy of the embryo;
• Tumor of the adrenal glands;
• Problems associated with delayed puberty;
• adrenogenital syndrome;
• Not gestation;
• Ectopic tumors;
• Diagnosis in the middle of the second trimester of pregnancy.

Preparation for this analysis suggests that, at least a day before its delivery, you should try to avoid stressful situations, refuse sports training and other physical activities. You should also stop smoking. Blood is donated on an empty stomach morning time. If it is not possible to do this in the morning, then it is advisable not to eat anything for 5 hours before taking it.

It should be remembered when donating blood for adrenal hormones that the tests can be affected by drugs such as:

• Hydrocortisone;
• Diprospan;
• Dexamethasone;
• Prednisolone;
• Estrogens.

They are not recommended to be taken before taking tests, as well as oral contraceptives, as they can affect the correctness of the result. If the appointment cannot be postponed, then their admission must be reported at the time of the test. The term for the execution of such analyzes is up to 2 days.

Considering the tests for adrenal hormones, what are their norms, it is worth understanding that for men and women they will be different. They also depend on age. The following indicators are considered average:

• For a man: 3590-11900 nmol / liter;
• For a woman: 810 - 8990 nmol / liter.

How to donate blood for adrenal hormones: cortisol

Cortisol is a steroid hormone. It is very important for the transfer of stressful situations, as it provides protection against this by activating the appropriate reactions of the body. If the level of this hormone is increased, then there are serious illness. The only normal condition for increasing its level is pregnancy, since then it can rise up to 5 times the norm.

Urinalysis for adrenal hormones is carried out with the same reliability as a blood test. To detect the level of cortisol, it is prescribed in such cases as:

• Osteoporosis;
• hirsutism;
• Premature puberty of the child;
• Oligomenorrhea;
• Chronic muscle weakness;
• Itsenko-Cushing's disease;
• Addison's disease;
• Increased skin pigmentation.

Preparation for this analysis involves the rejection of the use of estrogens, oral contraceptives, substances containing opium, as well as other medications. Before taking the test, it is better to consult a doctor. The day before the analysis, you can not be subjected to physical activity. The analysis is carried out within 1 or 2 days.

Cortisol levels are highly dependent on age. It also depends on the time when blood is taken, but the norms are drawn up in the morning, since in the future it decreases and depends on the internal rhythms of the body. This can lead to large errors. Blood sampling should be carried out on an empty stomach in the morning. Based on this, the norm looks like this:

• For persons under 16 years old - 83-580 nmol / liter;
• For persons over 16 years old - 138-635 nmol / liter.

It should be understood that not only elevated level The hormone turns out to be hazardous to health, since a lowered one can threaten a person’s life.

Aldosterone: adrenal hormones, what tests to take

Aldosterone belongs to the adrenal hormones that are responsible for the water-salt balance. It regulates the content of sodium and potassium, so that its normal content is vital. Renal channels with its help detain chlorine and sodium. This affects the amount of fluid excreted in the urine as it decreases. Aldosterone is responsible for maintaining blood pressure. With an increased content of the hormone, muscle tone decreases, edema appears on the body, and pressure also increases. Muscles are more likely to undergo cramps and cardiac arrhythmias are not excluded.

The price of an analysis for adrenal hormones depends on the clinic where it will take place. This analysis is prescribed in the following situations:

• orthostatic hypotension;
• Arterial hypertension, which is difficult to control by standard methods;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• Suspicion of adrenal adenoma;
• Adrenal hyperplasia;
• Hyperaldosteronism.

It is necessary to approach the preparation for the analysis for aldosterone very responsibly and deal with this issue in advance. Here you need to spend about two weeks on a low-carbohydrate diet. Salt should not be limited in this case. A few days before the study, it is worth avoiding possible stressful situations, as well as giving up physical exertion during sports and other life situations. It is necessary to exclude the use of drugs that affect the exchange of potassium and sodium ions, which include steroids, diuretics, oral contraceptives, antihypertensive drugs and estrogens. All this is agreed with the attending physician. It is also worth clarifying the name of the analysis for adrenal hormones before delivery.

As a rule, the results of the analysis can be received within 1-2 days. The content norm is 35-350 lg / ml.

Types of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands produce hormones that are very important in the functioning of the body. They are produced by special glands located in various parts adrenal glands. If there are any problems with the maintenance rate, then specialists can determine where the problem lies in order to eliminate it.

What hormones are produced by the adrenal glands in women?

There are several areas in the adrenal glands that are involved in the production of hormones. Each area is governed by nervous system, as some of them begin to be synthesized with strong emotional arousal. According to the areas of production, hormones produced by the adrenal medulla and those produced by their cortex are separated. Most of them are made from the bark. They are divided into several types, depending on the area in which they originate. They are called corticosteroids.

Hormones secreted by the adrenal glands from the reticular zone affect the activity of the genital area. Androgens are synthesized here, which affect the development of secondary sexual characteristics in people of both sexes. Androgens affect the set of muscle mass, lower lipids and cholesterol, as well as sexual desire.

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands from the zona fasciculata:

• Corticosterone - produced to regulate the metabolism of minerals. In case of violation of the function of the adrenal glands, strong disruptions of this hormone are noticeable, both in a larger and smaller direction from the norm.
• Cortisol - is responsible for providing a supply of resources for the body, due to which, when it fails, changes in a person's weight are observed. Adjusting carbohydrate metabolism can be a big problem if cortisol starts to rise, as it reduces muscle growth but promotes fat storage. This hormone is also involved in creating the body's response to stress. As the level rises, the person becomes more irritable and nervous in stressful situations. Its content in the blood is unstable, if you look at the amount for the whole day, since its level gradually drops in the evening to its minimum values.

The hormones produced by a woman's adrenal glands in this area are called glucocorticoids. They have a wide range of effects on the body. They are responsible for the content of glucose in the blood plasma. Hormonal failure can lead to hyperglycemia. This is due to the fact that glucogenesis is stimulated in the liver. Thus, fatty and amino acids are converted into glucose more than the body needs.

A group of glucocorticoids reduces the activity of hexokinase, which leads to less glucose utilization. Accordingly, the tissues of the body do not consume it and the amount of the substance increases. These substances have the opposite effect of insulin. On the protein metabolism they have a catabolic effect. This prevents the muscles from developing, as the muscle protein is inhibited. It also inhibits the transport of amino acids to muscle tissue which also complicates its growth. All of this explains why excess cortisol leads to weight gain.

Considering which hormone is produced by the adrenal glands in the glomerular zone, it is worth considering a number of substances, since there are more of them here than in the rest. The glomerular zone produces:

• Deoxycorticosterone - is a regulator of the balance of salt and water in the body. Its activity affects the endurance of the body, as well as muscle strength. Despite this, it is classified as a minor group.
• Aldosterone is the only hormone in the human body that is a mineralocorticoid. It affects the amount of sodium and potassium in the blood. It is also involved in metabolism and affects the water-salt balance.
• Corticosterone - is produced to regulate the water-salt balance. Among all other hormones, it has one of the weakest activities.

The adrenal cortex produces hormones that are important for daily human activities. With their deterioration, the condition worsens significantly and this can develop into a pathology. In some cases, their imbalance can cause infertility.

What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

• Norepinephrine - is involved in the body's response to various stressful situations and a sharp change in the environment, which can threaten life. In its own way chemical structure the hormone looks like a precursor to adrenaline. It helps to activate the body's activity in an enhanced mode, which should help to survive in emergency situations. Norepinephrine is involved in the fight and flight response. It promotes vasoconstriction, increases heart rate, and also regulates blood pressure.
• Adrenaline - in its action is similar to its predecessor, but has a more significant effect on the body. It is one of the most important hormones needed to deal with stress. Isolation occurs in emergency situations, when there is a feeling of danger to life. When a shock situation or abrupt event occurs, the active production of adrenaline begins, while in calm state this doesn't happen. Dilated pupils and sharp increase heartbeat. This also happens with injuries and burns. Adrenaline helps to numb the pain during an accident.

In the adrenal medulla, hormones are produced that are more responsible for short-term life periods, in contrast to those. What is produced in the adrenal glands. However, they are also important for normal life. There are fewer problems with them and there are not so many diseases based on their deficiency or excess. In many cases, a person does not even notice that something is wrong with them until they are examined. Considering which hormones are produced by the medulla of the adrenal glands, one should not forget that when the glands are damaged, problems are observed not only in it, but also in the cortex.

Adrenals: hormones are elevated

The adrenal glands are located in the region of the 12th rib. These glands are involved in the production of a number of hormones that are responsible for the most various areas the vital activity of the organism. Violation of their level can lead to various diseases, including chronic ones. But in order to figure out what exactly to treat, you need to have a complete picture of the idea of ​​​​the level of hormonal levels. After all, an increase in adrenal hormones does not necessarily occur immediately in all its areas.

Adrenal glands: excess and lack of hormones

All substances produced by these glands can be conditionally divided according to the areas of their production. If they are produced in medulla, then they belong to the catecholamine type. These are norepinephrine and adrenaline, which function in the body as neurotransmitters. With their help, neuroendocrine cells are secreted. The main effect that catecholamines have is the stimulation of cellular respiration and the process of glycolysis. With their help, glycogen breaks down into molecules. All this leads to an increase in heart rate, increased respiration, and expansion of the respiratory bronchioles. With an increase in the level of the hormone, all these symptoms are observed. Also, in the event of an emergency, an even greater amount of adrenaline is released, which can harm health. Constantly elevated levels contribute to the rapid wear of the heart.

To determine whether the adrenal hormone is elevated in women or not, an analysis should be carried out. Before him, you need to give up coffee, cheese, bananas and strong tea. Also, some drugs can affect the level of hormones of this type. The maximum limit of adrenaline in the blood for adults is the amount of 60 ng / l. If you take a urine test, then here maximum rate is 81.9 nmol/day. In this case, the minimum indicator should not fall below 16.4 nmol / day. Indicators for norepinephrine are somewhat different. The maximum level is 522 ng/l.

With an elevated level of catecholamines, I diagnose a brain tumor or pheochromocytoma. At reduced level- adrenal insufficiency.

Adrenal glands: hormones are elevated from the cortical zone

The cortex produces such types of hormones as:

• Androgens;
• Glucocorticoids;
• Mineralocorticoids.

Thanks to mineralocorticoids, the water-salt balance in the human body is regulated. This is important for the normal functioning of the body. Glucocorticoids target the production of glycogen, glucose, and the release of fatty acids. These steroids are very important, because without them a person will not last even a week.

If seen high hormone adrenal cortisol, then it threatens a number of problems. It makes up to 90% of all corticoids in the body. With a decrease or increase in its level, as a rule, other corticoids also increase. The normal level of the hormone for an adult in the upper limit is 650 nmol / liter. In the evening, it drops to 280 nmol / liter, and sometimes even less. The fact that the hormone of the adrenal cortex is elevated can also be determined by urinalysis. The upper limit of the norm here is 134 mcg / day.

With an increase in cortisol, a person quickly gains excess weight and loses muscle mass. He also becomes more irritable. In severe forms, the disease can lead to infertility. The result of an increased level can be:

• Acute psychoses;
• Strong stress;
• Syndrome Itsenko-Cushing;
• Uncompensated diabetes mellitus.

Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid. Its production depends on the vasoactive polypeptide. Normal level hormone allows you to maintain the level of the mineral in the proper amount. Any deviations lead to an imbalance, which in turn entails various consequences. All this largely depends on human nutrition, since with a lack or excess of the corresponding substances in food, everything can become much worse or not so noticeable. An excess of adrenal hormones in women leads to an imbalance of minerals in the body.

In order for the tests to be as reliable as possible, before passing them, you need to avoid using laxatives, potassium medicines and diuretics for at least a week. For adults, the upper limit of normal for donating blood is 160 ng/liter. A feature of the surrender is the position of the body, since when surrendering in a standing position, the rate rises to 310 ng / liter. When passing urine, maximum values ​​​​up to 25 mcg / day are allowed.

Excess hormones of the adrenal cortex does not pass without a trace for the normal state of the body. People do not always attach this meaning, referring to temporary ailments. But if you do not take it seriously, there may be big problems further.

Insufficiency of adrenal hormones

With problems with hormones, an increased level of these substances is often noted, too low a level also turns out to be harmful to health. Adrenal hormone insufficiency can occur in different ways, depending on which hormone is low.

Insufficiency of adrenal hormones

If a person has a lack of aldosterone, then this threatens with an imbalance of minerals in the body, which can affect other areas of health. This situation may arise when:

• Damage to the adrenal glands;
• Primary hypoaldosteronism;
• Secondary hypoaldosteronism.

One of the most common problematic hormones is cortisol. Its jumps depend on the emotional state of a person. Although it is considered a stress hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, which leads to an increased content in something, low levels also threaten problems. Pathological insufficiency cortisol can even be fatal when stressed. A decrease in its level occurs when:

• Gout;
• Primary adrenal insufficiency;
• Hypothyroidism;
• Spondylitis;
• Bronchial asthma;
• Several types of arthritis;
• Insufficient functionality of the pituitary gland, which controls its production.

The lack of catecholamines is not very noticeable. Even the symptoms of a lack of adrenal hormones may not appear at first glance. But if their number decreases or production stops altogether, then death may occur within a few days. This is a very severe case and diseases often occur in the form of a simple lack of normality. Damage to the adrenal medulla is the most common reason why hormonal disruptions occur.

Regulation of adrenal hormones

Regulation of the synthesis of corticosteroids takes part in the hypothalamus. It is divided into several parts. In the nuclei of the anterior part, the hormone corticoliberin is produced. It enters the adenohypophysis through the portal system. With its help, corticotropin is formed. The regulation of adrenal hormones through corticotropin is carried out due to the formation of glucocorticoids according to the principle of feedback and feedforward. The fact is that it promotes the formation of glucocorticoids, while they block its synthesis in the body. Based on this, it becomes clear that the process of regulation due to the adenohypophysis, hypothalamus and adrenal cortex is carried out in close relationship, forming a single system.

The activity of adenylate cyclase leads to the synthesis of glucocorticoid hormones. For this process the presence of Ca2+ is necessary, which ensures the connection of corticotropin with the sensitive endings of the glandular cell. Due to this, the activity of protein kinase activity increases.

The creation of ACTH is determined by the level of glucocorticoids in the blood. They affect the secretion and synthesis of the releasing hormone. This whole scheme starts to work in a different way when a person gets into a stressful situation, or is subjected to high physical exertion, mental disorders or infections. In this case, glucocorticoids do not become a block for creating OS. In addition to this scheme, the level of adrenal hormones can be regulated with the help of mediators. In particular, norepinephrine serves to suppress OS, while acetylcholine and serotonin contribute to its better synthesis.

Mineralocorticoids can be synthesized by the action of angiotensin. It activates other substances that should increase its production. Aldosterone cannot be synthesized without K+. An increase in the concentration of K + leads to the discovery calcium channels which happens due to membrane depolarization. Sodium and dopamine are inhibitors for the production and secretion of aldosterone.

Adrenal hormone: treatment

When hormones are out of balance the only way correcting the situation is to create the right balance. At higher rates, it is reduced, and at lower rates, it is increased.

To do this, doctors prescribe pills, injections, diets and other means, depending on the situation.

There is no organ that suffers more from stress, infectious diseases, beriberi, fatigue, unbalanced nutrition, stimulating drinks, drugs, etc. than the adrenal glands.

Adrenal hormones regulate mineral and water metabolism in the body (aldosterone), carbohydrate metabolism and inhibition of inflammation (cortisone), sexual development (estrogens, progesterone), the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems (adrenaline, coradrenaline).

Adrenal exhaustion is an extremely common disease. With a long chronic inflammation or chronic stress, the adrenal glands reduce the production of vital hormones, the lack of which gives a rich symptomatology and difficulty in making a diagnosis. Therefore, the diagnosis of “hypofunction of the adrenal glands” practically does not occur in medical practice.

Adrenal hypofunction can accompany a person for years, giving symptoms of increased or reduced pressure, circulatory disorders (vasospasm), tachycardia or bradycardia, impaired intestinal motility, increased blood sugar, cholesterol, suppression of the immune system, skin diseases(psoriasis), irritability, insomnia, etc.

Modern medicine does not focus on the adrenal glands - the most important body a person whose hypofunction is observed in most chronic diseases.

The method of restoring the adrenal glands allows you to normalize the production of hormones - the main mechanism of self-regulation. It is especially important to carry out these medical measures after the use of hormones (hydrocortisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone), nervous shocks and in chronic disease treatment regimens (psoriasis, lupus, asthma, non-specific ulcerative colitis, autoimmune thyroiditis and etc.).

Stimulation and restoration of adrenal function involves the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the form of Sinakten-depot. Various schemes for the use of synacthen-depot are possible, the tactics of its use are prescribed by an experienced doctor. Sometimes preliminary studies on adrenal hormones are necessary to justify the regimen for the use of synacthen depot. In a simplified form, the drug is used 1-2 times a week for 3-5 weeks (RF patent No. 2439563, 2010).

To increase efficiency and reduce terms full recovery adrenal glands, the following drugs are used.

Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5).

• Pantothenic acid is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, due to the fact that in the form of pantethine it is part of coenzyme A (KoA) - one of the key metabolic substances involved in the oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids.
• Pantothenic acid is necessary for the formation of energy, because. it is involved in the processes of lipolysis - the release of fats from fat depots and its burning with the formation additional energy. This energy (including muscle) is especially needed by the body during stress, increased mental, mental and physical stress.
• Pantothenic acid is called the “weight loss vitamin” because it stimulates the breakdown of fats.
• Regulates and coordinates the functions of the nervous system, normalizes mental activity, because. promotes the conversion of choline in the brain into the neurotransmitter acetylcholine - the transmitter of nerve and thought impulses from one nerve cell to another throughout the nervous system. Therefore, brain cells always maintain high concentration this vitamin. Reception pantothenic acid with its deficiency, it clarifies the mind, relieves absent-mindedness, forgetfulness, mild depression and promotes concentration.
• Supports tissue trophism, growth, regenerative processes and functions in a variety of tissues and organs. This is especially true of the skin and mucous membranes. Causes hair pigmentation. Prevents premature aging, graying and wrinkles. When taken along with vitamin C, vitamin B5 promotes faster healing of wounds, and proper formation connective tissue.
• Necessary for the production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal glands - hormones that mobilize the body during stress and have anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, vitamin B5 is known as the "anti-stress vitamin".
• Needed to maintain the immune system, tk. involved in the synthesis of antibodies.
• It is important for absorption and metabolism folic acid and vitamin C, therefore, it is necessary during pregnancy to prevent malformations of intrauterine development of the fetus.
• Pantothenic acid supports intestinal motility and normal liver function.
• Participates in the formation of hemoglobin and sex hormones.

Pantethine

• Cardiovascular diseases - atherosclerosis, cardiosclerosis, hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, high blood cholesterol.
• Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract - dysbacteriosis, candidiasis, colitis, atonic constipation.
• Diseases of the nervous system - disorders of cerebral circulation, memory impairment, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease.
• Autoimmune diseases - rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus.
• Allergic diseases - urticaria, bronchial asthma.
• Diseases of the reproductive system in men and women - impotence, prostatitis, prostate adenoma, adnexitis, endometriosis, mastopathy.
• Skin diseases - dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, neurodermatitis.
• weight loss programs.
• Adrenal exhaustion syndrome, stress adaptation, chronic stress.
• Oily seborrhea.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C deficiency in food.
. Connective tissue diseases, connective tissue dysplasia, arthritis and bursitis, poor healing wounds, bleeding gums.
. Immunodeficiency states, a tendency to frequent viral infections and increased resistance to them, incl. to influenza and herpes. Acute viral infections, respiratory diseases. Calcium ascorbate, taken at the first sign of illness at a dose of 1 to 3 g per day, reduces the severity and can shorten the duration of a cold by 25%.
. Allergic and autoimmune diseases.
. Frequent stressful situations, chronic stress. The body's need for vitamin C increases during times of stress, because. it is involved in the production of vital chemicals, such as norepinephrine, needed for the "fight or flight" stress response.
. Persons exposed to harmful factors environment, ecology, smoking, etc.)
. To reduce cancer risk.
. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
. Maintaining healthy skin, cartilage, teeth, bones.
. Glaucoma, cataract, macular degeneration.
. With anemia, to increase the absorption of iron from foods.
. Prevention of cardiovascular diseases, strengthening of the vascular wall, prevention of heart attack, stroke.
. Hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, high level cholesterol, ischemic heart disease.
. Calcium Ascorbate is recommended for athletes to increase physical endurance, the elderly to prevent premature aging and slow down the rate of aging.
. Recommended healthy people to maintain and improve health.
. Calcium Ascorbate is particularly indicated for the seriously ill who require large amounts of vitamin C for recovery but cannot take it due to stomach irritation or diarrhea.

B vitamins

Hypo- and avitominosis of group B;
. diseases of the cardiovascular system;
. diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
. itching various etiologies;
. skin diseases;
. stress, depression;
. chronic fatigue;
. alcohol, nicotine addiction;
. diseases of the peripheral nervous system.

Licorice

It blocks the breakdown of hydrocortisone in the liver, causing the levels of hydroocrtisone to rise, which slows down the production of ACTH by the pituitary gland, giving the adrenals the needed rest.

Clay

Source of silicon and minerals ("Clay therapy")

GABA (GABA)

Vascular diseases of the brain (impaired cerebral circulation, atherosclerosis and hypertonic disease);
. impaired memory, speech, attention deficit disorder;
. anxiety, depression, irritability
. mental difficulties, low intellectual functions;
. headaches and dizziness;
. after a stroke and brain injuries to increase the motor and mental activity of patients;
. sleep disorders;
. chronic cerebrovascular encephalopathy and insufficiency with impaired memory, attention, speech, dizziness and headache;
. endogenous depressions with a predominance of asthenohippochondriacal phenomena;
. alcoholic encephalopathy and polyneuritis;
. lag in growth and mental development in children;
. premenstrual syndrome;
. convulsive syndrome and etc.

L-tyrosine

Functional properties of L-Tyrosine:
. L-tyrosine is a non-essential amino acid derived from essential acid phenylalanine, and has its effects due to the fact that it is a precursor of many hormones and neurotransmitters synthesized in the body.
. L-tyrosine is a building block for protein synthesis.
. L-tyrosine is a precursor of catecholamines - dopamine, norepinephrine and adrenaline, which, being hormones and neurotransmitters, provide adaptation to stressful situations, improve neuromuscular transmission.
. L-tyrosine is also a hormone precursor thyroid gland thyroxine, triiodothyronine) and melanin pigment of the skin and hair).
. It regulates the functions of the endocrine glands (thyroid gland, adrenal glands and pituitary gland).
. Helps to improve memory and intellectual functions, mental clarity, improves cognitive abilities, concentration of thought processes, attention, memorization due to the fact that it is a precursor of neurotransmitters that ensure the transmission of nerve impulses.
. It is an antidepressant - responsible for a positive perception of reality and good mood, regulating it, reduces irritability, strengthens the nervous system. This is due to the fact that tyrosine, being a precursor of dopamine and norepinephrine, increases their formation in the body, and it is the deficiency of these hormones that causes depression.
. It reduces appetite by increasing the content of dopamine and norepinephrine - hormones that activate pleasure centers, including the satiety center, which leads to the suppression of hunger.
. burns adipose tissue due to an increase in the content of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone that increases the speed metabolic processes and by reducing appetite.
. Stimulates the production of growth hormone.

Indications for the use of L-Tyrosine:
. The main goal when prescribing L-tyrosine is to increase the rate of metabolic processes and the overall energy of the body, and stimulate mental activity.
. Insufficiency of thyroid function, hypothyroidism (myxedema).
. Stress, depression, anxiety, mood swings, chronic fatigue syndrome, asthenic syndrome.
. Decreased mental and physical performance, memory impairment, impaired concentration and attention, difficulty in making decisions.
. Acceleration of fat metabolism in obesity to reduce body weight.
. Vegetative-vascular dystonia, hypotension.
. Concentration problems and hyperactivity in children.
. Hair loss and dry skin.
. Vitiligo (together with Phenylalanine).
. Intense physical overload, in which the reserves of brain neurotransmitters are depleted, which can cause overtraining.
. In the complex therapy of Parkinson's disease.
. To reduce dependence on alcohol, drugs, smoking.

Omega 3-6-9

Omega-3 fatty acids:
. participate in the development and normal functioning eye and brain;
. have an anti-inflammatory effect;
. reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood.
Omega-6 fatty acids:
. render positive effect with allergic dermatitis and eczema;
. reduce dry skin;
. support normal condition fatty membranes surrounding skin cells.
Omega 9 fatty acids:
. contribute to maintaining the elasticity of arteries and skin;
. have an oncoprotective effect.
Clinical indications:
. cardiovascular diseases;
. hypercholesterolemia;
. atherosclerosis;
. hypertonic disease;
. allergic diseases skin;
. psoriasis, eczema;
. multiple sclerosis;
. systemic lupus erythematosus;
. Alzheimer's disease;
. arthritis, arthrosis;
. osteochondrosis;
. fibrocystic degeneration;
. depression;
. absent-mindedness, memory impairment;
. dry mucous membranes of the skin, brittle nails;
. hair loss.

Enzymes and Super Enzymes

facilitates the process of digestion - breaks down proteins, fats and carbohydrates;
. has an anti-inflammatory effect;
. destroys immune complexes in the walls of blood vessels;
. has fibrinolytic activity and accelerates the lysis of toxic metabolic products and necrotic tissues;
. normalizes blood viscosity and microcirculation, prevents thrombosis;
. accelerates the resorption of hematomas and edema;
. improves the supply of tissues with nutrients;
. promotes the absorption of iron and other trace elements;
. is a preventive and therapeutic agent for diseases of the cardiovascular system, helps to restore damaged joints, tendons, muscles;
. promotes wound healing;
. has a choleretic effect;
. reduces acidity gastric juice;
. has analgesic, absorbable and emulsifying effect.

Indications for use of Super Enzymes:
. chronic gastritis, duodenitis, pancreatitis;
. ulcerative colitis;
. diabetes;
. anemia;
. rheumatoid arthritis;
. ankylosing spondylitis;
. thrombophlebitis, post-thrombophlebitic syndrome;
. obliterating endarteritis, vasculitis;
. secondary lymphedema;
. multiple sclerosis;
. inflammatory diseases of soft tissues of various organs (sinusitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, cystitis, cystopyelitis, prostatitis, adnexitis, etc.).
. mastopathy;
. injuries (fractures, dislocations, bruises), post-traumatic edema;
. long-term non-healing wounds, ulcers;
. metabolic disease;
. obesity;
. liver disease;
. prevention and complex treatment malignant neoplasms;
. fight against premature aging.

Betaine HCl

Dyspeptic disorders (feeling of heaviness in the stomach, flatulence, nausea) associated with impaired digestion and absorption of food.
. Decreased acidity gastric juice.
. Biliary dyskinesia.
. Fatty degeneration of liver cells, hepatitis.
. It is a great addition to any dietary regimen.
. Lipid metabolism disorders: elevated levels of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood.
. Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis.
. Toxic poisoning, liver detoxification.
. Prevention of oncological diseases.
. Violation of the absorption of vitamins of group B. Anemia.
. weight loss programs.
. In cosmetology, it is used as a good moisturizer and is included in creams, masks, hair care products.
. In bodybuilding, it is used to add lean muscle mass and similarly to SAMe for joint protection.

Hydrotherapy

Moderate physical exercise(before sweating) daily and no stress.

In the form of tea, you can use the following herbs that quickly restore the function of the adrenal glands: licorice, borage, multiflorous mountaineer, astragalus, bladderwrack, ginseng, nettle, basil, thyme, eleutherococcus. The immunotropic drug PRODIGIOZAN, which takes pride of place in clinical treatment programs.

Adrenal glands and symptoms of their dysfunction

Weakness of the adrenal glands, or hypoadrenia, has become a widespread but rarely diagnosed disorder in the last 50 years. Although it has been described in medical textbooks another 1800, and despite the development effective treatment in the 1930's, most conventional doctors didn't even know there was such a problem.

Hypoadrenia (cortisol deficiency)

The most common symptom of hypoadrenia is lack of energy. The patient may feel tired all the time and have difficulty surviving until the evening. Many middle-aged and older people attribute this decrease in energy to their age. It is much more correct to say that they simply had more time to accumulate negative impact stress on their health.

A person can slow down with age, but feel weak all the time just because someone over 40, or even 80, is completely abnormal. Other physiological causes can also lead to weakness, but hypoadrenia should be considered one of the first causes of such weakness. Hypoadrenia should also be considered if symptoms appear shortly after a stressful event such as an accident, flu, pregnancy, etc. Symptoms do NOT have to develop immediately during or immediately after the event, they may appear several months later. It is also possible that there are no special events, but only prolonged stress.

Hypoadrenia is not easily defined, but rather a collection of signs and symptoms referred to as a "syndrome". People with adrenal weakness often look and function normally. They do not have obvious signs of any disease, and yet they do not feel very well and live with a feeling of illness or a feeling of "all in". gray color". They often use coffee, cola, sugar, and other stimulants to start the day in the morning and support themselves throughout the day. These people may appear lazy and poorly motivated, or have lost their ambitions, when in fact the opposite is true; they have to push themselves much harder than people with healthy adrenal function, just to complete daily tasks.

People with hypoadrenia often develop unstable or abnormal blood sugar levels in the form of hypoglycemia. In fact, people with functional hypoglycemia often actually suffer from decreased adrenal function. With hypoadrenia, there may be a tendency to allergies, arthritis, and reduced immunity. The adrenal glands also have an effect on the mental state.

As a result, people with adrenal weakness tend to have increased fears, anxiety and depression, periods of unclear thinking, and increased problems with concentration and memory. They are often less tolerant and lose their temper more easily. When the adrenal glands do not secrete enough hormones, the development of insomnia is also likely.

Addison's disease, extreme pathological form hypoadrenia is life threatening without treatment, and actual structural and physiological damage to the adrenal glands can occur. People with Addison's disease usually have to take corticosteroids for the rest of their lives. Fortunately, this is the most rare form hypoadrenia. Approximately 70% of cases of Addison's disease are the result of autoimmune disorders. The remaining 30% stems from a number of other causes, including severe stress.

In severe cases of adrenal insufficiency, the activity of the adrenal glands is so reduced that it is difficult for a person to get out of bed for more than a few hours a day. With a further decrease in the functions of the adrenal glands, every organ and system of the body is increasingly affected. Changes occur in protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, in fluid and electrolyte balance, in the cardiovascular system, and even in libido. Many other changes at the biochemical and cellular level.

Normally functioning adrenal glands secrete tiny but precisely balanced amounts of steroid hormones. But there are many factors that can upset this delicate balance. Too much physical, emotional and/or physiological stress can deplete the adrenal glands, causing a decrease in the release of hormones, especially cortisol.

Since the adrenal glands are the body's reserve during times of stress, when they are exhausted, a person loses his margin of safety and his resistance to disease decreases. When a person with hypoadrenia gets sick, they are sick longer, more severely, and more likely to return the disease than if their adrenal glands were working properly. Hypoadrenation is such a common problem these days and accompanies many disorders that modern doctors do not consider the connection with the adrenal glands if one comes to them with complaints of constant weakness.
Symptoms

A person may have different complaints depending on which of the adrenal functions was most affected, and on those vulnerable areas that are determined by heredity. The adrenal glands produce a number of hormones, and the same combination of symptoms rarely recurs in hypoadrenal patients. In a state of chronic stress, the lymphatic system, especially the thymus, is weakened, and there is also a tendency to develop gastric and duodenal ulcers. Symptoms may also appear due to a decrease in the production of glucocorticoids: cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone. Of these, cortisol is the most important.
Heart sounds and hypoadrenia

Normally, I and II tones sound like a "lab-dub", I tone is louder than II. When recording on the PCG, the intensity of the II tone should be about one third of the intensity of the I tone. In a person with hypoadrenia, the II tone in the region of the pulmonary trunk is the same or even more intense than the I tone. This is due to hypertension in the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary hypertension). Adrenaline causes blood vessels to constrict throughout the body, including the lungs. In the lungs, vasoconstriction leads to contraction of the mucous membrane and inhibition of mucus secretion. Adrenaline also relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, creating bronchodilation.

This is why adrenaline inhalers are so helpful for asthma patients. Bronchodilation, which normally occurs under the influence of adrenaline, does not occur in a person with hypoadrenia. Instead, he has bronchoconstriction - contraction of the muscles of the bronchi with the onset of the corresponding symptoms. Also, in a person with hypoadrenia, there is not enough adrenaline to compress the pulmonary capillaries and mucous membranes, as a result, the mucous membrane swells and mucus secretion increases. In hypoadrenia, physical evidence of this appears as a loud II tone in the pulmonary trunk region. Bronchoconstriction, combined with vasodilation (enlargement of blood vessels) and swelling of the mucosa, creates pressure on the pulmonary circulation, causing increased pulmonary valve slamming, which creates a louder II tone over the pulmonary trunk.

Any patient with impaired lung function, especially asthma or bronchitis, should be tested for hypoadrenia. This is especially true if the symptoms are greatly relieved by the use of an adrenaline (epinephrine) inhaler.

The human endocrine system has complex structure, it is responsible for the regulation of hormonal levels and consists of several organs and glands, among which an important place is occupied by the thyroid gland, pancreas and adrenal glands. A lot is known about the first two glands, but not everyone has heard of such an organ as the adrenal glands. Although this body takes an active part in the functioning of the whole organism, and violations in its work can lead to serious and sometimes serious diseases. What are the adrenal glands, what functions do they perform in the human body, what are the symptoms of adrenal diseases and how to treat these pathologies? Let's try to figure it out!

Main functions of the adrenal glands

The adrenal glands are a powerful reserve for our body. For example, if the adrenal glands are healthy and cope with their function, a person does not experience fatigue or weakness during stressful situations. In the case when these organs do not function well, a person who has experienced stress cannot recover for a long time. Even after the experienced shock, a person feels weakness, drowsiness for another 2-3 days, there are panic attacks, nervousness. Such symptoms indicate possible disorders of the adrenal glands, which are unable to resist nervous disorders. In prolonged or frequent stressful situations, the adrenal glands increase in size, and with prolonged depression, they cease to function correctly, produce the required amount of hormones and enzymes, which eventually leads to the development of a number of diseases that significantly impair the quality of human life and can lead to serious consequences. Each adrenal gland produces hormones and consists of an inner medulla and an outer cortex, which differ from each other in their structure, hormone secretion and origin. Hormones of the adrenal medulla in the human body synthesize catecholamines involved in the regulation of the central nervous system, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus. Catecholamines affect carbohydrate, fat, electrolyte metabolism, participate in the regulation of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Cortex, or in other words steroid hormones, are also produced by the adrenal glands. Such adrenal hormones are involved in protein metabolism, regulate the water-salt balance, as well as some sex hormones. Violations of the production of adrenal hormones and their functions leads to a violation in the whole body and the development of a number of diseases.

Adrenal hormones

Norepinephrine is a stress hormone that is considered the precursor to adrenaline. It has a lesser effect on the human body, participates in the regulation of blood pressure, which allows stimulating the work of the heart muscle. The adrenal cortex produces hormones of the corticosteroid class, which are divided into three layers: glomerular, fascicular, and reticular zona. Hormones of the adrenal cortex of the glomerular zone produce:

• Aldosterone - is responsible for the amount of K + and Na + ions in human blood. Participates in water-salt exchange, promotes increased blood circulation, increases blood pressure.
• Corticosterone is an inactive hormone that takes part in the regulation of water-salt balance.
• Deoxycorticosterone is a hormone of the adrenal glands that increase resistance in our body, gives strength to the muscles and skeleton, and also regulates the water-salt balance.

• Cortisol is a hormone that preserves the body's energy resources and is involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The level of cortisol in the blood is often given fluctuations, so in the morning it is much more than in the evening.
• Corticosterone, the hormone mentioned above, is also produced beam zone adrenal glands.

• Androgens are sex hormones.

The first signs of adrenal disease

Androgen deficiency in boys, especially with intrauterine development leads to the development of anomalies of the genital organs and urethra. In medicine, this condition is called "pseudohermaphroditism." In girls, a deficiency of this hormone leads to a delay in puberty and the absence of menstruation. The first signs and symptoms of adrenal diseases develop gradually and are characterized by:

• increased fatigue;
• muscle weakness;
• increased irritability;
• sleep disturbance;
• anorexia;
• nausea, vomiting;
• hypotension.

Diseases of the adrenal glands and their description

• frequent headaches;
• decrease in visual acuity;
• decreased taste buds;
• excessive pigmentation of some parts of the body.

Treatment of adrenal insufficiency is carried out by the correct selection of drugs that affect the hypothalamic-pituitary system. In case of ineffectiveness of conservative treatment, patients are prescribed a surgical operation. Addison's disease is a chronic adrenal insufficiency that develops with bilateral damage to the adrenal glands. In the process of development of this disease, there is a decrease or complete cessation of the production of adrenal hormones. In medicine, this disease can be found under the term " bronze disease or chronic insufficiency of the adrenal cortex. Most often, Addison's disease develops when more than 90% of the tissues of the adrenal glands are affected. The cause of the disease is often autoimmune disorders in the body. The main symptoms of the disease are:

• severe pain in the intestines, joints, muscles;
• disturbances in the work of the heart;
• diffuse changes in the skin, mucous membranes;
• decrease in body temperature, which is replaced by severe fever.

Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which increased secretion the hormone cortisol. The characteristic symptoms for this pathology are uneven obesity, which appear on the face, neck, chest, abdomen, back. The patient's face becomes moon-shaped, red with a cyanotic tint. Patients have muscle atrophy, a decrease in muscle tone and strength. With Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome typical symptoms a decrease in muscle volume on the buttocks and thighs is considered, and hypotrophy of the abdominal muscles is also noted. The skin of patients with Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome has a characteristic "marble" shade with noticeable vascular patterns, it is also peeling, dry to the touch, rashes and spider veins are noted. In addition to skin changes, patients often develop osteoporosis, appear severe pain in the muscles, deformation and fragility of the joints are noted. From the side of the cardiovascular system, cardiomyopathy, hypertension or hypotension develops, followed by the development of heart failure. In addition, with Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome, the nervous system suffers greatly. Patients with this diagnosis are often inhibited, depressed, panic attacks. They think about death or suicide all the time. In 20% of patients against the background of this syndrome, steroid diabetes mellitus develops, in which there is no damage to the pancreas.

Tumors of the adrenal cortex (glucocorticosteroma, aldosterone, corticostroma, andosteroma) - benign or malignant diseases, in which the proliferation of cells of the adrenal glands occurs. A tumor of the adrenal glands can develop both from the cortical and medulla, have a different structure and clinical manifestations. Most often, the symptoms of an adrenal tumor are manifested in the form of muscle tremors, increased blood pressure, tachycardia, increased arousal, a sense of fear of death, pain in the abdomen and chest, and copious urine. At untimely treatment there is a risk of developing diabetes, impaired renal function. In the case when the tumor is malignant, there is a risk of metastases to neighboring organs. Treatment of tumor-like processes of the adrenal glands is possible only surgically.

Pheochromocytoma - hormonal tumor adrenal gland, which develops from chromaffin cells. It develops as a result of an excess amount of catecholamine. The main symptoms of this disease are:

• increased blood pressure;
• increased sweating;
• constant dizziness;
• severe headaches, chest pains;
• labored breathing.

Diagnosis of diseases of the adrenal glands

Treatment of diseases of the adrenal glands

Operations are performed endoscopically or abdominally. Abdominal operation comprises surgical intervention which requires a long period of rehabilitation. Endoscopic surgery is a more gentle procedure that allows patients to recover quickly after surgical intervention. The prognosis after treatment of adrenal diseases in most cases is favorable. Only in rare cases when other diseases are present in the patient's history, complications may appear.

Pathologies of the adrenal glands are easier to treat at the initial stages of their development, therefore, at the first symptoms or prolonged ailments, you should not self-medicate or ignore the first signs. Only timely and quality treatment will give success in treatment.

The adrenal glands are an important component of the endocrine system, which regulates the work of the entire human body. The functions of the adrenal glands contribute to normal life, so any failures in them can lead to irreparable complications. The right adrenal gland has the shape of a triangle, and the left - a kind of crescent. The structure of these paired organs is quite complex, but there are two main components, each of which regulates the synthesis of certain hormones:

• outer cortical layer of the adrenal glands;
• brain matter.

Basic functions and hormones

Why do we need adrenal glands? Thanks to their work, a person is able to adapt to any conditions, both positive and negative. The main functions of the adrenal glands:

• production of hormones and substances - mediators;
• maintaining stress resistance;
• ensuring full recovery after stress;
• stimulation of responses to various stimuli;
• participation in metabolic processes.

It is worth understanding in more detail what each gland is responsible for:

1. Resistance to negative environmental influences and fast adaptation to them.
2. Synthesis of sex hormones that affect the formation of secondary sexual characteristics, libido, etc.
3. Hormones formed in the cortical substance control the water-electrolyte balance.
4. Hormonal stimulation of the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system, kidneys and the regulation of blood glucose, blood pressure and expansion of the lumen in the bronchi occurs due to the synthesis of certain hormones in the medulla.
5. The adrenal glands are also responsible for the volume of muscle mass and the rate of age-related changes.
6. Participation in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
7. With their help, the choice of certain taste preferences is regulated.
8. Supporting the immune system is an integral function of the adrenal glands in the human body.

The location and peculiar structure allow these glands to increase in size to increase hormone production in long-term stressful situations. The importance of the functions of the adrenal glands can hardly be overestimated, because without them it will not be easy for any individual to live in an aggressive environment. Any disruption in the functioning of the glands affects the state of the whole organism.

Differences in function between men and women

In men and women, the adrenal glands produce different hormones depending on the gender. female body receives portions of progesterone and estrogen, as well as a small amount of testosterone. But if estrogen is also capable of producing female ovaries, then in the male body it is produced exclusively by the adrenal glands, like testosterone.

Causes of disruption

The normal functionality of the adrenal glands can be impaired by the following factors:

• autoimmune diseases, congenital pathologies that negatively affect the functionality of these organs (for example, HIV or inflammatory processes);
• tuberculosis, syphilis and other infections of the adrenal glands;
• malignant and benign tumors of these glands, cysts and metastases from damage to other organs, which, together with the blood, deliver cancer cells throughout the body;
• surgery resulting in infection;
• vascular pathology;
• heredity (for example, mutations);
• dysfunction of the pituitary or hypothalamus;
• liver damage, nephritis or heart failure can lead to the development of a disease such as hyperaldosteronism;
• prolonged stress that provokes weakness of the adrenal glands;
• reception hormonal drugs, a sharp rejection of them or the introduction of insulin, as well as the negative impact of toxic drugs and substances;
• functional failures in the brain, or rather, in the part responsible for the work of the adrenal glands;
• exposure to ionizing and radiation radiation;
• birth trauma in infants, pregnancy and menopause in women;
• wrong mode and diet.

Additional risks for the adrenal glands in the female body

In women, the endocrine system is increased loads in two cases:

1. Pregnancy. During this period, the hormonal needs of the expectant mother increase, so in the first trimester she may experience a slight malaise due to the unpreparedness of the body to additional loads. This state will pass after the fetal body begins to produce hormones, which occurs from the 2nd trimester and stabilizes by the 3rd. Then the pregnant woman will not experience discomfort.
2. The onset of menopause. Sudden menopause is a huge stress for the adrenal glands. They must take over the sole synthesis of estrogen, because the ovaries stop doing this. This adversely affects their activity, causing excessive overload or other important adrenal hormones may be produced in insufficient quantities. There may be pain in the knees, lower back, or an increase in the photosensitivity of the eyes.

General symptomatic picture of disorders of the adrenal glands

Untimely treatment of diseases of the adrenal glands can play a negative role in all subsequent human life. Therefore, you need to carefully listen to your body and if you find several of the following symptoms, contact a medical institution:

• chronic fatigue, which is permanent;
• muscle weakness;
• excessive irritability;
• bad sleep;
• anorexia or, conversely, female-type obesity;
• vomiting, feeling of nausea;
• increase in pressure;
• sometimes increased pigmentation may appear in open areas of the body (skin around the nipples, skin folds on the hands, elbows darken) or stomach;
• alopecia.

The most common cause of the disease this body is an imbalance of one or another hormone or group. Depending on the type of hormone whose synthesis has failed, certain symptoms develop. Here are a couple of examples: Self-diagnosis at the first symptoms of the disease.

If the above signs are found, a person at first can check the work of this component of the endocrine system at home using the following manipulations:

1. Carry out measurements of blood pressure in the morning and evening in two positions at intervals of 5 minutes: standing and lying down. If the results show that the pressure in the standing position is lower than lying down, then this is a clear indicator of violations.
2. Carry out measurements of body temperature throughout the day in the amount of 3 times: 3 hours after the rise, then after 2 hours and after 2 more. Perform these manipulations for 5 days and calculate the average temperature after. With a fluctuation of more than 0.2 degrees, it is necessary to undergo a medical examination.
3. It is necessary to stand in front of a mirror in a dimly lit room and shine a flashlight into the eyes from the side, while observing the state of the pupils. The norm is the narrowing of the pupils, their expansion or the appearance of a sensation of pulsation in them - a signal to visit a doctor.